Transmission Line Relay Protection

Presented at the 35th Annual Convention of
the American Institute of Electrical Engineers,

Lake Placid Club, N. Y., June 24, 1919.
Copyright 1919. By A. I. E. E.
TRANSMISSION LINE RELAY PROTECTION

BY H. R. WOODROW, D. W. ROPER, 0. C. TRAVER AND P. MACGAHAN
FOREWORD
As a result of the large development which has been made in
the relay practises in the last few years, the Protective Devices
Committee felt it was desirable to make an analysis of the trans-
mission line protective relay situation throughout the country
and prepare a summary to bring before the profession, experi-
ences of the operating companies with this protective apparatus.
With this in view questionnaires were sent out to sixty-one
operating companies asking for their experience and present
practise in regard to relay protection.
Replies were received from 32 of the operating companies and
from these the following general analysis was made of the prac-
tise of relay protection for transmission lines.
The nomenclature used by the different operating and manu-
facturing companies for the various classes of relays is not in har-
mony and the Protective Devices Committee undertook the work
of standardizing the nomenclature which it is hoped will be
adopted by all parties so that any particular class of relays will
be given a definite name. The following nomenclature has
therefore been proposed by the Protective Devices Committee
and this nomenclature is used throughout this paper.
PROPOSED RELAY NOMENCLATURE

Electric Protective Relay. An intermediate device by means of which one
circuit is indirectly controlled by a change in conditions in the same
or other circuits. The relay is ordinarily equipped with contacts to
open or close an auxiliary circuit.
Directional Relay. Any relay which functions in conformance with direc-
tion of power or voltage or current or phase rotation, etc.
Power-Directional Relay. Any relay which functions in conformance
with direction of power.
NOTE: This i-ncludes both uni-directional relays with single-throw con-
tacts and duo-directional relays with double-throw contacts. The
reason this name is preferred to "reverre power" is that the device
is frequently used to function under normal direction of power.
Furthermore, in some cases the normal condition of the system may
permit power to flow in either direction. Relays for use in either
alternating or direct-current circuits are to be classed as power-
directional relays.
Polarity-Directional Relay. Any relay which functions by reason of a
reversal of the normal direction of polarity.
795
796 WOODROW, ROPER, TRA VER, MACGAHAN: [June 24
Phase-Rotation Relay. Any relay which functions by reason of a reversal

of the normal direction of phase rotation.
Current Relay. Any relay which functions at a predetermined value of
the current. These may be either over-current relays or under-
current relays.
Voltage Relay. Any relay which functions at a predetermined value of
the voltage. These may be either over-voltage relays or under-
voltage relays.
Watt Relay. Any relay which functions at a predetermined value of the
watts. These may be either over-watt relays or under-watt relays.
Frequency Relay. Any relay which functions at a predetermined value
of the frequency. These may be either over-frequency relays or
under-frequency relays.
Temperature Relay. Any relay which functions at a predetermined
temperature in the apparatus protected.
Open-Phase Relay. Any relay which functions by reason of the opening
of one phase of a polyphase circuit.
Differential Relay. Any relay which functions by reason of the difference
between two quantities such as current or voltage, etc.
NOTE: This term includes relays heretofore known as "ratio balance
relays", "biased" and "percentage differential relays".
Locking Relay. Any relay which renders some other relay or other
device inoperative under predetermined values of current or voltage,
etc.
Trip-Free Relay. Any relay which prevents holding in an electrically
operated device such as a circuit breaker while an abnormal condition
exists on the circuit.
Auxiliary Relay. Any relay which assists another relay in the perform-
ance of its function and which operates in response to the opening or
closing of its operating circuit.
Signal Relay. An auxiliary relay which operates- an audible or a visible
signal.
QUALIFYING TERMS AS APPLIED TO RELAYS
Notching. A qualifying term applied to any relay indicating that a num-
ber of separate impulses are required to complete operation.
Inverse Time. A qualifying term applied to any relay indicating that
there is purposely introduced a delayed action, which delay decreases
as the operating force increases.
Definite Time. A qualifying term applied to any relay indicating that
there is purposely introduced a delayed action, which delay remains
substantially constant regardless of the magnitude of the operating
force. (For forces slightly above the minimum operating value the
delay may be inverse).
Instantaneous. A qualifying term applied to any relay indicating that
no delayed action is purposely introduced.
Where relays operate in response to changes in more than one
condition, all functions should be mentioned.
1919] TRANSMISSION LINE RELAY PROTECTION 797
PRESENT DAY PRACTISE OF TRANSMISSION AND TIE LINE

RELAY PROTECTION
T HERE was a time when the protection of an electrical
transmission system with the single generating station
and its radial feeders was not a matter of very grave importance.
That time, however, has passed and the multiplicity of generat-
ing stations with tie lines and parallel feeders have greatly com-
plicated the once simple problem. Furthermore the practise
of inter-connecting large transmission systems has brought
about conditions which require very serious consideration when
laying out a protective relay scheme. An effective sectionaliz-
ing relay scheme is necessary in order to secure both continuity
of service and maximum efficiency of transmission, and the
most complicated system can be effectively relayed if all the
conditions are thoroughly analyzed and proper relays, care-
fully set for both time and current values, are applied.
Most of the large systems of the present day have grown out
of a comparatively small beginning, stations and lines being
added as required, without taking into consideration the relay
problem. As a consequence this problem has, in a great many
cases, become rather difficult and it has become evident that
the application of protective relays for sectionalizing trouble is
one of the principal features to be considered in determining
the design of a transmission system. This point should be
borne in mind whether additions are being made to an existing
system or whether an entirely new system is being designed.
Numerous instances could be given, if space permitted, whereby
a slightly different design in extending lines and adding stations
would have given a much more simple and effective protective
scheme.
The same argument applies to the design of an entirely new
system, particularly if it is likely to become very complex, and
in so far as practical, possible extension should be considered
in the original layout so that various methods of protection
can be studied and their advantages weighed against possible
disadvantages of a design to which they can be applied. It
will be found in practically every case, that one of the many
sectionalizing schemes now in use can be combined with a
proper layout of stations, transmission and tie lines to give
proper selective action. Thus the many difficulties encountered
when attempting to apply relays to a system laid out without
regard for its protection may be avoided. It is therefore of

