Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Abstract
Engineering ceramics have a high application potential for wear-protection of different working parts used for extraction, processing,
conveying, and dust collection equipment in mining and mineral industries, as well as some structural rotating parts. The high alumina (Al2 O3
content from 91 to 99.5 wt.%), aluminazirconia, zirconia, and silicon carbide-based ceramics (ABSC) have been studied. They have high
mechanical properties, including hardness that is greater than many processed materials, and they are able to withstand high temperatures
(greater than 1300 C) and thermal shocks. These ceramics successfully resist various solid and liquid abrasive and corrosive media
transported at high velocities and pressures, and at cavitation; they may replace hard metals widely used for wear- and corrosion-protection.
The features of the compositions, microstructure, and physical properties of these ceramics, as well as the wear resistance test results,
are discussed. The factors affecting wear resistance of ceramics are emphasized; they may be subdivided by the factors dealing with
microstructure and properties of ceramics, and by the factors dealing with application conditions (e.g. type of abrasive media, velocity,
impingement angle, and others). Wear mechanisms for dense homogeneous oxide ceramics and for coarse heterogeneous ABSC are
discussed. 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Ceramics; Wear mechanism; Microstructure
0043-1648/01/$ see front matter 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 4 3 - 1 6 4 8 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 8 2 0 - 1
822 E. Medvedovski / Wear 249 (2001) 821828
(20, 45, and 90 ). This test was conducted by NRC Inte- formed due to the presence of oxides-impurities. All studied
grated Manufacturing Institute using the specially designed alumina ceramics have zero open porosity, and do not ab-
equipment. The abrasive slurry contained 10 wt.% of AFS sorb water; the closed porosity (i.e. residual pores between
5070 silica sand is continuously supplied with a flow rate the crystals and the glassy phase) is insufficient.
of 18 l/min; the distance between the spraying nozzle and a Mechanical properties of the alumina ceramics, as well
sample is 100 mm. The duration time of testing is 120 min. as wear resistance, depend on the phase composition (i.e.
a corundum amount, a glassy phase composition, etc.) and
microstructure (a crystal size and shape, a glassy phase and
3. Results and discussion secondary crystalline phases distribution, closed porosity,
etc.). The main physical properties of the studied alumina
3.1. Features of microstructure and ceramics are performed in Table 1. Youngs modulus (mod-
properties of the studied ceramics ulus of elasticity) tends to increase with a higher corundum
and Al2 O3 content. As Table 1 shows, Vickers hardness
The developed and studied alumina ceramics are dis- HV10 of alumina ceramics is in the range of 10001500 that
tinguished by their alumina content (ranging from 91 to is greater than hard steels widely used for wear-protection
99.5%), the glassy phase forming components, the kind of and significantly greater than many processing materials.
starting alumina (particle size and specific surface, prepara- Hardness tends to increase with higher corundum content;
tion conditions, etc.), and therefore, they are distinguished however, the AL91 ceramics has greater hardness than the
by their microstructure and properties. The alumina ceramics AL95 ceramics, although both of them were produced from
have uniform and microcrystalline microstructure that is rep- the same grade of starting alumina. This may be explained
resented by the corundum crystals (the major phase) bonded by the optimal ratio between crystalline and glassy phases,
with a glassy phase. The amount of the major phase increases by the presence of tiny needle-shaped mullite crystals rein-
as the alumina content increases, the glassy phase content forcing the glassy phase, and by lower closed porosity for
decreases, respectively. A small amount of the secondary the AL91 ceramics. The similar effect is also noted for flex-
crystalline phases (anorthite, spinel, mullite) is present in the ural strength of the alumina ceramics. The ceramics with a
AL91AL98.5 ceramics at the corundum crystal boundaries. smaller crystal size demonstrate a higher level of physical
The corundum crystal size in the ceramics ranges from 24 properties (such as hardness, flexural strength, and others)
to 610 m (isometric and prismatic crystals), and it depends due to better compaction at the micro-level and smaller
on a kind of starting alumina and the ceramic composition. closed porosity that may be achieved using the fine-grade
The silicate-based glassy phase is uniformly distributed be- starting alumina. Fracture toughness of alumina ceramics
tween the crystalline phase of the AL91AL98.5 ceramics. depends mostly on the microstructural features, such as crys-
The AL99.5 ceramics has another feature of microstructure. tal size and shape, and the presence of the secondary phase;
The corundum isometric crystals with the size 15 m are however, only the valuable difference in the corundum con-
bonded by a small amount of the tiny spinel crystals and a tent affects fracture toughness (e.g. KIc of the AL98AL99.5
very small amount of a glassy phase, this glassy phase is ceramics is greater than the AL91AL95 ceramics).
