Wisconsin Card

Sorting Test
Manual
REVISED AND EXPANDED

Robert K. Heaton, Ph.D.

Gordon J. Chelune, Ph.D.
Jack L. Talley, Ph.D.
Gary G. Kay, Ph.D.
Glenn Curtiss, Ph.D.

PAR Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.

 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The revision and expansion of the Wisconsin Card We would also like to thank Brian P. Adcock, Barbara
Sorting Test (WCST) manual could not have been accom- A. Fritzsche, Sandra Schneider, Rebekah R. Tuttle, and the
plished without the help and collaboration of many people. staff of PAR for their untiring effort in helping to bring this
We are deeply indebted to Bradley N. Axelrod, Morris 1. project to fruition.
Cohen, Marilyn P. Dornbush, Maryruth Eaves-Herrera, Cheri Special thanks are given to Shirley M. Miller, whose
L. Geckler, Dena M. Groisser, Shelley C. Heaton, Susan K. comments and suggestions during the editing process vastly
Heaton, Marion I. S. Huettner, George W. Hynd, James S. improved the quality of this manual.
Misko, Michael J. Nova, Bruce F. Pennington, Cheryl H.
Silver, Laetitia L. Thompson, and Michael Westerveld who
generously contributed cases to the normative and validation
data bases. Robert K. Heaton
Our special thanks are given to Nanci S. Avitable, Gordon 1. Chelune
Barbara Eklund, Sarah E. Morris, Richard I. Naugle, Carol Jack L. Talley
H. Nelson, Linda A. Page, Amy Posey, Juanita Pritchard, Gary G. Kay
Linda H. Thomas, and Gretchen D. Tucker for their assis- Glenn Curtiss
tance in collating the data. April 1993

Copyright 1981, 1993 by Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form or by any
means without written permission of Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
98765432 Reorder #RO-306 TOLL-FREE 1-800-331-TEST Printed in the U.S.A.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................................................ .ii

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
The WCST .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2. Test Materials and Use ............................................................................................................................................................ .3

Test Materials ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Appropriate Populations ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Professional Requirements ................................................................................................................................................................. 3

3. Administration and Scoring ................................................................................................................................................... 5

Administration .................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Directions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Recording Responses .................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Scoring ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Overview and Terminology ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
WCST Scores and Scoring Dimensions ...................................................................................................................................... 7
Correct-Incorrect .................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Ambiguous-Unambiguous ................................................................................................................................................... 8
Perseverative-Nonperseverative .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Number of Categories Completed ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Trials to Complete First Category ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Percent Perseverative Errors .............................................................................................................................................. 12
Failure to Maintain Set. ...................................................................................................................................................... 12
Percent Conceptual Level Responses ................................................................................................................................ 12
Learning to Learn ............................................................................................................................................................... 13
Percent Errors, Percent Perseverative Responses, and Percent Nonperseverative Errors ................................................ .18
Calculating WCST Scores ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
Number of Trials Administered, Total Number Correct, and Total Number of Errors ..................................................... 18
Perseverative Responses, Perseverative Errors, and Nonperseverative Errors .................................................................. 18
Percent Errors, Percent Perseverative Responses, Percent Perseverative Errors,
and Percent Nonperseverative Errors ......................................................................................................................... 18
Conceptual Level Responses and Percent Conceptual Level Responses ......................................................................... .18
Number of Categories Completed ..................................................................................................................................... 18
Trials to Complete First Category ...................................................................................................................................... 18
Failure to Maintain Set. ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
Learning to Learn ............................................................................................................................................................... 19
Case Illustrations of Scoring ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
Case I ................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Case 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Associated Normative Scores ................................................................................................................................................... 20

iii
4. Normative and Descriptive Statistics ............................................................................................................................... 21
Normative Sample ............................................................................................................................................................................ 21
Selection of Normative Variables .................................................................................................................................................... 26
Influence of Demographic Variables ............................................................................................................................................... 26
Demographically Corrected Normative Data ................................................................................................................................... 28
Continuous Norms .................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Step 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 28
Step 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
Step 3 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
Step 4 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
Categorical Norms .................................................................................................................................................................... 29
U.S. Census Age-matched Normative Data ..................................................................................................................................... 30

5. Interpretation ............................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Normative Comparisons ................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Base Rate Comparisons .................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Case Illustrations .............................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Case 3 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Case 4 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 33

6. Development, Reliability, and Validity ............................................................................................................................ 39

Scoring System Development .......................................................................................................................................................... 39
Reliability ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Interscorer and Intrascorer Reliability ...................................................................................................................................... 39
Fidelity of Measurement .......................................................................................................................................................... .40
Standard Error of Measurement ............................................................................................................................................... .40
Validity ............................................................................................................................................................................................ .41
Studies with Adults .................................................................................................................................................................. .42
Concurrent Validity .......................................................................................................................................................... .42
Physiological Correlates ................................................................................................................................................... .42
Seizure Disorders .............................................................................................................................................................. .42
Multiple Sclerosis .............................................................................................................................................................. 43
Parkinson's Disease .......................................................................................................................................................... .43
Focal Brain Damage ......................................................................................................................................................... .43
Psychiatric Disorders ........................................................................................................................................................ .48
Studies with Children and Adolescents ................................................................................................................................... .49
Focal Brain Damage ......................................................................................................................................................... .49
Attention Deficit Disorder ................................................................................................................................................. 53
Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................... 57

References ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 59

Appendix A. Variations in WCST Materials and Test Administration Procedures

Used in Previous Studies ....................................................................................................................................................... 63

Appendix B. Scoring Variations of the WCST Used in Previous Studies ... ,............................................................ 65

Appendix C. Normative Data for U.S. Census Age-matched Adult Sample .......................................................... 67

Appendix D. Demographically Corrected Normative Data ........................................................................................... 71

Appendix E. Base Rate Data for Normal and Clinical Samples ................................................................................ 219

iv
 1
INTRODUCTION
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was originally
developed to assess abstract reasoning ability and the ability
to shift cognitive strategies in response to changing environ-
mental contingencies (Berg, 1948; Grant & Berg, 1948). As
such, the WCST can be considered a measure of "executive
function," requiring the ability to develop and maintain an
appropriate problem-solving strategy across changing stim-
ulus conditions in order to achieve a future goal (Luria,
1973; Shallice, 1982). Similar to other measures of execu-
tive function, the WCST requires strategic planning, orga-
nized searching, utilizing environmental feedback to shift
cognitive sets, directing behavior toward achieving a goal,
and modulating impulsive responding (Chelune & Baer,
1986; Gnys & Willis, 1991; Perrine, in press; Welsh &
Pennington, 1988). However, unlike other measures of
abstract reasoning, the WCST provides objective scores not
only of overall success, but also for specific sources of diffi-
culty on the task (e.g., inefficient initial conceptualization,
failure to maintain cognitive set, perseveration, and ineffi-
cient learning across stages of the test).
While it was developed and has been used as a measure
of abstract reasoning among normal adult populations, the
WCST has increasingly been employed as a clinical
neuropsychological instrument (Butler, Retzlaff, &
Vanderploeg, 1991; Lezak, 1983). The WCST has its roots
in early human and animal research concerning abstraction
(Weigl, 1941) and the effects of frontal lobe lesions on set
maintenance (Settlage, Zable, & Harlow, 1948; Teuber,
Battersby, & Bender, 1951; Zable & Harlow, 1946). Much
of its current popularity among clinicians stems from its
reported specific sensitivity to brain dysfunction affecting
the frontal lobes (Drewe, 1974; Milner, 1963; Robinson,
Heaton, Lehman, & Stilson, 1980; Weinberger, Berman, &
Zec, 1986). Interest in the cognitive and developmental
effects of early frontal lobe injury among children has also
sparked considerable interest in the use of the WCST as a
potential measure of executive function among school-age
children (Chelune & Baer, 1986; Chelune & Thompson,
1987; Welsh, Pennington, & Groisser, 1991).
Because of its apparent sensitivity to the effects of
frontal lobe lesions, the WCST is often referred to as a
measure of "frontal" or "prefrontal" functioning. However,
this labeling represents an oversimplification. The frontal
lobes are highly complex structures and subserve a far wider
variety of cognitive functions than those assessed by the
WCST alone. Conversely, while several cognitive dimensions
assessed by the WCST are thought to be particularly vulner-
able to neurologic conditions affecting the frontal regions of
the brain, any medical or psychological disorder that disrupts
executive functions, in whole or in part, can result in impaired
performance on the WCST. Thus, clinical interpretation of
WCST performance should be conducted within the context
of a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation that inte-
grates neuropsychological data with medical, psychosocial,
and historical information.
The WeST
The WCST consists of four stimulus cards and 128
response cards that depict figures of varying forms (crosses,
circles, triangles, or stars), colors (red, blue, yellow, or
green) and numbers of figures (one, two, three, or four). As
the task is usually administered, the four stimulus cards
with the following characteristics are placed before the sub-
ject in left-to-right order: one red triangle, two green stars,
three yellow crosses, and four blue circles. The client is
then handed a deck of 64 response cards and instructed to
match each consecutive card from the deck with one of the
four stimulus cards, whichever one he or she thinks it
matches. The client is told only whether each response is
right or wrong and is never told the correct sorting principle
(or category). Once the client has made a specified number
of consecutive "correct" matches to the initial sorting prin-
ciple (usually to Color), the sorting principle is changed-to
Form or Number-without warning, requiring the client to
use the examiner's feedback to develop a new sorting
strategy. The WCST proceeds in this manner through a
number of shifts in set (i.e., sorting principle) among the
three possible sorting categories (Color, Form, and
Number).
The above description of the WCST is necessarily
vague because early research studies that used the test and
some recent studies of WeST performance in special popu-
lations have varied greatly in test administration and/or
scoring procedures. Aside from the number of stimulus
cards and the use of unannounced shifts in the "correct"
sorting principle, virtually every important aspect of test
administration has been varied (see Appendixes A and B for
a listing of the variations in administration and scoring).
Indeed, even the former, seemingly fundamental aspects of
test administration have been altered in some modifications
of the WeST (e.g., Nelson, 1976). This variability has often
been a source of confusion and has made it difficult to inter-
pret and compare results across studies. It seems likely,
therefore, that some of the current popularity of the WeST
among clinicians and researchers can be attributed to the
publication of a standardized WeST procedure (Heaton,
1981).
The present manual takes this standardization process
further by presenting refined scoring rules and clear exam-
ples of these scoring procedures that address common
ambiguities and sources of scoring difficulty. The WeST
recording form has also been revised to facilitate recording
client responses and calculating WeST scores. Normative
2
data are now provided for individuals 61/2 through 89 years
of age, and additional corrections for education are provided
for individuals 20 years of age and older. Where appro-
priate, normalized scores and percentile scores are pre-
sented for the major WeST scores to assist in interpretation
and in making comparisons among individuals and various
patient groups. Results of reliability and validity studies are
reviewed, and new psychometric information is presented
for child and adolescent clinical samples as well as for
expanded samples of adults who have focal or diffuse cere-
bral disorders.
The procedures and data presented in this manual apply
to the WeST materials originally used and described by
Robinson et al. (1980) and Heaton (1981), including the
standard card order and the use of a systematic configura-
tion of figures on both stimulus and response cards. The
chapters that follow provide information on the WeST
materials, administration and scoring procedures, normative
tables, guidelines for interpretation, characteristics of the
normative sample, reliability and validity studies, and pro-
cedures used for generating the normative tables.
 2
TEST MATERIALS AND USE
Test Materials
The Wisconsin eard Sorting Test (WeST) materials
consist of:
the WeST Manual
four stimulus cards
two identical decks of 64 response cards
the WeST Record Booklet
The stimulus cards and response cards use the figures with
systematic figure configurations originally developed and
introduced in 1948 by Grant and Berg.
The set of four cards displaying one red triangle, two
green stars, three yellow crosses, and four blue circles com-
prise the stimulus cards. The four stimulus cards reflect
three, and only three, stimulus parameters: Color, Form,
and Number.
Each response card deck contains 64 cards that also
display figures of varying forms (crosses, circles, trian-
gles, or stars), colors (red, blue, yellow, or green) and
numbers of figures (one, two, three, or four). Each
response card can be matched to a stimulus card on one, or
a combination, of the three stimulus parameters. The
response cards are numbered from 1 to 64 on the lower
left corner of the reverse side to ensure a standard order of
presentation. When this order is used, no two response
cards within a deck displaying figures with the same color,
form, or number appear in succession.
The WeST Record Booklet is a four-page booklet
designed for recording information about the client,
recording the client's responses to the WeST items, and
calculating and recording WeST scores. The first page of
the booklet contains space for recording client demographic
information, the date of testing, and the name of the exam-
iner. Areas are also provided for recording referral informa-
tion, current medications, behavioral observations, and
judgments about several test performance factors.
The second page of the record booklet is used for
recording the client's performance and for entering scoring
dimensions used for calculating WeST scores. At the top of
the second page of the booklet, the category sequence C, F,
N, C, F, N appears, which corresponds to the sequence of
six correct sorting strategies. Beneath this sequence is an
area for recording the client's responses to the 128 items,
which are arranged in four columns of 32 items each. The
first two columns are numbered from 1 to 64, and the last
two columns are again numbered from 1 to 64. This num-
bering corresponds to the numbering of each response card
in the two response card decks. Each response item appears
as C F N 0, where C = Color, F = Form, N = Number,
and = Other. A space is provided to the left of each item
for the examiner to record the consecutive number of
correct responses (up to 10) within a category. To the right
of each item is room to indicate various scoring dimensions,
which are recorded after administration.
The third page of the record booklet provides an area
for calculating WeST raw scores. Spaces are also provided
for entering associated normative scores.
Appropriate Populations
The WeST has been standardized and normed for use
with children, adolescents, and adults, ranging from 6 1/2
through 89 years of age. Extreme caution should be exer-
cised when interpreting performance on the WeST for
clients aged 85 through 89 because of the very small number
of individuals in the normative sample in this age range.
elients should have normal or corrected vision and
hearing sufficient to adequately comprehend the test
instructions and to visually discriminate the stimulus para-
meters of color, form, and number. Among clinical popula-
tions with known or suspected brain dysfunction, these
requirements may not be fully met. In such cases, the relia-
bility and validity of the WeST data will depend on the
clinical skill and expertise of the examiner.
Professional Requirements
Any trained person with a background in psychological
testing may serve as an examiner. However, the administra-
tion, recording, and scoring procedures detailed in this
manual should be carefully studied and mastered by the
examiner before the WeST is used in a clinical setting.
3
Training and supervision in these procedures should be pro-
vided by a qualified psychologist.
Consistent with the guidelines given in the Standards
for Educational and Psychological Testing (American
Educational Research Association, American Psychological
Association, & National Council on Measurement in
Education, 1985), clinical interpretation of the WCST
requires professional training and expertise in clinical
4
psychology and/or neuropsychology. The utility and validity
of the WCST as a clinical measure of cognitive ability are
directly related to the professional's background and knowl-
edge, as well as to mastery of the information contained in
this manual. Interpretation of WCST scores for clinical or
diagnostic purposes should not be attempted without a clear
understanding of brain-behavior relationships and the med-
ical and psychological factors that affect them.
 3
ADMINISTRATION AND SCORING
Research to date supports the use of the WeST in a
variety of situations with both children and adults. As an
individually administered procedure, the WeST may be used
as a clinical or research instrument in combination with other
test procedures to assess aspects of cognitive and neuropsy-
chological functioning. Administration and scoring guide-
lines are presented in the sections that follow. In addition,
case examples are given to illustrate scoring procedures.
Administration
Administration should take place in a quiet room with
illumination adequate for viewing the WeST stimuli. A
table or desk and two chairs, one for the examiner and one
for the subject, are required. The table or desk should pro-
vide ample space for arranging the cards and should be free
of extraneous materials. In addition to the WeST materials,
the examiner will need a pen or pencil for recording the
client's responses. A clipboard to hold the record booklet is
also desirable in order to shield the record booklet from the
client's view. Prior to administration, the examiner should
inspect the WeST response card decks to ensure that the
cards are properly oriented and are in prope~ numerical
sequence within each deck.
Directions
Seat the client at the table so that he or she is across
from and facing the examiner. Locate the WeST Record
Booklet and enter the client's demographic information in
the spaces provided. Also, obtain and record any medical
and/or emotional factors that may affect test performance.
Take the response card decks out of the box and set the
box aside. Turn to the second page of the record booklet but
do not allow the client to see this page. Place the stimulus
cards on the table in a row in front of the client, being sure
to allow sufficient room between the stimulus cards and the
edge of the table nearest the client for response card place-
ment. As shown in Figure 1, the stimulus cards are always
presented from the client's perspective in a standard left-to-
right order, beginning with the red triangle (on the client's
left), followed by the two green stars, the three yellow
crosses, and the four blue circles. Be sure the stimulus cards
are properly oriented. As illustrated in Figure 1, the peak of
the triangle points toward the examiner, the tops of the two
stars point toward the examiner, and the horizontally
arranged crosses are closest to the examiner. While you are
placing the stimulus cards on the table, say to the client:
This test is a little unusual because I am not
allowed to tell you very much about how to do it.
You will be asked to match each of the cards in
these decks (point to the response card decks) to
one of these four key cards (point to each of the
stimulus cards in succession, beginning with the
red triangle). You must always take the top card
from the deck and place it below the key card
you think it matches. I cannot tell you how to
match the cards, but I will tell you each time
whether you are right or wrong. If you are
wrong, simply leave the card where you have
placed it and try to get the next card correct.
There is no time limit on this test. Are you
ready? Let's begin.
Hand the client the first deck of response cards with the fig-
ures facing up and the numbers on the reverse side of the
cards oriented toward the client.
Because of the ambiguous nature of the WeST, clients
may ask the examiner various questions. While it is
R=Red
G = Green
Y = Yellow
B = Blue
Client
GO
ee
Examiner
Figure 1. Orientation of WeST stimulus (key) cards.
5
permissible to clarify the meaning of the stimulus (key)
cards and the manner in which the client is to respond, the
examiner must never violate the integrity of the WCST by
giving any indication of the sorting principles (categories)
or the nature of the shifts from one category to the next.
Generally, repeating the instructions provides sufficient
clarification for most individuals. In our experience, even
young children have little difficulty with the standard
WCST instructions. However, for some younger children it
may be less threatening to introduce the WCST in the con-
text of a "game" rather than as a test.
The first correct sorting category is Color. As the client
begins to sort the response cards, the examiner responds
with "correct" or "right" each time the client matches
according to Color, and with "incorrect" or "wrong" each
time the client matches to a stimulus dimension other than
color. This process continues until the client has produced
10 consecutive Color responses. Without comment or any
other indication, the examiner then changes the correct
sorting category to Form. It is important that the examiner
make a smooth and undetectable transition, both verbally
and nonverbally, between sorting categories. Form remains
as the correct sorting category (principle) until the client has
again attained 10 consecutive correct responses. Without
warning or cue as to what is happening, the examiner
changes the correct sorting category to Number. After 10
consecutive correct responses to Number, the examiner
will switch back to Color as the correct sorting category,
and then to Form, and then to Number in the manner just
described. The test continues until the client has success-
fully completed six categories or until both decks of
response cards have been used, whichever occurs first. At
no time during or after the administration of the weST
should the examiner provide the client with any information
that is not contained in the initial instructions.
The WCST is not timed, and the client is informed of
this in the instructions. While clients vary in the amount of
time they take to complete the test, most do so within 20-30
minutes. Occasionally, a client may begin to sort the cards
very quickly, and the examiner may decide to ask the client
to slow down, so the examiner can keep up in the record
booklet. Slowing down the rate of feedback to the client
(e.g., withholding feedback until the response has been
recorded) is often sufficient to maintain a comfortable
response rate for both the client and the examiner.
Nonetheless, the examiner should practice the administra-
tion and recording procedures until he or she can at least
keep up with a client who sorts one card per second. In
extreme cases, or when administering the WCST to young
children, the examiner may retain control of the response
card decks and hand the client the response card for each
individual trial. However, slowing a client down too much
6
can interfere with his or her performance because he or she
may become distracted and lose track of the task.
Clients will sometimes become confused about how to
form the response card piles below the stimulus cards. If the
client begins to form columns below the stimulus cards or
begins to stack the response cards on top of the stimulus
cards, the examiner may help by moving the response cards
into piles and by repeating some or all of the test instruc-
tions. If the examiner believes that a client may be matching
new response cards to the top card on the response card
piles rather than to the stimulus cards, he or she should
remind the client of the correct procedure. This may well be
the case if the client begins to make Other responses, that
is, responses that do not match any of the three stimulus
dimensions of Color, Form, and Number. As a general rule,
it is helpful to redirect a client's attention to the correct pro-
cedure for sorting to the stimulus (key) cards if three or
more Other responses occur in a row.
If a client should become frustrated and begin randomly
"dealing" the response cards rather than making an effort to
match them to the stimulus cards, the examiner should stop
the client and insist that he or she look at the stimulus cards
and try to match to them.
Recording Responses
Accurate recording of a client's responses is critical to
the subsequent scoring of the WCST. The record booklet
should be out of the client's line of vision at all times. As
the client responds to each item, the examiner should draw
slashes (/) through each dimension that is the same on both
the response and stimulus cards. If the response and stim-
ulus cards match on only one dimension, a slash should be
drawn through the symbol on the record booklet that corre-
sponds to that dimension. For example, if the response card
matches only the Color of the stimulus card, the item in the
record booklet for that response would be marked F N O.t
If the response card matches two dimensions, both of the
corresponding symbols in the record booklet would receive
slashes. For example, if the response card has both the same
Color and the same Number of figures as the stimulus card,
the response would be recorded as F ~ O. If the response
and stimulus cards are exactly the same, the response would
be recorded as ., ~ O. Finally, if the response card does
not match any dimension on the stimulus card, the response
would be recorded as Other (i.e., C F N .). The response
dimensions should be recorded in the same manner for each
item, irrespective of whether the response is correct or
incorrect with respect to the current correct sorting category.
The category sequence, C F N C F N, appears at the
top of the second page of the record booklet and corre-
sponds to the sequence of correct sorting categories. To
begin, write the letter "c" to the left of the column at item
1 to represent the first correct sorting category. During
administration, mark off each category at the top of the
t
page as it is successfully completed (e.g., ~ F N). To rjNCFN
determine when a client successfully completes a category
and to assist in later scoring, consecutively number contin-
uous correct responses, up to 10, in the space provided in
the record booklet to the left of each item. Only correct
c lCfp40