paramount importance that the selective features of various
types of relays be thoroughly analyzed before adapting them to
any particular system.
The most perfect relay system cannot be expected to give
the best results unless the man in charge of its installation and
operation be thoroughly competent and familiar with the
various precautions to be taken. It is absolutely essential that
he know the characteristics and peculiarities of the relays as
well as the scheme he is using. Results of experience have
shown that an experienced man will secure more satisfactory
results from an inferior type of relay than a less capable man
can secure from the best equipment obtainable.
In the early days of the development of electrical transmis-
sion systems it was the rule to operate all lines radially so that
a much simpler and less accurate relay was sufficient for the
service required. But when an attempt was made to operate
these lines in parallel it became apparent that a more reliable
and accurate relay should be used. It was then that the
phenomenal relay development which has taken place in the
last few years was begun in order to meet the requirements of
the operating companies with their various designs of systems.
In order to secure the isolation of the proper feeder in case of
trouble on these different systems, it has been necessary to
bring out designs of several relays.
In the early days it was the practise in applying protective
relays to set them in such a way as to prevent overloading the
feeders. However, experience has shown that it is not practical
to set relays in this way and expect them to give proper selec-
tivity under heavy short-circuit conditions. For this reason
the tendency now is to set the relays for short-circuit conditions
to disconnect a defective feeder from the system, and depend
on the operator to prevent overloading of feeders. Experience
has shown that the overloading of a cable for a reasonable
length of time is not as serious a matter as it was once considered
to be, and it is sometimes desirable to load a cable beyond its
rated capacity in order to prevent interruption of service to
important customers.
One of the principal factors controlling the settings of relays
is the amount of short-circuit current available under various
conditions as outlined lat7er in this paper.
The proper type of relays to be selected for protecting
transmission lines is dependent upon whether the system is

operated radially, in parallel by groups, or in loop, and the
time allowable for holding a short circuit on the system. In
general, however, the most simple form of relay protection
where several parallel feeders are involved is the straight
inverse-time current relays which are set to give times of
operation which are progressively longer as the source of power
is approached. In some cases, however, where an extended
system is considered, the time requirements for the relays
approaching the generating station are so long that it is con-
sidered dangerous or inadvisable to hold short-circuit currents
on for this period. We believe a delay of two seconds to be
the extreme time a dead short circuit should be allowed to
remain on a system, except under very unusual conditions.
The introduction of directional relays at points where power
is feeding into a station will materially reduce this maximum
time setting as these relays can be given a short time setting as
outlined later under the heading "Typical Applications of
Current and Directional Relays."
Another method of shortening this time is by the use of the
balanced system in which case current can only flow through
the relay at time of short circuit as outlined later under the
heading "Balanced Protection Schemes."
Another method has been developed for shortening this time
by the combination of an under-voltage relay with the inverse-
time-current relay as outlined later under "Combination of
Under-voltage and Over-current Relays for Protecting Trans-
mission Lines."
For relay protection on tie lines, between generating stations
in general, the conditions are somewhat similar to the straight
transmission line relay protection if the additional precautions
are taken to prevent operation on heavy momentary surges of
power that are likely to exist between two or more generating
stations at time of synchronizing or momentary disturbances on
the system. The relay desired here is dependent to a large
extent upon the method of system operation, as in some cases
an operating company will want the tie lines to open, in case
of trouble on a portion of the system, whereas other companies
want these tie lines held rigidly in service in all cases excepting
in case of trouble on tie lines themselves. In the first case
shorter time settings are given to the relays and the applica-
tion of straight inverse time current relays with the possible
800 WOODROW, ROPER, TRAVER, MACGAHAN: [June 24
application of directional relays, is all that is required. In

the second case, however, application of some form of a bal-
anced relay, as described later may become necessary. If the
tie lines are not to stay in indefinitely, inverse-time current and
directional relays with long time settings would give a very
suitable operation and allow the tie lines to open in case of
more serious trouble on either side of the system.
SAVINGS EFFECTED BY A PARALLEL OPERATION OF FEEDERS

The savings which can be effected by a parallel operation of
feeders depends in a large degree upon the design of the trans-
mission system and the ratio of the capacity of the line to the
capacity of the individual synchronous converters or trans-
formers, which are supplied by this feeder. In one system
supplying converters varying from 500 kw. to 4000 kw. in size
together with step-down transformers in substations of 1500
and 3000 kw. capacity and also industrial substations on the
premises of customers ranging from about 500 kw. to 4000 kw.
in capacity, it was estimated that if the feeders could be
operated in parallel then a saving of 20 per cent could be made
in the amount of investment. As the installation in question
had a book value of about $5,000,000, there was a possible
saving estimated at $1,000,000. This company has been
operating feeders in multiple for about two years. During
this period they have realized nearly 40 per cent of the
possible saving in the investment in feeders, and this has been
secured by an actual reduction in the number of feeders,
notwithstanding a considerable increase in the maximum
load.
The same company also reports in the four years preceding
the installation of the relays permitting parallel operation of
feeders that they averaged 27 burn-outs per year which could
not be definitely ascribed to external causes, while in the two
years since the feeders have been operated in parallel, the cor-
responding figure was 16 burn-outs. This would indicate a
reduction of 40 per cent in the burn-outs of cables due to
operation of the feeders in multiple, although the cables were
actually more heavily loaded. While the time is rather too
short to accept these figures as final and conclusive, it appar-
ently indicates that the operation of feeders in parallel reduces
the number of troubles due to internal causes.
TESTING AND SETTING RELAYS

In order to secure the best results from the relays, it is
desirable to make a complete check on the current and time
settings of each relay on the first installation and at least once
every six months thereafter. Although the time for making
these tests is determined to a large extent by the operating
conditions, we feel that the best results will be obtained if a
general plan is worked out for performing these tests at regular
intervals.
If selective operation is to be obtained from the relays the
greatest care and precautions must be taken in making these
tests. The tests should be performed under conditions as
nearly equal to the operating conditions as possible which
makes it desirable to include the wiring and complete relay
equipment in this test.
UNE DE In this test, wherever practicable,
TEST PLUGS AT C.TERMINLS the test current should be applied to
WIRING the primary of the current trans-
CT. RELAY former. Where it is impracticable to
INTRUMENT METERS
(IF USED) do this the testing current may be
TESTING CURRENT AMMETER supplied to the secondary terminals
of the current transformer with the
0CHRONOMETER current transformer left in circuit as
-ENTING
~
'MSING SUPPLY a shunt as shown in Fig. 1. The
FIG. 1 results obtained under these con-
ditions very closely approximate
those under short circuit and check the relay wiring and cur-
rent transformer, as well as the relay. This will detect any
short circuit in the current transformer or wiring and any
open circuit in the wiring but open circuits in the transformer
coils should be determined by a sepaiate continuity test.
The degree of accuracy obtained when the relay is tested
alone is dependent upon the type of transformer used and the
secondary load. The error in this method is due _to the high
magnetizing current of transformers (especially with the low-
ratio single-turn type on heavy secondary loading) on the
heavy short-circuit conditions. As an example, a 40-volt
ampere secondary load on a current transformer at full load
imposes a 16-kv-a. load under short-circuit conditions of twenty-
times full load. This, in many cases, is above the saturating
point of the transformer and the ratio breaks down badly. The
accompanying curves in Fig. 2 illustrate these conditions.
802 WOODROW, ROPER,- TRAVER, MACGAHAN: [June 24
The time-current curve of a relay is affected by the nature of

the secondary load or by the current transformer characteris-
tics. It is therefore desirable to test each individual relay with
current such as would be occasioned by short circuit. At least
three points along the curve should be taken, one of which is
approximately 150 per cent of the minimum value, one at as
near maximum short-circuit current as the testing equipment
will permit, and one intermediate point. The time should be
taken by a chronometer or cycle counter which will eliminate
the personal equation of the operator. The method of timing
AC-I_ ~~~~~~1 I'!
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FIG. 2
by a stop watch is entirely inadequate for close relay settings.

