Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Introduction:
=============
This specification describes the Snow bitstream syntax and semantics as
well as the formal Snow decoding process.
Definitions:
============
Type definitions:
=================
Bitstream syntax:
=================
frame:
header
prediction
residual
header:
keyframe b MID_STATE
if(keyframe || always_reset)
reset_contexts
if(keyframe){
version u header_state
always_reset b header_state
temporal_decomposition_type u header_state
temporal_decomposition_count u header_state
spatial_decomposition_count u header_state
colorspace_type u header_state
if (nb_planes > 2) {
chroma_h_shift u header_state
chroma_v_shift u header_state
}
spatial_scalability b header_state
max_ref_frames-1 u header_state
qlogs
}
if(!keyframe){
update_mc b header_state
if(update_mc){
for(plane=0; plane<nb_plane_types; plane++){
diag_mc b header_state
htaps/2-1 u header_state
for(i= p->htaps/2; i; i--)
|hcoeff[i]| u header_state
}
}
update_qlogs b header_state
if(update_qlogs){
spatial_decomposition_count u header_state
qlogs
}
}
spatial_decomposition_type s header_state
qlog s header_state
mv_scale s header_state
qbias s header_state
block_max_depth s header_state
qlogs:
for(plane=0; plane<nb_plane_types; plane++){
quant_table[plane][0][0] s header_state
for(level=0; level < spatial_decomposition_count; level++){
quant_table[plane][level][1]s header_state
quant_table[plane][level][3]s header_state
}
}
reset_contexts
*_state[*]= MID_STATE
prediction:
for(y=0; y<block_count_vertical; y++)
for(x=0; x<block_count_horizontal; x++)
block(0)
block(level):
mvx_diff=mvy_diff=y_diff=cb_diff=cr_diff=0
if(keyframe){
intra=1
}else{
if(level!=max_block_depth){
s_context= 2*left->level + 2*top->level + topleft->level + topright-
>level
leaf b block_state[4 + s_context]
}
if(level==max_block_depth || leaf){
intra b block_state[1 + left->intra + top-
>intra]
if(intra){
y_diff s block_state[32]
cb_diff s block_state[64]
cr_diff s block_state[96]
}else{
ref_context= ilog2(2*left->ref) + ilog2(2*top->ref)
if(ref_frames > 1)
ref u block_state[128 + 1024 +
32*ref_context]
mx_context= ilog2(2*abs(left->mx - top->mx))
my_context= ilog2(2*abs(left->my - top->my))
mvx_diff s block_state[128 + 32*(mx_context +
16*!!ref)]
mvy_diff s block_state[128 + 32*(my_context +
16*!!ref)]
}
}else{
block(level+1)
block(level+1)
block(level+1)
block(level+1)
}
}
residual:
residual2(luma)
if (nb_planes > 2) {
residual2(chroma_cr)
residual2(chroma_cb)
}
residual2:
for(level=0; level<spatial_decomposition_count; level++){
if(level==0)
subband(LL, 0)
subband(HL, level)
subband(LH, level)
subband(HH, level)
}
subband:
FIXME
nb_plane_types = gray ? 1 : 2;
Tag description:
----------------
version
0
this MUST NOT change within a bitstream
always_reset
if 1 then the range coder contexts will be reset after each frame
temporal_decomposition_type
0
temporal_decomposition_count
0
spatial_decomposition_count
FIXME
colorspace_type
0 unspecified YcbCr
1 Gray
2 Gray + Alpha
3 GBR
4 GBRA
this MUST NOT change within a bitstream
chroma_h_shift
log2(luma.width / chroma.width)
this MUST NOT change within a bitstream
chroma_v_shift
log2(luma.height / chroma.height)
this MUST NOT change within a bitstream
spatial_scalability
0
max_ref_frames
maximum number of reference frames
this MUST NOT change within a bitstream
update_mc
indicates that motion compensation filter parameters are stored in the
header
diag_mc
flag to enable faster diagonal interpolation
this SHOULD be 1 unless it turns out to be covered by a valid patent
htaps
number of half pel interpolation filter taps, MUST be even, >0 and <10
hcoeff
half pel interpolation filter coefficients, hcoeff[0] are the 2 middle
coefficients [1] are the next outer ones and so on, resulting in a filter
like: ...eff[2], hcoeff[1], hcoeff[0], hcoeff[0], hcoeff[1], hcoeff[2] ...
the sign of the coefficients is not explicitly stored but alternates
after each coeff and coeff[0] is positive, so ...,+,-,+,-,+,+,-,+,-,+,...
hcoeff[0] is not explicitly stored but found by subtracting the sum
of all stored coefficients with signs from 32
hcoeff[0]= 32 - hcoeff[1] - hcoeff[2] - ...
