1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problem Summary and Introduction:

Generator is considered to be the important equipment in a power system because if the
generators stop working there is no importance of the other equipments. Generator is the heart of
the power system and it is costly equipments.

The protection of the generator presents a very challenging problem because of its system
connection. The one side of generator is connected to the prime movers and on the other side ,it
has to run in synchronism with the grid because of its connection to the power system. On yet
third side, it is connected to the source of DC excitation .It is thus obvious that generator
protection is very complex compared to protection for other elements of the power system.

Fig. 1.1.1 Generator system

In case of fault on an alternator, it is not enough to open the main circuit breaker
connecting it to the power grid. For example For Example, when an alternator driven by a steam
turbine is tripped the following must be done:

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 Steam supply to the turbine is stopped or bypassed.
Firing of the boiler is stopped.
Coal mills are stopped.
Coal supply to the coal mills is stopped
Field Circuit of the alternator is interrupted.
Field coils are connected across a resistor to dissipate the stored energy.
Alternator is kept running at a slow speed with the help of barring gear till it cools down
uniformly, so as to avoid uneven expansion.

Since the power station equipment represents a very high investment of money, the operation
of the power plant is very closely monitored and controlled. It is said that running a large station
is like flying a supersonic jet aircraft without any forced landing

Protection is a kind of insurance for costly electrical equipment. The cost of protection is
similar to the insurance premium and work out to between 1 to 5 per cent of the protected
equipment.

Examples:

1. A 100 MW generator may cost about 30 CRORES. The cost of complete protective with
panels may be 30 LAKHS.

2. A 150 MVA power transformer may cost about Rs.2.0 CRORES. The cost of Protection
will be around Rs.10 LAKHS

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1.2 Aim and Objective of the project:
Main objective of this project is to understand protection principles, generator protection
concepts, Siemens products (relays) of 7UM series used for the generator protection.
Also we aim to understand and work out on settings and configuration of one such
project.
Manual operation mode is used in the settings of numerical relay which is later
configured with the help of a software called DIGSI
After the Setting and Configure of relay we are test the relay setting by test bench.

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1.3. Literature Review:
Literature review includes the work that previously done by the professionals and
inventors. It includes their work, their inventions, their product design, needs of the users. Also
they give us the deep aspects of the project and it also helps us to understand economic purposes
and the needs of the users. They are widely collaborated and researched by the professional that
are experts in the field and their research that aspires the large technology level. A literature
review is posted here on the GRUH technology and which is mentioned and depicted here.

*Development of Generator Protection using

Multifunction Numerical Relay in Laboratory*
N. G. Chothani1, A. K. Desai, M. B. Raichura2 and A. S. Chaturvedi

Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2014

A 3-phase synchronous generator is a vital component of power system and thus requires a
dedicated protection system. To protect the generator against the adverse effects caused by
abnormal or fault condition in power system or within the generator itself, it requires quick
isolation from the system. In this paper, a laboratory setup has been developed to cater various
protections applicable to scaled generator. In this work, a 3-phase circuit has been simulated
including generator, measuring equipments (CTs & PTs), circuit breaker and variable load bank.
A control circuit comprising of main relay and auxiliary relay has been developed for the
protection of generator. A multifunction numerical relay (Micom P341) is used to provide
various protection features such as overload/overcurrent, over/under voltage, over/under
frequency and restricted earth fault (REF) protection which are employed in actual field. The
analog signal captured from the secondary of CTs and PTs are given as an input to relay which
has an inbuilt high speed processing unit. As per the rating of generator, various parameter
settings related to particular protection feature has been calculated by authors and given to the
relay. The relay operates successfully and isolates the generator during all abnormal or fault
conditions within the set time. The experimental results confirm the satisfactory operation of the
developed laboratory prototype.

*Excitation System of Alternator*

Mithul S. There ,Pragati S. Chawardol ,Deepali R. Badre
Assistant professor in Balaji Polytechnic, Wani (M.S.)
Vol. 2 Issue 2, February 2013
The brush gear and slip-ring have become such a vital part that requires high maintenance and
are source of failures, thus forming weak links in the system.ith the advent of mechanically
robust silicon diode capable of converting AC to DC at a high power level. This paper presents
brushless excitation system which overcomes these faults and has become popular and being
employed.. The field excitation is provided by a standard brushless excitation system which
consists of rotating armature diode, Diode Bridge and stationary field.