responses are numbered. Any time a client interrupts a 1 2FNO [Only correct responses
sequence of correct responses by making an error, begin
are numbered]
2 3FNO
renumbering the next correct series with the number 1.
When the criterion of 10 consecutive correct responses has ;1. 4n~O
been reached, draw a horizontal line beneath the last item, ~ sFNO
make a slash through the symbol of the completed category
printed at the top of the page, and then write the symbol for Ji. 6FNO
the next correct sorting category below the horizontal line Q 7F~O
and to the left of the column. These procedures are illus-
7 s.FNO
trated in Figure 2.
8 9.FNO
Scoring JL IOFNO
Scoring the WCST has been a source of difficulty for 10 11 FNO
many individuals. While some investigators have reported <Category shift>
F ~ 12FNO
high interscorer reliability (Axelrod, Goldman, & Woodard,
1992; Huettner, Wolfe, & Hynd, 1989), others (Flashman, _ 13FNO
Mandir, Homer, & Freides, cited in Flashman, Homer, &
~ 14CfNO
Freides, 1991) have found low inters corer reliability
because of variable or incorrect application of the scoring Z IsCFNO
rules as they were originally delineated by Heaton (1981).
;1. 16F~o
This section clarifies common sources of scoring difficulty
and incorporates many of the useful suggestions of ~ 17.Ct~O
Flashman et al. (1991) and Axelrod et al. (1992) while pre- Ji. IsCjNO
serving Heaton's (1981) original scoring rules.
Q 19FNO
Overview and Terminology
Before delineating the specific steps in scoring the L 2oC.fNO
WCST, it is helpful to reexamine the nature of the test and Ji 21Cf~O
the terms used to describe the various features of a client's
response. Successful performance on the WCST requires a JL 22Cj~O
client to first determine the correct sorting principle on the 10 23Ct~O
basis of examiner feedback and then to maintain this sorting <Category shift>
principle or set (e.g., Color) across changing stimulus N _ 24CfNO

conditions while ignoring other stimulus dimensions

(e.g., Form and Number). A failure to maintain set occurs
when a client makes 5 or more consecutive correct
responses and then makes an error before successfully
achieving a category by getting 10 consecutive correct
matches. However, when the client makes 10 consecutive
correct responses within a category (e.g., Color), the exam-
iner changes the correct sorting principle to a new category
(e.g., Form) without informing the client. Now, in light of
the feedback that the previous sorting principle is no longer
correct, the client must inhibit the tendency to persist or per-
severate with the old principle and must use the examiner's
feedback to determine the new, correct sorting principle.
Figure 2. Illustration of WCST recording procedures.
weST Scores and Scoring Dimensions
Each response a client makes can be thought of
as occurring on three separate dimensions and, thus, is
evaluated on each. These dimensions are: Correct-
Incorrect, Ambiguous-Unambiguous, and Perseverative-
Nonperseverati ve.
Correct-Incorrect. The examiner gives the client feed-
back for each response as to whether it is correct or incor-
rect, depending on whether or not the response matches the
correct sorting principle in effect at the time the response is

7
made. Responses that match the sorting principle in effect response cards can match the stimulus card on more than
are scored as correct while incorrect responses are scored one stimulus dimension. An example of this occurs when a
as errors. Correct responses are those items in the record response card with three red triangles is matched to the
booklet that the examiner numbered during administration stimulus card with a single red triangle. In this situation it is
of the WCST. Upon completion of the WCST, circle all unclear, or ambiguous, to the examiner whether the client
items that were not numbered during administration. is matching on the basis of Color or Form. Simply stated, a
Circled, unnumbered items represent incorrect responses response that matches a stimulus card on one and only one
(i.e., errors). These recording and scoring procedures are characteristic is said to be an unambiguous response (e.g.,
depicted in Figure 3. F NO), and any response that matches a stimulus card on
two or more characteristics is said to be an ambiguous
response (e.g., :; NO). By definition, Other responses are
,FNCFN ambiguous. The ambiguous-unambiguous response dimen-
sion is independent of whether the response is a correct
response or an error. By carefully recording all characteris-
c -GSf~]) [Errors are circled] tics that are the same on the response and stimulus cards for
each trial during the administration of the WCST, the exam-
1 2.FNO [Only correct responses
are numbered] iner is able to score this dimension accurately following
2 3FNO completion of the test.
Perseverative-Nonperseverative. When a client persists
~ 4F~O
in responding to a stimulus characteristic that is incorrect,
~ s.1NO the response is said to match the "perseverated-to" principle
J2 61NO and is scored as perseverative. Clients may perseverate to
Color, Form, or Number. However, it is not possible to per-
Q 7F~O severate to the Other category because the examiner can
7 8FNO never be sure of the basis for the match. Once a perseverat-
ed-to principle has been established and is operative, or "in
8 9.FNO effect," responses that match the perseverated-to principle
JL loFNO are scored as perseverative regardless of whether they are
correct or incorrect. Responses that do not match the perse-
JQ IIFNO verated-to principle are nonperseverative. Perseverative
<Category shift>
F ~ 121NO responses are indicated after completion of the test by enter-
ing the letter "p" in the space to the right of the item on the
_@FN]) record booklet.
_@FN]) There are three distinct situations that define the
perseverated-to principle for scoring perseverative
_@FN]) responses:
~ 161~o 1. The perseverated-to principle is established at
_QFN]) the beginning of the test the first time the client
makes an unambiguous error. The first unam-
_QF~]) biguous error only establishes the perseverated-
~ 191NO to principle and is not scored as perseverative.
Any subsequent unambiguous error that
_@FN]) matches the established perseverated-to princi-
Figure 3. Illustration of scoring correct responses and errors. ple is scored as perseverative, even if other
responses that do not match this perseverated-
to principle intervene in the sequence. Thus, it
Ambiguous-Unambiguous. When a response card is possible to make perseverative responses
matches a stimulus card on one and only one stimulus char- before successfully completing a category.
acteristic (e.g., Color), the principle the client used for the Figure 4(a) illustrates the simplest scoring situ-
match is obvious and unambiguous to the examiner. For ation. On the second trial, the client sorted the
example, a response card with three red circles is matched card, which contains four red crosses, to the
to the stimulus card with a single red triangle. However, stimulus card with three yellow crosses. This

8
 response is an unambiguous error that matches
the sorting principle of Form (i.e., C V N 0)
and establishes Form as the perseverated-to
principle. Every time the client now makes an
unambiguous error to Form (e.g., trials 3 and
4), the response is scored as perseverative until
the perseverated-to principle changes. Figure
4(b) illustrates this scoring rule when other
responses that do not match this perseverated-
to principle intervene in the sequence. This
client made an unambiguous error to the prin-
ciple of Form on trial 2, but correctly matched
the next four cards to the principle of Color
before making the first perseverative response
to Form on trial 7.
2. The most common situation in which a client
makes perseverative responses occurs after the
client completes a category by making 10 con-
secutive correct matches. Because the client is
unaware that the examiner has now changed the
sorting principle, he or she is likely to continue
to respond according to the previously correct
principle. However, after a category has been
successfully completed and the examiner has
changed the sorting principle, the previously
correct category now becomes the perseverated-
to principle currently in effect. Although some
researchers consider this rule to be "counterintu-
itive" (Flashman et aI., 1991, p. 193), the first
unambiguous response to match the new

(a) (b) (c) (d)

C -GSf~]) c -GSf~]) c -C:Ccj~]) C 1 LFNO

~ [unambiguous ~ [unambiguous @?N])[unambiguous
_ 2.C NO error] _ 2.C NO error] - error]
2 2FNO
_C2SfN]) P 1 J.FNO -c:..C;N~ P 3 3FNO
-GjN]) P z 4F~O -@1~p 3...- 4. F pq' 0

-~ 2 sjNO 1 s~1NO P ~ sjNO

_GSFpq']) 3...- 6FNO .. 6.~?NO
P ~ 6.FNO
1 7F pq' 0 _@jN]) P _@1 N] ) P L 7.F~O
2 8FNO 1 8FNO _@F~]) 8 8FNO
2 9FNO 2 9FNO _@f N]) P 9 9FNO
3...- lo.FNO 21OFNO _~CjN]) P 10 1OFNO
~ lLFNO 3...- ILFNO -@jN])p F _QFN]) P
~ 12jNO ~ 12jNO _@F~]) ~ 12FNO P
L IJFNO ~ IJFNO _QjN]) P _cQ1FN]) P
1L 14FNO L 14FNO _Q?N]) P _QFN]) P
JL Is.FNO 1L IsFNO _~CF~]) _@FN]) P
10 16F~O JL 16.F~O _~CFN]) ~ 16F~O p
F _QF{0 P 10 17FNO -C;;Sf pq']) _~FN]) p
_@Fpq']) F _@Fpq']) ~ 18~F}l~O _QFpq']) P
_~CFpq']) ~ 19FNO _QF~]) ~ 19FNO P
_@FN]) P _@FN]) P _@F~]) _QFN]) P

Figure 4. Illustration of scoring perseverative responses.

9
 perseverated-to principle (i.e., the previous cor-
rect sorting category) is an unambiguous
perseverative error. Figure 4 presents exam-
ples of scoring according to this rule: Trial 17 in
Figure 4(a) and trial 11 in Figure 4(d) are unam-
biguous perseverative errors because the Color
responses match the perseverated-to principle
(the category just completed) currently in effect.
As illustrated by trial 12 in Figure 4(d), an
ambiguous response, y' N 0 in this example,
may also be scored as perseverative when it
meets conditions a) and b) below that ensure that
it is part of a consistent pattern of perseverative
responding. More than one ambiguous response
can be perseverative as long as they satisfy con-
ditions a) and b) as well as c) below. These con-
ditions apply regardless of whether the ambigu-
ous response is correct or incorrect.
a) The ambiguous response must match the
perseverated-to principle that is currently in
effect (in our example, Color as defined by
the previous sorting category).
b) The nearest unambiguous responses both
preceding (trial 11) and following (trial 13)
the ambiguous response (trial 12) must each
be perseverative and must match the perse-
verated-to principle. This is known as the
sandwich rule in that the ambiguous response
must be "sandwiched" between two unam-
biguous perseverative responses (Flashman et
aI., 1991, p. 191).
c) For more than one ambiguous response to be
scored as perseverative, all responses between
the two unambiguous perseverative responses
must match the perseverated-to principle in
effect. That is, the match to the perseverated-to
principle must run continuously throughout all
responses between the two unambiguous per-
severative responses and must not be broken
by any response that does not match this new
perseverated-to principle. In Figure 4(c), tri-
als 5 and 6 are both scored as perseverative
responses, regardless of whether they are cor-
rect responses or errors. Thus, trials 12, 16,
18, and 19 presented in Figure 4(d) are all
scored as perseverative; trials 18 and 19 in
Figure 4(b) are not scored as perseverative
because they are not preceded by an unam-
biguous perseverative response.
10
As illustrated by trials 5 and 6 in Figure 4(c),
ambiguous responses may also be scored as per-
severative before the client successfully com-
pletes the first category if they meet the same
three conditions given above. First, the response
or responses must match the perseverated-to
principle currently in effect (in the current exam-
ple, the perseverated-to principle is Form as
defined by the first unambiguous error on trial
2). Next, the response or responses must be pre-
ceded and followed (sandwiched) by unambigu-
ous perseverative responses (trials 4 and 7).
Last, the match to the perseverated-to principle
must run continuously throughout all responses
between the two unambiguous perseverative
responses and must not be broken.
3. The final situation defining a perseverated-to
principle occurs when a client changes his or her
pattern of perseverative responding. That is, it is
possible for the perseverated-to principle to
change within any category of the test when: (1)
the client makes three unambiguous errors to a
sorting principle that is neither correct nor cur-
rently perseverative, and (2) all responses
between the first and the third unambiguous
error match this sorting principle. When this sit-
uation occurs, the sorting principle running
through these three unambiguous errors
becomes the new perseverated-to principle. The
new perseverated-to principle, however, is not
operative for scoring purposes until the second
unambiguous error. Figure 5(a) illustrates the
simplest example of this scoring situation.
Figure 5(a) presents the responses from a
client who sorted to Form on trial 2, which
establishes Form as the perseverated-to principle
at the beginning of the test. The unambiguous
matches to Form on trials 4, 7, and 8 are, there-
fore, scored as perseverative errors. However,
starting with trial 9, the client makes the next
three matches to Number. Because trials 9, 10,
and 11 are uninterrupted unambiguous errors to
a principle other than Form, Number becomes
the new perseverated-to principle on trial 10.
Thus, the responses made on trials 10 and 11 are
scored as perseverative errors. Figure 5(b) illus-
trates these scoring principles for a longer series
of perseverative errors where the perseverated-to
principle has changed from Form (trial 2) to
Number (trial 11).
 (a) (b) (c) (d)

c -GS.f~]) c -GS.f~]) c -@;~]) F L 27.C'I~O

-
GS 'IN]) [unambiguous
error] -~
~ [unambiguous
error] -~
~ [unambiguous
error] Z 28C'I~O
_~F~]) 1 3FNO _@'IN})p ~ 29'I~O
_@'IN])p Z 4.F~O l 4.F~O _@F~])
_@F~]) ; l s;NO -GSF~]) [una~~~uous L 31C'I~O
L 6;NO ~ 6'INO -
GF~])p [unambiguous
error] Z 32.CtNO
-0!:/N~P ~ 7F~O l 7.F~O p 233.;NO
_(i!:..fN~P 6 8.FNO _@F~~P [una~~~uous _@F~])
-~
~ [unambiguous
error]
7 9FNO _@F~P
,... L 3s'INO
~[unambiguous
_~p[una~~~uous _@F~}) [una~~~uous _@F~])p -~ error]
_@ F ~]) P [una~~~]uous _@ F ~~ P [una:;~~tOUS -CICc F ~~ p MOp [unambiguous
~F
-~ error]
L 12.;NO -
@F~])p [unambiguous -@F~3P
error] _@F~])p
_~;N]) _@F~~P _Q:F~])p ~C
F MOp [unambiguous
-~ error]
-c8;N]) _~P _@F~])p _@F~])
_@F~~P _@'IN~ _@F~])p L 41;~O
L 16'I~O L 16.'I~O l16.'I~O _@FN])
-@;~]) -~;~]) ~ 17.FNO L 43.C;~O
L 18F~O L 18F~O 2 18F~O _QF~])
Z 19.;NO _~CF~])p ~ 19;NO _@F~~P
;l20FNO _~CF~]:>P ~ 2oFNO L 46.;NO

Figure 5. Illustration of the perseverated-to principle changing within a category.

 A more complex scoring situation arises
when ambiguous responses that also match the
new perseverated-to principle are intermixed
among the sequence of three unambiguous
errors. Provided that the series is not broken by
any response that does not match the new
perseverated-to principle, the second unam-
biguous incorrect response in the sequence is
scored as perseverative and all of the ambiguous
responses sandwiched between the second and
third unambiguous perseverative errors are also
scored as perseverative, regardless of whether
they are correct or incorrect. Even though the
ambiguous responses sandwiched between the
first and second unambiguous errors must match
the new perseverated-to principle, the new prin-
ciple is not operative until the second unam-
biguous error-therefore, these ambiguous
responses are not scored as perseverative.
For example, in Figure 5(c) the client makes
the first unambiguous error by matching to Form
on trial 2 and, thus, makes the first perseverative
error on trial 3. However, the client then begins
to sort by Number, making the first unam-
biguous error to Number on trialS. Trial 6 is
also an unambiguous error to Number as is Trial
8, which represents the third unambiguous error
that matches the principle of Number. Because
the ambiguous response on trial 7 ( F ~ 0)
matches the principle of Number, the sequence
of responses from trial 5 to trial 8 all match to
Number without interruption, defining Number
as the new perseverated-to principle. Therefore,
beginning with the second unambiguous error in
the sequence (trial 6), responses 6 through 15
are all scored as perseverative. The ambiguous
response on trial 7 is also scored as persevera-
tive, even though it is correct, because it is both
preceded and followed by unambiguous persev-
erative errors. The example in Figure 5(d) illus-
trates a similar situation, with the first unam-
biguous error of the series beginning with the
Number response on trial 36. In this case, the
ambiguous response on trial 38 (i.e., F ~ 0)
that separates the second and third unambiguous
incorrect responses is also an error and is, therefore,
circled. Trial 40 is not scored as perseverative
because it does not conform to the sandwich rule.
Number of Categories Completed. The Number of
Categories Completed is simply the number of categories
(i.e., each sequence of 10 consecutive correct matches to
the criterion sorting category) that the client successfully
12
completed during the test. Scores can range from a min-
imum of 0 to a maximum of 6. Typically, the examiner
marks off each category as it is successfully completed at
the top of the second page of the record booklet, using the
provided sequence of C F N C F N.
Trials to Complete First Category. The total number of
trials to successfully complete the first category gives an
indication of initial conceptualization before a shift of set is
also required. The scoring examples presented in Figure 4
show that client "a" took 16 trials to complete the first cate-
gory, whereas client "b" took 17 trials, and client "d" took
only 10 trials. On rare occasions, a client will be adminis-
tered all 128 cards without ever successfully completing the
first category. In this case, the client receives a Trials to
Complete First Category raw score of 129.
Percent Perseverative Errors. Percent perseverative
errors reflects the "density" or concentration of persevera-
tive errors in relation to overall test performance. It is com-
puted by calculating the ratio of perseverative errors to the
number of trials administered. The resulting fraction is then
multiplied by 100 and rounded to the nearest whole number.
For example, if a client completed the WeST in 106 trials
and made 15 perseverative errors, he or she would have a
Percent Perseverative Errors score of 14%.
Failure to Maintain Set. Another score basic to the
WCST is Failure to Maintain Set. A failure to maintain set
occurs when a client makes five or more consecutive correct
matches but then makes an error before successfully com-
pleting the category. A failure to maintain set is not scored
if, toward the end of the test, the client has matched cor-
rectly five or more cards and simply runs out of cards upon
completing the 128th trial.
Figure 6 provides an example of a client who had con-
siderable difficulty maintaining the correct sorting principle
of Color. On the second trial (data not shown), the client
made an unambiguous error to Form which established
Form as the perseverated-to principle. Despite receiving
positive feedback from the examiner for numerous unam-
biguous correct matches to Color, this 59-year-old school-
teacher with a master's degree was unable to continue
responding consistently according to this principle. Within a
series of fewer than 25 trials, this client failed to maintain
set three times (see trials 23, 30, and 38).
Percent Conceptual Level Responses. The percentage
of conceptual level responses presumably reflects insight
into the correct sorting principles. Conceptual level
responses are defined as consecutive correct responses
occurring in runs of three or more. These responses are
called conceptual level responses because it is presumed
that some insight into the correct sorting strategy is required i
in order to make three or more consecutive correct matches
and that a correct series of this length would be unlikely to
occur by chance alone. The Percent Conceptual Level
 Learning to Learn. Learning to Learn (after Tarter,
c ~ ,s.FNO
1973) reflects the client's average change in conceptual effi-
Z j6.;~O ciency across the consecutive categories (stages) of the
-@,~]) WCST. Calculating this score requires four steps.
The first step is to determine whether or not a Learning
~ 18F)40 to Learn score can be calculated. This is accomplished by
Z 19,NO counting the number of categories that were completed or
attempted. A category is said to have been "attempted"
220.FNO
when there are at least 10 trials in the category, even if the
~ 21.FNO category is not successfully completed (e.g., at the end of
the test). A Learning to Learn score can be calculated only
~ 22FNO
for clients who have completed three or more categories or
-~;~]) [set failure] who have completed two categories and attempted a third.
Next, a percent errors score is calculated for each completed
-~c,N]) p or attempted category (i.e., total errors made within that cat-
~ 2sFNO egory divided by the total number of trials comprising that
Z 26FNO
category multiplied by 100). Third, percent errors difference
scores for each consecutive pair of adjacent categories or
227.FNO stages are then computed. Percent errors difference scores
~ 28(CFNO are formed by subtracting the percent errors score for
Category 2 (Form) from the percent errors score for
~ 29(C;~O Category 1 (Color), the percent errors score for Category 3
_~c, N]:> P [setfailure] (Number) from the percent errors score for Category 2
(Form), and so forth. Finally, the percent errors difference
~ 31(CFNO
scores are summed and averaged to yield an average differ-
Z 32n40 ence, which is the Learning to Learn raw score.
A positive Learning to Learn score indicates improved
233,NO
efficiency across consecutive categories, presumably
~ 34.(c'NO because of learning. Most clients, however, will obtain a
negative Learning to Learn score because the percent errors
~ 3s.fNO
difference score between Category 1 and Category 2 is
36FNO included in the calculation. Including this first difference
L 371NO
score makes it more difficult to obtain a positive Learning
to Learn score because of the novel difficulty of making the
_~CfN]) p[setfailure] first shift of set. However, the normative data take this fact
Figure 6. Illustration of scoring Failure to Maintain Set. into account; that is, the norms reflect how a given client's
Learning to Learn score compares with those of the appro-
Responses score is calculated by: (a) dividing the total priate reference group so it is possible to identify a rela-
number of conceptual level responses by the total number of tively good performance even when the total raw score is
trials administered, (b) multiplying the result by 100, and not positive.
(c) rounding to the nearest whole number. Figures 7 and 8 Figure 7 also illustrates the calculations involved in
illustrate the scoring of Percent Conceptual Level obtaining the Learning to Learn score. As seen in this
Responses. figure, the client successfully completed five categories and
As seen in Figure 7, this client made 70 conceptual attempted a sixth, which was composed of 17 trials. Thus, a
level responses which occurred in 10 runs of three or more Learning to Learn score can be calculated for this client.
consecutive correct responses (i.e., 10, 10, 10, 3, 10, 3, 4, 4, The number of trials composing each category was deter-
10, and 6) across the 128 trials of the test. Dividing 70 by mined and recorded in the appropriate space on the
128, multiplying by 100, and rounding to the nearest whole Learning to Learn Score Worksheet (see Figure 7), along
number yields a Percent Conceptual Level Responses raw with the number of errors made within each stage. Dividing
score of 55%. Figure 8 presents the data of a client who the number of errors made in each category by the number
made 79 conceptual level responses across 116 trials (i.e., 8, of trials comprising each category and multiplying by 100
3, 13, 11, 10, 10,3, 11, 10). In this case, the Percent yields the following six percent errors scores: 16.67%
Conceptual Level Responses raw score equals 68%. (2112),36.84% (7119), 38.10% (8/21),45.83% (11124),

