Ari Raskin 1/10/11

A) Intermolecular forces are the attractive forces between molecules. There are four different
types of intermolecular forces:

1) Ionic Forces- These forces hold ions together in ionic solids. They are electrostatic forces
where opposite charges attract each other. They are the strongest intermolecular forces.
They hold many ions in a crystal lattice structure.
2) Dipole Forces-These forces occur in polar covalent molecules because they have two
poles. One end (pole) of the molecule has a partial positive charge while the other end
(pole) has a partial negative charge.
3) Hydrogen Bonding- Hydrogen bonding is a special case of dipole forces. It is the
attractive force between a hydrogen atom attached to an electronegative atom which is
bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine
4) Induced Dipole Forces- Forces between non-polar molecules they are the weakest of all
the intermolecular forces. They are temporary dipoles formed by the shifting of electron
clouds within molecules. They attractor repel the electron cloud of other non-polar
molecules nearby.

B) Ionic Forces - High melting and boiling points; in liquid form, ionic compounds conduct
electricity; when dissolved in water, ionic compounds conduct electricity.

Dipole Forces - increase a substance's boiling point due to increasing the amount of
energy required to break all its bonds. The strengths of dipole forces are responsible for
the temperature at which liquids boil. Strongly attracting molecules will cause a
substance to have a higher boiling point, Increases solubility in water.

Hydrogen Bonding - causes two or more molecules of a compound to exist as aggregates

or associated molecules; these compounds have high melting and boiling points;
influences the solubility of one substance in another, ie-covalent compounds with a
hydrogen bond with water, readily dissolve in it; and also influences the physical state of
the substances (solid, liquid or gas) due to electronegativity values.

C) Specific examples of 2 substances whose physical properties are affected by each type of
intermolecular force:

Ionic Forces (a) sodium chloride (NaCl). Na is positive and Cl is negative and these
opposite charges attract; and (b) Calcium Chloride (CaCl). The transfer of electrons
between chlorine and calcium forms this ionic compound.

Dipole Forces- (a) hydrochloric acid (HCl). There is a partial positive charge on the
hydrogen and a partial negative charge on the chlorine. A set of partial and negative
charges attract molecules to each other; (b) Chloromethane (CH3Cl). There are attractive
forces resulting from the alignment of dipoles (polar molecules).
 Hydrogen Bonding (a) water (H20). The hydrogen is partially positive and attracted to
the partially negative charge of the oxygen. Oxygen has two lone pairs so two different
hydrogen bonds can be made to each oxygen molecule; (b) Ammonia (NH3). The
hydrogen is partially positive and attracted to the partially negative charge on the
nitrogen. Nitrogen has only one lone pair, only one hydrogen bond can be made to each
nitrogen.

Induced Dipole Forces (a) (F2) F2 is a diatomic molecule of fluorine held together by a
polarizable electron cloud. (b) (O2) O2 is oxygen in its molecular form. The shifting of
electron clouds within the two oxygen molecules causes them to form a temporary dipole
for a fraction of time.

D)