An additional inspection should be made about every month
for continuity of trip circuits (where this is not indicated by
lamps) and for dirt or mechanical defects, and where conditions
will permit, the relay should be operated to trip the circuit
breaker. In case of bellows relays the bellows should be oiled
with neatsfoot oil to prevent hardening.
DETERMINATION OF RELAY SETTINGS
For selecting the settings on a relay, it is necessary to analyze
carefully the fault currents which will be obtained on the
circuits in question under various operating conditions. The

limitations on these conditions are usually determined by the
number of circuits in operation and the maximum and mini-
mum number of generators connected to the system.
It is desirable to have the relays so set that selective action
will be obtained under all probable conditions. It is therefore
necessary to check the relay settings against the minimum
conditions to be sure that they will operate under minimum
connected generating capacity and to also check, the curve for
maximum short-circuit conditions and allow a sufficient time
between the operations of the relays, to permit the opening of
the oil circuit breaker and to cover inaccuracies in the relays
themselves.
:E \ \ \ z iORT CI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~EUNERARt
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z C A 60UKIW MIM P11 Y 0 Q $~~~~~~SMIES

0 0 S H
78\0\ PUIMARYM CURRENT INSOTX ICI AM
EQIALN I P RES)BU
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30 000 S0 00
FIG. 3 -TIME-CURRENT CURVMES OF INVERSE-TIME-CUJRRENT RELAYS
Where a large number of circuit breakers are in series and

selectivity is desired between the several breakers, it is possible
to apply, at the various points, relays having different charac-
teristics in order to reduce the time that a short circuit is held
on the system near the generating station. The time charac-
teristic curves in Fig. 3 will illustrate a specific case where this
method was adopted.
You will note from the curves that the maximum short-cir-
cuit current that can pass through relays A, B, C and D, is 2800
amperes and that the relays at this point are set selective with
approximately 34 of a second between each one successively.
Greater currents may pass through circuits A and B with the
short circuit on these feeders near the generating station, and
the time characteristic curve being much steeper at this point
will allow the relays to open the circuit very quickly. Although
the currents through relays C and D may be much higher than
2800 amperes, these conditions represent times when more than
one circuit (A and B) are operated in parallel and a proper
selective action is therefore given with 34 of a second between
consecutive relays under any condition of operation.
The actual determination of short-circuit conditions is a
rather difficult problem where a network is considered. Vari-
ous formulas and calculating tables have been developed for
simplifying this work which will give a sufficient accuracy for
practical purposes.*
The relays in many systems have not been set according to
this method but the settings have been determined to a large
extent by the results of operation. For instance, if a relay
appears to operate prematurely, the settings will be adjusted
for a longer time and this will be worked back through the
system. This method is very undesirable because either the
final settings will be unwarrantedly high or unnecessary
interruptions will occur. Moreover, in the meantime results
will probably be sufficiently discouraging to cause a lack of
interest in the matter. This does not mean that advantage is
not to be taken of experience but rather that the basis should
be more substantial. Experience should be harmonized with
calculation before changes are adopted.
Some companies have made the time of their relay operation
longer in order to permit the system voltage to drop in value,
thereby reducing the rupturing strains on the oil switches. We
point out, however, that considerable precaution should be
taken when this is done as the prolonged current may do more
damage than the greater rupturing arc in the switch.
METHOD OF TRIPPING
The use of circuit-opening relays for a-c. tripping has not
given very satisfactory results, particularly where severe short-
circuits are possible. It is very desirable to have a definite
uninterrupted supply of power for tripping. This has brought
into use in many stations the storage battery for this purpose,
which has proved to be reliable even in very severe system
disturbances.
*G. E. Review, October 1916 and February 1919; Elec. Journal,
July 1916.
Some companies have connected their control and tripping

circuits to the excitation bus thereby obtaining the advantages
of direct current, but sometimes this has led to considerable
trouble due to the unstable conditions of this source, especially
under a-c. short circuits. It has resulted occasionally in a
complete disabling of the control system on account of abnor-
mally high induced voltages on the excitation bus with single-
phase short circuits on the a-c. generators. Great precaution
should be taken against these conditions and for best results
we feel that an auxiliary supply should be used if possible for
obtaining at all times a constant power for the tripping circuits.
TYPICAL APPLICATION OF CURRENT AND DIRECTIONAL RELAYS
The combination of inverse-time-current relays with direc-
tional relays is becoming very extensively used in cases of
parallel operation of lines or of feeders forming a ring system.
Some of the trouble which was experienced in the early days
was mainly due to the difficulty in obtaining a directional
relay which would operate correctly under all conditions of
faults, especially where low voltage was encountered. The
directional relays produced at the present time are apparently
giving very satisfactory results, even under low voltage condi-
tions down to 1 per cent of normal, and may be applied to loop
or parallel group systems in series, in combination with inverse-
time-current relays, if a careful analysis is made of the proposed
installation.
For the protection of parallel groups in series, the relays are
applied as shown in Fig. 4, with inverse-time-current relays
placed at the transmitting end and directional relays (combined
with an inverse-time-current element) at the receiving end.
The directional relays are connected to close their contacts
for power flowing from the bus to the line, and these contacts
are placed in series with those of the inverse-time-current re-
lays of the same circuit so that the circuit breaker is tripped
only in case of power flowing in the direction away from the
bus and of a magnitude exceeding a certain given amount for
a certain time. Any time delay required is provided by the
adjustments of the inverse-time-current relay element.
The settings should be made to suit each individual applica-
tion and sufficient selective time leeway should be allowed to
cover the time of operation of the oil circuit breaker, as well
as the maximum probable error in the relay.
For protecting the loop system both the inverse-time-current
and directional relays (with inverse-time-current element) are
used as shown in Fig. 5. Each line, at each station, is pro-
vided with inverse-time-current relays. Where these inverse-
time-current relays are given the lower time settings, directional
relays are also used with the tripping contacts connected in
series, so that both re1ays must operate before the circuit
breaker is tripped.
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INVERSE TIME CURENT AND DIRECTIOt1AL RELAYS

