Q1:- Short Notes:-

a) ECG and ECT.

Electrocardiography (ECG) is the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
over a period of time using electrodes placed on the skin. These electrodes detect the tiny
electrical changes on the skin that arise from the heart muscle's electrophysiologic pattern of
depolarizing and repolarizing during each heartbeat. It is a very commonly performed
cardiology test.

In a conventional 12-lead ECG, 10 electrodes are placed on the patient's limbs and on the
surface of the chest. The overall magnitude of the heart's electrical potential is then measured
from 12 different angles ("leads") and is recorded over a period of time (usually 10 seconds).
In this way, the overall magnitude and direction of the heart's electrical depolarization is
captured at each moment throughout the cardiac cycle.[4] The graph of voltage versus time
produced by this noninvasive medical procedure is referred to as an electrocardiogram.

Figure:- ECG of a heart in normal sinus rhythm

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure, done under general anesthesia, in which

small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure.
ECT seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can quickly reverse symptoms of certain
mental illnesses.

ECT often works when other treatments are unsuccessful and when the full course of
treatment is completed, but it may not work for everyone.

ECT is much safer today. Although ECT still causes some side effects, it now uses electric
currents given in a controlled setting to achieve the most benefit with the fewest possible
risks.

b) Sound and Hearing.

Sound is a form of energy. It can be generated, moved, can do work, can dissipate over time
and distance, and can carry tremendous amounts of energy. Sound will continue only as long
as there is energy in the system to keep it going.
Sound is defined as something that can be heard. It is a wave that is a series of vibrations
traveling through a medium, especially those within the range of frequencies that can be
 perceived by the human ear. Sound can travel through many types of mediums, for example:
gasses, liquids and solids. The compressions and rarefactions that move through the
atmosphere are compressing and stretching the molecules of nitrogen and oxygen all around
us. Sound cannot be heard in a vacuum, like outer space. Sound does not move through a
vacuum. Sound travels through different mediums at different frequencies. Sound is measured
in decibels

Hearing is a mechanical process in which the ear converts sound waves into electrical signals
the brain can understand. The process of hearing begins with sound. An object produces
sound when it vibrates in matter. This could be through something solid, liquid, or gaseous.
Humans mostly hear sound that travels through the air.
To hear the sound traveling through the air, three things have to happen. One, the sound has
to be directed into the hearing part of the ear. Two, the ear has to sense the fluctuations in air
pressure. Three, the fluctuations have to be translated into electrical signals that the brain can
understand.
The pinna, or outer/visible part of the ear, catches the sound waves. In humans, the pinna is
pointed forward. It helps to determine where the sound is coming from. The direction of the
sound is determined by the way the sound wave bounces off the pinna.

c) Newtons law of motions.

Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for
classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting
upon it, and its motion in response to those forces.
1st law:- The 1st law states that, the body remains in its position of rest or motion unless it is
acted upon by an external force.

2nd law:- The second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body, is directly
proportional to the force applied and this change in momentum takes place in the direction of
the applied force. F= m x a.

3rd law:- The 3rd law states that every action has equal and opposite reaction.

d) Uses of radioactive isotope in patient care.

Radioactive isotope is a nuclei of an atom having same chemical formula and atomic number
but different mass number. These isotopes have high nuclear energy. Because of high nuclear
energy, these isotopes are unstable and decays emitting alpha, beta or gamma particle.
There are numerous radioactive uses in fields of medicine, surgery, industries,
agriculture, food and chemistry.

Surgery. Radioactive isotopes are used in surgery. For example, in order to find out if blood is
circulating to a wound or not, a radioactive isotope is injected into body and after some time
the blood from the wound is examined for its radioactivity.
Medicines. The radioactive isotopes are used for detection and treatment of many ailments
and diseases. For example, isotope Cobalt - 60 is used for the treatment of tumours. Also
Carbon-14 is major research tool in medicine.

There are many radioactive isotopes that are very beneficial in applications in medicine. For
instance, radioactive isotopes are used for radiation therapy and for locating brain tumors.
These are also used to keep track of activities of our organs. Here are some radioactive
isotopes and their applications in medicine.
e) Explain osmosis and osmotic pressure.
Osmosis is the movement of solvent particles from a region of high solvent concentration to a
low solvent concentration across a semi permeable membrane. Osmosis types are:-

(i) Exo-Osmosis: The outward osmotic flow of water from a cell containing an aqueous
solution through a semi-permeable membrane is called as Exo-osmosis.

