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Electronic Module: Electromagnetism 3.2.

1
Systems Activity: 3.2 R,C&L circuits

3.2
R,C&L circuits

A Mazzolini
Swinburne University
of Technology
Electronic Module: Electromagnetism 3.2.2
Systems Activity: 3.2 R,C&L circuits

Resistor in an AC Circuit
We know that Ohms law holds for any instantaneous
value of voltage and current
(ie since V = IR, it is also true that v = iR)

V I
0 0
1 .8
2 1.6
3 2.4
5 3.2
6 4.0
A Mazzolini
Swinburne University
of Technology
Electronic Module: Electromagnetism 3.2.3
Systems Activity: 3.2 R,C&L circuits
Resistor in an AC Circuit
Now v = Vo sint, hence using Ohms law we have
i = (1/R) v = (1/R) Vo sint
Hence i = Io sint where Io = (Vo/R) or R = (Vo/Io)

Resistance V & i are


A Mazzolini R = (Vo/Io) in phase
Swinburne University
of Technology
Electronic Module: Electromagnetism 3.2.4
Systems Activity: 3.2 R,C&L circuits

Capacitor in AC Circuit
Since ratio of voltage to
current is known as
resistance (in resistor
circuits), 1/(C) must be
For capacitor, iC = C(dvC/dt) similar to resistance (in
Now if v = Vo sint, then capacitor circuits). In
fact, 1/(C) is known as
d
iC = CVo (sin t ) = CVo cos t capacitive reactance and
has the SI units of Ohm
dt
iC = CVo sin(t + 2 )
iC leads vC
Vo 1
iC = I o sin(t + 2 ) where

= by /2 (90o)
I o C

A Mazzolini
Swinburne University
Capacitor
of Technology
Electronic Module: Electromagnetism 3.2.5
Systems Activity: 3.2 R,C&L circuits

Vo 1
= = X C Capacitive Reactance
I o C
1 1
XC = =
C 2fC
Unlike resistance which is independent of frequency,
capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to frequency
A Mazzolini
Swinburne University
of Technology
Electronic Module: Electromagnetism 3.2.6
Systems Activity: 3.2 R,C&L circuits

For the case of DC (ie f = 0), we have


XC = (1/20C) = Ohm
ie for DC, a capacitor acts like an open-circuit!
Our definition of capacitive reactance XC = 1/(C)
has one major problem
It does not account for the fact that (for a capacitor)
voltage and current are not in phase
It is therefore an incomplete description

A Mazzolini
more on this later.
Swinburne University
of Technology
Electronic Module: Electromagnetism 3.2.7
Systems Activity: 3.2 R,C&L circuits

Inductor in an AC Circuit

Induced emf KVL: (emfs) - (voltage drops) = 0


(Faradays law) + L - 0 = 0
-L(di/dt) - 0 = 0 Voltage drop
across inductor
Hence = L(di/dt) = vL
Assuming iL = I o sin t
d
then vL = LI o (sin t ) = LI o cos t = LI 0 sin(t + 2 )
dt
vL = Vo sin(t + 2 ) Inductive Reactance

Vo
vL leads iL by /2 or where = L
A Mazzolini iL lags vL by /2 Io
Swinburne University
of Technology
Electronic Module: Electromagnetism 3.2.8
Systems Activity: 3.2 R,C&L circuits

Vo
= L = X L Inductive Reactance
Io
X L = L = 2fL
Unlike resistance which is independent of frequency,
inductive reactance is directly proportional to frequency
A Mazzolini
Swinburne University
of Technology
Electronic Module: Electromagnetism 3.2.9
Systems Activity: 3.2 R,C&L circuits
For the case of DC (ie f = 0), we have
XL = 20L = 0 Ohm
ie for DC, an inductor acts like a short-circuit!
Again our definition of inductive reactance XL = L
has one major problem
It does not account for the fact that (for an inductor)
voltage and current are not in phase
It is therefore an incomplete description

Quick way to remember what leads what!

For the inductor,


CIVIL
For the capacitor,
I comes before V V comes before I

A Mazzolini
Swinburne University
of Technology
Electronic Module: Electromagnetism 3.2.10
Systems Activity: 3.2 R,C&L circuits

In the steady state, for AC electricity, we dont really care


about the t part of the sinusoidal wave [and hence the
angular velocity () of the phasor] since we usually only deal
with average quantities
What is really important is the phase difference between
the sinusoidal waves [and hence the angle () between the
phasors]
Turns out this has a BIG bearing on the power dissipation in
AC circuits
So
Ignore the t part and freeze the phasors at a
convenient place (say t=0). In other words, no need to worry
about the rotation of the phasor set, just the angle between
A Mazzolini
Swinburne University
the phasors
of Technology

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