Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Tutorials.................................................................................................. 1
Shortcut Menus........................................................................................... 7
Displaying Points........................................................................................11
iii
Table of Contents
Redefining Surfaces.......................................................................................36
iv
Table of Contents
To Understand Resolve................................................................................69
1. Introduction...........................................................................................85
v
Table of Contents
vi
Table of Contents
To Change the Order of the Informational Columns in the Style Tree .................. 120
Curves.................................................................................................... 120
vii
Table of Contents
viii
Table of Contents
ix
Table of Contents
To Create Second Constraint Definition for Curves with Surface Tangent, Surface
Curvature, or Draft Tangent Constraint .......................................................... 169
x
Table of Contents
To Preserve and Align Boundaries While Editing Surfaces Directly ...................... 180
xi
Table of Contents
Example: Trace Sketches on Datum Planes and Planar Surfaces ........................ 192
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Freeform Surfacing
Tutorials
An Overview of the Freeform Surfacing Tutorials
This project contains several short tutorials addressing different Freeform Surfacing
functionality. The tutorials are:
• Overview of the Freeform Surfacing User Interface
• Understanding Connections
• Redefining Surfaces
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Freeform Surfacing (ISDX) - Help Topic Collection
Select
Edit curve
Create COS by projection / create COS by intersection
Create surfaces
Connect surfaces
Trim quilts
Done / cancel
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Freeform Surfacing
Draft Check
Slope
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Styling Menu
The Styling menu contains several commands.
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Freeform Surfacing
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Freeform Surfacing preferences are available on the Styling menu to set preferences
for display, curvature plots, and surface mesh. If you click Styling > Preferences,
the following dialog box opens:
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Freeform Surfacing
Shortcut Menus
The shortcut menus are as follows.
Right-click anywhere in the main window to open the view shortcut menu.
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Right-click an endpoint (not a soft-point) on the curve to open the point shortcut
menu.
Right-click an internal point (not a soft-point) on the curve to open the point shortcut
menu.
Right-click anywhere on a selected curve (not on a point) to open the curve shortcut
menu.
Four-View Layout
In Freeform Surfacing you can work in a single view as in top-level Pro/ENGINEER,
or you can click or click View > Show All Views and switch to the four-view
layout shown. Click again to return to single view.
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Freeform Surfacing
1. Vertical sash
2. Horizontal sash
isdx_overview_start.zip
The cylinder height is 270, and the radius is 80. The point is offset from the
surface by 30.
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Freeform Surfacing (ISDX) - Help Topic Collection
Now create a spout shape at the top of the cylinder. The shape consists of four
curves—two curves on surfaces (COSs) and two free curves.
5. Click COS.
6. Select two locations on the surface on which to create two points of a COS to be
the side of the spout.
7. Click or middle-click.
8. Select two locations on the surface on which to create two points of the COS to
be the bottom of the spout as shown in the following wireframe model. Press the
SHIFT key to snap the first curve.
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2. Two COSs
9. Click or middle-click.
11. Hold down SHIFT and select two locations to create two points of a free curve to
be the top edge of the spout (one point is snapped to the datum point, the other
to the COS).
12. Middle-click.
13. Hold down SHIFT and select two locations to create two points of a free curve to
be the outer edge of the spout (one point is snapped to the datum point and the
other to the COS). See the preceding figure.
14. Click .
Displaying Points
When a curve references some other geometry, the curve is said to be the child of
the other geometry, and the points on the curve are said to be soft. A point is
displayed in one of four shapes depending on what it references.
• A free point in space is displayed as a solid dot.
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To Build a Surface
This exercise shows how to build surfaces from curves.
2. Holding down CTRL, select the four curves you created previously. The surface is
created.
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Freeform Surfacing
3. Click the endpoint that lies on the surface to display the tangent.
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Freeform Surfacing (ISDX) - Help Topic Collection
7. Click .
Understanding Updates
The Freeform Surfacing feature is a superfeature that contains curves, surfaces,
relations, and internal history. For this reason, it has an internal regeneration and
update mechanism. resembles a traffic light.
By default, Freeform Surfacing will try to keep the immediate children up to date
when you modify a curve. However the whole feature will not necessarily be up to
date all of the time.
When you modify a component of a superfeature, you must need to update the
feature using .
2. Click .
The connection icons are displayed as dashed lines, that is, no connection, on the
surface.
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Freeform Surfacing
o Clicking in the middle of the icon raises the continuity level (if the curve
connections allow).
4. Click .
• The curve that lies on the center plane must be flat (either a planar curve, or a
free curve with a 2D shape).
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3. Click the endpoint of the top horizontal curve that is attached to the datum point
to display the tangent.
2. To this plane
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Freeform Surfacing
Note: If you see surface connect icons that do not have a neighbor surface, they are
likely these "normal to plane" connections.
1. Click (Done).
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5. Click .
6. Move the points of the curve to modify the shape of the curve, being careful to
keep the centerline curve on the centerline plane so it mirrors correctly.
9. Click .
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Freeform Surfacing
Now you can modify the datum point parametrically to increase or decrease the
depth of the spout opening.
isdx_create_curve_surf.zip
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3. In the Model Tree, drag the Insert Here arrow up until it is just below the datum
curve.
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Freeform Surfacing
Note that after you have moved the insert arrow, the features below it are
suppressed in the Model Tree and in the graphic window, as shown in the following
figure:
2. Click to indicate the target surface, the curves to drop onto it, and the datum
plane to define the drop's direction.
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3. Select the top and side curves of the sketched rectangle as indicated in the
following figure:
5. The direction collector will assume your currently active datum (probably TOP) so
you will need to change this.
6. Select the RIGHT datum plane as the direction for the drop.
7. When you select the datum plane the curve is dropped onto the surface.
1. Click .
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Freeform Surfacing
5. Hold down SHIFT and click each of the vertical COSs that you dropped onto the
surface in the previous exercise.
6. The new curve lies in a plane 80 units offset from the bottom surface.
7. Click .
8. Click Free.
9. Click Yes to convert the curve to a free curve. This also converts the end points
to soft-points.
10. Right-click on the curve and select Add Midpoint. The midpoint is created.
11. Hold down SHIFT while you select the midpoint and move it toward the datum
point PNT1 until the point highlights in red. This snaps the midpoint to PNT1.
1. Click .
2. Click Planar.
3. Click References to open the tab and change the offset value back to 0.
4. Hold down SHIFT and click to create a point at the bottom of each vertical drop
curve. This creates a planar curve at the base of the model.
5. Click .
6. Click Free.
7. Click Yes to convert the curve to a free curve. This process also converts the end
points to soft-points.
8. Right-click on the curve and select Add Midpoint. The midpoint is created.
9. Hold down SHIFT while you select the midpoint and move it toward the datum
point PNT3 until the point is highlighted. This snaps the midpoint to PNT3.
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1. Click .
2. Holding down CTRL, select four boundary curves (the three drop curves and the
planar curve) to create the top surface and middle-click.
3. Repeat the above, holding down CTRL, select four boundary curves (the two
vertical drop curves, the planar curve, and the bottom curve) to create the
bottom surface.
4. Click .
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Freeform Surfacing
3. Hold down SHIFT and click on the middle of each connection arrow to break the
connection. The arrows are displayed as dashed lines.
4. Click .
5. Resume all of the later features to reapply them to this new solid shape.
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Freeform Surfacing (ISDX) - Help Topic Collection
Understanding Connections
In the tutorial Creating Curves and Surfaces you made a solid cut in the model of a
toaster to lighten the model's contours. In this tutorial, you learn how to use
Freeform Surfacing connections to round the edges of the cut, blending them
smoothly with the rest of the model.
Begin with the toaster model as it was at the end of the Creating Curves and
Surfaces tutorial, or load the start part for this tutorial,
isdx_connect_redefine.prt. To load the start part:
1. Drag the following file into the Pro/ENGINEER graphics window:
isdx_connect_redefine.zip
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Freeform Surfacing
4. Click .
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8. Click the curve's other endpoint and repeat the two preceding steps for its
tangent.
9. Select the other free curve and repeat the steps 5 through 8.
1. No connection (G0)
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Freeform Surfacing
• The curve that lies on the center plane must be flat (either a planar curve, or a
free curve with a 2D shape).
2. Click .
3. Click each connection icon. These connections change according to the following
rules:
o Clicking on the end of the icon changes the connection direction (if the
curve connections allow it).
o Clicking in the middle of the icon raises the continuity level (if the curve
connections allow it).
o Clicking in the middle of the icon with SHIFT held down removes the
connection.
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Freeform Surfacing (ISDX) - Help Topic Collection
4. Click to complete the Freeform Surfacing feature. The cut is updated to look
like the following figure:
• Blend
• Loft
This tutorial will describe how to build each of these and how to redefine a surface to
be of a different type.
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Freeform Surfacing
Since there is only one surface create tool in Freeform Surfacing, the selection order
of your curves determines the surface type that will be created. The benefit of this is
that a surface can be redefined to a different type (e.g. convert a boundary rectangle
to a loft) without any of the children that depend on that surface losing their
references.
A boundary surface is built with 3 (triangular) or 4 (rectangular) curves around the
boundary, and these are selected in the first collector. You can optionally add
internal curves with the second collector.
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Freeform Surfacing (ISDX) - Help Topic Collection
the system will preview a loft surface. Continue to select your profile curves in the
second collector to define the blend surface.
1-Guide Blend
2-Guide Blend
isdx_types_of_surface.zip
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The top surface of this part is a trimmed rectangular surface. To redefine this
surface you need to select the base surface, not the trim.
4. Move the pointer over the top surface. Move the pointer into the portion that has
been trimmed away and you will see the base surface pre-highlight. Select the
pre-highlighted surface.
5. Alternatively, select the trimmed top surface (by default this will select the trim).
Right-click and select Pick from List. Select the Freeform Surfacing Surface
from the list and click OK.
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7. Select the first collector, hold down the CTRL key, and select the two long curves
from the surface boundary. This clears the selection for the two long curves.
At this point you have just two curves selected and the system will preview a loft.
8. Select the second collector and select the long curve on the centerline of the
part.
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Freeform Surfacing
You have now converted the surface to be a 2-guide blend and all of the children
(drop curve, trim, etc.) have updated successfully.
Before we convert this surface to a loft, create a new curve across the middle of the
current top surface, as shown below.
12. Select the second collector, hold down the CTRL key, and select the long curve
from the surface boundary. This clears the selection for the long curve.
At this point you have just two curves selected and the system will preview a loft.
Curves in a loft need to be selected in the correct order. In order for you to add the
new curve into the middle of this loft, you need to unselect the last curve and then
add the two curves in the correct order. If you prefer, you could unselect all curves
and reselect them again in the correct order.
13. Select the first collector, hold down the CTRL key, and select one of the two long
curves from the surface boundary. This clears the selection for the long curves.
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14. Still holding down the CTRL key, select the middle (new) curve and then the end
curve, as shown below.
15. Complete the surface tool, and then complete the Freeform Surfacing feature.
Notice that all subsequent features continue to update successfully. Even though
you have changed the type of this top surface, you have not changed its ID.
Redefining Surfaces
In this tutorial you learn how to redefine Freeform Surfacing surfaces by changing
boundary references and adding internal curves.
isdx_surface_redefine.zip
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3. Select the Freeform Surfacing quilt in the Model Tree. Right-click and select Edit
Definition on the shortcut menu. See the following figure. The white arrow
shows the new curve being added.
4. Click .
5. Holding down SHIFT, click near the bottom of one vertical curve and then click
near the bottom of the other.
6. Click . Right-click on the curve and select Add Midpoint to add a midpoint to
the curve.
8. Move one endpoint of the new curve to the bottom of the vertical curve, and
repeat for the other endpoint.
9. Click .
4. Holding CTRL, deselect the bottom curve and replace it by selecting the new
curve for the surface boundary.
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1. Click .
4. Click Planar from the Freeform Surfacing dashboard. The offset should be 0.0 by
default.
5. Hold down SHIFT and snap to the top curve of the surface, then snap to the
bottom curve, creating a planar curve on the FRONT datum plane.
7. Click .
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4. Select the new internal curve as shown by the arrow in the next figure, and
middle-click.
5. Click .
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Freeform Surfacing
First, you see a simple example of proportional update with a single curve. The next
figure shows a curve with two soft-points snapped to two other curves, which is the
minimum requirement for a curve to change proportionally.
The next figure shows the results of an edit moving the right soft-point when the
Proportional Update option is turned off for this curve. Only the point being dragged
is moved.