824 E. Medvedovski / Wear 249 (2001) 821828
E. Medvedovski / Wear 249 (2001) 821828 825
The aluminazirconia ceramics AZ based on the opti- between the silicon carbide grains cementing them. The de-
mized ratio between alumina and zirconia does not have a veloped ratio between silicon carbide grains with different
glassy phase; the zirconia tetragonal crystals with a size less sizes provides a high level of their compaction and a good
than 1 m are uniformly distributed between the corundum manufacturing ability of the mix, i.e. an ability to form a sta-
crystals with a size 13 m. This uniform microcrystalline ble concentrated slurry without sedimentation and lamina-
and glassy-free microstructure strongly affects physical tion of coarse particles in the slurry. These features provide
properties of the ceramics; the combination of positive the manufacturing of large-sized and complicated-shaped
properties of the constituents results in the superior data components. These ceramics do not have shrinkage during
(Table 1). For example, Vickers hardness HV10 of high alu- firing unlike dense alumina and zirconia ceramics. The sili-
mina and zirconia ceramics is in the range of 12501500, con carbide grains at the surface of ceramics are better oxi-
but the AZ ceramics demonstrates HV10 greater than 1550. dized during firing than the grains at the central area, which
Fracture toughness KIc of the AZ ceramics is still less than results in their difference in microstructure. The ceramic
zirconia ceramics, but it is greater than alumina ceramics. surface has a more developed glassy phase, and it has low
The partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) ceramics man- open porosity different from the central area. The ABSC
ufactured from the sub-micron starting zirconia powders ceramics have only moderate mechanical properties due to
have very uniform microstructure. They are formed with the coarse-grained microstructure; however, they have ex-
crystals with a size 0.31.0 m for Y2 O3 PSZ and 510 m cellent thermal shock resistance. Pores work as a damper
for MgOPSZ ceramics. The PSZ ceramics have superior during the heating-cooling cycles, and the cracks caused
mechanical properties at ambient and elevated temperatures due to thermal stress in the bonding phase stop on the pore
over 1000 C (Table 1). This is explained by the sub-micron surface between the silicon carbide grains. Properties of the
crystal size, the absence of a glassy phase, and the crys- ABSC ceramics (Table 2) depend on the amount and grade
tallographic features of stabilized zirconia crystals. The of starting silicon carbide, particle size distribution, and the
Y2 O3 PSZ ceramics with more homogeneous and micro- kind and amount of the bonding constituents.
crystalline structure has significantly higher mechanical
properties than the MgOPSZ ceramics. Different than 3.2. Wear test results
many kinds of oxide ceramics, PSZ ceramics have superior
fracture toughness KIc 610 MPa m1/2 or even higher, i.e. The studied ceramics demonstrate high wear resistance
their fracture toughness is close to fracture toughness of (Tables 1 and 2), and they can successfully compete with
metals. many commercial materials widely used for wear-protection.
The main principle of the formation of the ABSC consists For example, wear resistance in dry testing conditions of
of the mixing of different grades of silicon carbide particles the studied aluminazirconia, zirconia, and some alumina
(from a size 35 m to 12 mm) using the specially devel- and ABSC is at the same level as the tungsten carbide- and
oped ratios; silicon carbide particles are partially oxidized chromium carbide-based materials (volume loss, ASTM
at high temperature with the silicon dioxide formation on G65, of WCNiCr and Cr3 C2 is 0.015 and 0.026 cm3 ,
the particle surface. Formed silicon dioxide reacts with respectively [1]). Wear resistance of the studied ceramics is
fine-sized alumina used as one of the bonding constituents. also at the same level or greater than nitride-bonded silicon
As a result, the sub-micron mullite crystalline phase and the carbide ceramics (volume loss is 1.55 cm3 (top) and 2.5 cm3
aluminasilicate-based glassy phase are formed, bonding the (center), ASTM B611, and 0.035 cm3 , ASTM G65), and it
silicon carbide grains. Silicon carbide oxidation and mullite is significantly higher than basalt (volume loss is 3.6 cm3 ,
formation processes are accompanied with the volume ex- ASTM B611). Hard steels and mild steels cannot compete
pansion. This glassy-crystalline bonding phase fills the pores with the studied ceramics in terms of wear resistance, even
Table 2
Properties of the studied silicon carbide-based ceramics
Property ABSC20 ABSC15 ABSC17 ABSC30m
in dry working conditions (volume loss, ASTM G65, is confirmed by actual field test results in the cavitation
0.130.175 and 0.230.25 cm3 for the 440500HB steels conditions.
