Multiplexed Transmission Systems 2nd Laboratory

QPSK MODULATED SIGNALS GENERATION

I. Introduction

I. The modulation and demodulation of QPSK signals

In the case of BPSK signals, if data period is Tb then the transmitted

signal band is fb=1/Tb. But if a part of them are transmitted on the phase
carrier and the other ones on quadrature carrier then the occupied band can be
reduced to half of the initial band and the transmission rate can be doubled.
Block modulation scheme of QPSK is presented in fig 1.1. The data,
noted d(t) periodic by Tb are applied to the entrance of two bistable circuits of
type D, one commanded of the positive front of the clock and the other on the
negative one so one memorises even data bits bo(t) and the other one the odd
data bits be(t). These data rows, with the period 2Tb are modulated by the
phase carrier cos(0t), and correspondingly by the one in quadrature. Then
they are additioned in order to be send on the channel. QPSK signal has the
expression:

sQPSK t Abo t cos 0t Abe t sin 0t

d0(t)
D Q
Q
cos 0t
d(t) sQPSK(t)
D Q
Q sin 0t
CK(Tb)
de(t)
D Q
Q

Fig. 1.1. QPSK Modulation Scheme

It cand be noticed we are obtaining an offsett-QPSK signal, meaning
that data for phase component and foe the quadrature one can not commute

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simultaneous. If we want to get a QPSK signal, the data row do(t) must be
delayed with half a symbol period so data on both branches to commute
simultaneous.
The power spectral density of QPSK signal is:
A 2Ts 2 0 Ts 0 Ts
S sinc sinc 2
2 2 2
where Ts=2Tb is the symbol peirod. The bandwidth of the signal is B 2 f s f b ,
half of the band occupied by BPSK signals.
QPSK signals reception is made siynchronic which means that the
carrier must be recover on the base of the received signal. For this the
received signal must be put at the 4 power, filtered on the component with 4f0
frequency; then the signal is limited and divided by 4. The recover carrier
scheme is shown in fig 1.2.
cos 0t
sBPSK(t)
() 4
FTB (4f0) Limitator Divizor FTB (f0)
1:4
sin 0t

Fig. 1.2. The recover carrier scheme for QPSK signal

The received signal is multiplied by the phase and quandrature local

recover carrier; then the signal is integrated on a 2Tb interval (the integration
is made synchronic and the integrators are reseted at the end of each interval).
At he two integrators outputs well have signals proportional to bo(t),
respectiv be(t) data rows. Data samples are choose alternatively from the
outputs of the two integrators distanced in time with Tb, the initial data being
recover . Block demodulation scheme of QPSK is presented in fig 1.3.
The main advantage of QPSK modulation is that the occupied band by
the signal is half of a BPSK signal and that the transmission rate i is double.
The disadvantage is represented by a more complicated structure of the
transmitter and of the receiver. But as in BPSK case it appears an 180 0
ambiguity in the recover of the carrier which leads to the possibility of an

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erronate demodulation both for the phase and the quadrature data. This
disadvantage can be overcome by using a differential coding scheme on two
channels.

2 k 1 T b AT s b o t
dt cos 0 t
2 k 1 T b
Ts
s BPSK t cos 0 t
cos 0 t

cos 0 t cos 0 t
sin 0 t
2 k 2 T b
dt
2 kT b AT s b e t
cos 0 t

Fig. 8.3. QPSK demodulation scheme

II. Practical work

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I. QPSK Modulation/Demodulation

I.1 The modulation scheme for QPSK is made in fig 1.4. Well take the
blocks:
from Sources library- blocul Random Number (data generator);
from Math library- Sign block (calcuate the sign of the signal);
from Math library- Sum block;
from Sources library- Constant block (constant signal generator);
from Math library - Gain block (amplifier with 0.5);
from library Sources- Pulse Generator block;
from Nonlinear library- Zero Order Hold (sampling block);
from Blockset&Toolboxes/DSP blockset/Signal Operations
library- Sample and Hold block (memorising block);
from Sources library- Sine Wave block (local oscillator);
from Math library- Product block (multiplying block);
from Sinks library- Scope block;
from Blockset&Toolboxes/DSP blockset/DSP sinks library-
Spectrum Scope (spectrum analyzer).