AS APPLIEP R0 PARALLEL FEEDERT.
FIG. 4
Reference to the time settings given in the diagram (these

are purely relative) will show that they are graded on the same
basis as a single series of tandem connected substations, as-
suming that one end of the loop is open at the generator bus,
and neglecting those breakers which would be incoming at the
various substations. It should be noted that when the other
end of the loop is considered open, the substation breakers
19191 TRANSMISSION LINE RELAY PROTECTION 807
which in the first case were incoming will now be outgoing and
vice versa. The directional relays are also installed if the
time of an incoming line is lower than an outgoing line further
from the source. This must be checked separately for each
end, in turn, considered opened at the generator station.
In order to secure the operation of the directional relays
under bad power factor conditions, the connections are made
so that the maximum torque is obtained with lagging power
GENERATING STATION BU5
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A5 APPLIED 70 A E-INCi 5YSTEME.I
FIG. 5
factor. This may be acco'mplished by several schemes of

connections of the potential and current elements, which
schemes may not be interchangeable with different types of
directional relays. Some operators have found it advantageous
when using directional relays with step-down transformers
(particularly if not paralleled on the primary side) or reactors,
to co-nnect the voltage elements of the relays to the bus side of
this apparatus in order to give a higher voltage in case of
short circuit, thereby obtaining better operating conditions
for the directional relays.
BALANCED PROTECTION SCHEMES FOR TRANSMISSION LINES
A great many operating companies have installed on a por-
tion of their lines, protective equipment which is designed to
be inoperative so long as the currents in different circuits or
at different points in the same circuit are substantially equal.
To this end, they have made use of (a) fully insulated lines in
parallel between stations; (b) conductors in parallel having
reduced separating insulation i. e., split-conductor cable and
(c) pilot wires of relatively small cross-section between the two
ends of a line to sense the degree of balance of the currents at
these points.
It is impractical to describe here the various modifications
of these schemes in detail. However, the basic principles in-
volved are discussed below, which principles are sufficiently
flexible to allow application in various ways to the problem
which may be in hand.
In the various diagrams accompanying the descriptions of
these balances schemes, arrows are inserted to indicate the
relative direction of current or of power. These arrows show
power normally flowing from station A to station B. In each
case, however, the equipment is equally suitable for power
flowing in either direction.
In general, the over-current relays used are adjusted to
operate instantaneously or nearly so. Some companies report
that the opening of the breaker is so rapid that there have
been cases where a cable has immediately rehealed, due to hot
insulating material flowing into the opening made by the fault.
Usually the point of breakdown has been actually located by
subsequent inspection.
Balanced Protection of Two Parallel Lines (Not discriminat-
ing). An exceedingly simple scheme of balanced protection is
illustrated in Fig. 6. This has given excellent results in a
system which is so arranged that the lack of discrimination on
the part of the relays between the sound and the injured line
of a pair is not very vital. On the system referred to, each
substation having such relay scheme, is provided with power
over at least two different groups of lines. The complete,
though temporary, interruption of one of these sources does
not therefore kill the bus in question, and no hardship is im-
posed greater than the inconvenience of determining the good

line preparatory to replacing it in service without its mate.
This inconvenience is to a considerable extent compensated
for by the freedom of the equipment from all alternating-
current potential connections. While these potential connec-
tions, in present day relays, do not occasion the misgivings
they were responsible for in older types, their elimination is
a point not to be overlooked.
The balanced equipment as shown in Fig. 6 consists of "cross-
5TA1ION A 57ATION B
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(NOT DISCRIMINATING)
connected" current transformers in the similar phases of the

two lines, to the equi-potential points of the secondaries of
which an over-current relay is connected. Reference to the
arrows will show an assumed normal current flow, so long as
the currents are equal and in the same direction in the two lines,
there will be no current to flow through the relay coil, as de-
monstrated by the arrows on the secondary circuits. A through
short circuit will not, therefore, improperly open these circuit
breakers providing, of course, the line characteristics are such
that a suitable balance is maintained.
Assume a fault as shown in Fig. 7. In this case there is an

unbalance of currents at substation A and a relative reversal
of current at substation B. The differential of the secondary
currents pass through the over-current relays, being an arith-
metical difference at substation A and an arithmetical sum
at substation B. Due to the differential current in the relay
coils, the latter cause contacts to close, which trip both circuit
breakers at each end of the two lines. Following such operation
it is reported to be the practise to find the healthy line and
connect it in service with time over-current protection (not
illustrated in the diagrams) in place of the differential protec-
tion. If, at any time, the fault should occur so near station B
that the currents at station A remained balanced, then the
station A relay would not operate immediately but at B the
differential current would be very great due to the reversal in
the relative directions. Station B would, therefore, clear
quickly after which there would be established a large differen-
tial at A. An open circuit in either of the lines will likewise
unbalance the pair and result in its isolation.
In order to protect against short circuits on the substation
bus itself, or any possibility which would not give a relative
unbalance or relative reversal of current on a parallel group of
lines, the generator ends of all feeders are provided with in-
verse-time-limit relays having comparatively high settings.
It might be added here that with faults on the feeders between
the generator station and substation, the substation relay
clears the pair of lines from the substation, usually so quickly
that the inverse-time-limit relay on the faulty line only at
the generator end trips, thus leaving the good line of the pair
connected at the generator substation.
Assume now a restricted fault in one of these lines, as in
Fig. 8, such that the power direction remains throughout as
formerly although the intensities have changed. It will be
noted that the resulting difference in the currents in the two
lines is reflected in the secondaries where it appears as a current
through the relay coils and, causing the contacts to close, trips
both circuit breakers at each end of the two sides.
Balanced Protection for Two Parallel Lines. (Discriminat-
ing). In order to obtain discriminating action in the relay
equipment for short circuits in either of two parallel lines,
direction relays are included in the scheme previously shown
In Fig. 6. With this modification the arrangement is as il-
lustrated in Fig. 9. It should be noted that in case of an open

circuit in one of these, selective isolation of the broken line is
not obtained. The resulting unbalance would cause the
opening of the sound feeder at one end and of the broken circuit
at the opposite end, in case of sufficient current flow, as de-
termined by setting of the time-current relay.
As in the previous case, so long as a balanced condition is
maintained between the corresponding phases in the two lines,
STATIoN A 5TA-TION B
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___________
FIGS. 9, 10 AND 11-BALANCED PROTECTION FOR Two PARALLEL LINES

(DISCRIMINATING)
there will be no current in the differential or relay circuit.

When a fault occurs, however, the vectorial unbalancing in
the main circuits will be indicated in the relay coils as illustrated
in Figs. 10 and 11. In these figures the arrows may also be
considered as indicating direction of power flow. The moving
contact of the directional relay will travel in the direction of
the arrow.
Looking at the matter from another view point if we assume
for the moment that only one line is in service, then the current
5TATION A STATIOT- B
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FIG. 12
5TATION A 5TATION B
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FIG. 13-BALANCED PROTECTION FO THREE OR MORE PARALLEL LINES (DISCRIMINATING)

