12/24/2016 TestforPopulationMean(smallsamplesize)

GeneralStatistics StatisticalInference
TestforPopulationMean(smallsamplesize)
TestforPopulationMean(smallsamplesize).

Ifthesamplesizeissmall( )andthesampledistributionisnormalorapproximatelynormal,
thentheStudent'stdistributionandassociatedstatisticscanbeusedtodetermineatestfor
whetherthesamplemean=populationmean.

Thatis,whenthesamplesizeislessthan30wecanusethestudent'ststatistics,ttocomparethe
samplemeanagainstthepopulationmeanusingvalueofthesamplestandarddeviationtoestimate
thesamplestandarddeviationifitisnotknown.

Therearethreequestionsonemayaskwhencomparingtwomeans:

Question1::Is ?Ha(Twotailedtest)

Question2::Is ?Ha(Righttailedtest)

Question3::Is ?Ha(Lefttailedtest)

1.Knowthestatisticsusedtotest forsmallsamplesize:TheStudent'ststatistics.

Theteststatisticsisrelatedtothestudent'stdistribution,t.

Thestudent'ststatisticsissimilartothezscorestatistics,z

Thestudent'stdistributionassumesthatthesampledistributionisnormalorapproximatelyso.

Student'ststatistics,t

Withthisstatistics,thepopulationstandard
deviation, isunknown.

Rememberthatusecanalsousethetstatisticsfor
sampleswithlargesamplesize

PropertiesoftheStudent'stdistribution:

1.Thereareaninfinitenumberofstudentt
distribution,oneforeachdegreeoffreedom,df.The
numberofdegreesoffreedomis1minusthesample
sizeorn1.

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The

2.TheStudent'stdistributionissimilartothe
standardnormaldistributioninshape:Thatisitasa
meanoft=0andthetotalareaunderthecureis1or
theprobabilitydensityordistributionofthefunction.

3.Asthesamplesizegetslargerthecurvegetscloser
tothestandardnormalcurve.Thereforeforsample
size>=30thezscorestatisticscanbeused..

AstherearenumerousStudent'stdistribution,sotherearenumeroustablesofreferenceeach
approachesthequestionofthehypothesisdifferently.

InthistextwewillusetheUppertailedtestwithalpharepresentingtheareaunderthecurve.

Seetstatisticsreferencetable

Usingthistableherearethedecisionrulesforcomparingmeansforsmallsamplesize:

Decisionrules: Referencetablevaluesfor
UpperTailedTest(
Distribution =Areaundertheupper
): tailcurve:

AcceptH0if

RejectH0if

LowerTailedTest(
):

AcceptH0if

RejectH0if

TwoTailedTest(
):

AcceptH0if

RejectH0if

2.Knowhowtouseappropriatestatisticstotestifasamplemeanisequaltothepopulation
mean(smallsamplesize).

3Typesoftestsincomparingsamplemeantopopulationmean:

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Whencomparingthesamplemean, tothepopulationmean( isknownand isunknown)there

are3questionstoconsidered:

Question1::Is ?Ha(Twotailedtest)

Question2::Is ?Ha(RighttailedtestorUppertailed)

Question3::Is ?Ha(LefttailedtestorLowertailed)

Question1:Is ?Ha(Twotailedtest)

Is Ha

Isthenewmean
differentfromthe
populationmean?

Hereweuseatwo
tailedtestby
computingthe
confidenceinterval
forthetestatthe
levelofsignificance
.

Iftheteststatistics
fortfallsoutside
thisintervalwe
decidethatthe
meansdiffers,we
chosethealternate
hypothesis,Ha

Otherwisewehave
noreasontothink
thattheydiffer,H0

ByExamples:

Problem1.TheoutputofachemicalprocessformanufacturingSnailHailismonitoredbytaking
asamplesizeofn=25vialstodeterminethelevelofimpurities.Thenullhypothesisisthatthe
meanlevelisexactly0.05gramperliter.Ifthemeanlevelistoosmall,theprocesswillbestopped
andthetankspurged.Otherwise,theprocesswillcontinue.Atwotailedtestapplies,andthemean
fromthesampleis0.064withastandarddeviationof0.017.Atasignificantlevelofalpha=0.01,
shouldtheprocessbestoppedandthetankspurged?