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The next figure shows the same edit on the curve when Proportional Update is
turned on. You can see in Figure 3 that the other points on the curve move in
proportion to the point being dragged.
isdx_proport_update.zip
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Now the model appears as is shown in the figure below. You will create a
construction curve between the top corners and unlink the soft-points.
2. Click .
3. Snap (by clicking and holding down the SHIFT key) to the top corners of the
profile curve creating a new curve.
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5. Right-click on one of the soft-points to open the shortcut menu shown below:
6. Click Unlink to unlink the soft-point, and repeat step 5 & 6 for the other soft-
point on the curve.
8. Press the SHIFT key while you click to select one endpoint, and then drag the
endpoint to snap to the end of the construction curve.
9. Repeat the steps for the other endpoint of the profile curve. If you click one of
the endpoints now and move it, only the one point moves.
10. Click the front endpoint and move it to see that the curve scales non-
proportionally.
11. Select the Proportional Update option from the Freeform Surfacing dashboard.
12. Click the front endpoint and move it to see that the curve scales proportionally
now.
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2. Click .
5. Now edit the shape of the top curve, until you are satisfied with the shape.
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Freeform Surfacing
The final model is shown in the following figure. Both curves have proportional
updates turned on.
isdx_create_cos_start.zip
2. Select isdx_create_cos_start.prt and click Open. The start part opens. The
start part, consisting of two flat surfaces that act as the top and front faces of the
model, opens in the Pro/ENGINEER graphics window.
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3. Create two datum planes that are offset from the FRONT and TOP datum planes,
as shown in the following figure.
7. Click .
8. Create a curve that is the profile for the front face of the model.
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12. Click .
13. Create a curve that is the profile for the top face of the model.
1. Two curves
By default the active datum plane will be chosen for the drop direction.
4. If necessary, select a different datum plane to specify a direction for the drop.
10. Click .
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2. Hold down the SHIFT key and snap to the ends of the dropped curves to create a
free curve that connects the two ends.
3. Repeat step 2 and connect the other ends of the dropped curves.
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Freeform Surfacing
4. Click .
5. Right-click on an endpoint of the free curve and select Surface Tangent on the
shortcut menu.
7. Click .
8. Click .
10. Create a planar curve on the RIGHT datum plane by holding down the SHIFT key
and snapping the endpoints of the planar curve to the dropped curve.
11. Click .
13. Move the tangent to edit the shape of the planar curve, as shown.
15. Click .The Freeform Surfacing dashboard and the Select dialog box open.
17. Click the Internal selection collector on the Freeform Surfacing dashboard.
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20. Click on the background to deselect the new surface and then click to trim
the base surfaces using the dropped curves.
22. Select the dropped curve on the top surface and middle-click.
24. Click .
25. Repeat the above trimming quilt operation for the front surface.
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To Create COSs
1. Click Insert > Style to create another Freeform Surfacing feature.
2. Click .
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Freeform Surfacing
6. Repeat steps 4-5 to create four COSs as shown in the following figure. Use the
SHIFT key to snap each COS to the end of the other.
7. Click .
10. Create a planar curve and snap the endpoint to the COSs near the front and top
surface.
11. Click .
12. Right-click on the endpoints of the planar curve and click Surface Tangent on
the shortcut menu.
13. Right-click on the planar curve and click Add Midpoint on the shortcut menu. A
midpoint is added.
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14. Select this midpoint and move it slightly inside to modify the shape of the planar
curve as shown.
1. Planar curve
1. Click .
2. Select the fillet surface that you created earlier from the dropped curves and
middle-click.
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3. Hold CTRL and select the four COSs created earlier and middle-click. Select the
portion of the surface between the COSs to be deleted. The final quilt is as shown
in the following figure.
4. Click .
5. Hold CTRL and select the four COSs as the boundary curves.
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isdx_radial_path_planar_curve.zip
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The side surface does not have enough shape control so we will add some radial
curves around the part, and we will make these to be of a similar shape to the
existing section curves.
4. Select one of the existing section curves. This has been built as a radial-planar
curve.
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6. Click .
7. Holding the ALT key, drag on the grid of the active plane to move the copied
curve along its reference.
8. Repeat this for the other section curve, so that you have created new curves at
the corners of the object.
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2. Choose the Planar option on the dashboard and open the References tab.
3. Select the Reference collector and click on the ‘C’ shape curve that runs through
the middle of this part. As soon as you pick on this reference curve the radial
plane will be created at the location you pick.
4. If you want to center this radial plane on the reference curve, change the Value
to 0.5.
5. Create the new curve, snapping to the relevant parent curves on the edges of the
side surface.
6. You can now redefine the side surface, and add these 3 new curves as internal
curves.
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isdx_draft_connection.zip
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Notice that the body is constructed with parametric surface features. A draft angle
has been applied along the mirror plane and this can be controlled parametrically.
However, applying draft to a free form surface would have required a lot more
construction before the new draft connection type.
The process for creating a draft connection on a surface is similar to all other surface
connections – connect the side curves correctly (in this case with draft connections)
and then connect the surface.
1. Edit definition of the HANDLE feature.
4. Right click on the tangent and choose the Draft Tangent option
5. You are now prompted to select a draft plane. Select the mirror plane RIGHT
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6. The default draft angle applied is 10°. Double click the text value and change
this to 3°. You can also access this draft value in the Tangent tab on the
dashboard.
To create a draft tangent, the curve must be a child of (have a soft point on) the
curve on the draft plane. The second end of this curve does not have this condition
so you will first need to switch the parent/child relationship before making the draft
tangent.
7. Select the curve on mirror plane. Right click on the endpoint and choose Unlink.
8. Select the end curve again and snap its end point onto mirror plane curve.
9. Now you will be able to make a draft connection at this end. Repeat steps 4-6
above. You may need to make the draft angle -3° for the tangent to lean in the
correct direction.
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10. Check the last curve. See that the curve at the other end of this handle area is a
curve-on-surface (COS). Because this has been built onto a surface which
already has 3° of draft, you do not need to make a draft connection on this
curve. All of your curves are now in the right condition to support a drafted
surface connection.
12. Hold down the CTRL and ALT keys simultaneously and click on the connection
icons on the mirror edges of the new surface. This will make the drafted surface
connection and ensure that the mirrored edges of your surface maintain the draft
angle of 3° along its full length. The connection icon will show a short broken
line with arrow head.
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isdx_draft_connection.zip
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Freeform Surfacing
Notice that the main body is constructed with parametric surface features. A draft
angle has been applied along the mirror plane and this can be controlled
parametrically. In this tutorial we will look at controlling the draft angle of the
handle area; a freeform surface that cannot be mirrored but still needs constant
draft along the complex parting line.
The process for creating a draft connection on a surface is similar to all other surface
connections – connect the side curves correctly (in this case with draft connections)
and then connect the surface.
1. Edit definition of the HANDLE feature.
5. You are now prompted to select a draft reference. Select the RIGHT plane.
Note:You could connect the handle surface at an angle to the parting surface.
This may be useful if you wish to design surfaces normal to (or at another angle
to) other reference surfaces.
6. The default draft angle applied is 100°. Double click the text value and change
this to 30°. You can also access this draft value in the Tangent tab on the
dashboard.
7. Repeat steps 4-6 above for the other end of this curve.
8. Check the opposite curve. See that the curve at the other end of this handle
area is a curve-on-surface (COS). Because this has been built onto a surface
which already has 30° of draft, you do not need to make a draft connection on
this curve.
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10. Right-click on the connection icons on the long edges of the handle surface and
choose Draft from the options. You will be prompted to select a plane or surface
reference for the draft: select the same reference you chose for the curve
connection in step 5 (i.e. RIGHT plane).
This will make the drafted surface connection and ensure that the long edge of your
surface maintains the draft angle of 30 along its full length. The connection icon will
show a short broken line with arrow head.
11. Repeat step 10 for the rear edge connection.
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To Understand Resolve
1. Drag the following file into the Pro/ENGINEER graphics window:
isdx_resolve_mode.zip
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2. Select isdx_resolve_mode.prt and click Open. The following part opens in the
Pro/ENGINEER graphics window:
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The Delete dialog box is displayed. The Delete dialog box appears because the
entity you are deleting has children, and Freeform Surfacing must be able to
handle the children after the parent curve is deleted.
7. Click Suspend.
The Regenerate traffic light turns yellow because entities are out of date. Clicking
the yellow traffic light opens the Resolve dialog box and turns the light red.
Other methods to access the Resolve dialog box are:
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A blocked entity is a child of a failed entity. The regeneration system does not try
to regenerate children of failed entities, but considers them blocked.
8. In the Resolve dialog box, select the name of the failed entity (SF-21) and
notice that the explanation is "Missing reference for internal curve."
10. Click the traffic light to regenerate the feature. The light changes from red to
green indicating the regeneration is complete and successful.
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2. Click .
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5. Select Natural.
The Resolve dialog box opens with the failure of entity SF-21. The explanation is
"Connections inconsistent with cross curves" because you have just broken a
curve connection, but Freeform Surfacing is trying to maintain the surface
connection.
In Freeform Surfacing, the Resolve dialog box does not prevent you from further
work. In this case you can use to remake all curve connections and resolve
all features.
7. Click .
2. Click .
5. Select Natural.
6. Click Edit > Resolve to see the failure in the Resolve dialog box.
This failure is the surface connection normal to the TOP datum plane.
• —Redefine the failed entity, for example, by selecting new boundary curves
for a surface.
• —Operate on the failed entity. Completely unlink all references. If the failed
entity is a COS, planar curve, or drop curve, the Unlink option also converts the
curve type to free.
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isdx_reference_data_1.zip
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4. Click .
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Freeform Surfacing
5. Create four free curves that attach to the surface edges as shown below.
Make sure you attach these Freeform Surfacing curves to the edge in each case.
You will notice the edge is briefly highlighted when you snap to it, but if you have
doubt as to what entity you are snapping to, use the Query Bin as described
below:
1. Click .
2. Select one of the curves attached to the interior of the existing surface.
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5. Select Tangent.
6. Repeat for the other curve attached to the interior of the surface edge.
To Create Surfaces
You can use solid or surface edges as well as datum curves as boundaries for
Freeform Surfacing surfaces.
1. Click .
You can adjust the connection length, length and angle of the tangent vectors for
the smoothest shape.
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Changes to the parent parametric features will flex the Freeform Surfacing
surfaces, and editing the Freeform Surfacing curves will also change the shape of
the Freeform Surfacing surfaces.
isdx_reference_data_2.zip
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For this exercise, you will concentrate on only the main spoke of this wheel.
4. Click .
You will use the curve tool to create curves with soft-points on the scan data.
5. Hold down the SHIFT key while you define points on the scan lines making a
curve.
Typically, you do not need many points to define the shape, and you can use the
curve edit to refine the shape after it is defined. Notice that the soft-points float
along the scan data.
6. Hold down the SHIFT key and click to create a second curve on the scan section.
After you have the two curves defined, you can create two more curves to define
a closed rectangle for a surface.
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7. Click .
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2. Click .
Now you can add an internal curve by building a curve just as you built the first
two boundary curves for the surface.
3. Press the SHIFT key and click to define points on the curve across a scan line.
4. Click .
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2. Click Insert > Shared Data > From File. The Open dialog box opens.
4. Select the phone.stl file and click Open. The Import Options dialog box
opens.
Next, you start Freeform Surfacing to build a surface directly onto the model.
7. Click .
8. Build four curves directly on the area of the model that you want to capture. Hold
SHIFT to snap the curve points to the facet data, or the other curves.
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1. Boundary curves
10. Click .
11. Hold CTRL and select the four curves as boundary curves.
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12. Changing the color of the surface will make comparison with the facet reference
easier.
You may want to create another curve to use as an internal curve to refine the
surface. You also may add points to the boundary curves to hold them closer to the
facets.
1. Introduction
The Surface Edit tool inside Style is a powerful and flexible way of directly
manipulating surfaces in Pro/ENGINEER. It can be used to edit surfaces for purposes
of general modelling as well as subtle tweaks to smooth out problem areas. The
history of Surface Edits is maintained during future regeneration, so if the parent
surface is modified in any way, the Surface Edit is reapplied during regeneration.
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This tutorial will show you the basic principles of the tool and some of the key
controls. This is not intended to teach you all the controls and techniques, but does
provide a good overview for getting started with Surface Edit.
This is the first of a number of tutorials covering the Surface Edit tool. This tutorial
covers how the tool works and can be controlled, while all of the related tutorials will
show examples of how the various techniques of this tool can be applied together.
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There are two ways to change the density of the mesh; if you want to add
rows/columns at specific locations, then right-click on the surface and choose Add
Row (or Add Column) from the popup menu.