and potential connections to the directional relay should be

so made that for power flowing from the bus to the line the
contacts would close on the side to trip the breaker of the line
in service.- When both lines are working, the circuit having
the greater flow of power from the bus to the line will control
the operation of the directional relay and, therefore,ftrip the
breaker of the line in trouble which always carries the greater
power from the bus to the line.
It should be borne in mind that power flowing from the line
to the bus is of negative value, therefore, for cases such as
shown in Fig. 10, where power flows from the line to station
B bus over both circuits, the circuit having the greater flow
from bus to line is the one having the least flow from line
to bus.
In the event of one line being in service alone, it is the general
practise automatically, by means of auxiliary switches on the
circuit breakers, to introduce time-over-current relays in the
protective equipment which will operate in conjunction with
the directional relays in a manner similar to that described
in connection with Fig. 4 or Fig. 5 (Tandem groups or loop
circuits). This time delay- also serves to prevent the opening of
the sound line immediately following the tripping of the faulty
one. In place of the single directional relay with double throw
contact, it is also possible to obtain substantially the same
results with two sets of relays with single throw contacts ar-
ranged in a manner similar to that described for the protection
of three or more parallel lines and shown in Fig. 12.
Balanced Protection for Three or More Parallel Lines. (Dis-
criminating). Where a number of parallel lines are involved
the underlying feature is the same as described in connection
with Fig. 9, although the treatment of the matter is necessarily
different. Here, as shown in Fig. 12, the current transformer
secondaries are connected all in series in a loop circuit so that,
when the primary currents are all equal the secondary currents
will also be equal and will circulate through the loop as one
current of the magnitude of each, and practically none will
pass through the coils of the over-current and directional relays
which are connected across each current transformer secondary.
Fig. 13 illustrates a fault in one line such that power is re-
versed at station B in this line from the direction taken by
the remaining sound lines. It will be observed that only in
the case of the injured line is the power direction through the
directional relays (as indicated by the arrows) such that the

contacts will close. At station A this is because there is a
preponderance of positive power flowing from the bus into this
particular line. At station B the injured line is the only one
having positive outward flowing power.
Inasmuch as the success of the scheme depends upon the
relatively low impedance of the loop circuit as compared to the
impedance of the coils, it will be apparent that some method
should be provided to eliminate the useless impedance injected
in the loop circuit by the relays of a dead feeder. This is
usually done automatically by short-circuiting, by means of
auxiliary switches on the circuit breakers or by auxiliary relays
controlled by such auxiliary switches, the relay equipment of
the line whose circuit breaker is open.
It will be noted that when all but
one line is out of service, the relay
equipment of this last line will be
short-circuited by the auxiliary
switches or relays referred to in the
preceding paragraph and accordingly
the last line will be non-automatic
unless some means is provided to -
open the loop circuit. This opening
of the loop may be accomplished FIG. 14
manually or it may be done automatically with considerable
complication of auxiliary switches, etc., which complication is
usually considered inadvisable. When the loop has been opened,
each feeder will be left with over-current and directional pro-
tection at values determined by the settings of the over-current
relays. Various other, also somewhat complicated, means may
be used for inserting additional relays for the protection of
this last line which on account of their variety will not be
described here.
If an open circuit should occur in one of the conductors or
if, when putting another line into service only the breaker at
one end is closed, an unbalanced condition will result which
may tend to open the good lines in use if the current flowing at
the time, is sufficiently great. This danger becomes relatively
smaller as the number of lines involved is increased because
the secondary unbalancing will be inversely proportional to
the number of lines in service. For instance, if the over-current
relays are set to operate at the normal load of each feeder and
if four lines are in, 13 continuous and one open at one point)
an overload of three times normal on each feeder would be
required before any trouble could be encountered.
One installation of this scheme is described in a paper by
Mr. Philip Torchio, "Relays for High-Tension Lines," TRANS.
A. I. E. E., Vol. XXXVI, page 361, March 1917.
Split-Conductor Protection. Split-conductor cables are being
tried out. in this country by two operating companies who report
good results to date. The cable is comprised of six conductors,
each of the three phases being "split" into two halves. A
section of the cable used is shown in Fig. 14.
.5A1mOrm A 5TATION B
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FIGS. 15, 16 AND 17-SPLIT-CONDUCTOR SYSTEM PROTECTION
The healthy and faulty conditions are illustrated in Figs. 15,

16 and 17. The action of the relays is similar to that described
in connection with the two-parallel-line equipment shown in
Figs. 7 and 8, excepting that under end fault conditions, ad-
ditional devices (such as are described in the paper referred
to in the next paragraph) are required to provide the necessary
unbalancing. Repetition here will therefore be unnecessary.
The above greatly curtailed description is intended to cover
in a simple way the underlying principle of split-conductor
protection. For more specific information the reader is re-
ferred to the paper by Mr. W. H. Cole, "Split-Conductor
Cable-Balanced Protection," TRANS. A. I. E. E., Vol. I. 1918,
page 757.
Pilot Wire System with Balanced Pressures. Adaptations of
the Merz-Price protective system have been used by'two opera-
ting companies. One of these reports very satisfactory results,
the other is not so favorable due to an inherent difficulty in
obtaining the proper degree of balance.
Fig. 18 illustrates the scheme of connections. The current
transformers in each end of the circuit have their secondaries
connected in opposition so that when current flows through the
feeder, a potential is produced across each current transformer
secondary. As these pressures, at the two ends of the line,
are produced by equal currents passing through similar trans-
formers they also will be equal and, being in-opposition, no
current will flow.
If, however, the input to the cable exceeds its output the
5TATION A 5TATION B
tug. WP J _FE;
___=ipE
P= X
SW. C--
FIG. 18-PILOT WIRE SYSTEM WITH BALANCED PRESSURES-MERZ-

PRICE SYSTEM
corresponding potentials across the transformers will become

unbalanced and a current will pass through the pilot wires
and, at the same time, through the relays connected in series
at each end. The operation of these relays serves to trip the
circuit breakers.
A modification of this method of protecti'on is illustrated in
the paper by R. ,F. Schuchardt: "Protective Relays" TRANS.
A. I. E. E., Vol. XXXVI, page 383, 1917.
COMBINATION OF UNDER-VOLTAGE AND OVER-CURRENT
RELAYS FOR PROTECTING TRANSMISSION LINES
One of the companies reported an application of a combina-
tion of under-voltage and over-current relays for their system
which has given them very satisfactory results.
In this scheme all the circuit breakers in any section are
mechanically locked in the closed position by means of a
magnetically operated lock. It is controlled by a voltage
relay which releases the lock when the voltage falls below a
predetermined value (approximately 70 per cent). Upon the
occurrence of a short circuit the voltage drops and when it
has fallen below the predetermined point the voltage relays
act to unlock the circuit breakers which are then free to be
opened by the over-current relay or other over-current device.
Thus, in most cases, only the breakers in the affected section
can open on short circuit. It sometimes happens, however,
that when two stations are close together, breakers in an un-
affected section may be unlocked but usually the over-current
device will act to open the proper ones only and clear the trouble
before the others can operate.
Referring to the diagram Fig. 19 the under-voltage relays
are connected to the secondaries of potential transformers on
MAQNETJCALLY AUKE5wROPEN WHEN
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LOCKS AMP RELAS _ITCH TO CUT
UNOERVOLTAGL RELAY
FIG. 19-UNDERVOLTAGE AND OVERCURRENT RELAY-SCHEME OF CON-
NE CTIONS
the line buses. An auxiliary relay is actuated from the station