and for the mild steel AISI 1018, respectively [2]). The aluminazirconia ceramics has the highest wear
The materials AL99.5, AL91, and AL98 demonstrate resistance among the studied ceramics, especially in wet
higher wear resistance among the studied alumina ceramics. testing conditions; its wear loss (ASTM B611) is 0.10 cm3
A high level of wear resistance of the AL98 and, especially, in comparison with 0.300.35 cm3 for the AL99.5 and
of the AL99.5 ceramics, is explained by very uniform, PSZ ceramics. This is explained by the optimal ratio be-
small-crystalline microstructure with a small amount of a tween corundum and zirconia crystals, both providing high
glassy phase and, as a result, by a high level of mechan- mechanical properties, by very uniform microcrystalline
ical properties, including hardness and flexural strength. structure, by the absence of a glassy phase, and by very
Although the AL91 ceramics does not have superior me- low closed porosity. Probably, the PSZ phase with high
chanical properties like the AL99.5 ceramics, a high level fracture toughness protects the alumina grain boundaries
of its wear resistance may be explained by the optimal ratio from micro-cracking that also increases wear resistance.
between crystalline and glassy phases, and by the pres- The AZ ceramics, as well as the PSZ ceramics, demonstrate
ence of the small-sized mullite crystals, which reinforce excellent cavitation resistance.
the glassy phase that bonds corundum crystals. The use The ABSC ceramics formed from the coarse grains of
of starting alumina with a smaller particle and crystal size silicon carbide consolidated by the glassy-crystalline bond-
and a higher specific surface, or the use of alumina with ing phase also demonstrate high wear resistance. It is still
the bi-modal particle size distribution (as-received from less than wear resistance of the studied dense ceramics in
the suppliers or specially developed) promotes the achieve- case of wet slurry conditions (ASTM B611); however, in dry
ment of more uniform, small-crystalline microstructure conditions (ASTM G65) the ABSC ceramics demonstrate
with lower closed porosity. It results in higher mechanical the same level of wear resistance as the alumina ceram-
properties and wear resistance of the range of the stud- ics. All studied ABSC ceramics have the glassy-crystalline
ied ceramics. The impurities in the raw materials or the surface layer with low porosity and more porous central
additives promoting the crystal growth have a negative in- area. This difference is explained by the distinction in the
fluence on wear resistance. The crystal growth may have a oxidation of silicon carbide grains at the surface and at
positive effect only if the grown prismatic alumina crystals the center and associated interaction between the bonding
reinforce the small-crystalline alumina matrix bonded by a constituents. As a result, a denser surface of the ceramics
glassy phase. This was achieved using the alumina with the (i.e. the actual working surface) has higher wear resistance
bi-modal particle size distribution. The study results also (Table 2).
show that the Al2 O3 content is not the main factor affecting As already mentioned, the optimal ratio between sili-
wear resistance, which correlates well with other data [3,4]. con carbide grains with different particle sizes provides
Open porosity influences wear resistance negatively. Alu- a high level of compaction and densification, as well as
mina ceramics with open porosity even 0.20.5% has wear a good manufacturing ability. The ceramics formulated
loss of 2030% greater than fully sintered ceramics (open with a higher content of larger particles of silicon carbide
porosity less than 0.1%) with the same composition. The (with a size 12 mm), such as ABSC15 and ABSC17 have
same ceramics, but with open porosity greater than 35%, higher wear resistance. If the silicon carbide ceramics have
has much higher wear loss, and cannot compete with dense the largest particles with a size lower than 12 mm in the
or almost dense ceramics. The study results of the influ- composition, wear resistance drops significantly. For exam-
ence of porosity on wear resistance conducted for alumina ple, the ceramics ABSC30m with the largest particles of
ceramics have good correlation with the literature data [5]. 0.60.8 mm has wear resistance of 2035% less than the
The manufacturing method (slip casting or pressing) may ceramics ABSC20 (both of them have the same composi-
influence wear resistance only if it affects microstructure tion of the bonding components). However, this ABSC30m
of ceramics. ceramics formulated with a smaller particle size have higher
Zirconia ceramics also demonstrate high wear resistance; mechanical strength, and it is used for manufacturing of
but despite superior fracture toughness and flexural strength, thin-walled products. Modification of the bonding phase by
their wear resistance has the same level as the best alumina optimizing the ratio between alumina, mullite, and some
ceramics such as AL99.5 and AL91. However, zirconia ce- specially used glassy phase-forming additives can increase
ramics are considered as one of the best candidates where wear resistance. The use of special additives or altering the
the combination of high mechanical properties, including firing conditions that promote the silicon carbide oxidation
fracture toughness, and wear- and corrosion-resistance are during firing may increase wear resistance, especially, of
required. In dry testing conditions (ASTM G65) MgO and the central area. However, this oxidation process should not
Y2 O3 PSZ-ceramics demonstrate the same level of wear be extremely active, i.e. the forming glassy phase should
resistance (volume loss is 0.0120.016 cm3 ), in wet testing not significantly decrease a content and a grain size of sili-
conditions (ASTM B611) Y2 O3 PSZ ceramics demon- con carbide particles as the main phase providing high wear
strates significantly higher wear resistance than MgOPSZ resistance.