13
 CATEGORY SEQUENCE: f5 t N f5 t N
C -~y~~ _<@':y'N2) P -G:: f'J)lg) p _~F~])
_C@Fpq2) _~1'NV P _C@F~~ P _~F~])
~ 3.FNO _~1'N:VP ~ 3FNO ~ 3scty'N 0
2 4Fpq 0 _~y'N~P Z 4ctFJ)lO _~FJ)l])
~ scty'NO -c@vN:V ~ s.YNO -~
~ 6YNO ~ 3sFJ)lO ~ 6YN 0 ~ 38CYNO
.-2 7F ~ 0 _~FNV ~ 7F J)lo 239CYNO
~ sFNO ~ 4o.ctF~O ~ s.FNO ; I 4oCfNO
2 9.FNO 241ct1'J)lO L 9ctFNO ~ 41ctY~ 0
Ji IOctFNO _@FNV Ji loFNO J2 42CfNO
JillFNO ~ 43CyJ)lO JillFNO Ji 43C ypq 0
JQ 11y'NO 2 44.F~O 10 11.y'N 0 244CYNO
F _qFN~ P ~ 4sCF~O F _qoFNVP Ji4s.CfNO
_q FN0 P -.!L 46C F ~ 0 _<@'FNV P 5L 46fNO
_qFN~ P Ji 47CF~O ~ IsCYNO 10 47YN 0
~ 16y'J)lO P ~ 48ctFJ)lO 216ytjO N _~y'N]) P
_<i@FNV P L 49.ctF~O ~ 17.CYtjO _~YN])p
_c@FJ)l:V P Ji soCF~O _@F~~ _cgYN]) P
~ 19YNO P 5L SIC1'J)lO ~ 19fNO ~ slCf~O P
_~FNV P 10 S2C F pq 0 _@ FN 0P -Gi1fN]) P
_~FNV P C _@F)4~p ~ 21CY~O -=tN2) P
~ 22Cf'tlO _~F~VP 2 22CV~O _~FN])p
213Cf'tlO _@F~VP ~ 23CY~O _cgFN]) P
~ 24.Cy'NO _~F~VP ~ 24CYNO _c@FN])
~ 2sCy'NO _~F~:VP -F~2) -G!:iN:V P
Ji 26CYNO -1'tI:V P ~ 26CYNO ~ ssci~o
~ 27.Cy'~O -J/tI:V P 2ncf'J)lo 2 s9ci~o
2 28Cy'~O ~ 6oF~O P ~ 28Cf'~O ; I 6oF~O
Ji 29t~ 0 2 61ctF~O P ~ 29.cty~O ~ 61F~O
Ji30CYNO ~ 62 1'tI 0 P _~F~V J2 62t~O
JQ 3LC y'tI 0 -F~Vp ~ 31CV~O 6 63CF~O

N _YN~ P -FJ)lV P -F~V _qFN])

Figure 7. WCST Record Booklet for Case 1.

14
 SCORING AREA
Raw Standard T Percentile
score score score score

Number of Trials Administered 128

Total Number Correct 79
Total Number of Errors 49 89 43 23
--------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Percent Errors
38 91 44 27
Perseverative Responses
~---------------
40
---
83
- - - - ,---
39 13
- - - -

Percent Perseverative Responses

31 83 39 13
Perseverative Errors
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
34 83
------ - - -
39 --
13
---

Percent Perseverative Errors

27 82 38 12
Nonperseverative Errors
15
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~---- - - -
100 50 , -50
---
Percent Nonperseverative Errors
12 104 53 61
Conceptual Level Responses
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
70
Percent Conceptual Level Responses
55 94 46 34

Raw Percentile
score range

Number of Categories Completed 5 >16

Trials to Complete First Category 12 >76
Failure to Maintain Set 1 >16
Learning to Learn -8.43 >76

Normative table AGE 9-0 to 9-77

Learning to Learn Score Worksheet

Category Number Percent Percent errors
number of trials Errors errors difference score

1 72 2 16.67
2 19 7 36.84 -20.17
3 27 8 38. 70 -1.26
4 24 17 45.83 -773
5 35 17 37.43 14.40
6 77 10 58.82 -2739
A verage difference -8.43

Figure 7 (Continued). WCST Record Booklet for Case I.

15
 CATEGORY SEQUENCE: ~ t N~ t N
c -~ F ~ 331NO Z LCY~O ~ 33fNO
~ 2FNO 2341NO -GSfNQ) P ~ 341NO
2 3FNO 2351NO -GiFN2) 235f NO
~ 4.FPO _QFN])p l 4F~O ~ 36CfNO
~ 5fNO ~ 37YNO P z.. 5CFPO L 37f NO
6fNO _@F~])p 26CF}40 1L 38CYNO
Ji 7FPO _~FN])p !L 7F~O lL 39CYNO
L s.FNO _@F~]) 12 8CF~O 10 40 cYNO

Ji 9.FNO ~ 4LY~O JL 9CF}40 N ~ 4L1~o

_cgF~]) _~F~]) L IOCFPO _~1N])p
_@F~-:V p ~ 43Cf~O Ji ILCF~O ~ 43C yJ)(o
~ 121NO _@F~]) JI 12.C F,WO 2 44F~O
213FNO _@FN])p 10 13CF~O ~ 45CF~O
~ 14.FNO _~F~]) C _@F~:) P ~ 46CF~O

-Cl@f N] ) _@F~]) -~F~0p 247CF}40

~ 16.1~o _@F~]) ~ 16.;~O ~ 48F~O

-C!@1~]) ~ 49C1NO 217.FNO L 49.F~O

~ 18F~O 250.C;NO ~ 18.F~O 1L 50CF~O
_~F}4]) P 2 5LC1~o ~ 191NO lL 5LC1~o
~ 2o.FNO ~ 521NO Ji 2oFNO 10 52CF~O
22LFNO ~ 53.C,fNO Ji 2LFNO 53.C FN 0

-~Y~]) Ji 54.C,fNO L 22.FNO 54.C FN 0

~ 23FNO L 55C,fNO Ji 23.FNO 55.C FN 0

224FNO Ji 56C,fNO JI 24.FNO 56.C F N 0

~ 25FNO JL 57C1NO 1025FNO 57.C FN 0

~ 26FNO 10 58C1~o F _qFNVP 58.C FN 0

27.FNO N ~ 59.c1~o ~ 27CY~O 59.C FN 0

Ji 28FNO -c:;;;j: ; N---V p 2 28C yJ)( 0 6o.CFNO

L 29.f~o -~;N9P ~ 29;~O 6LC FN 0

Ji 30. n~ 0 ~ 621~o _<@F~V 62.C F N 0

JI 3LFNO _QYN]) ~ JLC1J)( 0 63.C FN 0

10 32F~O ~ 64CF~O 232C,fNO 64.CFNO

Figure 8. WCST Record Booklet for Case 2.

16
 SCORING AREA
Raw Standard T Percentile
score score score score

Number of Trials Administered

116
Total Number Correct
89
Total Number of Errors 27 91 44 27
Percent Errors 93 45 32
23
Perseverative Responses 14- - 91
---~
44
---------
27
Percent Perseverative Responses 94 46 34
12
Perseverative Errors 90 43 25
-~
13
- - ------
Percent Perseverative Errors 94 46 34
11
Nonperseverative Errors 90 43 25
14
Percent Nonperseverative Errors 93 45 32
12
Conceptual Level Responses
79
Percent Conceptual Level Responses 90 43 25
68

Raw Percentile
score range

Number of Categories Completed 6 >16

Trials to Complete First Category 32 2-5
Failure to Maintain Set 1 >16
Learning to Learn 271 >16

Normative table AGE 30-0 to 39-11/EDUC: 13-15 YRS

Learning to Learn Score Worksheet

Category Number Percent Percent errors
number of trials Errors errors difference score

1 32 7 21.88
2 26 10 38.46 -16.58
3 19 5 26.32 1214
4 12 2 16.67 9.65
5 15 2 1333 334
6 12 1 8.33 SOD
Average difference 271

Figure 8 (Continued). WCST Record Booklet for Case 2.

17
3l.43% (11135), and 58.82% (10/17). The percent errors
difference scores between consecutive pairs of adjacent cat-
egories are: -20.17 (i.e., 16.67 - 36.84), -l.26 (i.e., 36.84-
38.10), -7.73 (i.e., 38.10 - 45.83), +14.40 (i.e., 45.83 -
3l.43), and -27.39 (i.e., 3l.43 - 58.82). The sum of these
percent errors difference scores equals -42.15, which
results in an average difference, or Learning to Learn raw
score, of -8.43 (i.e., -42.15 divided by 5). This score
clearly indicates that the client became less rather than more
efficient on the consecutive stages of the WCST, although
the percentile score reveals that this aspect of the client's
performance is not unusual for a neurologically normal
person.
The performance of the client just discussed stands in
contrast to that of the client whose data are presented in
Figure 8. This female client completed all six categories in
116 trials. As seen in this figure, her percent errors scores
were 2l.88%, 38.46%, 26.32%, 16.67%, 13.33%, and
8.33%, respectively. These data yield difference scores of
-16.58, +12.14, +9.65, +3.34, and +5.00. The consistency
of positive difference scores after the initial one suggests
that she became progressively more proficient in sorting
across the stages of the test, and this increased proficiency
is reflected in her Learning to Learn raw score of +2.71 (see
Figure 8).
Percent Errors, Percent Perseverative Responses, and
Percent Nonperseverative Errors. Percent Errors, Percent
Perseverative Responses, and Percent Nonperseverative
Errors scores are presented mainly to assist in research
investigations. These scores are calculated by dividing the
respective raw score by the raw score for Number of Trials
Administered, multiplying the result by 100, and rounding
to the nearest whole number. Percentage scores may be
useful in research studies where differences in the number
of trials administered need to be controlled. However, use
of these scores is not recommended for clinical interpreta-
tion of the WCST because they involve correcting scores by
a measure of overall success on the test (i.e., the number of
trials required to complete the WCST), and because the reli-
abilities of these "percent" scores are lower than those of
their respective elemental scores (see Table 4).
Calculating WCST Scores
After reviewing each item and marking errors and per-
severative responses in the record booklet as suggested
above, the WCST scores may be calculated. Open the
record booklet to the second and third pages. The third page
contains spaces for recording and calculating WCST scores.
Number of Trials Administered, Total Number Correct,
and Total Number of Errors. Count the total number of
trials administered and enter this number in the space
labeled Number of Trials Administered: Raw score on the
third page of the record booklet. Count the number of items
18
that the examiner numbered during administration and that
were not circled later. Enter this number in the space labeled
Total Number Correct: Raw score. Count the number of
items that have been circled, and enter this raw score in the
space labeled Total Number of Errors.
Perseverative Responses, Perseverative Errors, and
Nonperseverative Errors. Count the number of items that
have been marked with the letter "p" and enter this raw
score in the space labeled Perseverative Responses. Count
the number of items that have been circled and marked with
the letter "p," and enter this number in the space labeled
Perseverative Errors: Raw score. Count the number of items
that have been circled but have not been marked with a "p."
Enter this raw score in the space labeled Nonperseverative
Errors. As a check on scoring accuracy, the sum of the
Perseverative Errors raw score and the Nonperseverative
Errors raw score should equal the raw score for Total
Number of Errors.
Percent Errors, Percent Perseverative Responses,
Percent Perseverative Errors, and Percent Nonpersev-
erative Errors. Find the Total Number of Errors raw score
on the third page of the record booklet. Divide this number
by the raw score entered for Number of Trials
Administered. Multiply this fraction by 100 and round to
the nearest whole number. Enter this new number under the
raw score column in the space labeled Percent Errors. Find
the Perseverative Responses raw score and divide this
number by the raw score entered for Number of Trials
Administered. Multiply this fraction by 100 and round to
the nearest whole number. Enter this number under the raw
score column in the space labeled Percent Perseverative
Responses. Use an analogous procedure to calculate Percent
Perseverative Errors and Percent Nonperseverative Errors.
Conceptual Level Responses and Percent Conceptual
Level Responses. Examine the second page of the record
booklet and identify all consecutive correct responses that
occurred in runs of three or more. Be sure to include
ambiguous correct responses that continue a run across cat-
egories. Sum the number of correct responses comprising
these runs. Enter this sum in the raw score column next to
Conceptual Level Responses. Divide this raw score by the
Number of Trials Administered raw score. Multiply the
resulting fraction by 100 and round to the nearest whole
number. Enter this new number under the raw score column
next to Percent Conceptual Level Responses.
Number of Categories Completed. Count the number of
sequences of 10 consecutive correct matches (up to a max-
imum of six) and enter this raw score in the respective space
labeled Number of Categories Completed.
Trials to Complete First Category. Look at the second
page of the record booklet. Beginning with Trial 1, count
the number of trials taken to complete the first category. In
the scoring area, enter this number under the raw score
column in the space labeled Trials to Complete First
Category. In the rare case where a client never successfully
completes the first category, Trials to Complete First
Category is assigned the raw score of 129.
Failure to Maintain Set. Count the number of
sequences of five or more correct matches followed by at
least one error that occurred prior to successfully com-
pleting a category. Enter this number in the space labeled
Failure to Maintain Set: Raw score.
Learning to Learn. Determine whether a Learning to
Learn score can be calculated by counting the number of
categories or stages that were completed or attempted. If the
total number of categories completed and attempted is
fewer than three, a Learning to Learn score cannot be calcu-
lated. In this case, enter "N/A' , in the Learning to Learn:
Raw score column.
If a Learning to Learn score can be calculated, count
the number of trials comprising the first category. On the
Learning to Learn Score Worksheet, enter this number in
the space for Category 1 under the Number of trials column.
Use an analogous procedure to determine the number of
trials comprising the remaining categories and enter these
numbers in their respective locations on the worksheet.
Next, count the number of errors made within the first cate-
gory. Enter this number on the worksheet in the space for
Category 1 under the column labeled Errors. Use an analo-
gous procedure to determine the number of errors made in
each of the remaining categories and enter these numbers in
their respective locations on the worksheet. Divide the
Errors score for Category 1 by the number of trials for
Category 1 and multiply the result by 100. Enter this
number, rounded to the second decimal, in the space labeled
Percent errors for Category l. Use an analogous procedure
to calculate and record the percent errors scores for the
remaining categories. Subtract the percent errors score for
Category 2 from the percent errors score for Category 1 and
enter the result in the space labeled Category number 2:
Percent errors difference score. Subtract the percent errors
score for Category 3 from the percent errors score for
Category 2 and enter the result in the space labeled
Category number 3: Percent errors difference score. Use an
analogous procedure to calculate the differenc,.:e scores
between any remaining categories and enter these' numbers
in their respective locations on the worksheet. Sum the per-
cent errors difference scores, divide this sum by the number
of percent errors difference scores that were summed, and
round this result to the second decimal. Enter this number in
the space labeled Average difference. Transcribe this
average difference score to the space labeled Learning to
Learn: Raw score located above the worksheet area.
Case Illustrations of Scoring
To illustrate all of the scoring rules for the WCST, the
data presented in Figures 7 and 8 will be reviewed.
Case 1. These WCST data were obtained from a 9-year-
old, right-handed boy who had completed two years of reg-
ular education. His early medical history and developmental
milestones were normal until he was 2 I h years old, at which
time he began to have complex partial seizures that were
refractory to conventional anticonvulsant medications.
Computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) studies revealed a cystic lesion in the mesial
left temporal lobe that was thought to be a porencephalic
cyst. He underwent prolonged video-monitored electro-
encephalogram (EEG) recording with sphenoidal elec-
trodes, which localized his seizure focus to the left fron-
totemporal region. He subsequently underwent a second
semi-invasive evaluation with epidural peg and foramen
ovale electrodes, which further localized the origin of his
seizures to the anterior left temporal lobe. He was then
referred for neuropsychological evaluation to establish a
baseline of his cognitive abilities prior to his undergoing
surgical intervention. This young client obtained a Full
Scale IQ of 87 on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
Children-Revised (WISC-R; Wechsler, 1974). Figure 7
presents his WCST data.
Figure 7 shows that he completed five categories and
made 79 correct responses and 49 errors. He failed to main-
tain set once, which occurred on the final trial of the test.
When scoring perseverative responses, this young client
established Number as the perseverated-to principle at the
beginning of the test (trial 2) but did not make any persever-
ative responses to this principle before completing the first
category. He did, however, persist in sorting to Color for
nine trials after completing the first category, with three of
the nine perseverative responses being ambiguous. Because
the ambiguous responses made on trials 16 and 19 are
"sandwiched" between unambiguous perseverative errors,
they, too, are scored as perseverative (see Figure 7). He
eventually completed the next categories of Form, Number,
Color, and Form and made several perseverative responses
after completing each of these categories. Counting the
number of items marked with "p" results in a Perseverative
Responses raw score of 40, of which 34 were circled, indi-
cating that they were perseverative errors. His overall
Percent Perseverative Errors raw score was 27% (341128),
and his Trials to Complete First Category raw score was 12.
As noted earlier, he made 70 conceptual level responses in
10 runs with three or more consecutive correct responses
across the 128 trials, yielding a Percent Conceptual Level
Responses raw score of 55%. His Learning to Learn raw
score was -8.43 (see Figure 7).
Case 2. The second example, which is presented in
Figure 8, is the case of a 38-year-old, right-handed female
with 14 years of education, who was employed as a radia-
tion therapist. Other than a minor closed-head injury with a
brief loss of consciousness five years before her evaluation,
19
her past medical history was essentially negative for injuries
and illnesses known to affect brain function. However, she
reported experiencing debilitating episodes of fatigue,
memory difficulties, and word-finding problems for the past
three years. She was subsequently diagnosed as having
Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome and was
referred for formal evaluation of her cognitive status.
Despite her educational and occupational background,
she obtained a Full Scale IQ of only 94 on the Wechsler
Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R; Wechsler,
1981). Examination of her WCST protocol (see Figure 8)
reveals that she was able to complete all six categories in
116 trials, with 89 correct responses and 27 errors. She took
32 trials to complete the first category, and had one failure
to maintain set at the beginning of the test on trial 10 when
she made an unambiguous error to Number. She subse-
quently made two more unambiguous responses to Number
(trials 11 and 19), which were scored as perseverative errors
because Number had been established on trial 10 as the
perseverated-to principle. She eventually went on to com-
plete the first sorting category. After completing the first
category, she had some difficulty deriving the new sorting
principle of Form as indicated by the 10 errors and four
perseverative errors (trials 36, 38, 39, and 45) within that
category. Nonetheless, she became more efficient in her
sorting strategies as the test progressed, and this increased
efficiency is reflected in her Learning to Learn raw score of
2.71. Of the 14 perseverative responses she made, 13 were
perseverative errors. Dividing her Perseverative Errors raw
score of 13 by the raw score of 116 for Number of Trials
Administered results in a Percent Perseverative Errors raw
score of 11 % (after multiplying by 100 and rounding to the
nearest whole number). She made 79 conceptual level
responses across the 116 trials, which yields a Percent
Conceptual Level Responses raw score of 68%.
Associated Normative Scores
After the raw scores for the WCST have been calcu-
lated and entered into their respective spaces in the record
20
booklet scoring area, corresponding normative scores may
be recorded. Locate the appropriate normative table in
Appendix D based on the client's age (for children and ado-
lescents 6 1/2 through 19 years of age) or combination of age
and years of education (for adults 20 years of age and
older). Normative data presented in Appendix C may also
be used for making comparisons with the general popula-
tion of adults 20 through 89 years of age. Record the table
number (or the age or age and education grouping of the
table) in the space provided on the third page of the record
booklet.
Within the column of the normative table labeled Total
Number of Errors, locate the number that corresponds to the
client's Total Number of Errors raw score. Staying within
that row, move to the left of the table and find the corre-
sponding standard score, T score, and percentile score
values. Transcribe these values to their respective spaces in
the record booklet scoring area. Use an analogous procedure
to locate and transcribe the normative score values for
Percent Errors, Perseverative Responses, Percent
Perseverative Responses, Perseverative Errors, Percent
Perseverative Errors, Nonperseverative Errors, Percent
Nonperseverative Errors, and Percent Conceptual Level
Responses.
In the appropriate normative table in the manual, locate
the column labeled Number of Categories Completed.
Within that column, find the number that corresponds to the
client's Number of Categories Completed raw score. Move
to the left or right of the table and find the corresponding
percentile score range. Transcribe this range score to its
respective space in the record booklet scoring area. Use an
analogous procedure to locate and transcribe the percentile
ranges for Trials to Complete First Category, Failure to
Maintain Set, and Learning to Learn.
 4
NORMATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
Normative Sample
WCST normative data were derived from a total group
of 899 normal subjects aggregated from six distinct sam-
ples. The first sample consisted of 453 normal children and
adolescents enrolled in public schools in the community
surrounding a large urban area in the southeastern United
States. Written informed consent was obtained from the
parent or legal guardian prior to the student's participation
in the study. Prior to testing, all subjects were screened for a
history of neurological dysfunction, learning disability,
emotional disorder, and attention disorder. The sample con-
sisted of 52% females and 48% males from Kindergarten
through 12th Grade. Ages ranged from 6 years, 6 months to
17 years, 11 months. Inadvertently, race data were not
recorded for 16% (n = 74) of the sample. Of the 379 sub-
jects for which race data were recorded, approximately 87%
were white, 11 % were black, and 2% were other racial
minorities.
The second sample consisted of 49 students and friends
of students who lived in the community surrounding a large
urban area in the southwestern United States. Subjects in
this sample participated as part of a special WCST norma-
tive research project. All subjects in the sample were 18
years old and had completed 12 to 13 years of education.
The sample was composed of 51 % females and 49% males.
The third sample was comprised of the 150 normal sub-
jects who were described in the original WCST manual
(Heaton, 1981) and who served as part of the normative
group presented by Heaton, Grant, and Matthews (1991).
These subjects were recruited in Texas and Colorado as
control subjects for a study of pesticide poisoning. Subjects
ranged in age from 15 through 77 years. Of the sample,
17% were female and 83% were male. Education level of
the subjects ranged from 7 years to 20 years.
The fourth sample consisted of 50 subjects who partici-
pated only in the normative study presented by Heaton et al.
(1991). These subjects were recruited in Colorado as a part
of a thesis research project. The sample was composed of
66% females and 34% males who ranged in age from 58
years to 84 years. The education level of these subjects
ranged from 8 years to 20 years.
Subjects comprising the fifth sample were 124 commer-
cial airline pilots who were recruited for participation in a
research study on computerized neuropsychological assess-
ment. These subjects were administered the standard card
version of the WCST. All but 5 of these subjects were
recruited in Colorado; these 5 were recruited in Washington,
DC. The sample was composed of 9% females and 91 %
males who ranged in age from 24 years to 65 years.
Education ranged from 14 to 20 years.
The sixth sample consisted of 73 healthy adults
recruited from a health promotion project, from independent
living retirement residences, and from the general commu-
nity in the Detroit metropolitan area. These subjects were
studied as part of a dissertation research project (Axelrod &
Henry, 1992). The sample was composed of 55% females
and 45% males. Subjects ranged in age from 51 years to 89
years. Education level ranged from 6 years to 20 years.
Table 1 presents demographic information and means
and standard deviations of all WCST raw scores for the
complete normative sample by age group.
The 384 adult normative subjects who were 20 years
old and older (M = 49.89, SD = 17.94) were selected as a
separate subsample to reflect the distribution of the United
States population classified by age. Census data for 1995
middle-series projections of the U.S. population were used
in determining the age distribution (U.S. Department of
Commerce, 1984). Middle-series projections for 1995 were
thought to provide the best current and near-future represen-
tations of this population characteristic. Table 2 presents the
proportions of the U.S. population and the WCST census-
matched sample by age. As seen from these data, subjects in
the younger-adult age ranges are slightly underrepresented
while subjects in the older age ranges are slightly overrepre-
sented in the WCST sample. WCST raw score means and
standard deviations for the census-matched subsample are
presented in Table 3.
The mean education level of this subs ample (M =
14.95, SD = 2.97) was found to be approximately 3 years
21
N
N Table 1
WeST Raw Score Descriptive Statistics for the Normative Sample
Total Total
Number of Number Number of Total Percent
Categories of Trials Correct Number of Percent Perseverative Perseverative
Group Age Education Completed Administered Responses Errors Errors Responses Responses
6'/2 years old
(/1 =28)
M 6.71 4.04 120.61 70.18 50.43 40.82 28.89 23.37
SD 0.16 1.79 13.31 13.44 19.80 13.90 19.74 14.98
7 years old
(11 =42)
M 7.44 4.40 116.71 74.17 42.55 35.03 28.31 23.11
SD 0.30 1.70 16.99 13.08 20.73 14.30 21.01 15.65
8 years old
(11 = 46)
M 8.42 4.67 113.91 73.80 40.11 33.65 24.04 19.94
SD 0.30 1.55 16.79 10.32 19.97 13.56 16.92 12.45
9 years old
(Il = 38)
M 9.50 5.00 114.32 79.63 34.68 29.26 19.21 16.24
SD 0.30 1.32 16.45 10.71 16.47 11.10 10.51 7.61
10 years old
(/1 = 51)
M 10.43 5.71 98.41 73.31 25.10 23.97 14.84 14.19
SD 0.27 0.76 18.58 8.26 14.75 9.74 9.98 7.19
II years old
(/1 = 50)
M 11.52 4.86 110.42 73.48 36.94 31.45 21.50 18.23
SD 0.27 1.46 19.87 10.52 20.82 13.95 14.08 9.93
12 years old
(/1 = 55)
M 12.24 4.80 108.45 71.27 37.18 31.99 24.36 20.60
SD 0.23 1.58 21.44 11.l2 21.66 14.51 21.23 15.63
13 years old
(Il =29)
M 13.32 4.28 116.76 74.31 42.45 35.03 25.28 20.67
SD 0.25 1.53 16.64 11.21 19.23 12.97 14.11 10.13
14 years old
(/1 =27)
M 14.54 5.00 106.44 71.89 34.56 29.93 18.74 16.29
SD 0.34 1.47 23.10 13.11 22.66 15.56 12.74 8.83
15 years old
(11 = 32)
M 15.45 5.53 96.94 69.91 27.03 25.98 13.25 13.08
SD 0.32 1.22 19.49 10.34 18.12 12.39 7.08 4.90
16 years old
(/1 = 29)
M 16.60 5.24 102.90 71.45 31.45 28.58 14.24 13.03
SD 0.22 1.27 2l.21 7.15 17.62 10.87 8.84 5.91
17 years old
(/1 = 32)
M 17.39 5.81 89.03 70.50 18.53 19.06 11.16 11.44
SD 0.35 0.54 20.32 8.83 12.91 8.66 8.30 5.88
 Table 1 (Continued)
WCST Raw Score Descriptive Statistics for the Normative Sample
Percent
Percent Percent Trials to Failure to Conceptual
Perseverative Perseverative Nonperseverative Nonperseverative Complete Maintain Learning Level
Group Errors Errors Errors Errors First Category Set to Learn 3 Responses
6 1/2 years old
(n = 28)
M 24.79 20.05 25.64 20.75 23.46 1.29 -3.63 47.95
SD 15.33 11.53 14.47 10.80 28.00 1.21 5.82 19.22
7 years old
(n =42)
M 24.71 20.24 17.83 14.76 23.24 1.36 -2.42 55.90
SD 16.06 11.75 9.20 6.52 22.89 1.32 7.88 18.88
8 years old
(n = 46)
M 21.37 17.75 18.74 15.86 17.63 1.28 -3.03 57.82
SD 13.52 9.77 9.66 6.82 11.57 1.13 6.05 18.47
9 years old
(11 = 38)
M 17.37 14.67 17.32 14.55 14.47 1.42 -4.31 63.00
SO 9.16 6.52 9.55 6.76 8.46 1.11 6.03 14.91
10 years old
(11 = 51)
M 13.18 12.58 11.92 11.35 13.59 0.55 -1.51 70.14
SO 8.45 5.92 7.78 5.60 11.95 0.78 5.81 13.45
II years old
(11 = 50)
M 19.20 16.32 17.74 15.09 13.28 0.98 -4.44 59.94
SD 11.88 8.24 11.87 8.47 5.67 1.04 7.20 19.20
12 years old
(n = 55)
M 20.96 17.77 16.22 14.18 17.07 1.00 -4.01 60.20
SD 16.74 12.11 9.35 6.54 16.28 1.23 9.44 19.10
13 years old
(n =29)
M 21.31 17.54 21.14 17.49 18.66 1.28 -5.72 55.20
SD 10.54 7.34 13.64 10.15 17.13 1.03 7.47 17.54
14 years old
(11= 27)
M 16.93 14.80 17.63 15.12 19.11 0.85 -2.30 63.73
SD 10.68 7.22 17.42 12.99 23.35 1.13 5.00 19.36
15 years old
(11 = 32)
M 12.28 12.10 14.75 13.87 12.94 0.66 -0.92 68.69
SD 6.36 4.24 13.25 9.77 5.12 1.18 2.98 15.66
16 years old
(n = 29)
M 13.00 11.98 18.45 16.60 14.86 0.41 -2.08 63.44
SD 7.30 4.73 12.66 8.59 6.92 0.63 7.18 16.82
17 years old
(n = 32)
M 9.81 10.18 8.72 8.88 13.44 0.56 -1.04 76.81
SD 6.58 4.46 6.95 5.05 10.14 0.84 3.41 12.56