service transformer and is controlled by the under-voltage
relays. In its turn this auxiliary relay controls the locks on
the circuit breakers. One set of under-voltage relays, with
the auxiliary relay, may control a number of locks on a number
of circuit breakers. The operation is as follows:
When the line potential drops below a predetermined value,
one or more of the under-voltage relays drop and short-circuit
the auxiliary relay through a resistance which causes this
auxiliary relay to open. This, in turn, releases the latch and
leaves all the circuit breakers under its control free to operate
in case of over-current. Thus, so long as the potential re-
mains above the predetermined value, no breaker can be opened
by its automatic over-current feature.
This scheme, illustrated in Fig. 19, is reported as giving suc-

cessful results on an over-head system covering 4000 square
miles where there is a large number of stations located on an
average of approximately 10 miles apart. As the lowest voltage
occurs nearest the short circuit, it is probable that only the
circuit breakers in the immediate vicinity will be unlocked and
allow the circuit breakers to be automatically opened if the
current is of sufficient magnitude.
APPENDIX
In reply to a general questionnaire which was sent out to
sixty-one operating companies, information was received from
thirty-two giving analysis of their relay protective schemes,
from which the following summary was made.
Of the companies reporting, about 60 per cent cover supply
systems for the larger cities and the remaining 40 per cent
cover widely distributed territories of a number of smaller
cities in which cases there are in general a number of water
power stations.
Ques. 1. a.-How often do you check current and time settings on your
relays?
Ans.-From the general reports submitted from central stations it
seems to be the general practise to make a periodic check on the
current and time settings of the relays.
Of the companies reporting, 70 per cent make this periodic check
and the average complete check for each relay is once every three
months; 27 per cent make no periodic check but most of them
report making checks after cases of trouble and at intervals
depending on operating conditions; 3 per cent report that they
make no check whatever on the relay system.
Ques. 1 b.-Have you a regular routine for making tests and inspection;
What is it?
Ans.-Approximately 70 per cent of the operating companies report-
ing have a regular routine of making tests.
Although the reports are not very definite, some of the larger
companies have found it desirable to disconnect the circuit from
service and test the relays by applying the testing circuit to t-he
current transformer secondary terminals with the complete relay
circuit left intact so that current transformer is left in shunt with
the relay circuit under test. This method is found to give more
accurate test results under varying conditions of various loads,
relay circuits and different types of current transformers.
A few of the companies make their tests on the relays with the
feeder alive which necessitates disconnecting the trip circuits and
for the period of test the feeder circuit breakers are left non-
automatic. This test may be made at relay terminals or at
current transformer terminals in which ease a check is made of

the wiring.
Ques. 1. c.-Do you calibrate with a stop watch, or do you use some other
instrument? What is it?
Ans.-For good relay calibration it is apparently becoming the prac-
tise to use some form of an automatic chronometer or cycle-
counter in which the personal equation of the tester is eliminated.
Of the companies reporting, 63 per cent have adopted this
method of calibration where 37 per cent still hold to the old form
of the stop watch.
Ques. 1. d.-Do you make a more frequent inspection for dust and dirt and
mechanical defects? At what intervals?
Ans.-Of the reporting companies 65 per cent make a more frequent
inspection of the relays for dust, dirt and mechanical defects and
these additional inspections vary from periods of one week to
one month.
Ques. 2. a.-Do you test and adjust relays with the current according to the
setting or to the current that will probably flow at the time of short circuit?
Ans.-There is a growing tendency to test the relays with currents
approximating the short-circuit conditions as borne out by the
fact that 50 per cent of the operating companies reporting are
now testing under these conditions. The results obtained by
these companies show that this method is a marked improvement
over the earlier method of small currents.
Ques. 2. b.-In adjusting relays for selective operation how do you deter-
mine the current and time settings of the several relays?
Ans.-With companies, where the testing is made approximating
short-circuit conditions, the settings are arrived at in general
from the determinations of the short-circuit conditions and the
relays on which selective operation is desired are set to give
selectivity under these conditions with allowances made in time
settings for the actual operation of circuit breakers, the minimum
time being determined by the estimated requirements for pre-
venting operation on system load and surges.
In some companies the settings are determined by a "trial process"
which is the result of the actual operations obtained under trouble
conditions. Others use either the calculating table (See G E
Review, October 1916), or Mathematical Calculations-(See G E
Review, June 1916 and Electrical Journal, July 1916) for deter-
mining these conditions while others report the advisability of
installing recording instruments for determining these conditions
in a purely practical manner.
Ques. 2. c.-In determining the current settings of your relays do you con-
sider the probable short-circuit current with all generators in operation
or with reduced generating capacity such as corresponds to the average or
minimum load?
Ans.-Of the operating companies reporting their settings determined
by short-circuit conditions, 62 per cent determine their settings
with the minimum generating capacity and in addition some of
these consider also the maximum generating conditions, and 25