In order to preserve the existing shape of the surface when adding a row (or
column) the locations of nearby rows are redistributed. Therefore, the new row may
not appear exactly at the place where you clicked, but will be close.
There is an icon at the corner of the surface to indicate the direction of Rows and
Columns.
See section 8 below for further details on editing surfaces with multiple mesh
resolutions.
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When dragging multiple points together, the Filter options on the dashboard control
how far the points move relative to each other.
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set.
When moving points you can either drag dynamically on the point with your cursor
or nudge the point by numeric increments. Set the Adjust increment and use one of
the four arrow buttons to move the selected points by that increment. Depending on
which Move option is selected, none, two or four arrow buttons may be available.
5. Display Options
There are a number of display options available on the dashboard.
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Show Mesh:
This option displays the control mesh.
6. Alignment (Connections)
The Surface Edit tool has the ability to align individual edges of the edited surface to
a neighbor surface. Alignment will approximate to a connection of position, tangent
or curvature continuity, but cannot ensure a true connection if the surface knot
resolution is not perfectly matched with the neighbor surface. See the advanced
tutorial for more discussion on knots.
Before aligning an edge you will first need to ‘un-preserve’ the three related
boundaries (the boundary to be aligned and its two adjacent boundaries). One way
to do this is right-click on the surface and choose Clear All Boundaries.
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Once you have aligned an edge you may wish to preserve the edge to prevent
accidental editing that will break the alignment. Preserving edges is also useful to
prevent losing surface connections established outside of Surface Edit.
To preserve an edge, right-click on the edge mesh row and choose Preserve
1st/2nd/3rd Row/Column from the popup menu. To remove preservation,
choose Preserve None.
• Preserving the 1st row is equivalent to preserving the position of the edge.
Once an edge is preserved, the edge row control points are locked and no longer
selectable. If you have preserved the 2nd or 3rd rows, then these control points are
considered semi-locked and will be displayed in gray. These points still have one
degree of freedom and you can drag the bar to increase/decrease the influence into
the surface, as shown in Fig 17 below.
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7. Popup Menus
You have seen so far that there are a number of context sensitive right-mouse popup
menus. Below is an easy reference for these.
Fig 19: Right-mouse menus for mesh, mesh boundary, surface and aligned edge
(Align operation)
8. Multi-Resolution Editing
The Surface Edit tool allows you to edit a surface multiple times with different mesh
resolutions.
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As well as adding and removing mesh rows/columns, you can also temporarily
deactivate a row/column. Deactivating a row/column will keep any related edit
operation intact and add a new operation to the list. Removing a row/column
requires you to choose how to handle any related edit operations (described below).
The recommended workflow is to decide on an optimal resolution and set this once
per surface in the dashboard. Any further changes to the mesh resolution should be
done with the right-mouse popup menu. In this way you will add only the level of
detail you require without making the underlying surface control overly dense.
Right-click on a row/column and choose either Remove or Deactivate from the
popup menu. Right-click on a surface and choose Activate All to reactivate inactive
rows/columns. The minimum resolution of any mesh is 4 x 4.
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When adjusting the mesh resolution in the dashboard after making some edits you
will often encounter the following warning dialog.
• Refit—This will accept your new maximum number or rows/columns and refit the
new mesh to the current surface form. This may result in changes in the effect
of other operations in the list.
• Delete—This will accept your new maximum number or rows/columns but delete
all previous operations from the list. This is equivalent to starting the Surface
Edit tool from scratch with this new mesh resolution.
• Cancel—This will cancel the request to increase the mesh resolution, allowing
you to proceed by adding the required rows/columns from the right-mouse
popup.
Fig 23: Example of Surface Edit being preserved during base surface modification
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10. Conclusion
This tutorial has shown you the basic principles of the Surface Edit tool and you
should now have a good understanding of the key controls. This was not intended to
teach you all the controls and techniques, but does provide a good overview for
getting started with Surface Edit.
This is the first of a number of tutorials covering the Surface Edit tool. Look for the
related tutorials which show examples of how various techniques can be applied to
good effect.
User Interface
About Freeform Surfacing Features
Freeform Surfacing is a design environment within Pro/ENGINEER that allows you to
create free-form curves and surfaces quickly and easily, and to combine multiple
elements into superfeatures. Freeform Surfacing features are called superfeatures
because they can contain limitless numbers of curves and surfaces.
The new Freeform Surfacing user interface offers the best of both worlds—it is a self-
contained, intuitive modeling environment and also a Pro/ENGINEER feature. The
user can create truly free Freeform Surfacing features and take advantage of the
parametric and associative Pro/E capabilities.
Freeform Surfacing features are flexible; they have their own internal parent/child
relationships, and can also have relationships with other Pro/ENGINEER features.
You can accomplish all of the following tasks with Freeform Surfacing:
• Work in single- and multiple-view environments. The multiple-view environment
is a powerful feature in Pro/ENGINEER; you can display and work in four model
views at one time.
• Create a Curve on Surface (COS), a special curve type that lies on a surface.
• Freeform Surfacing commands in the Edit, View, Analysis, and Info menus
such as undo and redo Freeform Surfacing curve operations, enter Resolve mode,
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display curvature plots, set Freeform Surfacing preferences for surface mesh, and
so on.
• Freeform Surfacing toolbar contains shortcuts for the Styling menu commands.
Click or Styling > Quit to cancel all changes to the current Freeform Surfacing
feature.
Styling Menu
The Styling menu contains the following options:
• Preferences—Opens the Styling Preferences dialog box that allows you to set
preferences for surface connections, display, regeneration, grid spacing, and
surface mesh.
• Set Active Plane—Allows you to set the active datum plane for geometry
creation and edits.
• Internal Plane—Opens the DATUM PLANE dialog box where you create datum
planes internal to the Freeform Surfacing feature.
• Trace Sketch—Opens the Trace Sketch dialog box where you create trace
sketches from the referenced images.
Note: You can also enable snap by holding down the SHIFT key when you select
a point.
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Additional options on the Edit, View, Analysis, and Info menus allow you to
control Freeform Surfacing views and access information about Freeform Surfacing
entities.
Edit Menu
The Edit menu contains the following options for Freeform Surfacing:
• Regenerate All—Allows you to regenerate geometry locally within Freeform
Surfacing. During Freeform Surfacing regeneration, only the entities contained in
the Freeform Surfacing feature are regenerated and not the entire Pro/ENGINEER
model.
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View Menu
The following Freeform Surfacing options are on the View menu:
• Show All Views—Displays all four views for modeling. This command is also
available on the shortcut menu.
• Show Next View—Displays the next view counter-clockwise from the active
view when you are in single view display.
o Reorient—Opens the Orientation dialog box where you can specify the
view orientation.
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Analysis Menu
The following Freeform Surfacing options are on the Analysis menu:
• Saved Analysis—Displays the Saved Analysis dialog box.
The following options are available when you click Analysis > Delete All:
• Delete All—Deletes all saved analyses.
The following Freeform Surfacing options are available when you click Analysis >
Geometry:
• Curvature—Evaluates and displays the curvature of curves, edges, or surfaces.
Mathematically, the curvature is equal to 1/radius.
• Dihedral Angle—Displays the angle between the normals of two surfaces that
share an edge. This is a useful check for continuity during the evaluation of
neighboring surfaces.
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Info Menu
The following Freeform Surfacing options are on the Info menu:
• Entity—Displays information about selected Freeform Surfacing entities in an
information window.
Note: You can modify certain Freeform Surfacing parameters outside Freeform
Surfacing by clicking the check boxes next to these parameters in Freeform
Surfacing. Clicking Info > Feature outside Freeform Surfacing also displays the
information about these parameters.
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Set Active Allows you to set the current datum plane for
Plane geometry creation and edits.
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2. Click Toolbars.
Shortcut Menus
There are several shortcut menus available with Freeform Surfacing. Right-click while
performing a task to access its shortcut menu. The default shortcut menu contains
the following commands:
• Next—Selects the next item in the Pick From List during the selection process.
• Previous—Selects the previous item in the Pick From List during the selection
process.
• Active Plane Orientation—Displays the model with the active datum plane
parallel to the screen.
• Set Active Plane—Allows you to set the current datum plane for geometry
creation.
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Modifier Keys
The following modifier keys are available during Freeform Surfacing operations:
Repeat
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• IBM AIX
• Compaq OSF1
1. If you do not have the file /.dt/dtwmrc in your home directory, copy it from the
systems area by entering the following:
cp /usr/dt/config/C/sys.dtwmrc ~/.dt/dtwmrc
2. Edit the file to comment out the following lines with a pound sign (#) at the
beginning of each line:
3. Restart the window manager by logging out, and then logging back in.
To Enable Snapping
There are two ways to enable snapping.
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2. Select a point and drag it to the nearest geometric entity to snap the point on to
the geometric entity.
2. Right-click and select Pick Soft Point. The Pick Soft Point dialog box appears.
3. Click the required entity from the list. Alternatively, click or to move to
the next or previous entity on the list.
Setting Preferences
To Set Freeform Surfacing Preferences
Use the Preferences dialog box to set preferences for display, curvature plots, and
surface mesh.
1. Click Styling > Preferences. The Styling Preferences dialog opens.
3. Under Display, select Grid to display the grid for ease of modeling.
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5. Under Grid, specify a value for grid Spacing to change the number of lines
displayed on the grid of the active datum plane.
o Select Off When Shaded to see the surface mesh only in the wireframe
display mode.
o Select Off When Shaded to see the surface mesh only in the wireframe
display mode.
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• Press the right mouse button in any view, and then click Active Plane
Orientation. The specified view is oriented with the active datum parallel to the
screen. No change is made to the other views.
• Click View > Visibility > Unhide All. All the previously hidden features or
Freeform Surfacing entities are displayed.
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• Right-click on the graphics window and select Show All Entities. All the
previously hidden Freeform Surfacing entities are displayed. The Freeform
Surfacing entities within that Freeform Surfacing feature are displayed.
• Select one or more entities, right-click, and select Isolate Entities. Display of all
the Freeform Surfacing entities except the selected entities are suppressed.
The selective display in Freeform Surfacing works on curves, surfaces, and internal
datum planes created in Freeform Surfacing, in the current Freeform Surfacing
feature within the current session.
When redefining a Freeform Surfacing feature, all the hidden entities are displayed
• Sketch curves in the Front, Top, and Right views by repeating the above steps to
create the skeleton curves of the model without having to reorient the display.
Use the isometric/trimetric view to get a good 3-D feel for the shape as you
work.
• Sketch the 2-D shape of a curve in one view, then switch to edit mode and drag
the points or tangents in the other views. Observe the shape changes in the
other views as you drag. This shows a true 3-D (non-planar) curve without
having to rotate any views.
In general, defining the depth of any point on a curve can be postponed until after
you enter a series of points. The green line displayed indicates when one or more
points can have their depth adjusted. Click anywhere along the green line to set the
depth for those points. If you choose not to change the depth, the curve points stay
at their default positions when you complete the curve.
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The specified plane becomes the active plane. Freeform Surfacing also displays the
horizontal and vertical directions for this plane.
• Click or View > Show All Views to display all four views for modeling.
Alternatively, right-click and select Show All Views to display all four views for
modeling
• To return to a single view, click View > Show All Views or again.
Alternatively, right-click and select Show All Views again to return to a single
view.
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1. Vertical sash
2. Horizontal sash
2. Drag the sash. The arrow indicates the direction in which you can drag the sash.
o You can drag the vertical sash horizontally and the horizontal sash
vertically.
o You can also drag the intersection of the two sashes horizontally and
vertically.
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Note: You cannot drag the sash beyond a certain limit. The sash location and the
corresponding pane size apply to a single window only within the current session.
To Reset a View
Click View > Orientation > Standard Orientation to reset views to their default
orientation.
Note: Only the view orientation, not the screen layout, changes.
• Create a datum plane while creating a feature so that the datum plane is internal
to the active feature. This internal datum plane is not seen at the top level in the
Model Tree. To create an internal datum plane, you can reference any Freeform
Surfacing entity such as Freeform Surfacing curve endpoints, Freeform Surfacing
surface vertices, and other internal datum planes besides the regular Freeform
Surfacing references.
When creating or defining Freeform Surfacing features, you can create datum planes
as internal datum planes for the Freeform Surfacing feature. However, you must
create datum points and datum axes asynchronously. The advantage of using an
internal datum plane is that it can have references to other entities in the current
Freeform Surfacing feature.
You can also edit, manipulate, or regenerate the internal datum plane.