l'J
<.>.l
N
.j:>. Table 1 (Continued)
WCST Raw Score Descriptive Statistics for the Normative Sample
Total Total
Number of Number Number of Total Percent
Categories of Trials Correct Number of Percent Perseverative Perseverative
Group Age Education Completed Administered Responses Errors Errors Responses Responses
18 and 19 years old
(n = 56)
M 18.11 5.29 96.96 7l.05 25.91 24.16 13.16 12.50
SD 0.31 1.29 23.16 10.37 19.34 12.82 9.05 5.98
20 through 29 years old
(11=67)
M 25.43 15.09 5.75 88.63 70.10 18.52 19.13 9.70 10.06
SD 2.42 2.75 0.77 18.98 8.75 14.06 9.78 7.83 5.76
30 through 39 years old
(n = 63)
M 34.46 15.68 5.62 84.81 68.65 16.16 17.57 8.87 9.40
SD 2.68 3.03 1.08 18.98 10.58 13.31 10.74 8.28 5.84
40 through 49 years old
(n =63)
M 44.21 15.67 5.52 83.63 65.70 17.94 18.75 10.11 10.50
SD 2.59 2.76 1.24 19.72 8.89 18.88 13.98 1l.l0 7.86
50 through 59 years old
(11= 67)
M 54.55 15.01 5.46 87.42 67.85 19.57 20.47 12.01 12.17
SD 2.38 2.34 1.35 19.40 1l.S1 17.07 12.78 16.58 12.48
60 through 64 years old
(n = 25)
M 62.36 15.28 4.64 102.96 7l.56 31.40 27.60 20.12 17.31
SD 1.44 3.03 1.70 24.99 8.66 20.70 13.48 15.84 11.06
65 through 69 years old
(n= 32)
M 67.12 12.72 4.31 105.94 68.81 37.09 33.10 23.00 20.14
SD 1.24 3.42 2.07 22.34 14.25 22.51 16.60 17.51 12.83
70 through 74 years old
(n =29)
M 71.93 13.72 3.97 117.93 72.86 45.07 36.77 26.79 21.92
SD 1.39 3.21 1.64 18.01 7.02 17.21 1l.l6 12.39 8.70
75 through 79 years old
(n = 16)
M 76.87 14.00 2.87 126.81 69.44 57.38 45.00 42.19 33.06
SD 1.45 3.56 1.54 4.75 15.13 17.28 13.11 25.60 19.88
80 through 84 years old
(11 = 18)
M 81.78 14.53 3.78 112.11 68.17 43.94 37.43 33.44 28.20
SD 1.63 3.99 2.24 22.98 14.64 22.42 15.90 23.67 17.75
85 through 89 years old
(11 = 4)
M 86.50 14.00 2.75 89.25 5l.25 38.00 46.72 29.25 38.70
SD 1.73 4.69 3.20 31.17 31.77 8.08 18.93 10.08 23.62
 Table 1 (Continued)
WCST Raw Score Descriptive Statistics for the Normative Sample
Percent
Percent Percent Trials to Failure to Conceptual
Perseverative Perseverative Nonperseverative Nonperseverative Complete Maintain Learning Level
Group Errors Errors Errors Errors First Category Set to Learna Responses
18 and 19 years old
(n = 56)
M 12.05 11.52 13.86 12.63 14.38 0.68 -0.83 69.92
SD 7.86 5.05 12.50 8.83 9.09 1.19 5.43 17.80
20 through 29 years old
(n = 67)
M 8.93 9.20 9.60 9.82 11.67 0.52 -2.41 76.94
SD 6.70 4.67 8.36 6.16 2.44 1.02 5.26 13.84
30 through 39 years old
(n = 63)
M 8.29 8.89 7.87 8.68 12.17 0.57 -1.46 78.76
SD 7.00 4.79 7.43 7.77 4.76 I.lO 3.35 14.34
40 through 49 years old
(n = 63)
M 9.27 9.74 8.67 9.00 13.97 0.37 -1.98 77.62
SD 9.61 6.69 10.53 8.70 15.34 0.96 4.96 18.83
50 through 59 years old
(n = 67)
M 10.81 11.08 8.76 9.39 13.76 0.63 -0.95 75.60
SD 12.80 9.47 7.80 6.95 14.47 0.98 3.84 17.07
60 through 64 years old
(n = 25)
M 17.72 15.43 13.68 12.18 13.00 1.20 -3.79 65.36
SD 13.06 8.90 8.78 5.76 5.64 1.29 5.34 19.09
65 through 69 years old
(n = 32)
M 20.34 17.93 16.75 15.18 20.78 0.81 -2.44 57.04
SD 14.08 10.13 10.71 8.66 23.70 1.26 5.62 23.21
70 through 74 years old
(11 =29)
M 23.90 19.53 2I.I7 17.23 17.03 I.IO -6.37 51.86
SD 10.74 7.41 9.14 6.27 14.60 0.94 6.07 16.44
75 through 79 years old
(11 = 16)
M 35.69 27.98 21.69 17.03 22.87 1.06 -8.39 38.88
SD 18.51 14.33 7.70 5.89 29.63 I. I 8 7.43 16.01
80 through 84 years old
(n= 18)
M 28.28 23.89 15.67 13.54 32.61 1.17 -6.25 51.63
SD 18.45 13.49 7.96 6.03 40.87 1.04 7.44 21.61
85 through 89 years old
(n = 4)
M 25.25 32.60 12.75 14.13 69.75 0.50 -6.00 37.42
SD 5.62 16.76 9.46 7.55 67.27 0.58 3.82 26.14

Note. N = 899.
aMean and standard deviations for Learning to Learn are based on the 816 subjects for whom a Learning to Learn score could be calculated (see Chapter 3).

10
Ul
higher than that of the U.S. population in 1987 (U.S. Selection of Normative Variables
Department of Commerce, 1988). The 1987 data represent
the most current descriptive information on educational Total Number of Errors, Percent Errors, Perseverative
attainment available at the present time. Therefore, the Responses, Percent Perseverative Responses, Perseverative
sample could not be equated for years of education. Errors, Percent Perseverative Errors, Nonperseverative
However, as will be shown later, of all the demographic Errors, Percent Nonperseverative Errors, Percent
variables, age has the greatest relationship to WCST perfor- Conceptual Level Responses, Number of Categories
mance. Completed, Trials to Complete First Category, Failure to
Table 2 Maintain Set, and Learning to Learn were selected for the
derivation of normative data. Of these scores, normative
Percentage of U.S. Census-matched
data for Percent Errors, Percent Perseverative Responses,
WCST Normative Sample By Age
and Percent Nonperseverative Errors are presented primarily
WCST u.s. for research purposes.
sample Census
Age group (%) (%)
Influence of Demographic Variables
20-29 17.40 19.51
30-39 16.40 23.73 Analyses were conducted on WCST data obtained from
40-49 16.40 20.41 the normative sample to examine the potential effects of
50-59 17.40 13.43 age, gender, and education. Hierarchical polynomial regres-
60-64 6.50 5.36
sion analysis was used to investigate these relationships.
65-69 8.30 5.28
70-74 7.60 4.75
Because of mandatory school attendance for children and
75-79 4.20 3.60 adolescents, an extremely high relationship between years
80-84 4.70 2.53 of education and age was found for subjects aged 6 1/2
85-89 1.00 1.40 through 19 years (r = .99, p < .001). To avoid the distorting
Note. N = 384. Proportions for age were based on middle-series projected data impact this confound would have had on the normative
for 1995 as given in Table 6, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of
Census, 1984, Projections of the population of the United States, by age, sex, data, the relationship between education and the WCST
and race: 1983 to 2080 (Series P-25, No. 952), Washington, DC: U.S. variables was investigated only for subjects 20 years of age
Government Printing Office.
or older. However, the relationships among the other demo-
graphic variables and WCST scores were examined across
the entire age range of the normative sample.
Table 3 Age (and its powers to the fifth term), gender, and the
Means and Standard Deviations of WCST various interactions of these variables were entered as pre-
Scores for the U.S. Census-matched dictors, in that relative order. Results showed a significant
Normative Sample quadratic effect for age on all WCST variables, p < .05 in
all cases. The proportion of variance in WCST scores
Standard accounted for by the quadratic relationships ranged from
WCSTscore Mean deviation
approximately 2% to 21 %, with an average of 17%.
Number of Categories Completed 5.07 1.63 Although significant effects were also found for powers of
Trials to Complete First Category 15.80 18.46
Total Number of Errors
age greater than the quadratic component, incremental
25.62 20.87
Percent Errors 24.32 15.11 increases in the proportion of variance accounted for by
Perseverative Responses 15.78 16.57 these components were not meaningful. Gender and the
Percent Perseverative Responses 14.71 12.51 interactions between gender and age were not significantly
Perseverati ve Errors 14.05 13.43 related to WCST scores after the quadratic effects of age
Percent Perseverative Errors 13.19 9.90
were removed.
Nonperseverative Errors 11.57 9.79
Percent N onperseverati ve Errors 1l.l0 7.74
The relationship between years of education (and its
Percent Conceptual Level Responses 69.63 20.97 powers to the fifth term) and age-adjusted WCST scores
Failure to Maintain Set 0.69 1.08 was then examined for subjects who were 20 years of age or
Learning to Learn a -2.70 6.30 older. With the exception of Failure to Maintain Set and
Note. N = 384. Learning to Learn, results revealed a significant linear rela-
aMean and standard deviation for Learning to Learn are based on the 353 sub- tionship with all WCST scores, p < .05 in all cases. For the'>,
jects for whom a Learning to Learn score could be calculated (see Chapter 3).
WCST scores with significant relationships, the proportior '
of variance in age-adjusted WCST scores accounted for b)
education ranged from approximately 3% to 9%, with aI

26
average of 7%. Although significant effects were also found
for polynomial regressions that included the higher powers
of education, increases in the proportion of variance
accounted for by these higher-order terms, over and above
that accounted for by the linear trend, were trivial.
Overall, the results of the polynomial regression
analyses revealed a substantial curvilinear (quadratic) rela-
tionship between WCST scores and age, as well as an addi-
tional linear relationship between WCST scores and years
of education for subjects who were 20 years of age or
greater. Examination of the quadratic regression curve for
age showed a substantially increasing proficiency in WCST
performance from 6 1/2 through approximately 19 years of
age. Performance proficiency was fairly stable through the
20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-year age decades. Beyond 60 years of
age, an accelerated decrease in performance proficiency
was noted. These findings are similar to those of other
investigators who have studied samples of normal individ-
uals within more narrowly defined age ranges (Chelune &
Baer, 1986; Chelune & Thompson, 1987; Craik, Morris,
Morris, & Loewen, 1990; Daigneault, Braun, & Whitaker,
1992; Welsh et aI., 1991). Based on the obtained relation-
ships, normative tables were grouped by age into a 1/2-year
span for 6 1/2-year-olds, I-year spans from 7 through 17
years of age, a 2-year span from 18 through 19 years of age,
IO-year spans from 20 through 59 years of age, and 5-year
spans from 60 through 89 years of age. To illustrate the
form of relationships found among WCST scores and age,
Figure 9 presents the regression curve for age and
Perseverative Responses raw scores.
Examination of the regression lines across the educa-
tion range for adults indicated a gradual increase in profi-
ciency in WCST performance from lower to higher levels of
education. Because of the gradual change in performance
proficiency, table groupings by education level were based
primarily on considerations of comparability with previous
presentations of neuropsychological normative data (cf.,
Heaton et aI., 1991). These divisions were: 8 years of edu-
cation or less, 9 through 11 years of education, 12 years of
education, 13 through 15 years of education, 16 through 17
years of education, and 18 or more years of education.
Tables that reflect these educational levels were developed
only for subjects 20 years old or greater. To illustrate the
form of the relationship found between WCST scores and
education, Figure 10 presents the regression line for educa-
tion and Perseverative Responses raw scores. A similar rela-
tionship was found between education and age-adjusted
WCST scores.

55

50

45

...'" 40
'"
0=
Q.. 35
...'"
~
.....
:.::::
~
30

........'"' 25
...'"'"'
~
....0 20
...
..c'"'
15
S
Z= 10

0
6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Age

Figure 9. Polynomial regression of Perseverative Responses raw scores on age.

27
 35.0

30.0

'"
~
25.0
'"0=
Q..

~
'"
~

~ 20.0
.e;
.....
~
,...
..
~

~
,...
15.0
'"
~
~
.....0
,... 10.0
~
..c
e
Z= 5.0

O.O~.---,----,----.----.---.----.----.---''---.----.----r---~---.----~

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 l3 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Years of Education

Figure 10. Linear regression of Perseverative Responses raw scores on education.