E. Medvedovski / Wear 249 (2001) 821828 827
3.3. Some features of wear for the studied ceramics and cracks grow in the bonding phase; the layer of a glassy phase
factors effected wear resistance as a weakest constituent becomes thinner. Liquid (in case
of wet slurry abrasion) and hard particles wedge the bond-
The wear process of ceramics starts from the impacts of ing phase, generate the cracking, and finally wash out the
small abrasive particles and crack formation at the surface. bonding phase. After the top surface with higher wear resis-
It is usually considered that in case of rounded particles and tance is destroyed, the wear process is accelerated. When the
low particle velocity, the contact between an abrasive parti- weakened grain boundary layer cannot bond silicon carbide
cle and ceramics is primary elastic [3,6]. These conditions grains, these grains are pulled out by a high-velocity abra-
promote the conical crack formation. In case of angular sive flow. In order to increase wear resistance of this kind of
particles, some plastic flows are generated at the contact ceramics, the bonding phase should possess high mechanical
points during impact, which result in radial and lateral crack properties. The mullite crystals reinforcing a glassy phase
formation. These cracks are more intense when ceramics prevent the crack propagation. The crystallization of the
has low hardness and fracture toughness. Under real work- bonding phase should be maximized; however, the amount
ing conditions when abrasive particles with different sizes, of a glassy phase should be sufficient to fill the space be-
shapes, and weights are transported, they move with dif- tween the silicon carbide grains, thereby cementing them.
ferent velocity due to turbulence and collision. The impact The transition between the principal silicon carbide grains
angle may vary, and, therefore, all kinds of cracks may form. and the bonding phase should be smooth enough to mini-
Because each phase of multiphase ceramics, as the studied mize micro-cracking of the structure. The bonding should
alumina ceramics, has different hardness and fracture tough- be as much as possible both at the surface and in the central
ness, the crack formation starts from the weakest boundary area, and the internal porosity should be minimized. It may
glassy phase. The residual microcracks, small closed pores be achieved by optimizing the particle size distribution of
and other defects formed in the boundary layer during the silicon carbide grains, the bonding phase composition, and
manufacturing process are the stress concentrators; the manufacturing process, including firing conditions.