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 Comprehensive Testing of Generator Protection
Systems
Mital Kanabar, Zhiying Zhang, Vijaysarathi Muthukrishnan, GE Digital Energy, WenpingWang,
Ontario Power Generation, Mike Southwood, Jovan Momic, Eastern Power, Manish Das,

This paper focuses on considerations and field experiences while testing a typical
multifunctional generator protection IED. The comprehensive generator testing is classified in
four major stages: 1) certification/functional/type testing; 2) commissioning; 3) periodic
maintenance; and 4) troubleshooting. First of all, the paper presents different aspects of the
certification/ functional testing, and demonstrates example of transient simulation based
protection element testing using Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). Further, the important
attributes of commissioning testing, in order to verify the deployed generator protection scheme
is working as designed after field installation, are discussed with field examples. The regulatory,
technical and economic considerations for periodic maintenance testing are further described in
this paper. Finally, the troubleshooting is discussed with field examples by utilizing state-of-the-
art diagnosis tools available from todays modern multifunctional generator protection IEDs.

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PSAR:
1. Generator with brushless exciter field (US 3771046 A)
Abstract:
The generator includes a plurality of stator windings which are connected in a preselected
sequence and pluralities of leads are adapted to connect the plurality of stator windings with a
load to energize the load. A generator field winding is mounted on a rotating shaft and is in
electromagnetic cooperation with the plurality of stator windings for inducing a potential therein.
An exciter provides the potential for energizing the generator field winding. The exciter includes
an exciter armature mounted on the shaft and connected to the field winding and two separate
exciter field windings are in electromagnetic cooperation with the exciter armature for inducing a
potential therein. The first exciter field winding is controlled by a first source of energy and
controls the no-load voltage of the generator. The second exciter field winding is responsive to
the load current flowing through one phase of the generator for inducing a potential in the exciter
armature which is proportion to the load current, thereby exciting the generator field winding in
accordance with the load current drawn from the generator.

2. Rectifier assembly for brushless excitation systems (US 3852628 A)

Abstract:
In a brushless excitation system for alternating current generators the rectifier diodes, heat sinks,
fuses and other necessary components are assembled in a modular assembly including diodes of
opposite polarity and a plurality of these modules are mounted on a single support wheel and
connected in a rectifier bridge circuit to form a rotating rectifier assembly.

3. Multifunction protective relay system (US 5224011 A)

Abstract:
A protective relay system for generation apparatus connectable to a three-phase alternating
current electrical utility system. The relay system includes a dual processing architecture wherein
a digital signal processor executes all the signal-processing algorithms, and a separate
microprocessor is used for input/output data processing. A dual-ported RAM is used to effect a
fast communication link between the digital signal processor and the microprocessor to
accomplish high-speed protective relaying functions to selectively trip and close a circuit breaker
at a generator or co generator site, or that which connects it to an electric utility system.

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4. Dynamically configurable relay element and related methods (US 7570469)
Abstract:
A dynamically configurable relay element configured to protect an electrical system, including a
dynamically calculated relay operating quantity, a dynamically calculated relay pickup setting, a
dynamically calculated time dial, a plurality of dynamically calculated variables that define a
characteristic of the dynamically configurable relay element, and a dynamically calculated
operating time, the dynamically calculated operating time based on the dynamically calculated
relay operating quantity, the dynamically calculated relay pickup setting, the dynamically
calculated time dial and the plurality of dynamically calculated variables. The relay element may
be an inverse-time overcurrent element, an instantaneous overcurrent element, an adaptive
pickup overcurrent element, and inverse-time overvoltage element, a voltage restrained
overcurrent element, and an inverse-time under voltage element.

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2. DESIGN: ANALYSIS, DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGFY

2.1 AEIOU Summary

In AEIOU summary works objects can also be described as elements they have certain
features which are things there positive parts they have sudden shades including the positive and
negative once they are described below.

Users are divided in various parts like the casuals ones, ones with professionals ability
with the holding abilities control the production industries in actually manufacturing industries
the users do the activities by the objects to the interconnection which helps them to achieve their
aim on the working environment.