1. Click on the Freeform Surfacing toolbar or Styling > Internal Plane. The
DATUM PLANE dialog box opens.
3. Click References to place a new datum plane by referencing the existing planes,
surfaces, edges, points, coordinate systems, axes, vertices, or curves. You can
also select datum coordinate systems or noncylindrical surfaces as placement
references for the creation of datum planes.
4. If required, specify a value for Translation to place the new datum plane at an
offset from the selected reference.
5. Click the Display tabbed page. The following options are not mandatory.
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o Click Adjust Outline to adjust the size of the datum plane's outline. The
following options are available when you click Adjust Outline.
Select Size to specify width and height for the datum plane. The following
options are available when you select Size.
Click Lock aspect ratio to maintain the proportion between the height and
the width of the datum plane.
o Click to view information about the current datum plane feature in the
Pro/ENGINEER browser.
7. Click OK to create the internal datum plane. This datum plane is active by default
and is displayed with a grid. Freeform Surfacing also displays the horizontal and
vertical directions for the internal datum plane.
3. Click OK.
• To display information about a selected internal datum plane, click Info >
Entity.
• To hide an internal datum plane, select the internal datum plane, right-click, and
select Hide.
• To isolate an internal datum plane, select the internal datum plane, right-click,
and select Isolate.
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• To regenerate internal datum planes, click Edit > Regenerate All. An internal
datum plane can reference geometry defined in the Freeform Surfacing feature in
which it is created. Therefore, an internal datum plane can regenerate
successfully only if the parent features also regenerate successfully.
Note: If an internal datum plane fails to regenerate, you can resolve it but you
cannot unlink it from its parent feature.
Style Tree
About the Style Tree
The Style Tree is a list of entities in a Style feature. The Style Tree lists curves,
surfaces including trims and surface edits, and datum planes inside the current Style
feature.
Note:
• Trace sketch is not listed in the Style Tree.
• Surface Edit created on a surface is displayed in the Style Tree as nested node of
the surface.
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By default, the Style Tree is located in the Pro/ENGINEER main window. The entities
in the Style Tree are listed by name and in dependency order. You cannot reorder
entities in the Style Tree.
You can add columns to the Style Tree that display information about the entity.
Selection in the Style Tree is similar to the selection in the graphics window; that is,
Style Tree allows object-action as well as action-object selection. After selecting an
entity, right-click, and select or specify the action. For example, if you want to edit a
curve, you select the curve, right-click, select Edit Definition, and edit the curve as
required.
You can also highlight the parents and children of the entities using the Style Tree.
The Style Tree is not active during asynchronous datum creation. However, the Style
Tree is active just before and after creating the asynchronous datum plane.
Note: Creating an internal datum plane in Style is not considered an asynchronous
operation.
• Click Show > Style Tree again to hide the Style Tree.
By default, the Style Tree is displayed inside a Style feature below the Pro/ENGINEER
Model Tree.
The Style feature retains the previous action on the Style Tree command. For
example, if you click Show > Style Tree to select the Style Tree, then the Style
Tree is displayed for the current Pro/ENGINEER session. Unless you clear the Style
Tree command by clicking Show > Style Tree again, it remains selected for the
current Pro/ENGINEER session.
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• To select multiple entities on the Style Tree, hold down the CTRL key, and click
the entities.
• To select a range of entities, select the first entity, hold down the SHIFT key, and
select the last entity.
2. Press the arrow keys to move the rectangle to other Style Tree entities.
3. When the rectangle is on the entity you that want to select, press the SPACE
BAR.
Note: This action is available only for planes listed in the Style Tree.
• Rename—Renames the selected entity. Opens a text box to type a new name for
the entity.
• Unlink—Breaks the associativity between Style entities and any of their optional
references. Optional references for surfaces include internal curves and
connections. Optional references for curves include soft-points.
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• Isolate Entities—Suppresses the display of all the Style entities in the current
feature except the selected entities.
• Feat Type - This column sates the type of feature the geometry is.
• Feat Status - The status of a feature is indicated next to its icon. The status of a
feature may be Creating, Updated, Needs Update, Blocked, or Failed. For
example, the column Feat Status displays the status as Updated when all the
actions on a particular feature are complete and the feature is updated with all
the changes that you made.
3. Click to add types to the Displayed list. The new parameter is added to the
Displayed list.
4. If required, specify a value between 3 and 300, both inclusive, for the Width of a
column. The default value for Width is 8.
5. Repeat steps 2, 3 and 4 for each parameter that you want to add to the Style
Tree.
6. Click OK.
2. Under Displayed, select the parameter that you want to remove, and click .
3. Repeat step 2 for each parameter that you want to remove from the Style Tree.
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4. Click OK.
2. Under Displayed, select the column you want to reorder and click to move
the column to the left or to move the column to the right from its current
position in the Style Tree.
3. Click OK.
Curves
Understanding Curves
About Creating Curves in Freeform Surfacing
A curve is any path drawn through two or more defining points. A set of internal
points and endpoints define the curve.
In Freeform Surfacing, creating good curves is the key to creating a feature with
high-quality surfaces, because all surfaces are defined directly from curves.
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2. Internal points
3. Endpoint
Every point on a curve has a position, a tangent, and a curvature. The tangent
determines the direction that the curve flows through the point. The tangents of
internal defining points are created and maintained by Freeform Surfacing; you
cannot change them. However, you can change the direction and magnitude of a
tangent to an endpoint.
The curvature at each point is a measure of how rapidly the curve is changing
direction. A straight line has zero curvature at each point, and a circle has a constant
curvature at each point that is equal to the reciprocal of the radius. Curves typically
have a different curvature value at every point.
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Soft-Points
Create a soft-point by snapping the point to any curve, edge, quilt or solid surface,
scan curve, facet, datum plane, or datum axis. As you create a soft-point, the entity
you are snapping to is highlighted briefly. A soft-point is partially constrained, that
is, it can slide on its parent object. Soft-points are displayed as circles when they
reference other curves and edges. Soft-points are displayed as squares when they
reference surfaces and datum planes.
Note:
• When you drag the point to snap, hold the SHIFT key down or click Styling >
Snap.
Fixed Points
A fixed point is a fully constrained soft-point. A fixed point is displayed as a cross
hair. It cannot slide on its parent because it is constrained by x-, y-, and z-axes.
There are several ways a soft-point becomes a fixed point:
A curve is snapped to a datum point or vertex.
Soft-points on free curves become fixed points if the option Lock to Point is used.
Lock to Point will move a soft-point to the nearest defining point on its parent
curve.
When planar curves are snapped to existing entities, the points are fixed because the
plane forms an intersection with the other entity.
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Point Types
In Freeform Surfacing you can create and edit curves in two modes:
• Interpolation point editing
Interpolation Points
By default, Freeform Surfacing displays the interpolation points of a curve while
creating or editing the curve. You can edit the curve by clicking and dragging the
points that actually lie on the curve.
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Creating Curves
To Create a New Curve
1. Click or Styling > Curve. The Freeform Surfacing dashboard appears.
2. Select Free, Planar, or COS on the dashboard to specify the type of curve you
want to create.
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You can create Freeform Surfacing curves using control points as well as
interpolation points.
4. If required, click the Control Points checkbox to define the curves using control
points.
5. If required, click the Proportional Update check box. A curve with proportional
update allows the free points of the curve to move in proportion to the soft-
points. During curve edits, the curve retains its shape proportionally. A curve
without proportional update only changes shape at the soft-point during edits.
6. Click .
You can create Freeform Surfacing curves using control points as well as
interpolation points.
5. If required, click the Control Points checkbox to define the curves using control
points.
6. If required, click the Proportional Update check box. A curve with proportional
update allows the free points of the curve to move in proportion to the soft-
points. During curve edits, the curve retains its shape proportionally. A curve
without proportional update only changes shape at the soft-point during edits.
7. Click .
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3. Click Planar on the dashboard. The active datum plane is the reference plane by
default.
4. If required, you can change the reference plane by clicking the Reference
collector on the References tab on the dashboard and selecting a new reference
plane.
5. If required, specify an offset in the Offset box on the References tab on the
dashboard. The reference plane is offset by the specified value. Click the Offset
check box to export the offset value for modification outside Freeform Surfacing.
You can create Freeform Surfacing curves using control points as well as
interpolation points.
7. If required, click the Control Points checkbox to define the curves using control
points.
8. If required, click the Proportional Update check box. A curve with proportional
update allows the free points of the curve to move in proportion to the soft-
points. During curve edits, the curve retains its shape proportionally. A curve
without proportional update only changes shape at the soft-point during edits.
9. Click .
To Create a Circle
2. Click anywhere in the graphics window to place the center of the circle.
3. Select one of the following on the dashboard to specify the type of circle that you
want to create:
o Free—This is selected by default. The circle can be moved freely and is not
constrained by any geometric entity.
o Planar—The circle lies on the specified plane. By default, the active plane
is the reference plane. If required, you can change the reference plane by
activating the Reference collector in the References tab on the dashboard
by clicking the collector and by selecting the required plane.
4. Drag the handle displayed on the circle to change the radius or specify a new
value for radius in the Radius box on the dashboard.
5. If required, drag the center of the circle to change the location of the circle.
6. If required, click the Proportional Update check box. A curve with proportional
update allows the free points of the curve to move in proportion to the soft-
points. During curve edits, the curve retains its shape proportionally. A curve
without proportional update only changes shape at the soft-point during edits.
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To Create an Arc
2. Click anywhere in the graphics window to place the center of the arc.
3. Select one of the following on the dashboard to specify the type of arc that you
want to create:
o Free—This is selected by default. The arc can be moved freely and is not
constrained by any geometric entity.
o Planar—The arc lies on the specified plane. By default, the active plane is
the reference plane. If required, you can change the reference plane by
activating the Reference collector in the References tab on the dashboard
by clicking the collector and by selecting the required plane.
4. Drag the handles displayed on the arc to change the radius and the start and end
points of the arc. Alternatively, specify a new value for radius in the Radius box
and new values for the start and end points of the arc in the Start and End
boxes on the dashboard.
5. Drag the arc edges to change the start and end points of the arc without
changing the radius.
6. Hold the SHIFT key down and drag the arc edges to change the angle of the arc
by an increment of 15 degrees.
7. Drag the center of the arc to change the location of the arc.
8. If required, click the Proportional Update check box. A curve with proportional
update allows the free points of the curve to move in proportion to the soft-
points. During curve edits, the curve retains its shape proportionally. A curve
without proportional update only changes shape at the soft-point during edits.
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When you drop a curve on a composite surface, individual COS curves are created
for each component of the composite surface. Similarly, you can a create COS by
specifying points on the individual components of a composite surface.
2. Click COS.
3. Define points along a selected surface. Freeform Surfacing creates a COS that
goes through the definition points.
When you define COS points, you can use snapping functionality to snap to other
vertices or datum points as long as they all lie on the same surface.
You can create Freeform Surfacing curves using control points as well as
interpolation points.
4. If required, click the Control Points checkbox to define the curves using control
points.
5. If required, click the Proportional Update check box. A curve with proportional
update allows the free points of the curve to move in proportion to the soft-
points. During curve edits, the curve retains its shape proportionally. A curve
without proportional update only changes shape at the soft-point during edits.
6. Click .
1. Click or Styling > Drop Curve. The dashboard opens. The curve collector
is active by default.
Note: The curves can either be internal or external to the current Style feature.
3. Click the surface collector on the dashboard or right-click and select Surface
Collector.
4. Select one or more surfaces. The curves are dropped onto the selected surfaces.
By default, a datum plane is selected as reference for dropping the curves onto
the surface.
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o Click the Start check box to extend the start point of the drop curve to the
nearest surface boundary.
o Click the End check box to extend the end point of the drop curve to the
nearest surface boundary.
Note: If you select more than one curve to drop, the start points or end points
for all the drop curves extend to the nearest surface boundary.
7. Click .
2. Select one or more surfaces. This selection forms the first set for curve on
surface (COS) by intersect.
4. Select one or more surfaces and or datum planes. This selection forms the
second set for COS by intersect.
5. Click .
The intersection between the two selection sets is displayed as COS by Intersect.
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3. If required, you can change the reference plane. Click the direction collector
or right-click and select Direction Collector. Select a different plane to change
the reference plane.
4. If required, click the Normal check box to offset the curve perpendicular to the
reference plane.
5. Drag the handle displayed on the selected curve to change the offset distance or
double-click the display value for the offset and enter a new offset value.
Alternatively, specify a new offset value in the Offset box on the dashboard.
Note: Type a negative value in the Offset box to reverse the direction of the
offset.