wear cracking starts from these defects. The cracks gen- Wear resistance of ceramics depends on the factors deal-
erate the network during a continuing abrasive action. ing with application conditions and the factors dealing with
When the weakened boundary layer cannot bond corundum microstructure and properties of material. The application
grains, they are pulled out under the action of abrasive conditions include the influence of a processing material
media resulting in more intense crack generation. As the such as a kind of material (first of all, its hardness), a size
compaction of corundum crystals is greater, the crack gen- and a shape of the transported particles, and a kind of the
eration and wear process are less efficient. Basically, as the media where the processing material is dispersed (e.g. pH
amount of a glassy phase increases, the wear process is of the liquid media, presence and composition of chemi-
more efficient; however, it is correct only in some ranges cally aggressive components and lubricants). As expected,
of the compositions. The example of the AL91 ceramics the ceramics showed significantly greater wear resistance
shows that a high level of wear resistance may be achieved using the ASTM G65 test method as opposed to the ASTM
if the ratio between crystalline and glassy phases is opti- B611 test method due to more severe conditions caused by
mized. The presence of the tiny mullite crystals reinforcing the combined action of a liquid media, harder acting parti-
the boundary phase delays the wear process because these cles (alumina grits with Mohs hardness 9 verse silica sand
crystals prevent the crack propagation in the glassy phase. with Mohs hardness 7), and harder wheel (a steel wheel
The wear process of zirconia ceramics is distinguished verse a rubber lined wheel). As a result, shorter time is
from the wear process of alumina ceramics due to the ab- required to create higher level of wear damage in ceram-
sence of a glassy phase and the structural features of PSZ. ics at ASTM B611 (400 revolutions) than at ASTM G65
During the action of wet abrasive environment the tetragonal (6000 revolutions). This difference is more noticeable for
metastable phase slowly transforms to the monoclinic phase the coarse-structured ABSC ceramics with weakened bond-
that is accompanied by micro-cracking and wear of ceramics ing between primary crystals (in comparison with the stud-
(mostly, the monoclinic phase is removed); density of sam- ied dense ceramics). It is recognized, that in the presence
ples increases and their fracture toughness decreases slightly of chemically aggressive environment the erosion process is
at these conditions. Different from other ceramics, the wear stronger (i.e. a combined influence of abrasion and corrosion
of the PSZ ceramics is not connected with the destruction occurs). Temperature and pressure of the process have some
of grain boundaries and the removal of whole grains. In ac- influence on both the general behavior of ceramics and the
cordance with [7], in case of KIc greater than 5.4 MPa m1/2 , processing material. The studies carried out in the field con-
the wear process transforms to the plastic flow process. ditions and the literature data [5,6] indicate that the erosion
Considering the studied silicon carbide-based and similar rate increases as the processing particle velocity increases.
coarse-grained ceramics, the crack formation appears at the As known, ceramics have higher wear resistance under
bonding phase due to relatively low hardness and fracture sliding abrasion than under impact action of an abrasive
toughness of the aluminosilicate glass in comparison with media [2,3] because fracture toughness and impact strength
silicon carbide grains. During the wear process the formed of ceramics are not very high. The slurry jet erosion tests
828 E. Medvedovski / Wear 249 (2001) 821828
conducted for the alumina ceramics AL91, Al95, and area between ceramics and acting abrasive media and lower
AL99.5 showed that wear resistance decreased as the im- local turbulence at the surface.
pingement angle increased. The wear loss at 20 is approx-
imately 23 times less than at 45 and 35 times less than
at 90 . The same test conducted for the 460HB steel As- 4. Conclusion
tralloy showed that the steel had significantly lower wear
resistance than the alumina ceramics, and that the wear loss The compositions, microstructure, and properties of the
values for the steel at 20, 45, and 90 did not have as high developed and manufactured alumina, aluminazirconia,
a difference as ceramics had (although the wear loss at 20 zirconia, and ABSC used for wear-protection have been
was less than at 45 and 90 ). The study of microstructure studied. This ceramics demonstrate a high level of me-
of the alumina ceramics after the wear tests showed that at chanical properties, including hardness, and excellent wear
20 the damage was related to intergranular cracking and resistance. The wear test results and the wear mechanisms
the micro-groove formation. By contrast, at 90 the greater for the studied dense homogeneous and coarse-grained
damage was related to the pitting, the bigger cavities for- heterogeneous ceramics are discussed. The main factors
mation, and the grain pullout. In both cases, the cracking affecting wear resistance of ceramics are emphasized. They
and wear started from the glassy phase, but at 90 the include the features of the application conditions and the
damage was significantly stronger. These test results cor- factors related to properties and microstructure of ceramics.
relate well with the literature data [3,5] and with the field Only the combination of all properties and microstructural
studies. features should be taken into consideration during the eval-
The relationship between wear resistance of ceramics uation and choosing of ceramics for wear-protection. The
and their structure and properties has many features [27]. studied ceramics are successfully used for wear-protection
Wear resistance of dense ceramics depends on such physi- of different working parts in mining and mineral industries
cal properties as hardness, fracture toughness, flexural and and structural components.
impact strength, Youngs modulus, as well as the features of
phase composition and microstructure. Hardness and frac-
ture toughness may be considered as the dominant physical Acknowledgements
properties; however, only the combination of all properties
and microstructural features should be taken into consid- Wear resistance and some mechanical properties testing
eration. Ceramics should have microcrystalline structure support provided by Alberta Research Council, Edmonton,
formed by crystals with high hardness. If ceramics has a and NRC Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Institute
glassy phase, this glassy phase should have high mechani- (Dr. Rees J. Llewellyn), Vancouver, is appreciated greatly.
cal properties, and the ratio between crystalline and glassy
phases should be optimized. A presence of the secondary
crystalline phase reinforcing the boundary glassy phase References
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