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2. Empathy Canvas:
The empathy canvas is created as a tool to gain understanding for a targeted persona. We
can use it when we want to deliver a better user experience of our product/service. In the process,
the canvas can also help in identifying the things which we dont know yet so we can carry out
new researches to fill in those gaps.

The activity is very simple. This can be listed out by thinking about the audience. The
canvas spaces are designed to visually map the persona. We need to put ourselves in the shoes
of the person we are analyzing and have to come up with interpretations about how they feel,
what they see, what they hear, what they say and does when they are dealing with the
product/service someone is offering.

Basically, the plan is to place sticky notes and create tables in reports with ideas
regarding sensory experiences of the character onto the respective section of the empathy map.
We should project ourselves into the character an e empathizes with them.

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3. Design Ideation canvas:
Design ideation canvas gives the basic ideas about the product and the function ns of the
product. In this canvas weve to discuss about the users, their needs and their characteristics. The
sheet will also be discussing about the activities that people are doing and how all this activities
will be conducted. And also this sheet discus the basic needs for the needs of the solution for the
problems that are occurring because of the product and its unavailability in the market and basic
solutions that will be given to the problems that are occurring.

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4. Product Development Canvas:
Functions are a products answer to user problems or need .They do something that user
wants .They are often verbs in nature .Every function is powered by many features .Multitasking
is a function. A function can have one or more features powering it. Functions are very generic
in nature, features are often more specific. Functions can be similar to product experience. One
or more features will power a function. Each feature will have many component or
subcomponents powering it. Sometimes a very popular component becomes a feature in itself.
Like car stereo is a measure components and a feature at the same time powering the in car
entertainment function powering entertainment as a product experience.

Components build up the features. In cases where the features are a major component, we
could list here the auxiliary components that are required to make the major component work.
We can also list new an adjustment and innovations were planning here at the component level.
Once were finished with the feature set, test with the customer or users if the features, functions
are useful. Speak to the customer or users.

Post customer validation should be accepted which accepts the valuable guidance and
request by the users and reject those function or features that the customers didnt find useful.
We have to redesign those parts which were partially useful and retain those useful parts which
we found useless after redesigning. Iterate with this until all function or features are accepted.

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 3. Implementation

3.1 Basic Requirements of Protection:

Protection has following Requirements.

Sensitivity

Selectivity Requiremnts Speed Of

Operation

Reliability

Fig 3.1.1 Basic Requirements of protection

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3.2 Associated Equipment of Protection:

Protection has following equipment used.

Potential
Trasformer

Associated
Current Circuit
Protection Equipment of Breaker
Protection

Auxiliary
Supplies

Fig 3.2.1 Associated Equipment of Protection

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3.3 Basic Trip Circuit:

Fig 3.3.1 Basic Trip Circuit

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3.4 Intro about NUMERICAL RELAY:

Technique of processing the signals would remain same as in processor relays i.e.
converting the analog signals to digital and processing by a software.
Features enhanced by having the setting displayed on a small LCD screen Similar to that
of calculator of digital pocket diary.
Setting done by push buttons and read directly on the screen.
Avoids manual computation as would be required when done by dip switches.
Digital signals stored in another termed MEMORY.
Helps in records of fault level for reterieal and analysis.
Signals converted to a form suitable for communicating with PCs.
Facilitates in making the settings form a remote location such as a centralised console.
Helps in obtaning all the data on a PC for further processing.

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3.5 Block Diagram Of Numerical Relay :

Fig 3.5.1 Block diagram of Numerical relay

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3.6 Over view of SIPROTEC 7UM6 Numerical Relay:
SIPROTEC (Siemens + Protect) is manual of Siemens and 7UM62 numerical relay are
use in generator protection device made by SIEMENS. The SIPROTEC 4 7UM62 protection
relays can do more than just protect. They also offer numerous additional functions. Be it ground
faults, short-circuits, overloads, overvoltage, over frequency or under frequency asynchronous
conditions, protection relays assure continued operation of power stations. The SIPROTEC
7UM62 protection relay is a compact unit which has been specially developed and designed for
the protection of small, medium-sized and large generators. The SIPROTEC 7UM62 includes all
necessary protection functions for large synchronous and asynchronous motors and for
transformers.