Demographically Corrected 4. Evaluating the accuracy of the computed norms.

Normative Data
Continuous Norms
The method of continuous norming was used to derive
separate normative data for the WCST census age-matched
sample and for the entire WCST normative sample grouped
by age and by age and education. Continuous norming has
been recommended to correct for irregularities in (a) the
distributions of scores within groupings of the norming
variable and (b) trends in the means and standard deviations
across groupings when group sample sizes are 200 or
smaller (Angoff & Robertson, 1987). Calculation of norma-
tive scores by the method of continuous norming involves
the following sequence of steps:
1. Determining the line or curves of best fit for the
progression of means and standard deviations
across groupings of the norming variables, using
polynomial regression.
2. Estimating the mean, standard deviation, skew-
ness, and kurtosis of the distribution of scores
for each normative variable group.
3. Calculating percentile and standard scores based
on the estimates obtained from the above two
steps.
This series of steps is implemented for each test score that
requires normative transformation. Angoff and Robertson
(1987), Gorsuch (1983), Roid (1983), and Zachary and
Gorsuch (1985) present detailed discussions of the method
of continuous norming.
Step 1. The method of continuous norming uses group
descriptive statistics, rather than the data of the individual
subjects comprising the groups, as the unit of analysis when
modeling the line or curves of best fit. To estimate the shape
of the distributions of scores, the total normative sample
was divided into 46 subgroups based on age. Inspection of
the age-group distributions indicated that Total Number of
Errors, Percent Errors, Perseverative Responses, Percent
Perseverative Responses, Perseverative Errors, Percent
Perseverative Errors, Nonperseverative Errors, Percent
Nonperseverative Errors, and Percent Conceptual Level
Responses were sufficiently normally distributed to allow
for normalized transformations of the data. These scores
were therefore selected for continuous norming.
Distributions of scores for Number of Categories
Completed, Trials to Complete First Category, Failure to
Maintain Set, and Learning to Learn were too highly
skewed to warrant treatment with this procedure and were \
treated by categorical methods.

28
 Means and standard deviations of the selected scores
for the 46 subgroups were analyzed separately by poly-
nomial regression. Mean subgroup age and its various
powers were used as predictors. Results from these analyses
found the quadratic component to yield the best-fitting
curves for the means. Visual inspection of the quadratic
curves derived from the group means and those derived pre-
viously from the individual subjects' raw scores showed
considerable congruence. The cubic trend component was
found to best describe the progression of standard devia-
tions across age subgroups.
Next, all subjects in the normative sample who were 20
years of age or greater were categorized into 11 subgroups
based on education level. WCST scores were then residual-
ized based on the quadratic regression equations derived
from the age-subgroup means. Mean age-residualized
scores were analyzed by polynomial regression, using mean
education and its various powers as predictors. Results from
these analyses found the linear component to provide the
best fit for the age-residualized means. Again, regression
analyses derived from the group means of age-residualized
scores and those derived from the individual subjects' raw
scores showed very similar regression slopes.
Step 2. Means and standard deviations were then calcu-
lated for each normati ve table group. For each table
reflecting ages less than 20 years, mean WCST scores
and standard deviations were predicted using the derived
quadratic and cubic regression equations, respectively.
These calculations used the mean age of each normative
table as the value for age in the regression equations.
Standard deviations for tables reflecting ages of 20 years or
greater were calculated in the same manner.
A three-step process was used to calculate the mean
WCST scores for normative tables which reflected both
age and level of education. First, a mean age component
was calculated for each WCST score, using the derived
quadratic equations. These calculations used the mean age
of each table as the value for age in the regression equa-
tions. Second, a mean education component was calculated
for each WCST score, using the linear regression equations
derived from the age-residualized scores. These calculations
used the mean education level of each table as the value for
edU(;u~;t)n in the regression equations. Finally, the two com-
ponent scores -,"ere added together to form the mean WCST
score for each table.
The procedure of continuous norming assumes that the
best estimate of distribution shape is derived from the com-
posite skewness and kurtosis aggregated across groupings
Jf the normative variables (Angoff & Robertson, 1987).
2omposite estimates of skewness and kurtosis were thus
:alculated from the weighted averages of these respective
values in the 46 age subgroups, using the size of each sub-
sroup as the weight.
Step 3. Percentile and normalized standardized scores
corresponding to raw scores were derived according to the
Johnson-curve method (Hill, Hill, & Holder, 1976) for
every normative table, using the respective mean, standard
deviation, skew, and kurtosis values described above. The
Johnson-curve method estimates the cumulative probabili-
ties of a distribution with a given mean and standard devia-
tion based on probability values of the normal curve
adjusted for the skewness and kurtosis of the distribution.
Standard scores for each type of WCST score were derived
to have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, while
T scores were derived to have a mean of 50 and a standard
deviation of 10. These percentile and normalized scores are
presented in Appendix D for each of the age and age by
education table divisions.
Step 4. Accuracy of the derived normative values was
evaluated by comparing the percentile values derived
according to the Johnson-curve method with those derived
from the raw frequency distribution of scores for each age
group. These distributions matched closely at each age and
age by education subgroup, even with the expected differ-
ences because of the fitting of means and minor fluctuations
of skew. The current derived normative data for
Perseverative Responses were also compared to those pre-
sented by Heaton et al. (1991) for subjects 20 years of age
and older. Comparisons revealed that the two sets of norma-
tive data deviated most for subjects 50 to 65 years of age,
with the greatest deviation being approximately equal to 7
T scores. Although there was some overlap among subjects
in these two normative samples, the deviations were most
likely attributable to the fact that the current procedure used
a curvilinear relationship with age for deriving the norma-
tive data as opposed to the linear relationship used by
Heaton et al. (1991). Overall, the two sets of normative data
for this WCST score appear to be adequately congruent.
Categorical Norms
Normative data for Number of Categories Completed,
Trials to Complete First Category, Failure to Maintain Set,
and Learning to Learn were determined for each normative
table age range (see Appendix D). It was decided that cate-
gorical presentation would more accurately reflect the
skewed nature of the distributions of these scores.
Normative data for these scores were generated using only
age because of inadequate sample sizes in some age by edu-
cation cells.
Within each age range, raw scores were rank-ordered
and the associated percentile values were calculated. Raw
score ranges were then determined for five categories: (a)
scores greater than the 16th percentile, (b) scores within the
16th through 11th percentiles, (c) scores within the 10th
through 6th percentiles, (d) scores within the 5th through
2nd percentiles, and (e) scores less than or equal to the 1st
29
percentile. Learning to Learn scores were missing for two
subjects in the 50- to-59-year-old group, one subject in the
60-to-64-year-old group, two subjects in the 65-to-69-year-
old group, one subject in the 75-to-79-year-old group, and
one subject in the 80-to-84-year-old group.
u.s. Census Age-matched
Normative Data
Normative data were also generated from the WCST
scores of the U.S. census age-matched subsample of adults
who were 20 years old and older. Means, standard devia-
tions, skewness, and kurtosis statistics were calculated for
Total Number of Errors, Percent Errors, Perseverative
Responses, Percent Perseverative Responses, Perseverative
Errors, Percent Perseverative Errors, Nonperseverative
Errors, Percent Nonperseverative Errors, and Percent
Conceptual Level Responses from the WCST scores of this
30
subsample. The Johnson-curve method (Hill, Hill, &
Holder, 1976) was used to derive percentile, normalized
standard scores, and normalized T scores for each of these
WCST scores, using the respective mean, standard devia-
tion, skew, and kurtosis values. These normative data are
presented in Appendix C.
Normative data for Number of Categories Completed,
Trials to Complete First Category, Failure to Maintain Set,
and Learning to Learn were calculated by rank-ordering the
raw score values and calculating the associated percentile
values. Raw score ranges were determined for five cate-
gories: (a) scores greater than the 16th percentile, (b) scores
within the 16th through 11th percentiles, (c) scores within
the 10th through 6th percentiles, (d) scores within the 5th
through 2nd percentiles, and (e) scores less than or equal to
the 1st percentile. These normative data also are presented
in Appendix C.
 5
INTERPRETATION
This section presents guidelines and case illustrations
for the clinical interpretation of the WeST. The WeST is
only one of a number of psychological tests that provide
information on important areas of neuropsychological func-
tion. As seen in the following case illustrations, results of
the WeST should be interpreted within the context of a
larger clinical assessment battery and collateral clinical and
historical information.
Normative Comparisons
Two major goals of neuropsychological test interpreta-
tion relate to diagnostic inferences (i.e., Does the person
have a cerebral disorder?) and to inferences regarding the
adequacy of the tested ability in more absolute terms (i.e.,
How good or poor is this person's functioning compared
with the general population?). Different normative stan-
dards may be appropriate for these two aspects of test inter-
pretation and are presented in separate appendixes of this
manual.
For diagnostic purposes, we recommend the use of
demographically corrected normative scores. These data are
contained in Appendix D and allow the transformation of
various WeST raw scores to normalized standard scores
and T scores (and associated percentile scores). Standard
scores have been constructed to have a mean of 100 and a
standard deviation of 15, while T scores have a mean of 50
and a standard deviation of 10. The scores in Appendix D
provide information about the client's performance relative
to that of the client's age or age and education peers in the
normative sample. For example, a standard score of 110
would indicate that the client's score exceeds those of 75%
of the client's peers comprising the normative sample.
Inferences regarding the adequacy of a client's abilities
for everyday functioning can be quite complex, because
they require the clinician to estimate how important the par-
ticular ability is to the everyday functioning of the particular
client. The normative data presented in Appendix e may be
useful in addressing questions of everyday functioning for
adults. For example, consider a 65-year-old man with an
eighth grade education who obtained a WeST Perseverative
Responses raw score of 46. The normative data presented in
Table D44 in Appendix D reveals that this score is equiva-
lent to a percentile score of 21, which is within the low
average range for someone with his demographic character-
istics-a score that does not suggest the presence of a neu-
rological disorder. On the other hand, the normative data
presented in Appendix e reveals that this raw score is sig-
nificantly below average (5th percentile) for the general
adult population. Therefore, if the client is attempting to
perform a job or to function effectively in everyday situa-
tions that require the cognitive flexibility of an average
adult, he may be expected to have some difficulty.
Heaton et al. (1991) have developed a classification
system, based on their clinical experience, for interpreting
normative scores. These classifications can be used with the
normative tables in either Appendix e or D, depending on
which norms are considered appropriate for the particular
interpretation being made. The following groupings of
standard-score and T-score values define these suggested,
clinically relevant ranges: standard scores less than or equal
to 54 or T scores less than or equal to 19 (i.e., greater than
three standard deviations below the mean) are considered to
be in the severely impaired range; standard scores ranging
from 55 to 61 or T scores ranging from 20 to 24 are in the
moderately-to-severely impaired range; standard scores
ranging from 62 to 69 or T scores ranging from 25 to 29 are
in the moderately impaired range; standard scores ranging
from 70 to 76 or T scores ranging from 30 to 34 are in the
mildly-to-moderately impaired range; standard scores
ranging from 77 to 84 or T scores ranging from 35 to 39 are
in the mildly impaired range; standard scores ranging from
85 to 91 or T scores ranging from 40 to 44 are in the below-
average range; standard scores ranging from 92 to 106 or
T scores ranging from 45 to 54 are in the average range; and
standard scores equal to or greater than 107 or T scores
equal to or greater than 55 are in the above-average range.
When considering the categories associated with the
normative score ranges, the professional should keep in
mind that the focus of interpretation is the client's perfor-
mance; that is, it is the client's performance on the WeST,
rather than the client per se, that may be deficient or
31
impaired. This distinction is especially important when
evaluating children and older adults because of the greater
variability in WeST performance found among neurologi-
cally intact subjects in these age ranges.
Base Rate Comparisons
The normative data presented in Appendixes e and D
provide information on how a client's performance com-
pares with that of individuals in the normal population.
However, some normal, neurologically intact individuals
obtain low scores on the WeST just as some neurologically
impaired individuals obtain average or higher scores on the
WeST. Frequently, then, interpretation is concerned with
whether the client's performance is more like the perfor-
mance of neurologically intact or that of neurologically
impaired individuals.
To assist in interpretation of the WeST, Appendix E
provides "base rates" or proportions (expressed as percent-
ages) of normative samples and samples of various clinical
groups, whose demographically corrected WeST normative
scores were classified according to the above clinically rele-
vant normative score ranges as well as to various percentile
ranges. Base rate information is provided separately for
adults and for children and adolescents. Normal and clinical
samples of adults and of children and adolescents, whose
data are presented in Appendix E, are those subjects who
served in the validity studies undertaken for presentation in
the current manual. Full descriptions of these samples are
presented in the validity section of Chapter 6.
The tables in Appendix E present base rate classifica-
tion data where the specificity of the WeST was held
constant at approximately 86%; that is, a 1 standard devi-
ation cutoff was used to define impaired performance.
Taking Perseverative Responses as a representative
WeST score, the prevalence of impaired performance in
all brain-damaged subgroups in which the frontal lobe
was involved ranged from 53% to 59%. By contrast, the
prevalence of impaired performance within the focal non-
frontal group was somewhat less (38%). In general, these
data show modest sensitivity of the WeST Perseverative
Responses score to cerebral disorder. In addition, patients
with focal lesions within the frontal lobes were only about
20% more likely to show impairment than were patients
with focal nonfrontallesions. Clearly, these results should
caution against using the WeST to infer the presence or
absence of frontal lobe involvement, even in patients who
are known to have focal brain lesions. Moreover, preva-
lence of impairment is very similar within focal frontal
and diffuse brain-damaged groups.
To illustrate the use of these base rate data, consider the
case of a 34-year-old female with 16 years of formal educa-
tion. On the WeST, she obtained a Perseverative Responses
32
raw score of 24. This score is equivalent to a standard score
of 74 or a T score of 33 (see Table D24 in Appendix D).
Turning to Table E1 in Appendix E, these normative scores
fall in the mild-to-moderate range of impairment. Locating
the base rate data for Perseverative Responses, 94.5% of the
normal adult sample obtained scores in higher performance
ranges (i.e., 7.0% + 10.4% + 50.8% + 26.3%), whereas only
64.4% of the complete clinical sample obtained scores in
higher performance ranges (i.e., 16.9% + 14.0% + 23.3% +
10.2%). Thus, this client's performance appears to be more
similar to that of neurologically impaired adults than to that
of neurologically intact adults.
The data presented in Appendix E may also be used to
establish interpretative ranges and categories other than
those suggested in this manual. Based on training and expe-
rience, professionals can establish more or less stringent
interpretative categories by combining or relabeling cate-
gory groupings. For example, using the data presented in
Table E1, a category of borderline performance may be cre-
ated by combining the mild and mild-to-moderate cate-
gories (i.e., standard scores ranging from 70 to 84 or
T scores ranging from 30 to 39). A category of deficient
performance may be created by relabeling the moderate cat-
egory (i.e., standard scores ranging from 62 to 69 or
T scores ranging from 25 to 29). Finally, the severe and
moderate-to-severe categories may be combined to form a
significantly deficient performance category (i.e., standard
scores ranging from 0 to 61 or T scores ranging from 0 to
24). Comparing the percentages of normal and clinical sub-
jects located within these new groupings for Perseverative
Responses reveals that 10.6% of normal subjects and 26.2%
of all clinical subjects fall in the borderline performance
range, 0.8% of normal subjects and 8.2% of all clinical sub-
jects fall in the deficient performance range, and 1.1 % of
normal subjects and 18.1 % of all clinical subjects fall in the
significantly deficient performance range. Professionals
also may use the percentages for the normal samples pre-
sented in Appendix E to establish categories that provide
optimum rates of classification (i.e., true positives and true
negatives) in comparison with the base rates of brain dys-
function reflected in individual clinical settings.
Case Illustrations
Case 3
This case is a 65-year-old, right-handed physician. He
was initially seen in an outpatient internal medicine depart-
ment for evaluation of a one-week history of abrupt person-
ality change characterized by indifference, social with-
drawal, and excessive fatigue. On examination, the patient
appeared mildly depressed and manifested what was
thought to be a subtle right -sided weakness and decreased
reflexes in the lower right extremity; otherwise, his clinical: .
neurological exam was normal. Because of the abrupt
nature of the personality change and subtle, focal neuro-
logical signs, the patient was admitted to the hospital for
further evaluation. A CT scan of the head revealed a well
defined area of decreased attenuation involving both the
gray and white matter in the right frontal lobe. Although the
location of the damage was somewhat surprising in light of
the motor symptoms, the radiologic findings were consis-
tent with an acute right frontal infarct. The patient was sub-
sequently referred for a neuropsychological evaluation to
assess whether he had any significant cognitive deficits
associated with his cerebrovascular accident that would pre-
clude his returning to work. The patient underwent a com-
prehensive neuropsychological examination that included
the WCST. Figure 11 presents his WCST data.
In general, this patient performed relatively well on the
detailed battery of neuropsychological procedures. On the
WAIS-R, he earned Verbal IQ and Performance IQ scores
that were both in the High Average range. Likewise, his
short-term memory for verbal and visual material was in the
Superior to Very Superior range on the Wechsler Memory
Scale-Revised (WMS-R; Wechsler, 1987). He did have
some mild difficulties with delayed recall on the WMS-R,
obtaining a standard score in the Average range. Further
memory assessment with the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning
Test (cited in Lezak, 1983) demonstrated a relatively flat
learning curve but normal verbal recognition memory. The
patient did have some mild difficulties with facial recogni-
tion memory and nonverbal incidental learning and recall.
Nonetheless, his visual-spatial abilities were intact, and
there was no evidence of constructional dyspraxia.
Motorically, the patient's fine motor speed was normal on
his right (dominant) side and only minimally depressed
on his left. The patient's basic language and communica-
tion skills were well within normal limits, although
verbal fluency and initiation were at the lower end of the
Average range (25th-29th percentile).
In contrast to the results just reported, the patient mani-
fested significant difficulties on measures of higher execu-
tive functioning. His performance of 119 errors on the
Halstead Category Test (HCT; Halstead, 1947) was in the
moderate range of impairment when compared with peers
of similar age, education, and gender (see Heaton et aI.,
1991).- While he performed adequately on Part A of the
Trail Making Test (Reitan & Davison, 1974), he had some
mild difficulty alternating between two cognitive sets in a
specific order on Part B of the test.
These difficulties in higher cognitive functioning are
quite consistent with his performance on the WCST. As
seen in Figure 11, he was administered all 128 trials of the
WCST and was able to successfully complete only three
categories. While the number of categories completed is at
the lower end of normal limits for an individual of his age
and education (> 16th percentile), it is somewhat lower than
might be expected for a practicing physician who has other-
wise been in good physical health. Although he took only
11 trials to complete the first category and completed the
second category within the next 13 trials (see Figure 11), his
Learning to Learn score of -30.46 is quite poor (:;; 1st per-
centile). He began to perseverate to Form (see trial 25 in
Figure 11) and had great difficulty in generating alternative
problem-solving approaches. This difficulty is reflected in
his high Perseverative Responses raw score of 66 (3rd per-
centile for his age and education, and 2nd percentile for the
general adult popUlation; see Appendixes D and C, respec-
tively). Consistent with his moderately impaired perfor-
mance on the HCT, the patient's overall conceptual level on
the WCST (Percent Conceptual Level Responses standard
score = 75) places him in the mild-to-moderate range of
impairment (see Table E1).
From these data, it is clear that this patient's higher
executive functions were markedly impaired relative to his
other capabilities. He maintained high-average intellectual
abilities and was able to learn and retain new information
with average to above-average efficiency. His basic lan-
guage and communication skills appeared to be intact, and
he had no difficulty on tasks requiring complex visual-
spatial ability. Nonetheless, his capacity to engage in logical
analysis and to form new concepts was impaired, and he
appeared to have difficulty with cognitive flexibility. His
thinking appeared to be extremely perseverative, and,
should he begin with an unsuccessful approach to a new
problem or situation, he might well continue with that
unsuccessful approach well beyond the point where other
individuals would seek alternative solutions. Because of the
high demands for decision making and problem solving
required in medical practice, it was recommended that he
not return to his medical practice in the near future.
However, because his stroke was relatively recent, some
spontaneous recovery of his affected abilities could occur
within the next 6 to 9 months. Therefore, the patient was
advised to have a follow-up neuropsychological evaluation
in 9 months to assess the nature and extent of his recovery
and to help determine whether or not he could consider
resuming his clinical practice on a limited basis at that time.
Case 4
Figure 12 presents the WCST data for Case 4. This is
the case of a 33-year-old, right-handed man with 14 years of
formal education. He was employed as a computer oper-
ator/technician with a large industrial firm until approxi-
mately 3 years earlier. His medical history was essentially
negative until 6 years earlier when he began to experience
recurrent seizures. His subsequent workup that included a
clinical neurologic evaluation, EEG, and MRI revealed the
presence of a large right frontal mass lesion. He underwent
33
 CATEGORY SEQUENCE: f ., N C F N
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10 24.cFNO _~fN]) _@FN])p 1i 56.CF~O
N -c8FN]) P _~FN]) _@FN])p L 57CF~O
_~FN:V _~FN")P _QFN])p JL 58C;~O
~ 27Cf~O _~FN")P _@FN])p lL 59CfPO
-. 28CjPO ~ 6o.Fp40 P ~ 28CFr/o 10 60. F P 0
;I 29f;p4o 2 6LF~O P -. 29r~O c ~ 6LF~O
_~f;NQ) P 2 62Y~O p _~rN~ 2 62'F~O

-~ -CiilYN])p ~ 3LCfr/O _~F~~P

_~fN]) p _QFNQ)P -Ciii:fN]) P -c8:FP~ P

Figure 11. WCST Record Booklet for Case 3.

