Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Thomas Feick, L1
Bad Hersfeld
400 V
Electric motor operating Stator
Rotor with
windings 400 V
principles and circuits U1
L2
0°
12
U2
230 V
Three-phase and single- N V2
V1 400 V
W2 U2 V2
The interlinking factor is calculated as
follows: Fig. 2
Electric motor operating principles and circuits 2
The interconnection of windings in a Dual-speed three-phase a.c. Figs. 5 to 8 (see next page) indicate
delta-connected motor corresponds motors with single voltage how the windings must be inter-
to the diagram in Fig. 4. connected and where the live con-
specification
ductors are terminated in each case.
The illustration clearly shows the tri-
A distinction is made between
angular (delta-shaped) connection
pattern. The associated diagram of a) pole-changing motors according to
the terminal board indicates where Dahlander (rotational speed ratio
the power supply must be terminated of 1:2)
and where the delta connections are
placed. A comparison of the two b) pole-changing motors with two se-
connection methods reveals that, for parate windings (permitting other
each winding to receive a voltage of rpm. ratios than 1:2).
230 V at all times, the motor windings Unlike their single-speed counter-
6 must be connected in a star pattern
on a 400 V a.c. mains system or in a
parts, dual-speed motors are always
designed for a single operating volta-
delta pattern on a 230 V a.c. supply. ge.
We can thus state the following gene-
ral rule: Note:
Mains voltage and nominal motor
Note: voltage must coincide.
On machines with a dual voltage
specification, a star connection As regards the designation of termi-
must be used for the higher volta- nals, it has been determined by con-
ge. A delta connection is indicated vention that the sequence of the nu-
for the lower voltage. merals preceding the terminal letters
indicates the rpm. level, i.e., terminals
The machine’s direction of rotation 1U, 1V and 1W are always for lower
can be reversed by interchanging any speed while the terminals 2U, 2V and
two phases. 2W are for higher speed.
L1 L1 L2 L3
U1
U1 V1 W1
U2
W2 V2
W2 U2 V2
W1 V1
L3 L2
L1
L1 L2 L3
W2
U1
U1 V1 W1
W1
U2
W2 U2 V2
L3
V2 V1
L2
Fig. 3 Fig. 4
3 Electric motor operating principles and circuits
Note: Windings
Windings
A switching device for a Dahlander L1 L2 L3
motor must never be used on a
motor with two windings and vice
versa! 1U 1V 1W
1. Low speed L1
N L1
It is evident from the diagram that the
main winding HS is connected in se-
ries with the auxiliary winding HIS.
The motor capacitor C is connected in
parallel with the auxiliary winding
(Fig. 10). Fig. 10
2. High speed
It will be appreciated from this dia-
gram that the main winding HS is
L1
connected in parallel with the auxili-
ary winding HIS, while the motor ca- Z1 U1
pacitor C is connected in series with Terminal board
the auxiliary winding (Fig. 11). HIS HS
Abb. 11
5 Electric motor operating principles and circuits
Switching devices for a.c. adjusted to the motor’s nominal cur- bimetal relays) as well as an rpm.
motors rent. The protecting switch must not switch. However, the operating princi-
trip the motor unless the preset cur- ple is much the same as with a motor
The function of switching devices is rent is exceeded. On the other hand, protection switch for single-speed
essentially twofold, viz. the motor must be switched off (after machines.
a certain delay) when its current con-
1. to energize and de-energize the sumption rises above the setpoint of Full motor protecting switching de-
fan motor. the protecting switch. The delay pre- vices for motors with thermal
ceding this shutoff becomes shorter contact
2. to protect the motor from overloads
as the current increases; it amounts For a truly effective motor protection,
and hence, destruction. Switching
to about 5 seconds at 6 times the pre- the influence of the cooling system
devices performing this latter func-
set current. must be taken into account. This is
tion are referred to as motor pro-
tecting switches or protecting achieved by measuring the tempera-
It is implied in the foregoing that the
switch combinations. ture directly at the point where it can
measured current is taken as a mea-
harm the motor, i.e. within the win-
6
Motor protecting switches for sure of the motor temperature. Howe-
ding.
single-speed motors without ther- ver, this is true only as long as the
mal contact motor coolant temperature remains Winding insulations come in different
below a threshold of +40°C. If the classes and must not be allowed to
A motor protection switch can opera- coolant temperature rises beyond overheat beyond the limit temperatu-
te a single-speed three-phase a.c. +40°C, the motor may be destroyed re specified for each class.