6. Click the Offset check box to export the offset value for modification outside
Freeform Surfacing.
7. Click .
1. Click Styling > Offset Curve. The dashboard appears. The curve collector
is active by default.
The surface or the plane on which the curve lies is the reference to specify the
initial direction of the offset.
3. If required, you can change the reference plane. Click the direction collector
or right-click and select Direction Collector. Select a different plane to change
the reference plane.
4. If required, click the Normal check box to offset the curve perpendicular to its
reference.
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o Click the Start check box to extend the start point of the offset to the
nearest surface boundary.
o Click the End check box to extend the end point of the offset to the nearest
surface boundary.
Note: If you select more than one curve to offset, the start points or end points
for all the offset curves is extended to the nearest surface boundary.
6. Drag the handle displayed on the selected curve to change the offset distance or
double-click the display value for the offset and enter a new offset value.
Alternatively, specify a new offset value in the Offset box on the dashboard.
Note: Type a negative value in the Offset box to reverse the direction of the
offset.
7. Click the Offset check box to export the offset value for modification outside the
Style feature.
8. Click .
The surfaces on which the COS by intersect lies are the references to specify the
initial direction of the offset. By default, the offset is created on the surface that
you first selected while generating the COS by intersect.
3. If required, change the surface on which the offset lies by selecting the required
Surface on the dashboard.
4. If required, click the Normal check box to offset the COS by intersect
perpendicular to the surfaces on which it lies.
5. Drag the handle displayed on the selected curve to change the offset distance or
double-click the display value for the offset and enter a new offset value.
Alternatively, specify a new offset value in the Offset box on the dashboard.
Note: Type a negative value in the Offset box to reverse the direction of the
offset.
6. Click the Offset check box to export the offset value for modification outside
Freeform Surfacing.
7. Click .
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The surface or the plane on which the curve lies is the reference to specify the
initial direction of the offset.
3. If required, you can change the reference plane. Click the direction collector
or right-click and select Direction Collector. Select a different plane to change
the reference plane.
4. If required, click the Normal check box to offset the curve perpendicular to its
reference.
5. Drag the handle displayed on the selected curve to change the offset distance or
double-click the display value for the offset and enter a new offset value.
Alternatively, specify a new offset value in the Offset box on the dashboard.
Note: Type a negative value in the Offset box to reverse the direction of the
offset.
6. Click the Offset check box to export the offset value for modification outside
Freeform Surfacing.
7. Click .
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The next figure shows an offset of a COS which is perpendicular to the surface on
which the COS lies.
• A composite surface, separate curves are created for each component of the
composite surface.
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3. Select a point on the surface for the curve to pass. A curve from surface with
default orientation is created.
4. Hold the CTRL key down and click on the surface to change the curve direction.
5. Drag the curve to slide across the surface and position it. Alternatively, on the
Freeform Surfacing dashboard click the Options tab and type a value between 0
and 1 in the Value box. At the ends of the surface, the Value is 0 and 1. The
curve is exactly on the middle of the surface when the Value is 0.5.
6. Click .
5. Click anywhere on the parent curve to construct a soft-plane at that point. The
soft-plane:
7. To determine the position of the plane and how this position updates during
regeneration,
a. Select one of the following options in the Type box under Radial Plane.
The default is Length Ratio.
Length Ratio—Maintains the position of the soft-plane to the percentage of
the length from the start of the parent curve to the plane, relative to the
total length of the parent curve. This is the default.
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Length—Determines the distance from the start of the parent curve to the
soft-plane.
b. Type a value for the corresponding radial plane type in the Value box. If
required, click the Value check box to export the value for modification
outside Freeform Surfacing.
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1. Parent curve
2. Soft-plane
Editing Curves
About Proportional Update
A curve with proportional update allows the free points of the curve to move in
proportion to the soft-points. During curve edits, the curve retains its shape
proportionally.
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A curve without proportional update only changes shape at the soft-point during
edits.
Use of the Query Bin is helpful when you have to select one curve from a spot
where many curves exist.
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The Freeform Surfacing dashboard appears.
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The dashboard appears. The curve collector
is active by default.
Note: You can also select the curve and click . Alternatively, select a curve, right-
click and select Curve Edit. You can also double-click the curve.
3. Click the Show Original check box to display the original curve while editing.
Clear the Show Original check box to hide the original curve while editing. This
check box is selected by default.
Note: If required, during editing a curve, you can select or clear the Show
Original check box. The display of the original curve is dynamically updated.
o To create a soft-point, hold down the SHIFT key, select a free point, and
drag it to the nearest geometric entity to snap the point on to the
geometric entity. Alternatively, click Styling > Snap, select a free point,
and drag it to the nearest geometric entity to snap the point on to the
geometric entity.
Note: When you snap a free point of a planar curve or a Curve on Surface
(COS) to a datum plane or any another intersecting surface, a soft-point of
type Offset from Plane is created.
o Click and drag a soft-point along the curve, edge, datum plane, or surface.
If required, click the Point tab on the dashboard and change the value for
Type and Value.
o If required, you can change a soft point reference. Select the soft point,
right-click, click Pick Soft Point, and select the required reference.
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o Click and drag a free point anywhere on the screen. Free points move in a
plane parallel to the current datum plane and through the original position
of the point.
o Hold the ALT key down while dragging the point to move the point along
the normal of the active datum plane.
o Hold the CTRL and ALT keys down simultaneously while dragging the point
to make it move parallel to the active datum plane either along the
horizontal direction or along the vertical direction only.
o On the dashboard, specify x-, y-, and z-coordinate values on the Point tab
to move the free point. If required, click the Relative check box to treat
the x-, y-, and z-coordinate values as offsets from the point's original
position.
5. Click .
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The Freeform Surfacing dashboard appears.
3. If required, select the Show Original checkbox to display the original curve
while editing.
o Free
o Planar
o COS
If you change a free curve to a planar curve, you must define the datum plane or
offset for the curve to lie on. The curve is then projected onto the current datum
plane.
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The dashboard appears. The curve collector
is active by default.
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3. If required, select the Show Original checkbox to display the original curve
while editing.
4. Click Point on the dashboard to display the point movement options. Under
Point, select one of the following options for Drag.
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The dashboard appears. The curve collector
is active by default.
3. Right-click on the soft-point and select one of the following options. Alternatively,
select the Point tab on the dashboard and select one of the following options.
a. Select one of the following options in the Type box under Soft Point. The
default is Length Ratio.
o Length Ratio—Maintains the position of the soft-point to the percentage of
the length from the beginning of the curve to the point, relative to the total
length of the curve. This is the default.
o Linked—Indicates that the point is a soft-point, but that none of the above
soft-point types are applicable. This includes soft points on a surface or a
plane and soft-points to a datum point or vertex. For example, a curve
point that is snapped to a surface is linked.
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b. Type a value for the corresponding soft point type in the Value box. If
required, click the Value check box to export the value for modification
outside the Style feature.
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The dashboard appears. The curve collector
is active by default.
4. Select a new datum plane or a planar surface for the curve to lie on.
5. Type a new value for Offset. The reference plane is offset by the specified value.
Alternatively, hold down the ALT key and drag on the grid showing the planar
curve reference to adjust the offset.
6. Click .
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The dashboard appears. The curve collector
is active by default.
2. Select a curve.
3. If required, select the Show Original checkbox to display the original curve
while editing.
4. Right-click anywhere on the curve and select one of the following options:
5. Click .
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To Combine Curves
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The dashboard appears. The curve collector
is active by default.
2. Select a curve.
3. If required, select the Show Original checkbox to display the original curve
while editing.
If there is more than one neighbor curve at the endpoint, Pro/ENGINEER prompts
you to select which curve to combine with the selected curve.
The two curves are merged into a single curve, which changes shape in order to
maintain smoothness.
To Split a Curve
You can divide a single curve into two pieces at a selected point. The two resulting
curves are joined by a soft-point at their ends.
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The dashboard appears. The curve collector
is active by default.
2. Select a curve.
3. If required, select the Show Original checkbox to display the original curve
while editing.
The curve is split at the specified point. The resulting curves change shape as
they refit to the new defining points.
5. Click .
To Extend a Curve
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The dashboard appears. The curve collector
is active by default.
2. Select a curve.
3. If required, select the Show Original checkbox to display the original curve
while editing.
4. Select an end point and drag the curve to extend it. This retains the number of
points on the curve.
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5. To extend a curve by adding points to it, hold down the SHIFT and ALT
simultaneously, click the endpoint of the curve and click outside the curve. A
point gets added to the curve.
7. Click .
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The dashboard appears. The curve collector
is active by default.
3. Right-click the endpoint of the selected COS and select Extend to Boundary.
The end of the COS is extended to the nearest surface boundary. A soft point is
created for the new endpoint on the boundary.
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The dashboard appears. The curve collector
is active by default.
o Click the Start check box to extend the start point of the drop curve to the
nearest surface boundary.
o Click the End check box to extend the end point of the drop curve to the
nearest surface boundary.
Note: If you select more than one curve to drop, the start points or end points
for all the drop curves extend to the nearest surface boundary.
4. Click .
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necessary, while making the curves planar between their endpoints. The curves do
not maintain history when they are made planar between their endpoints.
Note: You cannot make curves planar between their endpoints if they contain
constrained internal points or endpoints with tangent constraints.
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The dashboard appears. The curve collector
is active by default.
3. If required, select the Show Original checkbox to display the original curve
while editing.
5. Click .
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The dashboard appears. The curve collector
is active by default.
3. If required, select the Show Original checkbox to display the original curve
while editing.
5. Hold down the ALT key and drag on the planar grid to adjust the offset along the
reference curve. As you drag, the plane will adjust its orientation in order to stay
perpendicular to the reference curve.
8. To determine the position of the plane and how this position updates during
regeneration,
a. Select one of the following options in the Type box under Radial Plane.
The default is Length Ratio.
Length Ratio—Maintains the position of the soft-plane to the percentage of
the length from the start of the parent curve to the plane, relative to the
total length of the parent curve. This is the default.
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Length—Determines the distance from the start of the parent curve to the
soft-plane.
b. Type a value for the corresponding radial plane type in the Value box. If
required, click the Value check box to export the value for modification
outside the Style feature.
2. Click .
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The following table lists the types of geometric entities and if you can perform an
Unlink operation on these entities. The table also provides information on the type
of curve that these entities are converted to by the Convert operation, if applicable.
Surface Yes NA
2. Click Edit > Unlink. Pro/ENGINEER asks for confirmation. If you click Yes,
optional references are removed from the selected curves and surfaces. If you
click No, the operation is canceled.
To Convert Curves
1. Select one or more curves that you want to convert.
2. Click Edit > Convert. Pro/ENGINEER asks for confirmation. If you click Yes,
planar curves, radial-path planar curves, and COSs defined by points are
converted to free curves while dropped COSs and COSs by intersect are
converted to COSs defined by points. If you click No, the conversion is canceled.
2. Click Edit > Convert. Pro/ ENGINEER highlights the first set of surfaces that you
selected while creating the COS by intersect and asks for confirmation. If you
click Yes, the COS by intersect is converted to a COS defined by points on the
first set of surfaces. If you click No, Pro/ENGINEER highlights the second set of
surfaces that you selected while creating the COS by intersect and asks for
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confirmation. If you click Yes, the COS by intersect is converted to a COS defined
by points on the second set of surfaces. If you click No, the conversion operation
is canceled.
Note:
• When you import a geometry, Pro/ENGINEER always creates an approximation of
the imported geometry. Curves selected as chains will be approximated as a
single Freeform Surfacing curve while curves selected independently will be
approximated independently.
• The new curves created in Freeform Surfacing after importing the curves are
independent of the original curves.
To Import Curves
1. Create or redefine a Freeform Surfacing feature.
2. Click Styling > Curve from Datum. The Freeform Surfacing dashboard appears.
3. Click the import datum curves collector and import geometry in one of the
following ways
5. Click .
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New Freeform Surfacing free curves are created from the selected curves, edges, or
chains.
Using the Styling > Curve Edit option for multiple curves, you can:
• Change the point location by dragging the selected points on the selected curves,
or by entering the values for the changed location.
• Change the length and angle of the tangents for selected curves either by
dragging the tangents, or by entering the required values.
• Offset multiple planar curves by directly dragging them or by entering the offset
value.
• Change references for planar curves from one datum plane to another.
For multiple curve edits, Freeform Surfacing does not allow you to:
• Add points to or delete points from multiple curves.
3. Holding down the CTRL key, click multiple curves to select all of them.
4. If required, select the Show Original checkbox to display the original curve
while editing.