per cent consider only the maximum generating conditions, 13
per cent consider the average generating conditions.
Ques. 3. a & b.-Do you use a-c. or d-c. for tripping oil circuit breakers
on transmission lines? Is it satisfactory?
Ans.-Of the replying companies 80 per cent use d-c. tripping current
and most of them find it satisfactory and preferable and of the
20 per cent that use a-c. current only in one case did they state
that they believed the a-c. to be preferable.
Storage batteries, and in some cases primary batteries, have been
used for giving direct current for tripping.
Some of the central stations have had trouble with their circuit-
breaker control circuits when connected to the d-c. excitation
bus, due to the surges produced on the excitation system in cases
of heavy short circuits on the high-tension system.
Ques. 4-Do you connect watthour meters or indicating wattmeters to the
same current transformers as your relays?
Ans.-In 30 per cent of the cases neither watthour nor indicating
wattmeters are connected to the same current transformers as
the relays.
In 35 per cent of the systems the relays are connected to the meters
in cases where a high degree of meter accuracy is not required.
In 35 per cent of the systems, the relays are connected with the
meters with no restrictions mentioned.
Ques. 5-Do you attempt to operate underground or orerhead transmission
lines with a ground on one phase, and if so, for how long before discon-
necting?
Ans.-Of the systems answering the questionnaire 67 per cent are
grounded and the ground line is automatically disconnected.
Of the remaining systems, which are ungrounded, 25 per cent
operate for short intervals (no longer than necessary and in no
case longer than 30 minutes) with a ground on one line and 75
per cent disconnect the grounded line immediately.
Ques. 6.-What is the longest time (in seconds) as determined by your
relay settings and switch constants, that a short circuit is permitted to
exist on your transmission lines before the switch is opened automatically?
Ans.-The average maximum time as reported from the operating
companies on which a short circuit is kept on the system is
31/3seconds. This time varies with different companies fromh4
of a second to as high as 15 seconds.
We wish to point out that the above is not the time on which the
heaviest short circuit is held on the system which cases are un-
doubtedly much shorter than given above. In some cases where
the longer time is permitted, there has been trouble experienced
due to synchronous apparatus falling out of step. Two seconds
is apparently a good limit for heavy short circuits.
Ques. 7.-About what percentage of your transmission line troubles are
ground and what percentage are short circuits between phases?
Ans.-Of the systems reporting, an average of 70 per cent of the
troubles are started from ground. There is considerable varia-
19191 TRANSMISSION LINE RELA Y PROTECTION 821
tion in the reports; for example, some give as high as 90 per cent
to ground while others give as low as 25 per cent to ground. We
feel this discrepancy is probably due to the fact that some of the
operating companies have no records to show what portion of
the trouble did actually start from the ground.
Ques. 8.-Do you ordinarily keep all transmission lines in service or do
you keep some lines dead and in reserve?
Ans.-Of the operating companies reporting 93 per cent keep all of
their good transmission lines in service without any held in
reserve with the exception of two cases where with overhead high-
voltage transmission lines one of two parallel lines is taken out
of service for reserve during lightning disturbances and in one of
these cases the line is grounded at this time.
Ques. 9.-Where you have several schemes of relay protection that accom-
plish practically the same purpose, will you kindly state your preference
and your reasons?
Ans.-Of the companies reporting 13 per cent prefer the combination
of time-current and directional relay schemes, 13 per cent the
balanced pair, 6 per cent split conductor, 6 per cent straight
inverse-time-current protection, and 3 per cent balanced relay
with pilot wires.
And of the remaining systems there was only one relay scheme in
operation from which no comparison could be drawn.
Ques. 10.-Have you any scheme of relay protection which in your opinion
is particularly effective for your conditions? If so will you kindly state
in some detail the desirable features of this system?
Ans.-Of the companies reporting, 32 per cent feel that some form
of a balanced relay protection is well adapted for their condi-
tions. Of this 32 per cent, 6 2 per cent prefer the split-conductor
scheme, 612 per cent, two lines operated as a unit with balanced
overload protection: 16 per cent, two lines in multiple with the
balanced directional and current relays for disconnecting a single
defective line only; and 3 per cent use pilot wires.
22 per cent find that the current-directional relay combination
gives particularly good results for their conditions and some of
these find that the connection of the potential circuits of the
directional relay to the substation bus side of transformers,
where not in parallel on high-tension side, give preferable
operating conditions, as a higher voltage is maintained under
short-circuit conditions.
3 per cent find special ground relays desirable (Refer to A. I. E. E.
TRANSACTIONS p. 361 vol. 26).
6 per cent prefer definite time-limit relays as they have given very
satisfactory service.
3 per cent prefer no automatic protection on very high-tension lines.
3 per cent find that a combination current and under-voltage relay
system has solved, for their conditions, difficulties that they have
not been able to overcome with any other scheme.
Balance report no special conditions.
Ques. 11-Have you some installations or schemes of operation for which

you find difficulty in securing a satisfactory scheme of relay protection?
If so, please describe?
Ans.-Several companies reported that they have had difficulty in
finding a proper relay protection in cases where they have taps
on the tie lines between stations. This is particularly true where
the protection of these lines would have been of the balanced-
relay type were it not for the taps.
Other companies at present using the balanced-current relay
protection, which automatically disconnects both feeders in case
of trouble on either, on parallel lines would like to find a simple
relay scheme which would disconnect only the damaged line of
the pair in case of trouble on one of the lines.
Some dificulty has also been experienced in finding the proper
relay protection for tie lines between stations where very heavy
momentary surges may exist with the flow of power in either
direction without any actual trouble on the tie lines themselves.
Large variations in generating equipment, in operation with water
power systems, caused the operating companies difficulty in
finding a relay arrangement which would provide protection
under all these different conditions.
Ques. 12.-Do you attempt to operate all of your transmission lines in
parallel by groups? Or in parallel?
Ans.-Of the companies reporting 60 per cent operate with the major
part of their lines in parallel and 40 per cent operate with some
of their lines in parallel by groups and in some other cases the
lines are strictly radial.
Ques. 13-Have you in operation a balanced-relay system with pilot wires?
94 per cent of the companies reporting use no balanced-relay
system with pilot wires. In one instance it was reported that
pilot wire scheme had been tried out but its use discontinued.
Ques. 14 a. b. & c.-Do you use a balanced-relay scheme consisting of split-
conductor cable or lines in multiple?
When trouble occurs on one line of two in multiple is the good line again
placed in service while repairing the other line?
What protective scheme do you have on the single line during the repairs on
the line in trouble?
Ans.-72 per cent of the reports indicate that no balanced scheme of
any kind is used.
6 per cent use split-conductor protection of the six-conductor cable
type.
3 per cent use a similar scheme excepting that the six conductors
comprise two separate three-phase circuits. For this scheme it
was reported that after the two lines had been disconnected,
due to a fault in one, the good line was found by test and put
back in service as quickly as possible with inverse-time-limit
protection at each end.
19 per cent report other schemes of balanced protection with
directional relays in which selective isolation of the injured line
is attempted.
Ques. 15 a. b. & c.-What are the principal difficulties that you have
experienced with relay protective system?
Have you experienced any false operations or failures of relays to operate?
Have you been able to attribute such difficulties to defects in the relay, the
design of the relay protective system, the difficulties in making proper
connections, or to the irregular operation of oil circuit breakers? Please
answer in some detail?
Ans.-Practically all the companies report trouble with the operation
of their protective relay system. Of these troubles there are
46 per cent reported due to the difficulties in the relay, 20 per
cent to improper application of the relays, 15 per cent to improper
settings of the relays, 9 per cent to defective wiring, and 10 per
cent to defective operation of the oil circuit breakers.
Several of the companies reporting trouble with the relays find
that they were due to the chattering of the bellows type of relay
in which cases some of the trouble had been eliminated by
replacing this relay with other time-current types and in some
cases it was eliminated by the installation of a saturating reactor
in shunt with the relays. The shunt reactor eliminated the
trouble and gave a desirable characteristic time curve at a
considerably lower cost than required to replace the relays.
Some defective operations of directional relays are reported, in
most cases of which the relays were of the old type.
Some companies report a change in calibration with time and
although these eases are not very explicit, the trouble could
probably be avoided by a more frequent check and inspection
of the relay.
Of the troubles due to improper wiring, some of these are attributed
to a wrong connection of the potential element of directional
relays and some to a wrong connection of the balanced or
differentially connected relays and the remainder is due to poor
workmanship.
Ques. 16-What is the maximum current that can flow into a short circuit
on a transmission line just outside the generating station?
a. The maximum instantaneous current?
b. The maximum sustained current?
Ans.-Report covers the experience from thirty-one operating com-
panies with systems varying from 25,000 to 455,000 kv-a. whose
short-circuit currents, at any point, vary in value from 100,000
to 1,650,000 kv-a. and sustained short-circuit kv-a. values vary
from 20,000 to 340,000 kv-a.
GENERATING STATION DATA

Of the systems reporting, 67 per cent operate with the
grounded neutral. Of these 40 per cent are grounded without
resistance, 23 per cent grounded through low resistance and
4 per cent are grounded through a high resistance where special
ground relays are required for selective operation on grounds.
TIE LINE RELAY PROTECTION