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Fig. 1.4. QPSK Modulation Scheme

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The parameters are: simulation time - 10s, Max Step Size=0,01, Minimum
step size =0.001, Initial Step Size = 0,01. For Random Number: mean=0 and
variance=1, sample time= 1s. For Pulse Generator sample time= 2s (symbol
period= double bit period). Sampling period before Fourier Transform is
equal to the maximum sample time (sample time=0.01). For Spectrum Scope:
buffer size: 512 ;
FFT length: 512.

a) For the shape in time of the signal we choose carrier frequency 2Hz.
The carriers generator for quadrature components must be delayed with 90 0
from the phase ones. Data for phase components are sampled and memorised
on the positive front of the symbol clock and the quadrature component on
the negative one so that the even data are trasmitted on phase components and
the odd ones on the quadrature components in an alternative way (offsett
QPSK). See and draw the signal in (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) i (7).

b) For signal in spectral domain the frequency of the carrier phase is 10

Hz. See and draw the spectrum of the signal in (5), (6) i (7), replacing
Scopes with FFT Scopes.

c) Modify sample time at Random Number at 0,01, 0,1; 1, 10. What can
you say about the spectrum of the signal? Explain. What if you modify the
clock period at 0,0001, 0,1, 10 ?

Exercise 1
E1.1. Explain the functionality of the scheme and the role of each block in it.
E1.2. For a random data set (ex: 20 bit intervals), draw the data signa, clock
signal, divided clock signal for phase and quadrature data and the
signal at the outputs of the bistabil circuits of D type.

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E1.3. Comment the results at I.1.a from amplitude and modulated carrier
phase point of view. ((5), (6) i (7) points).
E1.4. Find analitical the expression and the spectrum of the signal in (5), (6)
i (7) points and comment the results obtained at punctul I.1.b. Which
is the bandwidth of QPSK signal comparing to the BPSK one? Explain.
E1.5. Seeing the results from I.1.b find the connection between the sampling
period of data and symbol clock period for QPSK. Explain.

I.2. The carrier recover scheme is built just like the one in fig. 1.5. For this
we use the QPSK signal generator block from 1.1. which is grouped like a
subsystem Edit / Create Subsystem option). The QPSK output correspondes to
the modulated signal in (7) and Purt to the cosine type carrier. The block
used are:
For multiplying the signal 4 times with itself from Functions and
Tables library- Function block (or for multiplying the signal twice with
itself from Math library, Math function block);
For passband filters from Blockset&Toolboxes/DSP
blockset/Filtering/ Filter Designs library- Analog filter design
block;
For amplification from Math library- Gain block;
Limitation block +1/-1- from Math library Sign block;
The JK bistables used for division with 2 from Blockset&Toolboxes /
Simulink Extras/Flip Flops library- J-K Flip Flop block;

Simulation parameters are the ones from I.1.b (bit period 1 s; symbol
period 2 s, carrier frequency f0=10Hz). The first passband filter has the order
10 and the limit band frequencies are f L1 (1 0.1) * 4 * f 0 and
f H 1 (1 0.1) * 4 * f 0 ; the second filter has the order 10 and the limit band
frequencies f L 2 (1 0.1) * f 0 and f H 2 (1 0.1) * f 0 .

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a) See and draw the signal spectrum in (8), (9), (10) i (11) and also the
shape in time of the recover carrier in (11) comparing this one with the
original one. What can you say about the recover carrier?
b) Modify the order of the filters to 1,2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and measure the
phase delay between the recover carrier and the original (stationary domain)
and also measure the period of the regimului tranzitoriu. Complete the
following table:

n 1 2 5 10 20 50
t
ttr

What is the influence of the order of the filter on the local recover carrier
phase delay?
c) Consider the orders of the filters n1= n2=10 and the limit band
frequencies f L1 (1 f ) * 4 * f 0 , f H 1 (1 f ) * 4 * f 0 , f L 2 (1 f ) * f 0 , respectiv
f H 2 (1 f ) * f 0 .