(ii) Endo-osmosis: The inward flow of water into the cell containing an aqueous solution
through a semi-permeable membrane is called as endo-osmosis.

(iii) Reverse osmosis: If a pressure higher than osmotic pressure is applied on the solution, the
solvent will flow from the solution into the pure solvent through the semi-permeable
membrane. Since here the flow of solvent is in the reverse direction to that observed in the
usual osmosis, the process is called reverse osmosis.

Osmotic pressure is the pressure that is required to stop the process of osmosis across a semi
permeable membrane. Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied
to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane. It is also
defined as the measure of the tendency of a solution to take in water by osmosis.
Q2:- Write Archimedes Principle and its application in nursing.

Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force applied to an object is equal to the weight of the
fluid the object displaces. Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted
on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid
that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the center of mass of the displaced fluid.
Archimedes' principle is a law of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics.

Q3:- Clinical Thermometer units of temperature and what is the relation among them.

A clinical thermometer is a thermometer used to measure human body temperature. Most old ones use
mercury thermometer. It is accurate and sensitive, because it has a narrow place where the mercury
level rises very fast.

These thermometers are used in clinics by doctors, so they are also called a doctor's thermometers or
medical thermometers. Most of them show both Celsius scale and Fahrenheit temperature scales. The
tip of the thermometer is inserted into the mouth under the tongue (oral or sub-lingual temperature),
under the armpit (axillary temperature), or into the rectum via the anus (rectal temperature).

Temperature is measured by a thermometer. The 3 most common scales and units used for measuring
temperature are,

1. Celsius or centigrade. (C),

2. Fahrenheit (F), and,
3. Kelvin (K).

The relation between above 3 units is as below,

1. Celsius to Fahrenheit F = 9/5 ( C) + 32.

2. Fahrenheit to Celsius C = 5/9( F - 32)
3. Kelvin to Fahrenheit F = 9/5( K - 273) + 32
4. Celsius to Kelvin K = C + 273
5. Fahrenheit to Kelvin K = 5/9 ( F - 32) + 273

Q4:- Define Gravity and Centre of gravity. Write the clinical application.

Gravity is a force of attraction that exists between any two masses, any two bodies, any two
particles. Gravity is not just the attraction between objects and the Earth. It is an attraction
that exists between all objects, everywhere in the universe. Gravity is a force which tries to
pull two objects toward each other.

Centre of Gravity is the point at which the entire weight of a body may be considered as
concentrated so that if supported at this point the body would remain in equilibrium in any
position.

Circulation of the blood depends on gravity.

The blood pressure in the blood vessels of head and neck is slightly less than the lower extremities.

Changing in positions of body alignments, alter the blood pressure in different parts of the body.
In a fainting spell, the brain is temporarily deprived of blood. But when the person feels faint the same
effect may be accomplished by lowering the head.

The effects of gravity are visible in the blanching of the upraised hand and in the reddening and venous
distension of the other hand.

Gravity exercises are sometimes prescribed for patients with circulatory disorders of the lower
extremities.

Postural drainage is a treatment in which the patient lies on his abdomen across the bed with his chest and
head hanging down over the side of the bed. It utilizes the gravity to affect drainage from the lungs.

Patients are placed pre-operative and postoperative in a special positions due to gravity.

After operation on the throat or mouth the patients head is usually lowered and placed to one side so that
the mucus and fluids will drain out of the mouth by gravity.

After thoracic surgery the patient is placed in semi sitting position to increase drainage from the thorax
through the drainage tube by gravity.

A diagnostic test ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate is done on the base of gravity.

Q5:- Various application of ultrasound in health care.

Q6:- List different portion of eletromagnetic radiation and their application.

Q7:- State Pascals law. Write its application.

A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted undiminished to all
points in the fluid. The pressure change is caused by the change of potential energy per unit volume
of the liquid due to the existence of the gravitational field.

This principle is stated mathematically as:

is the hydrostatic pressure (given in pascals in the SI system), or the difference in

pressure at two points within a fluid column, due to the weight of the fluid;

is the fluid density (in kilograms per cubic meter in the SI system);

g is acceleration due to gravity (normally using the sea level acceleration due to Earth's
gravity, in SI in metres per second squared);
 is the height of fluid above the point of measurement, or the difference in elevation
between the two points within the fluid column (in metres in SI).

Long Notes:-

Q8:- Discuss various adverse effects of ionizing radiation (Radioactivity) and protection measure.