Given ,n=25(spsmallsamplesize,usethestudent'stdistribution),s=0.017and
since,and

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Step1Hypothesis:Theclaimthat or0.064=0.05,thenullhypothesis.

Thealternatehypothesisisthat

H0: =0.05

Ha: or

Step2.Selectlevelofsignificance:Thisisgivenas (1%)

Sofortwotailedtest:

Step3.Teststatisticsandobservedvalue.

Step4.Determinethecriticalregion(favorsHa)

For anddf=251=(n1)=24,t0.005=2.7970

Thecriticalregionis and

Step5.Makedecision.

Theobservedz=4.1176,andsince4.1176>2.797andinthecriticalregion,werejectH0infavor
ofHa.

Sothenewmeanoftheprocessshouldbestoppedandthetankspurged.

Question2:Is ?Ha(Righttailedtest)

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Is Ha

Isthenew
meangreater
thanthe
population
mean.Herewe
usearight
tailedtestby
computingthe
positivet
statisticsforthe
testatthelevel
of .

Andifthetest
statisticsfort
fallswithinthe
criticalregion
(red)wedecide
that ,the
alternate
hypothesis,H0

Otherwisewe
havenoreason
tothinkthat
theydiffer,Ha

ByExamples:

Problem2.Weneedtotestthehypothesisthatasampleofn=25,withameanof170and
standarddeviationof30atasignificancelevelofalpha=0.05(auppertailedtest)whether:

Given ,n=25(small,n<30sousetstatistics),s=30andsince,

Step1Hypothesis:Theclaimthat or170=160,thenullhypothesis.

Sincexbarissmallerthan ,thealternatehypothesisis170>160.

H0: =160

Ha: .

Step2.Selectlevelofsignificance:Thisisgivenas (5%)

Step3.Teststatisticsandobservedvalue.
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Step4.Determinethecriticalregion(favorsHa)

Foralpha=0.05attheupperendoftheacceptableregion(Pr[1a]=0.95),t=1.7109

Fromreferencetable(searchfortwithdf=24=251,andalpha=0.05.

Thecriticalregionis

Step5.Makedecision.

Theobservedt=1.6667,andsince1.67<1.71andisnotinthecriticalregion,wehavenoreason
torejectH0infavorofHa.

Sothenewmeanof170isnotsignificantlygreaterthan160.

Question3:Is ?Ha(Lefttailedtest)

Is Ha

Isthenewmean
lessthanfromthe
populationmean.
Hereweusealeft
tailedtestby
computingthet
statisticsforthetest
atthelevelof .

Andifthetest
statisticsfortfalls
withinthecritical
region(red)we
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decidethat ,
thealternate
hypothesis,H0

Otherwisewehave
noreasontothink
thattheydiffer,Ha

ByExamples:

Problem3.Asampleof8observationsaverages5.8andthestandarddeviationis2.034.Isthis
meanlessthantheexistingmeanof7.0?Testthishypothesisusinga2.5%levelofsignificance.

Given ,n=8(smallsousetstatistics),s=2.034and isgiven.

Step1Hypothesis:Theclaimthat or5.8=7.0,thenullhypothesis.

Sincexbarissmallerthan ,thealternatehypothesisis5.8<7.0.

H0: =5.8=7.0

Ha: .

Step2.Selectlevelofsignificance:Thisisgivenas (2.5%)

Step3.Teststatisticsandobservedvalue.

Step4.Determinethecriticalregion(favorsHa)

Foralpha=0.025atthelowerendoftheacceptableregiont=2.3646

Fromreferencetable(searchfortwithalpha=0.025anddf=7=81)andsincelowertailt=

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Thecriticalregionis

Step5.Makedecision.

Theobservedt=1.67,andsince1.67isnotinthecriticalregion(red ),wedonotreject
H0infavorofHa.

Sothereisnotenoughevidencetojustifythealternatehypothesisthatthenewmeanof5.8isnot
significantlylowerthan7.0.

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