34
 SCORING AREA
Raw Standard T Percentile
score score score score

Number of Trials Administered

128
Total Number Correct
53
Total Number of Errors 70 30 2
75
Percent Errors 71 31 3
59
Perseverative Responses 77 37 3
66
Percent Perseverative Responses 77 37 3
52
Perseverative Errors 68 29 2
59
Percent Perseverative Errors 68 29 2
46
Nonperseverative Errors 89 43 23
16
Percent Nonperseverative Errors 97 44 27
13
Conceptual Level Responses
39
Percent Conceptual Level Responses 75 33 5
30

Raw Percentile
score range

Number of Categories Completed 3 >76

Trials to Complete First Category 77 >76
Failure to Maintain Set 0 >76
Learning to Learn -30.46 -::;7

Normative table _A_G_E_:_6_5_-_0_to_6_9_-7_7_/i_ED_V_C_:__

>_7_8_YR_S
_ __

Learning to Learn Score Worksheet

Category Number Percent Percent errors
number of trials Errors errors difference score

1 77 7 9.09
2 73 2 75.38 -6.29
3 700 70 70.00 -54.62
4

Average difference -30.46

Figure 11 (Continued). WCST Record Booklet for Case 3.

35
 CATEGORY SEQUENCE: Jt t N Jt t ~
c -CC;~]) _~F~]) ..fL ,FNO _~jN:)
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~ 4FlIO . 36.C;NO fL 4F~0 _QFN])

_~FlI]) P 237.1NO 10 51NO _Q;N:)

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_@F~]) 2 621~0 N _~jN:VP 62.CFNO

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_~FV ~ 64.FNO -e:jNV P 64.C FNO

Figure 12. WCST Record Booklet for Case 4.

36
 SCORING AREA
Raw Standard T Percentile
score score score score

Number of Trials Administered

113
Total Number Correct
69
Total Number of Errors 78 35 7
- - . _ - - - . - - - - - -- - - - -
44 - - - - - -L _ - - - - - -

Percent Errors 77 35 6
39
Perseverative Responses 80 37 9
- - - - - - - - - - - -
22
--- - - - - - - - - - -

Percent Perseverative Responses 80 37 9

19
Perseverative Errors 79 36 8
f-------------
20
- - - - - - - - -- - - - -

Percent Perseverative Errors 77 35 6

18
Nonperseverative Errors 78 35 7
f------.-----.-
24
- - - 1--- - - - - - - - -

Percent Nonperseverative Errors 79 36 8

21
Conceptual Level Responses
f--.--------- -
61
- -

Percent Conceptual Level Responses 80 37 9

54

Raw Percentile
score range

Number of Categories Completed 6 >16

Trials to Complete First Category 16 6-10
Failure to Maintain Set 0 >16
Learning to Learn -275 >16

Normative table AGE 30-0 to 39-11IEDUC: 13-15 YRS

Learning to Learn Score Worksheet

Category Number Percent Percent errors
number of trials Errors errors difference score

1 16 5 31.25
2 28 15 53.57 -2232
3 13 3 23.08 30.49
4 12 2 16.67 6.41
5 24 10 41.67 -25.00
6 20 9 45.00 -3.33
Average difference -275

Figure 12 (Continued). WCST Record Booklet for Case 4.

37
a craniotomy and subtotal resection of a low grade astrocy-
toma. This treatment was followed by a course of whole
brain irradiation and he was able to return to work.
However, follow-up neuroimaging studies revealed the
presence of some residual tumor and radiation necrosis. He
eventually lost his job and had to undergo a second surgery
to further debulk the residual tumor. He began having
seizures approximately 2 years before the current neuro-
psychological evaluation, although serial MRI studies sub-
sequent to his second surgery indicated that his tumor was
now stable. Since undergoing the second surgery, he
reported experiencing difficulties in coordination on the left
side of his body as well as memory loss, blurred vision, and
difficulty in reading comprehension. Because of these
neurocognitive complaints, he was referred for a neuropsy-
chological evaluation to establish a baseline of his cognitive
strengths and limitations for future comparisons. He was
administered the WCST as part of a comprehensive
neuropsychological assessment battery.
On the WAIS-R, this patient manifested a 17 -point dis-
crepancy between his Verbal and Performance IQ scores,
with his Verbal IQ falling in the Average range and his
Performance IQ falling in the Low Average range. There
was a similar, 27-point discrepancy between his short-term
memory ability for verbal versus visual material on the
WMS-R (standard scores of 115 and 88, respectively). His
ability to retain both types of material following a delay was
found to be in the Average range (standard score = 97). His
ability to recognize previously learned verbal material was
in the low average range whereas his ability to recognize
faces, as measured by the Warrington Recognition Memory
Test (RMT; Warrington, 1984), was in the defective range.
His basic language and communication skills were intact,
although verbal fluency and initiation were impaired (5th-
9th percentile). He had no difficulty with visuo-construc-
tional tasks and was above average on a measure of com-
plex visual-organizational ability. Motorically, his fine
motor speed and coordination were essentially normal on
his right (dominant) side but mildly-to-moderately impaired
on his left side.
38
On a test of simple visual search and sequencing ability,
the patient performed adequately. Likewise, he performed
well on a more complex task of divided attention that
required him to alternate between two cognitive sets in a
specified manner. As shown in Figure 12, he was somewhat
slow in establishing the first category on the WCST (Trials to
Complete First Category = 6th to 10th percentile) and was
mildly perseverative in his thinking for someone within his
demographic reference group (Perseverative Responses = 9th
percentile). On the other hand, this degree of perseveration is
not particularly unusual by general adult population stan-
dards (Perseverative Responses = 23rd percentile; see
Appendix C). Thus, while his perseverative tendencies may
well put him at a disadvantage in certain demanding jobs
consistent with his education level, it is doubtful that this
deficit would be noticed in more routine jobs and in his per-
sonallife. Although his Percent Conceptual Level Responses
score was below the lOth percentile, he was able to complete
six categories within 113 trials. Similarly, he was able to
maintain a consistent problem-solving strategy within cate-
gories (Failure to Maintain Set = 0), and he became slightly
more efficient with sorting as the test continued (Learning to
Learn score greater than the 16th percentile).
Overall, the results of this patient's neuropsychological
evaluation revealed a significant pattern of lateralized cog-
nitive deficit as manifested by discrepancies between his
Verbal and Performance IQ scores, Verbal and Visual
Memory Index scores on the WMS-R and RMT, and lateral-
ized motor deficit involving the left hand. While he did
demonstrate some mild difficulties with perseverative
thinking and reduced cognitive insight relative to his other
neuropsychological abilities, he was able to use trial-by-trial
feedback from the examiner to successfully make concep-
tual shifts and to complete the designated number of cate-
gories in less than the 128-trial limit of the WCST.
Although the patient clearly showed a number of significant
cognitive deficits on the neuropsychological test battery, his .
higher executive functions were relatively well preserved
given the nature and severity of his brain lesion and subse-
quent treatments.
 6
DEVELOPMENT, RELIABILITY,
AND VALIDITY
Scoring System Development
In 1948, Esta Berg described a procedure for investi-
gating flexibility of thinking in human subjects. The basic
method was rooted in the research investigations of Harry
Harlow and his colleagues (Settlage et aI., 1948; Zable &
Harlow, 1946) into the learning abilities of brain-lesioned
and intact primates. Later in 1948, Grant and Berg published
a study describing a variant of Berg's procedure, which has
become known as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.
Following this latter publication, Grant and his colleagues
(Gormezano & Grant, 1958; Grant, 1951; Grant & Cost,
1954; Grant & Curran, 1952; Grant, Jones, & Tallantis,
1949) engaged in a program of research that investigated
characteristics of the WeST that influenced performance
(e.g., the number of reinforcing trials prior to change of cate-
gory, relative difficulty of sorting dimensions, systematic
versus nonsystematic configuration of figures on the
:esponse cards, number of possible ambiguous matches,
etc.). A listing of studies that have varied the materials and/or
methods of administration is presented in Appendix A.
Other researchers have studied various subject charac-
eristics in relation to performance on the WeST (Drewe,
1974; Fey, 1951; Grant & Patel, 1957; Loranger & Misiak,
1960; Malmo, 1974; Milner, 1963; Ross, Rupel, & Grant,
1952; Tarter & Parsons, 1971; Teuber, Battersby, & Bender,
951). Performance on the WeST has been examined in
elation to subject's age, stress, anxiety, psychiatric disorder,
lnd neurological status. Through the investigations of such
esearchers as Milner (1963), Drewe (1974), and Nelson
1976), the sensitivity of the WeST to frontal lobe lesions
vas demonstrated. Other investigations found the WeST to
Ie sensitive to the cognitive changes of chronic alcoholism
Tarter, 1973; Tarter & Parsons, 1971). Unfortunately, many
tudies differed in the WeST materials and procedures used
'lee Appendix A) and in the derivation of WeST scores
xamined (see Appendix B). Thus, the ability to compare
ndings across studies was greatly compromised.
In an effort to alleviate the problem of comparability of
~search findings across studies, Heaton and his colleagues
(Heaton, 1981; Robinson et aI., 1980) provided a standard
method of administering and scoring the WeST based on
the original systematic card configuration developed by
Grant and Berg (1948). In addition to the presentation of
validity evidence attesting to the sensitivity of the WeST in
samples of brain-damaged patients, descriptive statistics
from 150 normal control subjects were provided (Heaton,
1981) to assist in the clinical interpretation of WeST perfor-
mance. Since publication of the WeST manual in 1981,
these procedures have been widely used in various studies
of clinical and normal groups (Van der Does & Van den
Bosch, 1992). The sections that follow review the research
literature pertaining to the reliability and validity of the
WeST as a measure of executive function and present addi-
tional new findings regarding the reliability and validity of
the WeST.
Reliability
Interscorer and Intrascorer Reliability
Axelrod et aI. (1992) conducted two studies on the reli-
ability of scoring the WeST. Both studies used WeST data
obtained from 30 psychiatric adult inpatients and focused
on scoring Perseverative Responses, Perseverative Errors,
and Nonperseverative Errors. None of the scorers in either
study administered the WeST to any of the patients whose
data were used for scoring.
In the first study, three clinicians who were experienced
in neuropsychological assessment procedures independently
scored the WeST data according to their own interpretation
of the procedures given by Heaton (1981). Interscorer
agreement was found to be excellent, with intraclass corre-
lation coefficients (rICC) of .93 for Perseverative Responses,
.92 for Perseverative Errors, and .88 for Nonperseverative
Errors. Consistency of scorers in scoring the 30 protocols
(i.e., intrascorer reliability) was also found to be excellent,
rICc = .96, rICC = .94, and rICC = .91 for Perseverative
Responses, Perseverative Errors, and Nonperseverative
Errors, respectively.
39
 The second study used six novice scorers who had not
had any previous experience in scoring the WCST. Scorers
were assigned to one of two groups. One group received
only the scoring procedures given by Heaton (1981) while
the other group received these same materials plus a set of
supplemental scoring instructions. Scoring of the WCST
data was conducted independently by the scorers.
Generalizability theory (Cronbach, GIeser, N anda, &
Rajaratnam, 1972) was used to analyze the data and to cal-
culate generalizability (reliability) coefficients. Similar to
the results of the first study, interscorer agreement was found
to be excellent for both the standard scoring instructions
(rICC = .88, rICC = .97, and rICC = .75 for Perseverative
Responses, Perseverative Errors, and Nonperseverative
Errors, respectively) and for the standard instructions with
the supplemental material (rICC = .95, rICC = .93, and rICC =
.83 for Perseverative Responses, Perseverative Errors, and
Nonperseverative Errors, respectively). Consistency among
scorers in scoring the 30 protocols was also found to be
excellent for both groups. Although both groups were
equally proficient in scoring the WCST, the use of the sup-
plemental scoring material resulted in significant time
saving in learning to score these three WCST variables.
Huettner et aI. (1989) investigated the interscorer and
intrascorer reliability of the WCST with data obtained from
a sample of 50 children and adolescents who were referred
for a neuropsychological evaluation. WCST data were col-
lected as part of a larger battery of tests. The WCST was
administered and scored according to the procedures given
by Heaton (1981), with slightly modified procedures for
scoring perseverative responses and failure to maintain set.
Scorers were two clinicians who underwent extensive
training and practice in the scoring procedures. Of the 50
WCST protocols collected, 8 were used for training. The
remaining 42 protocols were scored independently by the
two scorers, whose data were used to examine inters corer
reliability. Approximately 2 to 3 months after initial
scoring, one scorer blindly rescored the 42 protocols and
these data were used to examine intrascorer reliability.
With the exception of the Learning to Learn score
(r = .658), inters corer reliability coefficients ranged from
.895 to 1.000 for the 11 scores of the WCST. Intrascorer
reliability coefficients ranged from .828 to 1.000. These
findings of high interscorer and intrascorer reliability of
WCST data obtained from children and adolescents are con-
sistent with those of Axelrod et aI. (1992), who examined
WCST data collected from an adult sample.
Fidelity of Measurement
Generalizability theory (Cronbach et aI., 1972) was
used to design a study to estimate subjects' true-score
variance on the WCST. The advantage of generalizability
theory over more traditional reliability theory is that
40
generalizability theory focuses on the construct of interest
(i.e., how well the instrument measures subjects' true
scores) while traditional reliability theory focuses on less
central constructs (e.g., homogeneity of test-item content).
Unlike traditional reliability methods, generalizability
theory explicitly recognizes multiple sources of test score
variance simultaneously through the use of analysis of vari-
ance (ANOVA) methodology. For each factor in the
ANOVA generalizability study, a variance component can
be estimated and then used in a decision study to calculate
generalizability coefficients. Generalizability coefficients
can be viewed as analogues to traditional reliability coeffi-
cients. However, generalizability coefficients reflect the
fidelity of true-score measurement. Brennan (1983),
Cronbach et aI. (1972), and Shavelson, Webb, and Rowley
(1989) present more complete discussion and development
of generalizability theory and procedures.
A subset of 46 child and adolescent subjects from
the standardization sample were administered the WCST
on two occasions. The sample consisted of 22 males and
24 females who ranged in age from 6 1/2 to 17 years (M =
13.09, SD = 3.09). The average interval between test
administrations was approximately 1 month (M = 32.61
days, SD = 8.86). WCST scoring was performed through a
computer program (Harris, 1990), which scores WCST data
according to the procedures given by Heaton (1981). A
repeated-measures ANOVA design was used, with time of
WCST administration comprising the within-subjects factor
and subjects comprising the blocking factor. Raw scores
were converted to standard scores based on the subject's
age, and these standard scores were used in the analysis.
Generalizability coefficients were then calculated for all of
the continuously normed scores. Table 4 presents the results
of the generalizability study.
Generalizability coefficients for WCST scores based on
a single test administration ranged from .39 to .72 and aver-
aged .57 with a median of .60. Compared to traditional reli-'
ability coefficients, generalizability coefficients in thi~
range appear to be only moderate in value. However.:
Cicchetti and Sparrow (1981) and Mitchell (1979) suggesl
that generalizability coefficients of .60 or higher should bE
regarded as demonstrating very good scale reliability
According to these guidelines, the WCST scores of Percen
Perseverative Responses and Percent Perseverative Erron.
showed only fair reliability while the remainder of the:
WCST scores showed moderate to good reliability in thi:
sample of normal children and adolescents.
Standard Error of Measurement
The standard error of measurement (SEM ) is a measure 0
reliability that is particularly suited for the interpretation 0
individual scores. It provides an estimate of the standard devi
ation that would be obtained for a series of measurements fo
 Table 4
Generalizability Analysis of WCST Standard Scores for the
Child and Adolescent Reliability Sample
Estimated Decision Standard
Source of ANOVA variance variance Generalizability error of
weST score variation mean square component component a coefficientb measurement C
Total Number of Errors
Subject (S) 340.03 120.13 120.13
Time (T) 8,160.95 175.24 87.62
Residual (E) 99.77 99.77 49.89 .71 8.08
Percent Errors
Subject (S) 369.01 116.69 116.69
Time(T) 10,877.28 233.51 116.76
Residual (E) 135.63 135.63 67.82 .63 9.12
Perseverative Responses
Subject (S) 372.96 98.97 98.97
Time (T) 8,999.86 191.84 95.92
Residual (E) 175.02 175.02 87.51 .53 10.28
Percent Perseverative Responses
Subject (S) 333.67 65.00 65.00
Time (T) 8,700.91 184.72 92.36
Residual (E) 203.68 203.68 101.84 .39 11.72
Perseverati ve Errors
Subject (S) 363.93 94.66 94.66
Time(T) 9,335.71 199.15 99.58
Residual (E) 174.61 174.61 87.31 .52 10.39
Percent Perseverative Errors
Subject (S) 337.11 61.75 61.75
Time(T) 9,541.18 202.77 101.39
Residual (E) 213.62 213.62 106.81 .37 11.91
Nonperseverative Errors
Subject (S) 328.49 117.72 117.72
Time (T) 6,679.46 143.18 71.59
Residual (E) 93.04 93.04 46.52 .72 7.94
Percent Nonperseverative Errors
Subject (S) 329.41 111.55 111.55
Time (T) 6,902.84 147.75 73.88
Residual (E) 106.31 106.31 53.16 .68 8.49
I Percent Conceptual Level Responses
Subject (S) 359.08 107.67 107.67
Time(T) 8,962.08 191.72 95.86
Residual (E) 143.74 143.74 71.87 .60 9.49
Note. N = 46. Subject df= 45, Time df= 1, and Residual df= 45.
aDecision variance component = estimated variance component/frequency of sampling in the study. Frequency of sampling = I for subject, 2 for time, and 2 for
residual. bGeneralizability coefficient = & 2(S) / & 2(S) + & 2(E), as estimated by the decision variance components. CStandard error of measurement = SD-Vl - rxx and
was based on the generalizability coefficient of the score and a standard deviation of 15.

the same individual on a given test. In practical terms, there
is approximately a 68% chance that the individual's "true"
score on a test will fall within plus or minus 1 SEM from his
Jr her obtained score (there is a 95% chance that the "true"
,core will lie within 1.96 SEM of the obtained score). The
,tandard errors of measurement for WCST standard scores
).e., scores with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of
l5) for children and adolescents in the reliability sample are
)rovided in Table 4. These calculations were based upon the
'espective generalizability coefficient for the score and a stan-
:lard deviation of 15. Because it is likely that the SEMs will
liffer in different populations, additional research studies are
leeded that investigate the standard errors of measurement for
clinical populations of children and adolescents and for normal
and clinical adult popUlations.
Validity
The WCST has been used extensively in clinical and
research applications as a measure of executive function.
Clinical groups investigated have included subjects with
focal and diffuse brain damage (Drewe, 1974; Milner, 1963;
Robinson et aI., 1980), seizure disorders (Hermann, Wyler,
& Richey, 1988), Parkinson's Disease (Beatty & Monson,
1990), multiple sclerosis (Rao, Hammeke, & Speech, 1987),
and psychiatric disturbances such as schizophrenia