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5. Holding down the CTRL key, select free points or tangents on the selected curves
for editing.
7. Click .
2. Holding down the CTRL key, select points on the selected curves.
3. Drag the selected points to the new location. Alternatively, on the dashboard,
specify x-, y-, and z-coordinate values on the Point tab and click the Relative
check box to treat the x-, y-, and z-coordinate values as offsets from the original
position of the points.
4. Click .
Note:
• All these points are displaced by the same relative offset.
• Hold the ALT key down while dragging the points to move the points along the
normal of the active datum plane.
• Hold the CTRL and ALT keys down simultaneously while dragging the points to
make them move parallel to the active datum plane either along the horizontal
direction or along the vertical direction only.
• Snapping of a point applies only to that point. All other points are moved without
snapping.
• You cannot drag constrained soft-points that are fixed such as points snapped to
a vertex or a datum point, soft-points at planar intersections with other curves,
or soft-points with plane offset constraints.
2. Click Styling > Curve Edit or click from the Style toolbar.
3. If required, select the Show Original checkbox to display the original curve
while editing.
4. Holding down the CTRL key, click at the endpoints of the curves to select their
tangents.
5. To change the tangent type, click Tangent on the dashboard and change the
required tangent type using the Tangent dialog box. You can also right-click on
the tangent to display the Style shortcut menu and select the required tangent
type.
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o Optionally, type a value into the Length text box to specify a tangent's
exact length.
o Optionally, type an angle into the Angle text box to specify a tangent's
exact angle.
o Optionally, type an angle into the Elevation text box to specify a tangent's
exact elevation angle.
Note:
6. Click .
1. Click Styling > Offset Curve. The dashboard opens. The curves collector is
active by default.
The surface or the plane on which the curve lies is the reference to specify the
initial direction of the offset.
3. If required, you can change the reference plane. Click the direction collector
or right-click and select Direction Collector. Select a different plane to change
the reference plane.
4. If required, click the Normal check box to offset the curve perpendicular to its
reference.
5. Drag the handle displayed on the selected curve to change the offset distance or
double-click the display value for the offset and enter a new offset value.
Alternatively, specify a new offset value in the Offset box on the dashboard. If
required, click the Offset check box to export the offset value for modification
outside Freeform Surfacing.
Note: Type a negative value in the Offset box to reverse the direction of the
offset.
6. Click .
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3. Select the Show Original checkbox to display the original curve while editing.
Clear the Show Original checkbox to not display the original curve while editing.
This checkbox is selected by default.
Note: At any point in time, during editing a curve, you can select or clear the
Show Original checkbox. The display of the original curve is dynamically
updated.
7. Click .
• Soft point options Parameter, Length, Length Ratio, and Offset from Plane
2. Double-click the required dimension and type a new value for it.
3. Click Edit > Regenerate. The model regenerates to reflect the changed
parameter values.
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Surfaces
About Surfaces
You can create the following types of surfaces using the Surface tool with one or
more defining curves or edges:
• Boundary Surface—Has a rectangular or triangular boundary. A set of primary
curves with optional internal curves defines the complete boundary of the
surface.
• Loft Surface—Is created from a set of nonintersecting curves that flow in the
same direction.
• Blend Surface—Is created from one or two primary curves and at least one
cross curve. A cross curve is a curve that intersects the primary curve or curves.
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Surface utilities that are valid for rectangular surfaces are also valid for triangular
surfaces, including the following options
• Info
Note: You can change a triangular surface into a rectangular one by using Edit >
Definition to add another boundary curve.
1. Click or Styling > Surface. The Freeform Surfacing dashboard appears. The
Note:
o Hold the CTRL key down and select multiple boundaries independently to
create chains.
o Hold the SHIFT key down and select multiple curves in a single boundary.
Note:
o Hold the CTRL key down and select multiple internal curves.
o Hold the SHIFT key down and select multiple curves in a single internal
curve chain.
5. If required, select Show Draft to display connections for draft for the
neighboring surfaces. Clear Show Draft to hide the connections for draft for the
neighboring surfaces.
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6. If required, click on the icons shown across the surface boundaries to modify
connections between the new surface and its neighbors. Alternatively, select the
connection icons, right-click, and select the required connection.
7. If required, modify the Icon Length value to change the size of the connection
icon that is displayed.
1. Click or Styling > Surface. The Freeform Surfacing dashboard appears. The
2. Select a set of nonintersecting curves that flow in the same direction to create a
loft surface.
Note:
o Hold the CTRL key down and select multiple defining curves independently
to create chains.
o Hold the SHIFT key down and select multiple curves in a single defining
curve chain.
2. If required, select Show Draft to display connections for draft for the selected
surfaces. Clear Show Draft to hide the connections for draft for the selected
surfaces.
4. If required, click on the icons shown across the surface boundaries to modify
connections between the new surface and its neighbors. Alternatively, select the
connection icons, right-click, and select the required connection.
5. If required, modify the Icon Length value to change the size of the connection
icon that is displayed.
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1. Click or Styling > Surface. The Freeform Surfacing dashboard appears. The
Note:
o Hold the CTRL key down and select multiple defining curves independently
to create chains.
o Hold the SHIFT key down and select multiple curves in a single defining
curve.
o If you select two primary curves, then a loft surface is created. This loft
surface changes to a blend surface when you select one or more cross
curves.
4. Select one or more cross curves that intersect the primary curve or curves.
Note:
o Hold the CTRL key down and select multiple cross curves.
o Hold the SHIFT key down and select multiple curves in a single cross curve.
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6. If required, select Show Draft to display connections for draft for the selected
surfaces. Clear Show Draft to hide the connections for draft for the selected
surfaces.
7. If required, click on the icons shown across the surface boundaries to modify
connections between the new surface and its neighbors. Alternatively, select the
connection icons, right-click, and select the required connection.
8. If required, modify the Icon Length value to change the size of the connection
icon that is displayed.
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• You cannot specify a start point and a direction of a chain in Freeform Surfacing
1. Correct
2. Incorrect
• Generally, internal curves must have soft-points wherever they intersect the
surface boundaries or other internal curves, as shown in the following diagram.
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• If two internal curves cross the same borders, they cannot intersect within the
surface, as shown in the following diagram.
1. Correct
2. Incorrect
• The internal curve must intersect both borders of the surface, as shown in the
following diagram.
1. Correct
2. Incorrect
3. Incorrect
• An internal curve cannot intersect the surface boundary at more than two points,
as shown in the following diagram.
1. Correct
2. Incorrect
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• Internal curves in triangular surfaces may or may not intersect the natural
boundary.
o An internal curve that intersects the natural boundary must pass through
the degenerate vertex.
o An internal curve that does not intersect the natural boundary must
intersect the other two boundaries.
• Right-click to select Edit Definition on the shortcut menu and select the surface.
• Click or Styling > Surface Edit and edit the surface directly using mesh.
• Trimming a surface does not change its parametric definition. Any soft-points or
COS do not change after the trim operation.
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• The curves that you select for trimming surfaces must lie on the quilts.
• Use the Info and Analysis menu for information and analysis of the trimmed
surfaces.
To Trim a Surface
1. Click or Styling > Trim. The Freeform Surfacing dashboard appears. The
quilts collector is active by default.
3. Click the curve collector on the dashboard or right-click and select Curve
Collector.
4. Select the curves that you want to use to trim the quilt.
Note: The curves that you select must lie on the quilts that you selected.
5. Click the delete collector on the dashboard or right-click and select Delete
Collector.
Note: If creating or redefining the trim does not result in a valid trimmed quilt,
you can click the and and change the selected entities or cancel the trim
operation.
• If you select a trimmed surface for redefining the trim operation, Freeform
Surfacing displays the mesh regions in colors that indicate your earlier choice of
keeping or deleting them.
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2. If required, you can select a new curve to trim the quilt. Click the curve collector
Note: The curves that you select must lie on the quilts that you selected.
3. Click the delete collector on the dashboard or right-click and select Delete
Collector.
Connections
About Curve Connections
Curve connections are created using Styling > Curve Edit. In Freeform Surfacing,
curve connections use the concepts of leader and follower curves. A leader curve
maintains its shape, while a follower curve adapts its shape to meet the leader. The
following kinds of connections can be made between curves:
• Symmetric—sets the tangents of two adjoining curves to be the average of the
tangents at the end points.
• Tangent—Sets the tangent of the follower curve to match the tangent value of
leader curve. The endpoint of the follower must be a soft-point on the leader.
The following options create connections between curves and neighboring surfaces:
• Surface Tangent—Sets the selected curve tangent to follow the cross-boundary
tangent of the parent surface. This requires that the selected endpoint of the
curve to be a soft-point to a surface, a surface boundary, or a COS.
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1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The Freeform Surfacing dashboard appears.
2. Select a curve and click its endpoint to display the tangent vector.
3. Click Tangent on the dashboard and select one of the following primary tangent
constraints from the First box under Constraints. Alternatively, right-click on
the tangent vector and select one of the following:
2. Click .
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• You can change only the length of a follower tangent. In the case of a connected
curve, the tangent handle has two parts, that is, a regular tangent vector on the
leader and an arrow tangent vector on the follower. You can drag the follower
tangent to change length only, as the direction is constrained by the leader. You
can apply any of the other constraints except Tangent or Curvature to the
leader tangent. Changing the type of the follower tangent to any type except
Tangent or Curvature breaks the connection with the leader curve.
• You can reverse the direction of the leader and the follower and the underlying
soft-point by clicking on the leader tangent.
• You can change the continuity level from tangent to curvature or from curvature
to tangent by clicking on the follower tangent or the arrow.
• You can remove the connection between the leader and the follower curves by
holding down the SHIFT key and clicking on the follower tangent or the arrow.
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The Freeform Surfacing dashboard appears.
2. Select a curve.
3. Click the curve's endpoint to display the tangent vector for a curve with
interpolation points. For curves with control points, select the segment between
the endpoint and the point before the endpoint.
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4. Click Tangent on the dashboard and select one of the following primary tangent
constraints from the First box under Constraints. Alternatively, right-click on
the tangent vector and select one of the following:
o Fix Angle—Sets the current direction, but allows you to change the length
by dragging.
5. Under Properties on the Tangent tab on the dashboard, specify the following if
applicable:
Note:
You can specify elevation only for Free curves. While changing constraints,
you can use the horizontal and vertical direction reference (H/V axis) of the
datum plane.
6. Under Drag on the Tangent tab on the dashboard, specify the way the tangent
vector is directly manipulated on the screen:
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o Length—Locks the current direction of the tangent so that only the length
changes. Alternatively, hold down the CTRL and ALT keys while dragging
the tangent.
o Angle + Elev—Locks the current length of the tangent so that only the
angle and elevation change. Alternatively, hold down the ALT key while
dragging the tangent.
Note: The drag setting does not apply any constraints to the currently
selected tangent, but only affects dragging any tangent using the mouse.
7. Click .
Note:
• Every tangent can have its own unique reference plane, for constraining primary
and elevation angle.
• You can constrain the control point tangents as well as interpolation point
tangents.
• If the value of the tangent elevation angle is 90 degrees, modifying the tangent
angle has no effect on the tangent direction as the elevation controls the tangent
direction.
• Tangent (G1)—Two surfaces have a common boundary, such that at every point
along that boundary they are tangent to each other. In case of a Tangent
connection the surface constraint follows the concept of parents and children.
When a parent surface changes it shape, the child surface adapts its shape to
maintain tangency with the parent. An arrow pointing from the parent to the child
represents the Tangent connection.
• Curvature (G2)—The surfaces are tangent continuous across the boundary, and
share curvature along the common boundary. In case of a Curvature connection
the surface constraint follows the concept of parents and children. When a parent
surface changes it shape, the child surface adapts its shape to maintain curvature
continuity with the parent. Double arrows pointing from the parent to the child
represent the Curvature connection.
• Normal—The boundary curve that supports the connection is planar, and all the
cross boundary curves have curve tangents normal to the plane of this boundary.
An arrow pointing from the connected boundary, but not crossing the boundary,
represents a Normal connection.
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• Draft—All cross boundary curves have draft curve connections at the same angle
to the reference plane or surface relative to the boundary. A dashed arrow
pointing from the common boundary represents the Draft connection.
• If the boundary curve is planar and the cross boundary curves are normal to the
same plane, then a centerline connection is established.
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To Connect Surfaces
1. Click or click Styling > Surface Connect. The Freeform Surfacing dashboard
appears. The surface collector is active by default.