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Fig. 1.5. Recover carrier scheme for QPSK signal
2nd Laboratory
Multiplexed Transmission Systems 2nd Laboratory

Modify f and measure each time the phase delay between the recover
carrier and the original (stationary domain), the period of the regimului
tranzitoriu, and the attenuations introduced by the two filters on the
unwanted components. Complete the following table:

f 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05

t
ttr
a1
a2

Where a1 is the attenuation introduced by the first filter on the 20 Hz

component over the 40 Hz component, a2 is the minimum between the
attenuation introduced by the second filter on the continuous component and
the attenuation on the component situated on 30Hz frequency.
Ce se constant n cazul n care f=0,5Hz ?

Exercise 2

E2.1. Explain the functionality of the scheme and the role of each block in it.
E2.1. Considering QPSK signal
s1 t d1 t cos 0t d 2 t sin 0t ; d1 t , d 2 t 1,1 , t 0, 2Tb
write analitical the signals expressions in (8), (9), (10) i (11). Prove that the
signal from (11) is proportional to the carrier.
E2.2. Based on results from I.2.b make the graphs t tr f n and t f n .
Which is the influence of the filters orders on the duratei regimului
tranzitoriu and on the recover carrier phase delay comparing to the one from
the transsmision.
E2.3. Based on results from I.2.c make the graphs t tr f f and t f f .
Which is the influence of the bandwidth of the two filters on the duratei
regimului tranzitoriu and on the recover carrier phase delay comparing to
the one from the transsmision.

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E2.4. Prove analitical the obtained result for f=0.5Hz. For this it might be
useful to see the shape in time of the signals from (9) i (10).

I.3. For the demodulation scheme use the data from I.1.b. (
Tb 1s, Ts 2 s; f o 10 Hz ) and the recover carrier scheme the data from I.2.a.
The QPSK demodulator is built like in fig. 1.6. (for making the recover
carrier block use Edit / Create Subsystem option). The Mod_QPSK is just like
the one from the anterior point, where additional outputs Date_F
coressponding to data in phase, Date_Q for quadrature data, Date for data
coming from the source (point (1)) and CK_s for generatorului de tact
output. In the recover carrier block the output Purt_Ref is for the recover
carrier. To compare the signals from the demodulation scheme output with the
original ones we can put at the output data in phase and data in quadrature,
original data and symbol clock. The block for delaying the local recover
scheme with 900 (transport delay) is in Nonlinear library and the logical
operators in Math library. Temporar delay is coressponding to the 4th part
T0
ofthe carrier period t .
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a) See and draw the signals spectrum in (12). On its base choose the cut-
off frequency and the order of the filter so the unwanted component (from the
double carrier frequency) to be atenuat with at least 40 dB. Which is the
minimum value for the cut-off frequency of the filter?

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Fig. 1.6. QPSK demodulation scheme

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b) Choose for the filters cut-off frequency a value equal to half of the
carrier and a filter order of 10-20. See the signal spectrum in (13) and the
shape in time of demodulated data for phase and quadrature components
(points 13, 14) comparing them to the original ones. See also the signal at the
output (15) comparing them to the original ones.

c) Keep constant the cut-off frequency (ft=5Hz) and modify the orders
of the two lowpass filters. Measure the attenuation introduced by the filter on
the unwanted components and the delay from the demodulated signal.
Complete the following table:

n 1 2 5 10 20 50
a
t

See the demodulated signal (point 15). Which is the influence of the filter
order on the output shape of the signal?
d) Keep constant the orders of the two filters (n=5) and modify the cut-off
frequency ft=0.5; 1; 2; 5; 10. See phase and quadrature data and data from the
scheme output comparing them to the original ones.

Exercise 3
E3.1. Explain the functionality of the scheme and the role of each block in
it.
E3.2. What phenomena can you see at QPSK data demodulation for phase
and quadrature components? Which are the causes that lead to it and how can
it be overcome? Give a suggestion for a modulation/demodulation scheme to
overcome this phenomena.
E3.3. In addition to the problem above: what phenomena can you see at data
recover if for the data combination we use the clock from the transsmision
part? Which is the cause and how can it be overcome?

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E3.4. Which is the maximum (and the minimum) cut-off frequency of the
two lowpass filters in order to asure data recover?
E3.5. Based on the results from I.3.c make the graphs attenuation- filter
order and delay- filter order. What happens (in time and frequency domain) if
the the filter order decreases very much?
E3.6. Ce se ntmpl dac de tiere scade foarte mult? dar dac crete foarte
mult? What happens if the cut-off frequency decreases too much? What if it
becomes bigger?

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