motor. It comprises a switching and even if its nominal current is not ex-
tripping mechanism. The tripping me- ceeded, simply because the heat ge- For the temperature measurement, a
chanism (overcurrent or bimetal re- nerated inside cannot be dissipated temperature sensor (thermal contact)
lay) responds to the motor input cur- quickly enough. A motor protecting acting as a control transducer is inte-
rent and interrupts the power supply switch merely responds to the motor grated into the winding. The tempera-
when the current consumption begins load, relying on the fact that the cur- ture in the motor winding is reliably
to exceed the motor’s nominal cur- rent rises with the load. The current is determined by this sensor. It consists
rent. the cause of the heat increase. of a very small bimetallic switch that
interrupts an electric control circuit
Note: Motor protecting switch combina- shortly before the winding temperatu-
The motor’s nominal current at the tions for dual-speed motors with- re reaches the limit for the given insu-
relevant operating voltage is the out thermal contact lation class. To benefit from this fea-
decisive factor for selecting a mo- ture, an appropriately equipped swit-
tor protecting switch! Dual-speed motors are switched via ching device must be used.
protecting switch combinations. The
The nominal current must lie within latter differ from simple protecting These devices as referred to as full
the setting range of the protecting switches in that they comprise two motor protection switches for motors
switch thus the latter to be accurately tripping mechanisms (overcurrent or with thermal contact. They are availa-
°C
200
180 °C
15° C
155 °C
160
15° C
5 °C 130 °C
120 °C S = Safety margin
10° C
120 105 °C KT = Coolant temperature
GÜT
GÜT = Temperature rise-limit
GT HDT GT = Limit temperature
80
60° C 75° C 80° C 100 °C 125 °C HDT = Max. permissible continuous
temperature
40
40° C 40° C 40° C 40° C 40° C KT
A E B F H
Fig. 12
Electric motor operating principles and circuits 6
ble for single-speed motors with Dah- Switching devices for single- lying a contact output. The motor is
lander windings or with two separate phase a.c. motors energized and de-energized via a
windings. manual switch integrated into the
Single-phase a.c. motors can be clas- controller.
The control action of a full motor pro- sified according to the following sche-
tection switch is characterized by the me:
fact that the motor is de-energized im-
mediately when the thermal contact is 1. Motors with thermal contacts wired
tripped, interrupting the electric con- to external terminals
trol circuit. However, the motor will 2. Motors with internally wired ther-
not re-start automatically when the mal contacts.
control circuit is closed again by the
thermal contact. To re-start the motor, Internally wired thermal contacts (i.e.
a manual switch must be set first to contacts placed in the winding and in-
serted directly into the motor circuit)
6 „0“ and then, via „E“ (this gives the
starting pulse), to position „1“ or „2“ are suitable for use on low-powered
according to the desired speed. motors only.
Some full motor protection switches Motors equipped with such contacts
have additional contacts for a servo can be started and de-energized via
motor and a port for connection of a any commercially available installati-
contact-making component (e.g. a on switch, provided they are of the
thermostat, hygrostat, timer, etc.). single-speed type. For dual-speed
Such switches can be used to energi- motors a special rotary switch must
ze and de-energize the motor via a be used; such switches fit into any
contact-making component at a ma- standard flush-mounting enclosure.
nually preselected speed. The motor Motor protection will be ensured at
is shut off when the control contact both speeds and in both operating
opens and re-starts automatically modes. The thermal contact inter-
when it closes. rupts the motor circuit when the win-
ding temperature reaches the accep-
The additional contacts allow to run a table limit for the given insulation
servo (positioning) motor in a clockwi- class, then re-starts the motor once it
se or counterclockwise direction inde- has cooled down.
pendently of the fan motor.
As an alternative to the above, a
While a motor protecting switch com- contactor-controlled system can be
bination with a bimetal relay set to the designed to prevent an automatic re-
nominal motor current can serve only start once the motor temperature has
one single connected motor, a full returned into the acceptable range.
motor protection switching device for As a general rule, motors with inter-
motors with thermal contact supports nally wired thermal contacts can also
the connection of multiple motors. It be operated via witching devices de-
should be noted, however, that the signed for separate connection of a
aggregate outputs of these motors thermal contact. In this case terminals
must not exceed the maximum ac- for this thermal contact must be short-
ceptable capacity of the full motor circuited via a jumper on the swit-
protection switching device. Moreo- ching device.
ver, motors thus connected in parallel
must have the same operating volta- Irrespective of whether or not the mo-
ge and winding type (single-speed, tor has its thermal contacts wired to
Dahlander or separate windings). external terminals, single-phase a.c.
The circuit configuration must be units can be steplessly speed-con-
such that motors are connected in trolled via an electronic rpm. control-
parallel with their three-phase a.c. ter- ler developed specifically for this mo-
minals while the thermal contacts are tor type. This speed controller also al-
connected in series. lows to define two or three speed sta-
ges for the motor by connecting ap-
propriate resistors to the control cir-
cuit. A changeover between speeds
is then made via a component supp-