3. The icon between the surfaces represents the connection between the surfaces.
In case of a Tangent, Curvature, Normal, or Draft connection, the arrow
points from the parent to the child.
o Click the end of the arrow to change the direction of the connection.
o Hold down the SHIFT key and click the middle of the arrow to return to a
Position connection.
o Hold down the ALT key and click the middle of the arrow to change the
connection to a Draft connection. Select a plane or a surface for the draft
reference when prompted.
Note: All the cross-boundary curves must have draft curve connections at
the same angle to the reference plane or surface relative to the shared
boundary.
Alternatively, select the connection arrow, right-click, and select the required
connection.
4. If required, select Show Selected to display connections for only the selected
surfaces. Clear Show Selected to display the connections between the selected
surfaces and all adjacent surfaces.
5. If required, select Show Draft to display additional connection icons for draft for
the selected surfaces. When you select the Show Draft check box, every
boundary of the surface displays a relevant connection icon. When you clear the
Show Draft check box, only boundaries of the surface that might support a
Tangent, Curvature, or Normal connection display a connection icon.
6. If required, modify the Icon Length value to change the size of the connection
arrow.
7. Click .
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• All cross boundary curves must have draft connections to the same plane or
surface and at the same angle.
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The Freeform Surfacing dashboard appears.
2. Select a curve and click its endpoint to display the tangent vector.
3. Click Tangent on the dashboard and select Draft Tangent from the First box
under Constraints. Alternatively, right-click on the tangent vector and select
Draft Tangent.
Note: For draft to plane, the endpoint of the curve should be a soft-point to any
other curve. For draft to surface, the endpoint of the curve must be a soft-point
onto the surface boundary or a COS.
The draft tangent is computed at a default draft angle with respect to the
selected plane or surface.
5. If required, change the draft angle for the draft tangent by double-clicking the
display value for the draft angle and typing a new value. Alternatively, on the
dashboard, specify a new draft angle in the Draft box under Properties on the
Tangent tab.
6. Click .
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• Free
• Angle
• Horizontal
• Vertical
• Normal
• Align
1. Click or Styling > Curve Edit. The Freeform Surfacing dashboard appears.
Note: You can select only those curves that have the primary tangent type as
Surface Tangent, Surface Curvature, or Draft Tangent.
4. Click Tangent on the dashboard and select the required secondary constraint
type in the Second box under Constraints.
5. Click .
Note:
• You can constrain the control point tangents as well as interpolation point
tangents.
• You can use Horizontal and Vertical for all the constraints, that is, for Surface
Tangent, Surface Curvature, and Draft Tangent.
• You can use the secondary constraint Normal only if the reference plane normal
lies in the tangent plane.
• You can use the secondary constraint Align only if the curve tangent for the
curve selected for alignment lies in the tangent plane.
• You cannot use the secondary constraints Align and Normal for Draft Tangent.
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• The two edges that are not the natural boundary may be G1 leaders only.
2. Use the following methods for selecting geometry with the Select tool:
o Holding down the CTRL key, click multiple objects to select all of them.
o Holding down the CTRL key, click on a selected object to clear its selection.
o Click anywhere in the graphics window except the object or objects to clear
the selection of all objects.
For example, if you want to delete multiple surfaces, then holding down the CTRL
key, click each surface and press DEL or click Edit > Delete to delete all selected
surfaces.
• Hold down the ALT key while dragging the selected curve to make it move along
the normal of the active datum plane.
• Hold down the CTRL and ALT keys simultaneously while dragging the selected
curve to make it move parallel to the active datum plane either along the
horizontal direction or along the vertical direction only.
• Hold down the CTRL key and drag the selected curve to copy it. The copy is
always linked to the original geometry that is being copied.
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is active by default.
2. Select one or more curves. You can also select a circle or an arc.
3. If required, click the Unlink check box to remove any references to the original
geometry that is being copied. Clear the Unlink check box to retain all references
to the original geometry that is being copied. Unlink is not selected by default.
Note: Freeform Surfacing retains the previous action on the Unlink check box.
For example, in a copy or move operation, if you click Unlink, then Unlink
remains selected for the subsequent copy or move operations. Unless you clear
the Unlink check box, it remains selected for the current Pro/ENGINEER session
even if you quit the Freeform Surfacing feature.
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4. You can translate, scale, or rotate the geometry while copying or moving it.
• Translate operation
o Alternatively, specify x-, y-, and z-coordinate values for Move under
Options on the dashboard to translate the moved or copied geometry. If
required, click the Relative check box under Options on the dashboard to
treat the x-, y-, and z-coordinate values as offsets from the geometry's
original position.
• Scale operation
Use the handles on the marquee to scale the geometry while copying or moving
it.
o On the dashboard, select one of the following to specify the Scale type.
o Alternatively, specify x-, y-, and z-coordinate values for Scale under
Options on the dashboard to scale the moved or copied geometry. If
required, click the Relative check box under Options on the dashboard to
treat the x-, y-, and z-coordinate values as offsets from the geometry's
original position.
If required, click to lock scale values for x-, y-, and z-coordinates.
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• Rotate Operation
Use the rotation jack to rotate the geometry while copying or moving it.
o Drag the handles on the ends of the jack to rotate the geometry.
o Alternatively, enter x-, y-, and z-coordinate values for Rotate under
Options on the dashboard to rotate the moved or copied geometry. If
required, click the Relative check box under Options on the dashboard to
treat the x-, y-, and z-coordinate values as offsets from the geometry's
original position.
o To change the rotation center, click anywhere on the jack away from the
end handles and drag the jack to a new location.
o Right-click on the rotation jack and select Center Jack to place the jack in
o Right-click on the rotation jack and select Align Jack to align the jack.
Note: You can use the following shortcuts for moving and copying curves without
translating, scaling, or rotating them
o Hold down the ALT key while dragging the selected curve to make it move
along the normal of the active datum plane.
o Hold down the CTRL and ALT keys simultaneously while dragging the
selected curve to make it move parallel to the active datum plane either
along the horizontal direction or along the vertical direction only.
o Hold down the CTRL key and drag the selected curve to copy it. The copy is
always linked to the original geometry that is being copied.
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1. Click Edit > Copy Proportional. The dashboard opens. The curve collector
is active by default.
2. Select one or more curves. You can also select a circle or an arc.
A copy of the curve or set of curves is created. Two vectors that indicate the
original and new positions of the two defining points of the first curve in the
selection set appear. The default bases of the two vectors are the endpoints of
the first curve in the selection set. The arrowheads of the two vectors are offset
proportionally from the bases of the vectors.
3. If required, click the Unlink check box to remove any references to the geometry
being copied. Clear the Unlink check box to retain all references to the geometry
being copied. Unlink is not selected by default.
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5. Drag the arrowheads of the vectors to scale, translate, or rotate the copied
curve.
Note: To add soft-points to the copy of the curve, hold down the SHIFT key while
dragging the curve.
6. Click to create a copy of the curve after scaling, translating, or rotating it.
To Redefine Geometry
1. Select a curve, dropped COS, surface, or trimmed surface. Click Edit >
Definition or right-click and select Edit Definition. Alternately, double-click the
entity that you want to modify.
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3. Click .
Deleting Geometry
About Deleting Geometry
If you attempt to delete parent geometry without deleting the children, the children
are highlighted, and you are prompted to delete, unlink, or suspend that geometry.
In cases where the parent being deleted is not essential to regeneration of the child,
you can unlink the child from the parent instead of deleting it, as in the following
examples:
• Soft points can be converted to fixed points on free or planar curves.
If you choose not to delete or unlink the dependent children, you can suspend the
children. Suspension causes the children to fail to regenerate, and you will have to
resolve them at a later time.
To Delete Geometry
To delete any type of Freeform Surfacing geometry except curve points and curve
segments, select the geometry you want to delete, and click Edit > Delete. The
selected geometry is deleted.
Note: If you attempt to delete parent geometry without deleting the children, the
children are highlighted, and you are prompted to delete, unlink, or suspend that
geometry.
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2. Select a curve.
4. Click .
1. Click or Styling > Surface Edit. The dashboard opens. The surface
collector is active by default. A label near one of the corners of the mesh
indicates the direction of the rows and columns. Rows are parallel to label R and
columns are parallel to label C.
2. Select a surface that you want to edit. A mesh with four rows and four columns
appears on the surface.
Note:
o The surface that you select can be either in the current feature or from a
previous feature. The feature can either be native or imported.
o By default, you cannot edit the mesh points on the surface boundaries.
3. You may want to preserve rows or columns of the mesh to maintain the existing
connections between the active surface and its neighbors.
Note: Style provides automatic protection for position constraints on all four
boundaries of the surface, that is, Preserve 1st Row or Preserve 1st Column
is selected by default. To remove this protection, right-click inside the surface
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and select Clear All Boundaries. When you select Clear All Boundaries,
Preserve None is selected automatically for each boundary. You can now edit
the mesh points on the surface boundaries.
4. To adjust the density of the control mesh, in the Max Rows and Columns boxes
on the dashboard, specify a value greater than 4 for the number of rows and
columns for the mesh. Alternatively, right-click on the surface and select Add
Row or Add Column to add a row or column to the surface mesh, respectively.
Continue adding rows and columns until the mesh reaches the density that you
need for editing.
5. Select one or more mesh points. Hold down the CTRL key to select multiple
points. If required, click on the bar of a row or column to select all the points in
the row or column. Drag the selection set to modify the surface.
6. For more control of the point motion, specify values for Move and Filter on the
dashboard, or use the Adjust option and arrow buttons on the dashboard.
o Normal—Points move along their own surface normal direction. This is the
default.
o Linear—Selected points drop off linearly with respect to the distance from
the dragged point.
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• Adjust—To make very small, precise movements, specify a value for Adjust in
the dashboard. Click , , , or to move the mesh point up, down,
left, or right, by the value specified as increment in the Adjust box.
Note:
o The up, down, left, and right buttons for Adjust are available depending on
the type specified for Move.
o When you click one of the arrow buttons, a red circle is displayed around
the active control point. This is the point that moves by the increment
when you select multiple points. To change the active point, click on any
other selected point.
7. If required, use the display controls on the dashboard to graphically see the
changes made during surface edit.
Note : The show base button is available only if the selected surface
is external to the current Style feature.
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8. Click the List tab on the dashboard. The surface edit operations performed on
the selected surface are displayed in the sequence that they were performed. You
can perform the following operations:
o Select the required operation in the list and then make further edits to
insert after the selected operation.
1. Click or Styling > Surface Edit. Select a surface to edit, and adjust the
mesh density as described in To Edit a Surface Directly.
2. Right-click the boundary of the mesh that you want to align with a neighbor.
4. Right-click the boundary of the mesh and select Align Position, Align Tangent,
or Align Curvature to align boundary with the neighboring surface or curve
using position, tangent, or curvature alignment, respectively.
5. Select an edge or Curve on Surface to align with the boundary of the surface that
you are editing or select one side of the neighbor edge for alignment. This curve
is added to the Neighbor curve collector in the Advanced tab on the dashboard.
If you select a two-sided edge as the neighbor for a tangent continuous or
curvature continuous alignment, click the Side surface collector in the Advanced
tab on the dashboard to specify which of the two surfaces joining that edge
should be used for the alignment.
Note:
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o If you select Align Tangent or Align Curvature, click the Neighbor curve
collector in the Advanced tab, and select an edge or Curve on Surface.
Alternatively, click the Side surface collector in the Advanced tab, and
select a surface. Style selects the closest edge automatically and adds it to
the Neighbor curve collector in the Advanced tab.
o If you select Align Position, you may select a free curve, an edge, or
Curve on Surface. This curve is added to the Neighbor curve collector in
the Advanced tab on the dashboard.
6. Click the List tab on the dashboard and select the Align operation to continue.
Perform one of the following operations:
o Drag the end points of the aligned boundary along the neighbor to adjust
the extent of the aligned region. The end points are displayed with red
circles.
o To adjust the alignment across the two surfaces for an Align Tangent or
Align Curvature operation, drag a mesh boundary of a row or column
adjacent to the aligned boundary.
o Swap Ends option is available only when you right-click on the boundary
corresponding to an active align operation. Select Swap Ends to swap start
and end points of the align boundary.
7. Click the List tab and select the next Move Points operation following the Align
operation to continue editing the surface.
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1. Click or Styling > Surface Edit. Select a surface to edit, and adjust the
mesh density as described in To Edit a Surface Directly.
Note: If you change Max Rows or Columns after modifying the mesh points,
the Surface Edit Row/Column dialog box opens. Click Refit to change the
number of rows or columns and refit all previous operations. This will adjust all
previous operations according to the new number of rows or columns. Click
Delete to change the number of rows or columns and delete all previous
operations. Click Cancel to keep the existing mesh size.