The integrated programmable logic functions (continuous function chart CFC) offer the
user high flexibility so that adjustments can easily be made to the varying power station
requirements on the basis of special system conditions. The flexible communication interfaces
are open for modern communication architectures with the control system.

3.6.1Function Overview of Relay:

Basic version:

Stator earth fault protection, on -/directional

Sensitive earth fault protection, rotor earth fault protection.
Overload protection
Definite time overcurrent protection with under voltage seal-in
Definite time over current protection, directional
Inverse time overcurrent protection
Over voltage protection
Under voltage protection
Frequency protection
Reverse power protection
Over excitation protection
Fuse failure monitor
External trip coupling
Trip circuit supervision

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Standard Version:

Scope of basic version plus:

Forward power protection
Under excitation Protection
Negative sequence protection

Full Version:

Scope of basic version plus:

DC voltage Protection
Over current protection during start ups
Ground current differential protection
Rate of change frequency protection
Out-of-step protection

Additional Version:

Available for each version

Sensitive rotor ground fault protection
Stator ground fault protection
Rate of frequency change protection
Vector jump supervision

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3.7 Fault Settings calculation for SIPROTEC 7UM6:
3.7.1. Reverse power Protection:

The reverse power protection monitors the active power direction and pick up in the event of a
mechanical energy failure, because the drive energy is then taken out of the system. This
function can be used for operational shutdown of the generator but also prevents damage to
steam turbines.

Settings Value
Reverse power protection ON
P > Reverse pick up -0.5 %
Time delay long (without stop valve) 5.00 sec
Time delay short (with stop valve ) 1.00 sec
Pick up holding Time 0.00 sec

Table 3.7.1 Reverse power protection

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3.7.2 Sensitive earth Fault protection:
The stator earth fault protection detects earth faults in the stator windings of alternator .The
criterion for the occurrence of an earth is the magnitudes of earth current

Settings Value Remark

Sensitive earth current ON
protection
IEE> Pick up 50 mA Zero sequence current has been from NGT secondary
current transformer 300A/1A

I0 max at NGT secondary = 240/(3*0.9) =153A

I0 max at relay terminal 153/300 =0.51 A

Now consider 90% protection of stator winding ,

IEE > pick up = 0.1*0.51A
= 51 mA

T IEE > Time delay 1.00 sec

IEE >>pick up 102 mA IEE >> will be operating with lesser time delay and cover
80% protection of stator winding.

IEE >> pick up = 0.2*0.51 A

=102 mA
T IEE >> Time delay 0.2 sec
Table 3.7.2 Sensitive Earth fault Protection

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3.7.3 Thermal overload protection:
The thermal overload protection prevents thermal overloading of the stator winding of the
machine being protected. For generator protection of stator over heating is taken care by RTD.
This protection is used as ALARM only

settings value Remark

Thermal overload ON The nominal current In,gen the object to be protected
protection is typically used as base current for overload
detection .The thermally admissible continues
current can be used to calculate a factor Kprim.

We have considers overload set point at 1.06 times

the generator full load current

K factor = 1.06 *Igs

Thermal Time constant
Thermal Alarm stage
Current overload alarm set
point
Kt-Factor when motor
Stops
Maximum current for
thermal Replica
= 1.06 *0.788
= 0.8353
600 sec 600 Sec is proven value
100% Not applicable for current based overload sensing It
has to be kept 100% to make it practically inactive
0.82 The level is set in secondary amperes and should be
set equal to or slightly less than the permissible
continues current K-factor in secondary
We have set it slightly less than K-factor
1.0 Not applicable for generator overload
2.364 This specifies up to which current value the trip
times are calculated in accordance with the
prescribed formula. The trip times of the overload
protection definitely exceeds the trip times of the
short circuit protection devices.
As a rule a limitation to a secondary current
corresponding to roughly three times the nominal
machine current will be sufficient

Settings = 3*Igs
= 3*0.788
= 2.364

Table 3.7.4 Thermal Overload protection

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3.7.4 Frequency protection:-

The frequency protection function detects abnormally high and low frequencies in the generator.
If the frequency lies outsides the premises range appropriate switching action are initiated.