GENERrIMG,I I cEE.ATINC;
0
I us.
DIAGRAM A
About one-third of the companies reporting had tie lines that could be
classified under this connection. Of these-
55 per cent of the lines -were protected by means of inverse-time-current
relays only.
5 per cent use balanced protection with pilot wires.
5 per cent use split-conductor installations.
35 per cent were provided with directional and current relay protection.
GEERAT1tNG,TING
buSI B BUS.
SOB -STiTION
.us
DIAGRAM B
About one-fifth of the companies reporting had tie lines that could be
85 per centof the lines reported were provided with inverse-time-
current relays only.
15 per cent were provided with current and directional protection.
SUB- S qrANrAIr
BUE5
qENEeA'TIN
TINU ERTING._UI
DIAGRAM C
About one-fourth of the companies reporting had tie lines that were
50 per cent of the lines reported were protected by inverse-time-current
relays only.
25 per cent by current anid directional relays.
10 per cent were provided with balanced protection using pilot wires.
15 per cent were provided with balanced pair protection.
BEU5ATN
~~~~~~~~~~~~q.ENE1ZAZI4
0 0
5U5 5Tfi7IO0
5us~~~~~us
usT71N
DIAGRAM D
About one-tenth of the companies reporting had tie lines that were
65 per cent of the lines reported were protected by means of inverse-
time-current relays.
35 per cent were equipped with current and directional relays.
TRANSMISSION LINE RELAY PROTECTION
ENERAItNG 1I SUB-5-TA-nON
5us ~ -- - 1 E
DIAGRAM E
About one-eighth of the reporting companies have lines that were

classified under this type. Of these-
75 per cent of the lines were protected by inverse-time-current relays.
25 per cent of the lines were protected by directional relays and current
relays.
(Even on a radial system the secondary connections of the step-down
transformers may be in parallel and cause a feed back in case of trouble
which makes a directional relay desirable.)
qENEWA-HrqQ0 uS- 5TA-not
DIAGRAM F
,.14
About one-half of the companies have lines in this classification. Of
thqse-
40 per cent of the lines were reported to have current and directional
protection.
55 per cent were equipped with inverse-time-current relays only.
5 per cent were protected by balanced relays of the interconnected
directional type.
QENERATIN BUTS
S)S SuN
505 0 ~~~~~~~SUB
&A7O
DIAGRAM G
About one-tenth of the companies have lines under this classification
of which one-half are protected by inverse-time-current relays and one-
half by balaneed connections.
C;ENEr,UNT STATION
1Sob 'BU~~5LS
5SU-S-TA-ioiO
5U_5
BUS
DIAGRAM H
About two-fifths of the companies have lines under this classification.
Of these-
55 per cent were reported to have inverse-time-current relay protection.
30 per cent were equipped with directional and current protection.
72 per cent were equipped with balanced relay protection with pilot
wires.
7Y2 per cent were equipped with balanced relay protection scheme
using directional relays.
Q EN ER^m
A- 5UB-SAIT
SQ- , SeSTrir
B'uS bus
DIAGRAM I
About one-eighth of the companies have line classifications in this list.
Of these-
75 per cent were reported to be protected by means of current relays
and directional relays.
25 per cent by means of inverse-time-current relays only.
NE~T1r~
CiENEMTINC4 0 i
$uB-5TArJOM
oo .
DIAGRAM J
Two companies reported lines in this classification and in both cases
straight inverse-time-current relay protection was used.

Transmission Line Relay Protection

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Transmission Line Relay Protection

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Presented at the 35th Annual Convention of

the American Institute of Electrical Engineers,

TRANSMISSION LINE RELAY PROTECTION

PROPOSED RELAY NOMENCLATURE

Phase-Rotation Relay. Any relay which functions by reason of a reversal

PRESENT DAY PRACTISE OF TRANSMISSION AND TIE LINE

regard for its protection may be avoided. It is therefore of

transmission lines is dependent upon whether the system is

application of directional relays, is all that is required. In

SAVINGS EFFECTED BY A PARALLEL OPERATION OF FEEDERS

TESTING AND SETTING RELAYS

The time-current curve of a relay is affected by the nature of

AC--CURVE bUSNG RATED RUTSO, STTIN UEPENDENT OF CURRENT AWFRANCNJ.

by a stop watch is entirely inadequate for close relay settings.

circuits in question under various operating conditions. The

z C A 60UKIW MIM P11 Y 0 Q $~~~~~~SMIES

FIG. 3 -TIME-CURRENT CURVMES OF INVERSE-TIME-CUJRRENT RELAYS

Where a large number of circuit breakers are in series and

Some companies have connected their control and tripping

ARROWS 5KOW DIFZECI %RTNDTIMAEIIYS

INVERSE TIME CURENT AND DIRECTIOt1AL RELAYS

Reference to the time settings given in the diagram (these

5uis 5*r1s Bus 5u5U oI-rs sU5.

A.eows sXoW DIRECTIlON

ThB!.CTICOBEAL ABE!I.T PLA-TIONAL. ABS Ii

5LB SETsuBsB. As BAT! Sus.

INVEBtSE P'TIEA L Tt4ES47

INVER5E. TimES CURRENT AN*D DiRECTIONAIL RELAY5

factor. This may be acco'mplished by several schemes of

posed greater than the inconvenience of determining the good

ALM J5PD. -Aaeows INv2cAel RELA'TL%/ k"

connected" current transformers in the similar phases of the

Assume a fault as shown in Fig. 7. In this case there is an

lustrated in Fig. 9. It should be noted that in case of an open

FIGS. 9, 10 AND 11-BALANCED PROTECTION FOR Two PARALLEL LINES

there will be no current in the differential or relay circuit.

.~~~~~ 0j~~~~~~~~~~ POTr.N'TIAL COIL5 AND CorNNEr-TjrIor,

FIG. 13-BALANCED PROTECTION FO THREE OR MORE PARALLEL LINES (DISCRIMINATING)

and potential connections to the directional relay should be

directional relays (as indicated by the arrows) such that the

FAUL.' Cor'4wrrVom. '

The healthy and faulty conditions are illustrated in Figs. 15,

FIG. 18-PILOT WIRE SYSTEM WITH BALANCED PRESSURES-MERZ-

corresponding potentials across the transformers will become

the line buses. An auxiliary relay is actuated from the station

This scheme, illustrated in Fig. 19, is reported as giving suc-

current transformer terminals in which ease a check is made of

these consider also the maximum generating conditions, and 25

Ques. 11-Have you some installations or schemes of operation for which

GENERATING STATION DATA

TIE LINE RELAY PROTECTION

TRANSMISSION LINE RELAY PROTECTION

About one-eighth of the reporting companies have lines that were

qENEWA-HrqQ0 uS- 5TA-not

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.~ 0j~~~~~~ POTr.N'TIAL COIL5 AND CorNNEr-TjrIor,