2. You can add rows or columns to get a finer control mesh to edit the surface.
o Right-click on the surface and select Add Row or Add Column to add a
row or column to the surface mesh, respectively. Continue adding rows
and columns until the mesh reaches the density needed for further edits.
3. You can work with a lighter mesh by deactivating some rows and columns.
Deactivating the rows and columns makes those rows and columns temporarily
unavailable for editing. However, you can activate these rows and columns, if
required.
o If any of the rows or columns are deactivated, you may right-click on the
surface and select Activate All to activate the rows and columns.
You can also work with a lighter mesh by removing some rows and columns.
However, this permanently removes those rows and columns and may have some
effect on previously applied edits.
Note:
If you remove rows or columns after modifying the mesh points, the Surface
Edit Remove Row/Column dialog box opens. Click Refit to remove rows or
columns and refit all previous operations, that is, adjust all previous operations
according to the new number of rows or columns. Click Delete to remove rows or
columns and delete all previous operations. Click Cancel to not remove rows or
columns.
4. Select one or more mesh points, using the CTRL key to select multiple points. If
required, hold down the CTRL key, and click on the bar of a row or column to
select all the points in the row or column. Drag the selection set to modify the
surface.
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1. Click or Styling > Surface Edit. Select a surface to edit, and adjust the
mesh density as described in To Edit a Surface Directly.
o Click the Enable Knots checkbox to enable knot line display. It is cleared
o Click the Keep Base Knots checkbox to keep the original knots that are in
the surface. The checkbox is selected by default. Clear this checkbox to
discard the original knots and not use them in computing the modified
surface.
Note: Keeping the base knots will better preserve the original shape but may
result in a heavier surface than desired. Removing the base knots may adversely
affect the alignment of a surface to its boundary curves, and therefore its ability
to subsequently merge with neighboring surfaces.
When knots are displayed, you can activate or deactivate them to get a coarser
or finer control mesh to edit the surface.
You can work with a lighter mesh by deactivating some rows and columns.
Note: Active knots are displayed in white and inactive knots are displayed in blue
color.
o You can right-click a row or column of the control mesh and select
Deactivate Row or Deactivate Column to deactivate its corresponding
knot.
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Note: Hold down the ALT and SHIFT keys and drag knots to move them.
5. When knots are displayed, you can add or remove rows or columns to add or
remove knot lines.
o Right-click on the surface and select Add Row or Add Column. A new knot
row or column is added along with the new control mesh row or column.
6. Select one or more mesh points. Hold down the CTRL key to select multiple
points. If required, hold down the CTRL key, and click on the bar of a row or
column to select all the points in the row or column. Drag the selection set to
modify the surface.
• Current Trimmed Surface with base inside Style—Since the base surface is
defined within the Style feature, the surface edit operation applies to the base
surface. When you regenerate the geometry, the trim is automatically applied to
the modified base surface.
• Current Trimmed Surface with base outside Style—You can select a current
trim for which the base surface is outside the current Style feature. However, the
surface edit operation applies to dependent copy of the trim base surface. You
must manually reroute the trim to the resulting surface if necessary. You can do
this by redefining the trim curve to be on the surface that you select for editing
and replacing quilt by surface edit in trim redefinition.
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Regeneration
About Freeform Surfacing Regeneration
The Freeform Surfacing feature has an internal regeneration mechanism that
regenerates entities only if they are out of date because their parents have changed.
All entities, out of date, are regenerated. Any entities that are up to date are not
regenerated.
If the Freeform Surfacing feature is complicated, with a large number of curves, you
can choose not to select this option to avoid the impact on performance.
Automatic regeneration applies to all curve edit operations. Curves that are children
of a modified curve are updated. In the case of splitting a curve, all children of the
original curve, and therefore of both resulting curves, are updated.
Typically, a child curve contains a soft-point on the parent, but other situations, such
as curves having aligned tangents, can create the parent-child relationship.
Curves are also automatically regenerated if you edit
• Multiple curves.
• All directly dependent curves that are not created as surfaces or COS by dropping
curves on a surface.
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Note: If the edited curves do not form a valid closed boundary, the surface does
not regenerate. You must resolve this by editing the curves so as to form a valid
surface boundary and clicking the icon.
Any COSs and dependent children are also updated so as to lie on the
regenerated surface.
2. Click Failed to list all failed internal entities. Select an item in the list to highlight
it in the view.
Click Blocked to highlight all entities that cannot be regenerated until a failed
parent is resolved. Select an item in the list to highlight it in the view.
3. Select an entity in the list to highlight it in the view and to see an explanation of
the failure. You can resolve the failure by choosing one of the following resolve
actions:
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If you attempt to delete parent geometry without deleting the children, the
children are highlighted, and you are prompted to delete, unlink, or
suspend that geometry.
o Click on the failed subfeature in the list. The Explain box displays a
description of the failed subfeature.
4. Click Close.
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Ideally, a curvature plot should be smooth. Dips and bumps in the curvature plot are
signs that the curve has a rapid change in shape. However, a corner or crease in the
curvature plot does not indicate a crease in the curve, only a sharp change in the
curvature. The curve is still tangent continuous internally.
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Curvature plots are interactive. They update as the curve is modified. You can
change the number of plotted segments, the relative size of the plot, and the type of
curvature.
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There are two ways to use the curve and surface analyses in Freeform Surfacing.
• While creating a Freeform Surfacing feature or editing its definition, use saved
geometry analysis on the Freeform Surfacing geometry. Continue creating or
editing in Freeform Surfacing. The analysis is dynamically updated.
Note: You can also use the Measure and Model analyses in Freeform Surfacing, but
cannot save or retrieve them. Create these analyses outside Freeform Surfacing and
save them, if required.
Pro/ENGINEER Integration
To Redefine or Reroute Freeform Surfacing Features
To Redefine Features
In the Model Tree, select the Freeform Surfacing feature that you want to redefine
and click Edit > Definition. Alternatively, right-click the Freeform Surfacing feature
in the Model Tree and select Edit Definition.
As Freeform Surfacing features are superfeatures, clicking Edit > Definition allows
you to add as well as edit elements.
Note: You cannot save your model inside Freeform Surfacing. It is good practice to
create some curves and surfaces, exit Freeform Surfacing, save your model, and
then use Edit > Definition to add more elements.
To Reroute Features
In the Model Tree, select the Freeform Surfacing feature that you want to redefine
and click Edit > References. Alternatively, right-click the Freeform Surfacing
feature in the Model Tree and select Edit References.
You can now reroute the external references of a Freeform Surfacing feature.
Note: The Edit > References command is executed from within the general
Pro/ENGINEER environment.
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4. Click .
Trace Sketch
About Trace Sketch
You can import a sketch into Freeform Surfacing on one of the three default datum
planes: front, top, or right, a user-defined datum plane, or a planar surface. Using
Freeform Surfacing, you can reference and use images to model a part within the
Freeform Surfacing feature. The referenced image or sketch is used as an underlay
for creating geometry when you manually trace the key features of the sketch.
You can also reference a scene for creating geometry in Freeform Surfacing. A scene
is a set of correlated images and curves created in Pro/CONCEPT. When working with
a scene, the curves are defined and maintained in the same feature as the sketches.
2. Select any default datum plane in the Trace Sketch dialog box. The Open dialog
box opens.
4. Click Open.
o The name of the image is added to the name of the selected datum plane in
the Trace Sketch dialog box.
5. Click OK.
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2. Clear the selection of views, if any, in the Trace Sketch dialog box.
4. Select a datum plane or a planar surface. The Open dialog box opens.
6. Click Open.
o The image is added to the selected datum plane or planar surface on the
screen.
o The names of the datum plane or planar surface and the image are added
to the list in the Trace Sketch dialog box.
7. Click OK.
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The next figure shows a mobile phone keypad as the referenced image applied to a
planar surface. This image is used as an underlay to manually trace the key features
of the keypad and create geometry.
To Insert a Scene
1. Click Styling > Trace Sketch. The Trace Sketch dialog box opens.
2. Click File > Open Scene to open a set of sketches and related curves from a
Pro/CONCEPT scene file. The Open File dialog box opens.
o The names of the datum plane and the image are added to the list in the
Trace Sketch dialog box.
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o To replace an existing sketch, select the sketch name in the Trace Sketch
o To display the hidden sketch, select the sketch name and click .
o To show all the hidden sketches, click Sketch > Show All.
2. Click OK.
o Type the value of the horizontal or vertical dimension and click Fit.
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2. If required, position the rotation center by clicking anywhere on the arms of the
rotation jack and dragging the jack to a new location.
3. To rotate the sketch, drag the handles on the ends of the rotation jack. Hold
down the SHIFT key while dragging the handles to constrain the rotation to
increments of 15°.
Alternatively, click Properties on the Trace Sketch dialog box and use the
Rotate slider to rotate the sketch with respect to the rotation jack. You can
select a value between -180 and 180 degrees.
o Hold down the CTRL and ALT keys simultaneously while dragging the sketch
to make it move parallel to the active datum plane either along the
horizontal direction or along the vertical direction only.
Alternatively, click Properties on the Trace Sketch dialog box and use the
Move sliders to move the sketch horizontally or vertically.
Note: The value specified for Move is treated as offset from the lower left corner
of the sketch to the origin of the reference plane.
o Drag the handle at the upper right corner of the sketch for two-dimensional
scaling.
o Hold the CTRL and ALT key down simultaneously while dragging the lower
left corner of the sketch for one-dimensional scaling.
Alternatively, click Properties on the Trace Sketch dialog box and use the
Scale sliders to scale the sketch horizontally or vertically. By default, the Scale
sliders are locked to preserve the aspect ratio of the sketch. Click to unlock
the horizontal and vertical dimensions and scale the two dimensions separately.
Note: If you used Fit to adjust the sketch to a known dimension, further
adjustments to the scale might not be necessary unless the aspect ratio of the
original sketch is incorrect.
6. To adjust the transparency of the sketch, click Properties on the Trace Sketch
dialog box and use the Transparency slider to change the value between zero
and 100. A value of zero means a completely opaque sketch, whereas a value of
100 makes the sketch totally transparent.
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You can:
• Create the outline of the model using the Freeform Surfacing curves
• Define regions in such a way that you can create surfaces later
Note:
Sketches that you have created in Freeform Surfacing remain in the graphics window
even after you complete the Freeform Surfacing feature. Therefore, you can also use
other tools such as Sketcher to create geometry using the trace sketches.
To clear the display of the Trace Sketch data when you are not working in Freeform
Surfacing,
• Click View > Display Settings > Model Display. The Model Display dialog
box opens.
Glossary
Glossary for Freeform Surfacing
Term Definition
Blend A surface that is created from one or two primary curves and
Surface at least one additional curve that intersects the primary
curve or curves.
Composite A surface that has more than one curve as a single boundary
Surface or internal curve. In Freeform Surfacing, a composite surface
is composed of a set of surfaces but is treated as a single
entity. Outside Freeform Surfacing such surfaces are treated
as a single quilt.
196
Freeform Surfacing
Term Definition
Control Mesh The control points for a surface are called the Control Mesh.
Control The control points for a curve are called the Control Polygon.
Polygon
Convert The Convert command changes the type of the curve. For
example, using the Convert command, you can change a
planar curve to a free curve.
Drag To press and hold the mouse button while you move the
(cursor) mouse to a new position.
197
Freeform Surfacing (ISDX) - Help Topic Collection
Term Definition
Fixed Point One of the points used to define a curve. Fixed points always
lie on a curve.
Internal A curve that defines the shape of a surface, but is not one of
Curve the boundary curves.
Linked An object with one or more parents that will change if the
Object parent object is changed. In some cases, objects can be
unlinked to remove the dependency on the original
geometry. See Local History, Child, and Parent.
198
Freeform Surfacing
Term Definition
Planar Curve A curve in which every point on the curve lies on a particular
plane.
199
Freeform Surfacing (ISDX) - Help Topic Collection
Term Definition
200
Index
A Curves................. 111, 120, 122, 176
specifying in Freeform Surfacing. 112 creating curves from surface ...... 134
analysing curves and surfaces .... 189 Curves on surfaces ...............127, 132
201
Freeform Surfacing (ISDX) - Help Topic Collection
Freeform Surfacing... 98, 99, 108, 109, Freeform Surfacing features....... 185
110, 112, 120, 127, 161, 165, 171,
176, 185, 186, 187 Regeneration.............................. 185
S
Freeform Surfacing features
G enabling.................................. 107
multiple views .....................109, 113 creating blend.... 151, 154, 155, 156
202
Index
T V
203