41
(Berman, Zec, & Weinberger, 1986; Van der Does & Van
den Bosch, 1992; Weinberger, Berman, & Zec, 1986).
Recently, the WCST has been considered as a potentially
useful tool for evaluating developmental changes in cogni-
tion (Dempster, 1992; Shute & Huertas, 1990) and for
studying cognition in attention deficit disorder and learning
disability in children and adolescents (Boucugnani & Jones,
1989; Chelune, Ferguson, Koon, & Dickey, 1986; Snow,
1992). Although an exhaustive presentation of the research
literature is beyond the scope of this manual, findings from
representative research studies are discussed and additional
validity data are presented in the sections that follow.
Studies with Adults
Concurrent validity. Evidence for the construct validity
of the WCST as a measure of executive function has been
demonstrated in two studies. Shute and Huertas (1990)
administered a battery of neuropsychological tests, a mea-
sure of Piagetian formal operational reasoning ability, and
four additional cognitive tasks to a sample of 58 under-
graduate students. The data were factor analyzed, and a four
factor solution was found to best fit the data (variance
accounted for = 70%). The perseverative errors score from
the WCST was found to load on the factor defined by the
measure of Piagetian formal operations. Perrine (in press)
administered the WCST, the HCT, and four tests of con-
cept formation to 96 veteran neurological or psychiatric
inpatients. Concept formation tests consisted of two tests
of attribute identification during concept formation and two
tests of rule learning during concept formation. Results of
stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that persev-
erative responses, total number of errors, and number of cat-
egories completed from the WCST were related to attribute
identification but not to rule learning. The HCT, however,
was found to be related more to rule learning than to
attribute identification. The results of these two studies lend
support to the validity of the WCST as a measure of execu-
tive function in adults.
Physiological correlates. Weinberger and his colleagues
conducted a series of studies with schizophrenic patients
and various control groups (Berman, Zec, & Weinberger,
1986; Weinberger, Berman, & Illowsky, 1988; Weinberger,
Berman, Suddath, & Torry, 1992; Weinberger, Berman, &
Zec, 1986). These studies examined regional cerebral blood
flow (rCBF) in the dorsolateral area of the prefrontal cortex
in relation to performance on the WCST. Weinberger et ai.
(1986) examined this association in a group of 20 chronic
unmedicated schizophrenic patients and 25 normal controls.
Dorsolateral rCBF was measured when subjects were
resting, as well as during administration of the WCST and
during administration of a number-matching control task.
Control subjects were found to show an increase in dorso-
lateral rCBF during administration of the WCST when
42
compared to the resting condition and during administra-
tion of the number-matching task. Schizophrenic patients
showed no significant increase in rCBF from the resting
condition. Also, number of perseverative errors on the
WCST was found to negatively correlate with change in
rCBF in the schizophrenic group. Similar findings regarding
rCBF activation, but not in the relationship between frontal
~CBF an~ a~equacy of WC~T performance, were obtained,
m a rephcatIOn study (Wemberger et aI., 1988) and in a
study of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia
(Weinberger et aI., 1992). Overall, these findings support
the role of the prefrontal cortex in executive function and
suggest that activation of the prefrontal cortex is a factor in
adequate performance on the WCST, with the dorsolateral
prefrontal area being particularly important.
In contrast to the evidence of Weinberger and his col-
leagues for the role of the prefrontal cortex in adequate.
WCST performance, Mattes, Cohen, Berg, Canavan, and
Hopman (1991) measured slow cortical potentials (SCPs) in
15 schizophrenic patients and 15 age- and education-
matched control subjects during administration of the
WCST. Schizophrenic patients were found to perform more
poorly on the WCST compared with the control subjects.
However, no differences in SCPs suggestive of differential
frontal lobe activation were found. These authors suggested
that poor performance on the WCST by patients with schizo-
phrenia is not attributable to deficits in processing percep-
tual stimuli.
Seizure disorders. Hermann et ai. (1988) studied WCST
performance in patients with complex partial seizure dis-
order. The 41 patients examined were categorized into two
experimental groups and a control group. One experimental
group consisted of 16 patients with recorded seizure onset
in the language dominant temporal lobe, while the other
experimental group consisted of 19 patients with seizure
onset in the non dominant temporal lobe. The control group:
consisted of 6 patients with seizure onset in the right pari-
etal lobe. Of this group, 5 of the 6 patients had generalized
seizures. The WCST was readministered to 7 patients from
the dominant temporal-lobe group and to 10 patients from.
the nondominant temporal-lobe group 6 months following
temporal lobectomy.
Results showed that 39% of the language dominanl
temporal-lobe group, 74% of the nondominant temporal-
lobe group, and 17% of the control group performed at [;
level that, in the focal lesion group comparisons in Heator
(1981), suggested frontal lobe involvement. Patients in the
nondominant temporal-lobe group made more errors, perse-
verative errors, and perseverative responses than the domi
nant temporal-lobe patients. Dominant temporal-lobe
patients were more impaired on these scores than the con
trol group, which performed at normal levels according t(
the Heaton (1981) norms. Analysis of presurgical versus
postsurgical testing data found postsurgical improvement
that no longer suggested frontal lobe impairment. The
authors suggested that although the patients studied did not
evidence focal frontal lobe lesions, impairment in frontal
lobe function may have been attributable to neural noise
created by the seizure disorder and propagated through the
pathways connecting the anterior temporal lobe and hip-
pocampal area with the frontal cortex.
Multiple sclerosis. Several investigations of the cognitive
changes that occur in mUltip1p ~':!~!"~:;::; (~y~~~, d progressive
demyelinating disease, have used the WeST to measure
executive function in relation to white matter lesions. Rao et
ai. (1987) administered the WeST to 33 chronic-progressive
and 36 relapsing-remitting MS patients, and to 41 chronic-
pain inpatient control subjects. The control group was similar
in age and education to the chronic-progressive MS group. A
subset of 19 pain patients who were similar in age, education,
and gender to the relapsing-remitting MS group was selected
for comparison with this MS patient group. Results showed
that the chronic-progressive MS group had more persevera-
tive responses and more perseverative errors than the total
control group. No differences were found between the
relapsing-remitting MS group and the 19 control patients.
Results of regression analyses suggested that the differences
were related to the chronic course of the disease rather than
to length of illness or degree of physical disability. Similar
findings have been reported by Beatty, Goodkin, Monson,
and Beatty (1989) and Beatty, Goodkin, Beatty, and
Monson (1989).
Parkinson's disease. The WeST has been used in a
number of studies that examined the cognitive deficits asso-
ciated with Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive disorder
with primary early involvement in the basal ganglia.
Bowen, Kamienny, Burns, and Yahr (1975) compared the
WeST performance of 71 PD patients with that of 35 con-
trol subjects matched for age and verbal IQ. Patients com-
pleted significantly fewer categories than control subjects
and produced scores similar to those of patients with frontal
lobe brain lesions. Levodopa treatment appeared to improve
vigilance but not cognitive ability. Beatty and Monson
(1990) found impaired WeST performance in 27 patients
with PD when compared with 25 normal controls.
Performance in the PD group was comparable to that typi-
cally found in patients with focal lesions involving the
frontal lobes (Heaton, 1981) and was associated with poor
performance on mental status examinations. Starkstein,
Bolduc, Preziosi, and Robinson (1989) studied 94 patients
with PD and classified them into groups according to the
severity of Parkinson's symptoms and the presence of
depression. Results showed poorer performance on the
WeST for patients with more severe PD symptoms.
Depression was also found to be associated with impaired
weST performance only within the severe Parkinson's
symptom group.
Focal brain damage. Milner (1963) administered the
WeST to 71 patients a few days before and approximately
18 days after surgical treatment of focal seizure disorder.
Lesions before surgery were atrophic in nature and involved
the dorsolateral frontal areas for 18 patients but involved
various other cerebral areas for the remaining 53 patients,
who served as a nonfrontal control group. Both groups were
comparable in age and Full Scale IQ prior to surgery.
However, the dorsolateral frontal group made significantly
more total errors and more perseverative errors on the
WeST prior to surgery than the control group. Following
surgery, the mean Full Scale IQ decreased slightly in both
groups (8.4 points and 7.2 points for the control and dorso-
lateral frontal groups, respectively), but the groups showed
very different patterns of change on the WeST. Subjects in
the dorsolateral frontal group performed much worse com-
pared with their pre surgery performance, while subjects in
the control group showed a modest improvement. The dor-
solateral group also performed significantly worse fol-
lowing surgery compared with the control group on all
WeST scores with the exception of nonperseverative errors.
Roughly comparable results were obtained with another
dorsolateral frontal (n = 7) and another control
(n = 16) group, both of whom received the WeST only
following surgery. Milner noted that inferior and orbital
excision did not cause greater impairment on the WeST.
These findings emphasized the importance of the dorsolat-
eral area within the frontal lobes. Findings from more recent
physiological studies (Weinberger et aI., 1988; Weinberger
et aI., 1986) also support this notion. Based on the absence
of differences in performance between patients with right or
left dorsolateral frontal lesions and the fact that left-
hemisphere excisions tended to be smaller than right-
hemisphere excisions, Milner also suggested that it may
be necessary to have a larger lesion in the right hemi-
sphere to produce the same deficits in performance as
those produced by left-hemisphere dorsolateral lesions.
Based on observational data, Milner also noted that the
poorer performance of the dorsolateral frontal patients did
not appear to be attributable to impaired abstract thinking
ability because of some patients' ability to spontaneously
verbalize the three sorting principles and yet not be able to
benefit from this insight when shifting categories. The
finding that the dorsolateral frontal group was unimpaired
in terms of nonperseverative errors supports this interpreta-
tion. She also observed that patients with posterior lesions
made fewer perseverative errors as the test progressed
whereas patients with dorsolateral frontal lesions did not
show evidence of such learning.
Drewe (1974) compared the WeST performance of
four patient groups having nonacute focal brain lesions
43
in different locations: left frontal (n = 20), right frontal
(n = 22), left nonfrontal (n = 20), and right nonfrontal
(n = 23). Results showed the left frontal group to have
worse performance on most WCST scores, but the right
frontal group had the highest median perseverative errors
score. Analyses of the effect of lesion location within the
frontal lobes yielded only a few significant results. Patients
with medial frontal involvement completed significantly
fewer categories than patients without medial involvement.
Involvement of the orbital frontal areas was associated with
somewhat better performance (number of categories com-
pleted) for left- but not for right-hemisphere lesions. Finally,
patients with frontal lesions excluding the dorsolateral areas
made significantly more total errors than did the remaining
frontal patients. These findings tend to support those of
Milner (1963) with respect to the sensitivity of the WCST to
frontal lobe lesions but did not confirm the specific impor-
tance of the dorsolateral frontal areas to WCST perfor-
mance. Interpretation of the findings from this investigation
are complicated, however, by the fact that the frontal groups
had significantly lower Performance IQ estimates compared
to the nonfrontal groups, and that the overall level of neu-
ropsychological impairment was not controlled.
Janowsky, Shimamura, Kritchevsky, and Squire (1989)
examined putative frontal lobe function in organic amnesic
disorder. These authors studied seven patients with
Korsakoff's syndrome, six nonamnesic alcoholic patients,
five amnesic nonalcoholic patients, seven nonamnesic
patients with focal frontal lobe lesions, and eight normal
control subjects. They found that patients with Korsakoff's
syndrome and patients with focal frontal lobe lesions had a
greater percentage of perseverative errors and completed
fewer categories on the WCST in comparison to the nonam-
nesic alcoholic and amnesic nonalcoholic patient groups.
All clinical groups performed worse compared to the
normal control group. The authors interpreted these findings
as indicating that some of the features of Korsakoff's syn-
drome may be attributable to frontal lobe dysfunction and
are not merely a consequence of the amnesic aspects of the
disorder. Similar findings in the WCST performance of
patients with organic amnesic disorder have been reported
by Leng and Parkin (1988).
Stuss et al. (1983) administered the Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale (WAIS; Wechsler, 1955), the WCST, and
two additional tests of cognitive function to a group of
schizophrenic patients who underwent prefrontal leuco-
tomy, a group of chronic schizophrenic patients who did not
undergo prefrontal leucotomy, and a group of normal con-
trol subjects. Prefrontal leucotomized patients were further
classified into three groups based on degree of recovery:
good recovery, moderate recovery, and no recovery. For leu-
cotomized patients, all lesions were bilateral and maximal
in the orbitofrontal area. Results showed that, for the first
44
64 cards of the WCST, no significant differences among the
groups existed. However, patients with surgical lesions had
greater difficulty maintaining set within the second 64 cards
than did the other groups. These findings could not be
attributed to differences in intellectual ability among the
groups.
Crockett, Bilsker, Hurwitz, and Kozak (1986) studied
the performance of 89 inpatients on the WCST and on two
other neuropsychological measures thought to be sensitive
to frontal lobe impairment. Patients were assigned to frontal
dysfunctioning (n = 18), nonfrontal dysfunctioning (n = 22),
or psychiatric disordered (n = 43) groups based on the
results of clinical, neurological, CT scan, or EEG evalua-
tion. Compared with data presented in other research studies
of brain-impaired adults, all three groups were found to per-
form at similar levels of impairment on the WCST. Subjects
in the frontal and nonfrontal dysfunctioning groups were
found to have poorer performance on the WCST than the
psychiatric disordered group in this study.
Heaton (1981) examined the performance of 208
patients with structural cerebral brain lesions and 150
normal control subjects on the WCST. These two samples
included the 107 brain-damaged patients and 123 normal
control subjects previously studied by Robinson et al.
(1980). Subjects were also administered the WAIS and the
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRNB;
Reitan & Davison, 1974), which were used as measures of
general neuropsychological impairment.
Brain-damaged patients were classified into one of four
lesion location groups: frontal (i.e., focal lesions restricted
to the frontal lobes only, n = 43), frontal plus (i.e., focal
lesions involving frontal and nonfrontal areas, n = 36), dif- I
fuse (i.e., lesions occurring in three or all four lobe areas,
n = 94), and nonfrontal (i.e., focal lesions restricted to one
or two nonfrontal lobe areas, n = 35). Classification was
based on analysis of historical, clinical, neuroradiological,
and neurosurgical data by a board-certified neurosurgeon
who was blind to the results of the neuropsychological test
data. Scores from the WCST, WAIS Full Scale IQ, and the _-
Average Impairment Rating (AIR; Russell, Neuringer, & -
Goldstein, 1970) of the HRNB were evaluated by analysis
of covariance (ANCOVA) to control for group differences
in age and education. Results of the ANCOVAs showed that
the total brain-damaged group scored significantly worse on _
Full Scale IQ, AIR, and all WCST measures (with the-
exception of Failure to Maintain Set) when compared with -
normal controls. Comparisons among brain-damaged
groups showed the frontal and frontal plus groups combined
to have significantly worse performance when compared
with the nonfrontal group. The diffuse group was found to
perform more like the frontal and frontal plus groups than
like the nonfrontal group. The results of this study pro-
vide additional support for the validity of the WCST as a -
measure of executive function that is sensitive to brain
impairment, and highlight the importance of the frontal
lobes in WCST performance. However, the results also indi-
cate that performance on the WCST cannot be used to dis-
criminate focal frontal from diffuse cerebral lesions, and
that nonfrontal lesions may also cause impaired perfor-
mance on the WCST.
For the present manual, an investigation was undertaken
to reproduce the findings of Heaton (1981) using an
expanded sample of normal and clinical subjects and demo-
graphically corrected scores. WCST data were obtained
from a total clinical sample of 343 subjects who had been
diagnosed as having structural cerebral brain lesions. Of this
clinical sample, 184 subjects were part of the brain-
damaged sample studied and described by Heaton (Heaton,
1981). WCST data from another 99 brain-damaged subjects
who were clinical referrals to the University of Colorado
Neuropsychological Laboratory between 1980 and the pre-
sent were also included in the present study. An additional
60 subjects who were referred to and diagnosed in a general
neurology setting in Washington, DC, comprised the
remainder of the clinical sample for this study. SUbjects in
this expanded clinical sample ranged in age from 20
through 86 years. Education level ranged from 5 to 20
years. Approximately 67% of the subjects were male and
33% were female.
A normal comparison group was composed of 356 sub-
jects who were drawn from the current WCST normative
sample and who were similar in age and education to the
adult clinical sample. These subjects ranged in age from 20
through 89 years. The education level for this group ranged
from 7 to 20 years. Of these subjects, 75% were male and
25% were female.
Similar to Heaton (1981), adult clinical subjects were
classified into four lesion groups. These groups were frontal
(n = 59), frontal plus (n = 53), diffuse (n = 177), and non-
frontal (n = 54). Classification was based on results from
appropriate neuroradiological procedures (e.g., CT scan,
MRI, angiogram, etc.) and/or neurosurgical procedures.
Subjects within the four lesion location groups did not differ
from one another in Full Scale IQ. Table 5 presents descrip-
tive statistics for age, education, Full Scale IQ, and WCST
scores in the adult normal control group and in the clinical
sample by lesion location group.
A one-way multivariate analysis of variance
(MANOVA) was performed on selected WCST scores.
Age- and education-residualized scores were analyzed to
control for the effects of these demographic variables on
WCST performance. Group identification formed the inde-
pendent variable for the analysis. Variables selected for
inclusion in the analysis were Total Number of Errors,
Perseverative Responses, Percent Conceptual Level
Responses, Number of Categories Completed, Trials to
Complete First Category, and Failure to Maintain Set.
Perseverative Errors and Nonperseverative Errors were not
included in this analysis because of their redundancy with
Total Number of Errors. Learning to Learn was also excluded
because of the inability to calculate this score for subjects
who failed to complete or attempt a total of three categories.
Based on Wilks' criterion, results of the MANOVA
indicated that a significant difference existed among the
groups, A = .75, F MULT .(24, 2404.84) = 8.42, p < .0001.
Group identification accounted for 25% of the variance in
WCST scores (i.e., 1 - A). Discriminant function analysis
was employed as a post hoc procedure to determine the
nature of the group differences and yielded one significant
discriminant function. The group centroids on the discrimi-
nant dimension, which are the multivariate analogues of
group means, were then examined. Table 6 presents these
data while Figure l3 illustrates the relation among the cen-
troids. As can be seen from these data, the discriminant
analysis maximally separated the normal group, which was
located toward the negative end of the dimension, from the
frontal, frontal plus, and diffuse groups, which were located
toward the positive end of the dimension. The nonfrontal
group was located on the positive side but toward the
middle of the dimension.
Results of discriminant analysis, when used as a post
hoc test to significant MANOVA results, have been com-
monly interpreted by examining (a) the standardized dis-
criminant function coefficients to identify the variables
most influential (i.e., nonredundant) in separating the
groups and (b) the discriminant structure coefficients to
identify the underlying construct of the discriminant dimen-
sion (Bray & Maxwell, 1985). Thomas (1992), however,
has suggested that the results be interpreted by examining
the set of parallel discriminant ratio coefficients (DRCp)
and the set of total discriminant ratio coefficients (DRCT)
of the significant functions. The DRCp, which is the product
of the standardized discriminant function coefficient and the
structure coefficient, is useful for identifying influential
variables and the underlying construct of the dimension.
The DRCp, when considered concurrently with its corre-
sponding DRCT, can be used to identify suppressor relation-
ships among the variables. Suppressor relationships may exist
when the value of the DRCp is small but the value of the
DRCT is large. Thomas (1992) presents a complete discus-
sion of this method of discriminant analysis interpretation.
Table 7 presents the standardized discriminant function
coefficients, structure coefficients, DRCps, and DRCTs of
the discriminant analysis. Examination of the DR Cps and
DRCTs indicated that Total Number of Errors, Percent
Conceptual Level Responses, and Number of Categories
Completed were the most important WCST variables in dif-
ferentiating the groups. As indicated by the group means on
age-adjusted scores (data not presented), subjects in the
45
 Table 5
Descriptive Statistics for Age, Education, IQ, and WCST Raw Scores
for the Adult Normal Comparison Group and Clinical Samples by Lesion Location
Frontal
Frontal plus Diffuse Nonfrontal Normal
(n = 59) (n = 53) (n= 177) (n = 54) (n= 356)
Age
M 42.00 41.81 45.42 41.83 47.69
SD 14.32 14.08 17.22 13.81 16.58
Education
M 12.68 12.98 13.62 13.85 15.13
SD 2.71 3.30 3.33 3.18 2.76
Full Scale IQa
M 93.65 94.88 95.34 101.20 117.42
SD 17.04 11.84 14.76 15.79 11.23
Number of Categories Completed
M 3.46 3.79 3.53 4.31 5.18
SD 2.25 1.96 2.15 2.18 1.52
Total Number of Trials
M 116.10 114.94 116.87 104.31 92.86
SD 20.10 20.64 17.63 23.53 22.92
Total Number of Correct Responses
M 64.59 67.72 66.50 67.76 68.81
SD 18.79 14.10 16.72 14.52 10.85
Total Number of Errors
M 51.51 47.23 50.37 36.56 24.05
SD 28.75 23.35 25.84 27.07 20.01
Percent Errors
M 41.94 39.13 41.18 31.74 23.14
SD 20.50 16.24 18.37 18.84 14.47
Perseverative Responses
M 43.08 33.94 37.89 25.93 14.40
SD 37.20 23.87 29.66 26.66 15.25
Percent Perseverati ve Responses
M 34.64 28.12 30.78 22.17 13.59
SD 28.23 18.00 22.40 19.80 11.27
Perseverative Errors
M 35.44 28.57 31.45 21.98 12.92
SD 27.57 18.28 22.44 20.58 12.46
Percent Perseverative Errors
M 28.63 23.70 25.63 18.97 12.30
SD 20.69 13.58 16.80 15.05 9.04
Nonperseverative Errors
M 16.07 18.66 18.93 14.56 11.13
SD 12.15 11.18 14.59 11.89 9.66
Percent Nonperseverative Errors
M 13.30 15.43 15.56 12.76 10.82
SD 9.06 7.99 10.99 8.55 7.73
Trials to Complete First Category
M 34.27 25.53 34.51 28.31 14.39
SD 43.30 29.70 39.94 37.02 14.93
Failure to Maintain Set
M 1.00 0.87 1.07 0.91 0.67
SD 1.20 1.18 1.18 1.28 1.09
Learning to Learnb
M -6.66 -5.20 -3.22 -2.08 -2.65
SD 10.98 8.87 12.65 6.81 5.64
Percent Conceptual Level Responses
M 47.39 48.92 47.42 59.43 71.27
SD 27.20 22.44 23.76 25.50 20.08

aStatistics for Full Scale IQ are based on 256 normal group subjects, 57 frontal group subjects, 50 frontal plus group subjects, 167 diffuse group subjects, and 50 non-
frontal group subjects for whom these data were available. bLearning to Learn statistics are based on 342 normal group subjects, 43 frontal group subjects, 43 frontal
plus group subjects, 133 diffuse group subjects, and 45 nonfrontal group subjects for whom Learning to Learn scores could be calculated.

46
 0 Frontal
6 Frontal plus
0 Diffuse
Nonfrontal
Normal

I I 60J
I
-1.5 -1 -.5 0 .5 1 1.5
First function
Figure 13. Group centroids on the significant discriminant func-
tion for adults by lesion location group.