a good choice for hcoeff and htaps is
htaps= 6
hcoeff={40,-10,2}
an alternative which requires more computations at both encoder and
decoder side and may or may not be better is
htaps= 8
hcoeff={42,-14,6,-2}
ref_frames
minimum of the number of available reference frames and max_ref_frames
for example the first frame after a key frame always has ref_frames=1
spatial_decomposition_type
wavelet type
0 is a 9/7 symmetric compact integer wavelet
1 is a 5/3 symmetric compact integer wavelet
others are reserved
stored as delta from last, last is reset to 0 if always_reset || keyframe
qlog
quality (logarthmic quantizer scale)
stored as delta from last, last is reset to 0 if always_reset || keyframe
mv_scale
stored as delta from last, last is reset to 0 if always_reset || keyframe
FIXME check that everything works fine if this changes between frames
qbias
dequantization bias
stored as delta from last, last is reset to 0 if always_reset || keyframe
block_max_depth
maximum depth of the block tree
stored as delta from last, last is reset to 0 if always_reset || keyframe
quant_table
quantiztation table
Decoding process:
=================
------------
| |
| Subbands |
------------ | |
| | ------------
| Intra DC | |
| | LL0 subband prediction
------------ |
\ Dequantizaton
------------------- \ |
| Reference frames | \ IDWT
| ------- ------- | Motion \ |
||Frame 0| |Frame 1|| Compensation . OBMC v -------
| ------- ------- | --------------. \------> + --->|Frame n|-->output
| ------- ------- | -------
||Frame 2| |Frame 3||<----------------------------------/
| ... |
-------------------
Range Coder:
============
state_transition_table = {
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 56, 57,
58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,
74, 75, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,
89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118,
119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 133,
134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149,
150, 151, 152, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164,
165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179,
180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 190, 191, 192, 194, 194,
195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 209,
210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225,
226, 227, 227, 229, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240,
241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 248, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
FIXME
Neighboring Blocks:
===================
left and top are set to the respective blocks unless they are outside of
the image in which case they are set to the Null block
top-left is set to the top left block unless it is outside of the image in
which case it is set to the left block
if this block has no larger parent block or it is at the left side of its
parent block and the top right block is not outside of the image then the
top right block is used for top-right else the top-left block is used
Null block
y,cb,cr are 128
level, ref, mx and my are 0
2. the median of the scaled left, top and top-right vectors is used as
motion vector prediction
Intra DC Predicton:
======================
the luma and chroma values of the left block are used as predictors
the used luma and chroma is the sum of the predictor and y_diff, cb_diff, cr_diff
to reverse this in the decoder apply the following:
block[y][x].dc[0] = block[y][x-1].dc[0] + y_diff;
block[y][x].dc[1] = block[y][x-1].dc[1] + cb_diff;
block[y][x].dc[2] = block[y][x-1].dc[2] + cr_diff;
block[*][-1].dc[*]= 128;
Motion Compensation:
====================
Halfpel interpolation:
----------------------
halfpel interpolation is done by convolution with the halfpel filter stored
in the header:
F H1 F
| | |
| | |
| | |
F H1 F
| | |
| | |
| | |
F-------F-------F-> H1<-F-------F-------F
v v v
H2 H3 H2
^ ^ ^
F-------F-------F-> H1<-F-------F-------F
| | |
| | |
| | |
F H1 F
| | |
| | |
| | |
F H1 F
unavailable fullpel samples (outside the picture for example) shall be equal
to the closest available fullpel sample
F-->O---q---O<--h1->O---q---O<--F
v \ / v \ / v
O O O O O O O
| / | \ |
q q q q q
| / | \ |
O O O O O O O
^ / \ ^ / \ ^
h2-->O---q---O<--h3->O---q---O<--h2
v \ / v \ / v
O O O O O O O
| \ | / |
q q q q q
| \ | / |
O O O O O O O
^ / \ ^ / \ ^
F-->O---q---O<--h1->O---q---O<--F
compliant Snow decoders MUST support 1-1/8 pel luma and 1/2-1/16 pel chroma
interpolation at least
LL band prediction:
===================
Each sample in the LL0 subband is predicted by the median of the left, top and
left+top-topleft samples, samples outside the subband shall be considered to
be 0. To reverse this prediction in the decoder apply the following.
for(y=0; y<height; y++){
for(x=0; x<width; x++){
sample[y][x] += median(sample[y-1][x],
sample[y][x-1],
sample[y-1][x]+sample[y][x-1]-sample[y-1][x-1]);
}
}
sample[-1][*]=sample[*][-1]= 0;
width,height here are the width and height of the LL0 subband not of the final
video
Dequantizaton:
==============
FIXME
Wavelet Transform:
==================
1D Filter:
----------
1. interleave the samples of the low and high frequency subbands like
s={L0, H0, L1, H1, L2, H2, L3, H3, ... }
note, this can end with a L or a H, the number of elements shall be w
s[-1] shall be considered equivalent to s[1 ]
s[w ] shall be considered equivalent to s[w-2]
optimization tips:
following are exactly identical
(3a)>>1 == a + (a>>1)
(a + 4b + 8)>>4 == ((a>>2) + b + 2)>>2
3. lifting step
s[i-1] + s[i+1] 17bit
4. lifiting step
3*(s[i-1] + s[i+1]) 17bit
TODO:
=====
Important:
finetune initial contexts
flip wavelet?
try to use the wavelet transformed predicted image (motion compensated image) as
context for coding the residual coefficients
try the MV length as context for coding the residual coefficients
use extradata for stuff which is in the keyframes now?
implement per picture halfpel interpolation
try different range coder state transition tables for different contexts
Not Important:
compare the 6 tap and 8 tap hpel filters (psnr/bitrate and subjective quality)
spatial_scalability b vs u (!= 0 breaks syntax anyway so we can add a u later)
Credits:
========
Michael Niedermayer
Loren Merritt
Copyright:
==========
GPL + GFDL + whatever is needed to make this a RFC