Settings Value
Over / Under Frequency protection ON
f1 Pick up 47.4 Hz
T f1 Time delay 2.50 sec
f2 Pick up 48.5 Hz
T f2 Time delay 5.00 sec
f3 Pick up 51.05 Hz
T f3 Time delay 5.00 sec
F4 Pick up 52.6 Hz
T f4 Time delay 2.50 sec
Table 3.7.4 Frequency Protection

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3.7.5 Differential Protection:-
The function is the instantaneous short-circuit protection in generators and is based on the
current differential protection principle .The Difference and restraint (Stabilization) current is
calculated from the phase currents.

Settings Value Remark

Differential Protection ON
Increase of trip char. during ON
start
Pick up value of differential 0.10 I/I0
current
I-diff>Time delay 0.00 sec
Pick up value of high set trip 3.0 I/I0 This stage must be set higher than the I-diff
stage. Recommended setting is set value
above the steady state value of the transient
short circuit current.

I-diff > (1/Xd)* (In,gen/InCt prim)

>(1/0.2)*(394/500)
>2.92
I-diff>>Time delay 0.00 sec
Table 3.7.5 Differential Protection

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3.7.6 Breaker Failure Protection:

The breaker failure protection monitors whether the associated circuit breaker is opened correctly

Settings Value
Breaker failure protection ON
Start with internal TRIP command Start breaker failure with CFC
Supervision current pickup 0.20 A
TRIP - Timer 0.25 sec
Table 3.7.6 Breaker Failure protection

3.7.7 Overvoltage Protection:

Overvoltage protection serves to protect the electrical machine and electrical plant components
from the effects of inadmissible voltage increases.

Settings Value Remarks

Overvoltage Protection ON
U > Pick up 121.0 V 110% overvoltage
T U > Time Delay 5.00 sec
U >> Pick up 126.5 Trip at 115% considering
generator overvoltage range
10%
T U>> Time delay 1.50 sec 86 A tripping (Generator
Breaker + AVR)
Table 3.7.7 Overvoltage Protection

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3.7.8 Unbalanced load (Negative Sequence) Protection:
Unbalanced asymmetrical current loads of the three phases of a generator lead to heating up in
the rotor to the reverse field. The protection detects an unbalanced load of three phase
generator. It operated the basis of symmetrical components and evaluates the negative
sequence component of the phase current. The thermal processes are taken into account in the
algorithm and lead to an inverse time characteristic. In addition, the negative sequence is
evaluated by a definite time warming and tripping stage which is supplemented by delay
elements.

Settings Value Remark

Unbalance load ON
Protection
Continuously 11.82% As per generator datasheet, continuous permissible I2
Permissible Current current 15%
Pick up setting I2 > = (I2max prim / In Gen). (In Gen / In CT prim)
= 15* (394/500)
= 11.82%
Warning stage time 5.00 sec Alarm
delay
Negative Sequence 12.42 Negative sequence factor K indicates the load ability
Factor K duration due to an unbalanced load.
As per generator datasheet I22t = 2

Factor K = Kprim ( IN Gen / IN CT prim )2

= 20 * (394/500)2
= 12.42
I2 Pick up 25 %
T I2 Time delay 1.00 sec
Table 3.7.8 Unbalanced load Protection

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3.8 Standard Features of Numerical Relay:
Self Supervision of Hardware and software
Flexible of all relevant measured values
Flexible serial interfaces for different communication applications.
Integrated logic for realization power plant specific interlocking

3.9 Advantages of SIPROTEC 7UM6 Numerical Relay:

Self Checking Facility.
Very low Burden.
Flexibility and compactness.
Simplicity of interfacing with CT and PT.
Wide range of facilities.
No separate connections for CT and PT are required.
Accuracy is high.
Trip circuit Supervision.
Alarm /Trip signal generation at a remote place.

3.10 Application of SIPROTEC 7UM6 Numerical Relay:

This relay used for protection of

Hydro and pumped-storage generators

Co-generation stations
Private power stations using regenerative energy sources such as wind or biogases
Diesel generator stations
Gas-turbine power stations
Industrial power stations
Conventional steam power stations

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 CHAPTER 4 FUTURE WORK AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Future Work

4.2 Conclusion:

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 REFRENCE

BOOKS:
[1] Power system protection and switchgear
Bhuvanesh Oza, Nirmal Kumar Nair, Rashesh Mehta, Vijay Makwana
-Tata McGraw-Hill Education Private Ltd. - 2010

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