Table 6
Group Centroids for the Adult Normal Comparison Group
and Clinical Samples by Lesion Location
Group Centroid
Frontal 0.618
Frontal plus 0.419
Diffuse 0.649
Nonfrontal 0.071
Nonnal -0.498

Table 7
Discriminant Analysis Results for the Adult Normal Comparison Group
and Clinical Samples by Lesion Location
Standardized Discriminant ratio coefficient
WCST discriminant Structure
score coefficient coefficient Parallel Total

Total Number of Errors 0.784 0.933 0.731 0.660

Perseverative Responses 0.278 0.823 0.229 0.230
Percent Conceptual Level Responses -0.534 -0.893 0.477 0.446
Number of Categories Completed 0.668 -0.755 -0.505 0.544
Trials to Complete First Category 0.141 0.528 0.075 0.111
Failure to Maintain Set 0.378 0.260 0.098 0.288

frontal, frontal plus, and diffuse groups made more errors,
completed fewer categories, and showed a lower percentage
of conceptual level responses on the WeST than did sub-
jects in the nonfrontal group, whose performance was poor-
er than that of the normal group subjects. There was no evi-
dence of suppressor relationships among the WeST vari-
ables in these data. Thus, it appears that the ability to think
abstractly and to efficiently form concepts is the underlying
construct of the discriminant dimension.
Although there was overlap among subjects between
the current study and that of Heaton (1981), the findings
from this investigation clearly reproduced those of Heaton
(1981). All brain-damaged subjects performed worse than
normal controls, and subjects with frontal lobe involvement
(i.e., frontal, frontal plus, and diffuse) performed worSe than
those subjects whose lesions did not involve the frontal
lobes. Again, subjects with diffuse cerebral damage could
not be distinguished from those with focal frontal lesions on
the basis of WeST scores.
Not all studies of patients with focal brain damage
have found any specific sensitivity of the WeST to frontal
lobe lesions. Heck and Bryer (1986) present the caSe of a

47
41-year-old female with bilateral frontal atrophy involving
both the orbital and the dorsolateral frontal areas.
Localization was determined by CT scan. Her brain lesions
were thought to have been caused by an episode of
encephalitis, which she contracted when she was about 20
years old. Prior to the episode, she was enrolled in her
second year of college, where she majored in physics and
mathematics and was reported to be an excellent student.
After the infection was treated, she received psychiatric
inpatient treatment for agitation and mental disorganization.
Following discharge over a year later, she was described as
having continuing difficulties with planning ability, as well
as irritability, mood swings, and poor family and interper-
sonal relationships.
On tests of neuropsychological functioning (i.e., WAlS-R,
WCST, and HCT), she obtained a Verbal IQ of 124,
Performance IQ of 92, and Full Scale IQ of 109. She com-
pleted the WCST in 64 trials and made only 8 errors. Her
performance of 14 errors on the HCT was comparable to
that on the WCST. Heck and Bryer noted that this woman
spontaneously verbalized the correct conceptual principles
during administration of the WCST and HCT and sponta-
neously generated coding schemes during the Block Design
subtest of the WAIS-R. In light of the neuroradiological
findings and behavioral difficulties but excellent perfor-
mance on the WCST and HCT seen in this case, Heck and
Bryer cautioned against inferring an absence of brain
lesions based upon normal WCST and HCT performance.
Anderson, Damasio, Jones, and Tranel (1991) studied
91 patients with stable focal lesions whom they classified
into three lesion location groups: frontal only (n = 49),
nonfrontal (n = 24), and frontal plus (n = 18). The frontal
plus group consisted of patients whose lesions were not
limited to the frontal area. Classification into groups was
made on the basis of neuroimaging studies. On the
WCST, the average performance of the groups was very
similar to that of a mixed group of brain-damaged
patients (Heaton, 1981). However, no significant differ-
ences in performance were found between the frontal and
nonfrontal groups. Closer analysis by lesion location
within the frontal lobe areas (e.g., left versus right versus
bilateral) also failed to show significant differences in
WCST performance. Additionally, size of lesion was not
significantly related to performance on the WCST. In
sum, the results of this study found that the WCST perfor-
mances of patients with frontal lesions and patients with
nonfrontal lesions were variable and ranged from poor to
within normal limits for both groups, although the
average performance of both groups was below normal
expectations.
Grafman, Jones, and Salazar (1990) studied 421
Vietnam veterans with structural cerebral lesions acquired
48
from penetrating head wounds. They also studied a control
group of 84 veterans who matched the brain-injured sample
in age, education, pre-injury intelligence, and length of mili-
tary service. The clinical subjects were classified into three
lesion location groups based on CT studies: frontal only
(n = 126), frontal plus (n = 112), and nonfrontal (n = 183).
Examination of perseverative errors and the number of cate-
gories completed on the WCST revealed that all of the
brain-injured subject groups performed significantly worse
than the control group. Although some differences were
found among subjects in the frontal plus group who had
left-hemisphere lesions when compared with the other
groups, no differences were found between subjects with
frontal lesions only and those whose lesions were not
located in the frontal lobes. Volume of brain loss was found
to account for all differences in WCST performance among
the groups.
The results of Anderson et al. (1991) and Grafman et al.
(1990) challenge other research findings regarding the
specificity of the WCST to frontal lobe brain lesions.
Although the preponderance of evidence from physiological
studies and studies of various neurological groups suggests
that focal disorders involving the frontal lobes are more
likely to be associated with impaired WCST performance
than are nonfrontal disorders, the differences are not suffi-
ciently robust to warrant the use of the test as a "frontal lobe
sign" in diagnosing individual patients. Unless additional
research evidence indicates more definitively a relationship
between the WCST and frontal lobe damage, WCST perfor-
mance should not be used as the sole criterion for inferring
the presence or absence of structural frontal lobe lesions.
Psychiatric disorders. One of the defining characteris-
tics of schizophrenia is disordered thought processes and
impaired reasoning abilities. Thus, it is not surprising that
the WCST has been used in studies investigating deficits in
cognitive processes in the schizophrenic disorders. Fey
(1951) studied 22 schizophrenic patients and 47 normal
controls on the WCST. The patient and control subjects
were matched with respect to gender, age, education, and
Full Scale IQ. Results showed that schizophrenic patients
completed fewer categories, produced fewer conceptual
level responses, and had a greater percentage of persevera-
tive responses than did normal control subjects.
Kolb and Whishaw (1983) studied 30 schizophrenic,
patients and 30 normal control subjects matched for age, ..
education, and handedness. All subjects received a battery
of neuropsychological tests, which included the WCST.
Results showed that the schizophrenic group performed
poorer than controls on number of categories completed, the
only WCST score included in the analyses. This finding is.
similar to that of Fey (1951).
 Braff et al. (1990) administered a large battery of neuro-
psychological tests to 40 chronic schizophrenic patients and
40 demographically matched, normal control subjects. There
were no striking differences between these two groups on
the WCST, although the group differences were statistically
significant, p < .05. The schizophrenic subjects showed
much poorer performance on other neuropsychological mea-
sures compared with the control group. The authors noted
that subjects suffering from schizophrenia are quite hetero-
geneous and that there may be a subgroup of schizophrenic
patients who perform poorly on the WCST, but questioned
the pervasiveness and specificity of frontal lobe dysfunction
in the full range of schizophrenic disorders.
In a review article, Van der Does and Van den Bosch
(1992) examined the results of 14 studies that investigated
performance on the WCST, or a modification, in patients
with various subtypes of schizophrenia. They concluded
that the majority of evidence suggests that patients with
schizophrenia demonstrate impaired levels of performance
on the WCST when compared with normal control subjects.
However, evidence that impaired performance on the
WCST is specific to the schizophrenic disorders and not to
other psychiatric diagnostic categories is lacking. Also, they
noted that there are insufficient data to determine whether
the impaired performance in schizophrenic disorders is
attributable to structural abnormalities of the frontal cortex
or is a result of other brain dysfunctions (e.g., physiological
disturbances) that produce frontal-like symptoms.
Studies with Children and Adolescents
Focal Brain Damage. For the current manual, validity
evidence for use of the WCST with children and adoles-
cents was examined in clinical field trials by comparing
WCST performance of normal subjects with that of subjects
diagnosed as having various clinical disorders. An initial
clinical sample of 172 children and adolescents was used as
a base from which the subsamples were selected. Subjects
comprising this initial clinical sample were obtained from
10 different general referral, school counseling, or inpatient
sites located throughout the United States. Subjects ranged
in age from 6 1/2 through 17 years. Approximately 69% of
the subjects were male and 31 % were female. Inadvertently,
race data were not recorded for 5 subjects. Of the 167 sub-
jects for which race data were recorded, approximately 92%
of the sample were white, 5% were black, and 3% were
other racial minorities.
From this larger clinical sample, a subsample of 83 sub-
jects who had been diagnosed as having structural cerebral
lesions was identified. Subjects in this subsample ranged in
age from 6 1/2 through 17 years. Approximately 64% of
these subjects were male and 36% were female. Of this sub-
sample, approximately 92% were white, 4% were black,
and 4% were other racial minorities. Race information was
not recorded for one subject. A normal comparison group
was selected from the normative sample and consisted of
459 subjects who ranged in age from 6 1/2 through 17 years.
Similar to Heaton (1981), subjects in the clinical sub-
sample were classified into four lesion location groups.
These groups were frontal (n = 9), frontal plus (n = 5), dif-
fuse (n = 32), and nonfrontal (n = 37). Classification was
based on results from appropriate neuroradiological proce-
dures (MRI or CT scan in addition to scalp EEG or pro-
longed video EEG) and/or neurosurgical procedures
(craniotomy, biopsy, or resection). The verbal score from
the Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT; Thorndike & Hagen,
1983) was available for 289 subjects in the normal compar-
ison group and was used as an estimate of intelligence level.
WISC-R Verbal IQ scores were available for 7 subjects in
the frontal group, 5 subjects in the frontal plus group, 6 sub-
jects in the diffuse group, and 34 subjects in the nonfrontal
group. Results of a one-way ANOVA showed that the
normal group differed from the frontal and nonfrontal
groups while the nonfrontal group differed from the frontal
group on level of intelligence. Table 8 presents descriptive
statistics for age, intelligence, and WCST raw scores for
each of these groups.
The same set of WCST variables previously described
in the study of adult brain-damaged subjects (see Studies
with Adults, Focal Brain Damage above) was selected for
analysis. A one-way MANOVA was performed on age-
residualized scores, with group identification as the inde-
pendent variable for the analysis. Results of the MANOVA
indicated that a significant difference existed among the
lesion location groups, A = .81, F MULT .(24, 1857.14) =
4.68, p < . 0001. Group identification accounted for approx-
imately 19% of the variance in WCST scores.
Discriminant function analysis was employed as a post
hoc procedure to determine the nature of the group differ-
ences. The discriminant analysis yielded three significant
functions which accounted for approximately 11 %, 5%, and
3% of the total variance in WCST scores, respectively. The
group centroids on the discriminant dimensions are pre-
sented in Table 9, while Figure 14 illustrates these relation-
ships. As can be seen from these data, the first discriminant
function maximally separated the frontal, frontal plus, and
diffuse groups from the nonfrontal group and from the
normal group. The second function maximally separated the
diffuse group from the frontal and frontal plus groups. The
third function separated the frontal plus group from the
frontal group.
Table 10 presents the standardized discriminant func-
tion coefficients, structure coefficients, DRCps, and DRCTs
of the discriminant analysis. Examination of the DRCps and
DRCTs indicated that, for the first function, Total Number
of Errors, Perseverative Responses, Percent Conceptual
Level Responses, and Trials to Complete First Category
49
 Table 8
Descriptive Statistics for Age, Intelligence Level, and WCST Raw Score
for the Child and Adolescent Normal Comparison Group
and Clinical Samples by Lesion Location
Frontal
Frontal plus Diffuse Nonfrontal Normal
(n =9) (n =5) (n = 32) (n = 37) (n = 459)

Age
M 14.76 11.85 16.16 13.30 11.64
SD 2.25 2.99 1.56 3.95 3.22
Intelligence level"
M 76.14 92.00 93.33 93.03 108.26
SD 11.36 10.93 19.90 15.90 12.95
Number of Categories Completed
M 3.22 3.60 4.22 5.05 4.96
SD 2.33 1.52 1.95 1.60 1.47
Total Number of Trials
M 128.00 117.80 114.97 106.73 107.98
SD 0.00 22.81 17.50 19.73 20.57
Total Number of Correct Responses
M 69.00 64.80 74.00 70.68 72.97
SD 23.83 6.65 11.38 10.69 10.90
Total Number of Errors
M 59.00 53.00 40.97 36.05 35.01
SD 23.83 23.86 19.63 21.97 20.36
Percent Errors
M 46.09 42.65 34.14 31.56 30.33
SD 18.62 16.00 13.58 14.78 13.68
Perseverative Responses
M 46.67 46.20 24.75 22.11 20.56
SD 33.62 23.40 15.18 18.48 15.80
Percent Perseverati ve Responses
M 36.46 37.03 20.56 19.08 17.71
SD 26.26 16.46 11.16 13.51 11.44
Perseverative Errors
M 38.00 37.80 21.94 19.35 18.12
SD 24.21 18.85 12.70 14.63 12.69
Percent Perseverative Errors
M 29.69 30.26 18.28 16.78 15.66
SD 18.91 13.26 9.23 10.48 9.00
Nonperseverative Errors
M 21.00 15.20 19.03 16.70 16.88
SD 15.07 5.93 11.04 11.57 11.67
Percent Nonperseverative Errors
M 16.41 12.39 15.85 14.78 14.64
SD 11.77 3.54 8.03 8.22 8.40
Trials to Complete First Category
M 57.22 15.20 23.06 16.70 16.61
SD 50.88 6.26 31.53 21.24 15.33
Failure to Maintain Set
M 0.89 0.60 1.47 0.68 0.98
SD 0.78 0.89 1.29 0.78 1.12
Learning to Learnb
M -0.97 -9.88 -5.30 -3.06 -2.95
SD 2.91 9.28 6.82 4.56 6.69
Percent Conceptual Level Responses
M 40.02 46.36 55.04 60.74 61.98
SD 23.69 21.10 19.56 19.20 18.42

aStatistics for intelligence level are based on 289 normal group subjects, 7 frontal group subjects, 5 frontal plus group subjects, 6 diffuse group subjects, and 34 non-
frontal group subjects for whom these data were available. bStatistics for Learning to Learn are based on 421 normal group subjects, 9 frontal group subjects, 5 frontal
plus group subjects, 28 diffuse group subjects, and 37 nonfrontal group subjects for whom Learning to Learn scores could be calculated.

50
 Table 9
Group Centroids
for the Child and Adolescent Normal Comparison Group
and Clinical Samples by Lesion Location
Centroids
First Second Third
Group function function function

Frontal 2.378 0.487 0.489

Frontal plus 0.618 0.960 -1.693
Diffuse 0.530 -0.768 -0.239
Nonfrontal 0.046 0.211 -0.014
Nonnal -0.094 0.017 0.027

3 """._-r

Second function
o

-1

-2

First function Third function

,
I,

Figure 14. Group centroids on the first, second, and third discriminant functions for children and adolescents by lesion location group.

51
were the most important WCST variables differentiating the
frontal, frontal plus, and diffuse groups from the nonfrontal
and normal groups. The frontal, frontal plus, and diffuse
groups scored poorer on these WCST variables than did the
nonfrontal group, which scored poorer than the normal
comparison group (age-adjusted means not presented).
There was no evidence of suppressor relationships among
the WCST variables in these data. Thus, it appears that the
ability to think abstractly and shift cognitive set are the con-
structs represented by the first discriminant dimension.
Examination of the DRCps and DRCTs for the second
discriminant function indicated that Total Number of Errors
and Percent Conceptual Level Responses acted as sup-
pressor variables (i.e., a small DRCp value in conjunction
with a large DRC T value) in this function (see Table 10).
Taking into account scores on these two variables, Failure
to Maintain Set was the most important WCST variable in
differentiating the diffuse group from the frontal and frontal
plus groups, with the diffuse group showing more set fail-
ures than the other two groups (age-adjusted means not pre-
sented). The ability to maintain cognitive set appears to be
the construct underlying this discriminant dimension.
A suppressor relationship was also found in the third
discriminant function. Examination of the DRCps and
DRCTs for this function indicated that Total Number of
Errors again acted as a suppressor variable (see Table 10).
Taking into account the score on this variable, Persev-
erative Responses, Number of Categories Completed,
and Trials to Complete First Category were the most impor-
tant WCST variables in differentiating the frontal plus group
from the frontal group, with the frontal group performing
poorer on these measures (age-adjusted means not pre-
sented). It would appear, then, that this discriminant dimen-
sion represents flexibility in thinking.
The results of the discriminant analysis are strikingly
similar to those found in the adult study, even considering
the small sample sizes of the lesion groups. The first dis-
criminant function was very similar to the significant dis-
criminant function found in the adult study. This dimension
appears to represent a gradient of abstract reasoning ability
and efficient concept formation. In both studies, groups
with frontal lobe involvement were clustered together and
separate from the nonfrontal group, all of which were sepa-
rate from the normal control group. In the child and ado-
lescent study only, the second discriminant function
(which differentiated subjects with focal frontal lobe
involvement from subjects with more diffuse brain
damage that also involved the frontal cortex) and the

Table 10
Discriminant Analysis Results
for the Child and Adolescent Normal Comparison Group
and Clinical Samples by Lesion Location
Standardized Discriminant ratio coefficient
WeST discriminant Structure
score coefficient coefficient Parallel Total
First function
Total Number of Errors -0.471 0.660 -0.311 0.360
Perseverative Responses 0.664 0.814 0.541 0.515
Percent Conceptual Level Responses -0.629 -0.665 0.418 0.480
Number of Categories Completed 0.367 -0.649 -0.238 0.281
Trials to Complete First Category 0.701 0.861 0.604 0.545
Failure to Maintain Set 0.170 0.182 0.031 0.128
Second function
Total Number of Errors 3.001 -O.lDl -0.303 2.292
Perseverative Responses 0.616 0.150 0.092 0.478
Percent Conceptual Level Responses 3.593 0.157 0.564 2.746
Number of Categories Completed -0.041 0.259 -0.011 0.032
Trials to Complete First Category 0.068 -0.026 -0.002 0.053
Failure to Maintain Set -0.941 -0.720 0.677 0.709
Third function
Total Number of Errors 1.068 -0.334 -0.357 0.815
Perseverati ve Responses -0.983 -0.532 0.523 0.763
Percent Conceptual Level Responses 0.263 0.338 0.089 0.201
Number of Categories Completed 0.946 0.398 0.377 0.723
Trials to Complete First Category 1.028 0.399 0.410 0.799
Failure to Maintain Set 0.009 -0.105 -0.001 0.007

52
third discriminant function (which differentiated frontal
from frontal plus groups) appear to make more relative dis-
criminations among subjects with frontal lobe damage.
However, because of the small number of subjects in the
lesion groups, these findings should be viewed cautiously
until the results can be replicated on larger, independent
samples of brain-damaged children and adolescents.
Attention deficit disorder. The similarity between the
"release" (i.e., release from inhibition) behaviors observed
in patients who have suffered damage to the frontal lobe
areas and the symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and
hyperactivity seen in children and adolescents with attention
deficit disorder (ADD) and attention deficit disorder with
hyperactivity (ADHD) has been noted by Benson (1991),
Heilman, Voeller, and Nadeau (1991), and Mattes (1980). In
light of this apparent similarity, a number of studies have
investigated the possible role of frontal lobe dysfunction in
attention deficit disorder.
Chelune et al. (1986) examined the performance of 24
children diagnosed as having ADD and 24 age-matched
controls on a variety of neuropsychological measures,
including the WCST. Children in the ADD group completed
fewer categories and made more perseverative errors than
children in the control group. Results of a stepwise discrim-
inant analysis using the perseverative errors and failure to
maintain set scores from the WCST, along with four other
variables, correctly classified 85.4% of the subjects. The
authors noted that improved performances of children with
ADD, as well as normal children, were associated with
increasing age.
Boucugnani and Jones (1989) also studied performance
on the WCST and two other neuropsychological measures
considered sensitive to frontal lobe function in a group of 28
children diagnosed as having ADHD and a group of 28
normal controls who were equivalent to the ADHD group in
age and gender. Intellectual ability, as estimated by the com-
bined score on the Similarities and Block Design subtests of
the WISC-R, was used as a covariate in the analyses. Group
comparisons showed that the ADHD group completed fewer
categories and made more perseverative responses and per-
severative errors than the control group. Results of a step-
wise discriminant analysis showed these three WCST scores
to be influential in successfully predicting group member-
ship (78.6%). These authors also reported a developmental
trend similar to that found by Chelune et al. (1986).
Barkley, Grodzinsky, and DuPaul (1992) reviewed 22
studies that compared children diagnosed as having ADHD
with various normal or clinical control groups. Of these 22
studies, 13 included the WCST in the assessment battery. A
majority of studies (8 of the 13) that compared children
with ADHD to control groups found that children with
ADHD completed fewer categories and made more perse-
verative responses and perseverative errors on the WCST.
The five studies that did not find differences in WCST per-
formance among groups studied adolescent SUbjects.
Barkley et al. suggested that improved performance with
increasing age may account for the negative findings of
these latter studies.
In the same article, Barkley et al. (1992) present the
results of a study they conducted that examined the effect of
hyperactivity on neuropsychological test performance while
controlling for the possible influence of coexisting learning
disabilities (LD). Only boys were included in the four sam-
ples. A sample of 12 boys with ADHD, 12 boys with ADD,
11 boys with LD, and 12 boys without ADD or LD were
administered a battery of neuropsychological tests. No differ-
ences were found among the groups on any of the scores
from the WCST. Although the authors recognized the limited
statistical power caused by the small sample sizes in the
study, the failure to find group differences on the WCST
questions the utility of the WCST in psychoeducational
assessments. Similar concerns have been raised by other
authors (Zarski, Cook, West, & O'Keefe, 1987).
For the present manual, the WCST performances of
children and adolescents with a variety of diagnoses,
including subjects diagnosed as having a reading learning
disability, were examined. For this investigation, a sub-
sample of 156 subjects was drawn from the total child and
adolescent clinical sample of 172 subjects previously
described. Subjects ranged in age from 6 1/2 through 17
years. Approximately 71 % of the subjects were male and
29% of the subjects were female. Of this subsample,
approximately 92% were white, 5% were black, and 3%
were other racial minorities. Race data were missing for 5
subjects in this sample. The same normal comparison group
employed in the child and adolescent brain-damage study
was also included in this study, n = 459.
Clinical subjects were classified into groups on the
basis of diagnosis. Diagnostic groups were defined as:
traumatic brain injury, seizure disorder, attention deficit
disorder (with and without hyperactivity), and learning
disabled-reading. The traumatic brain injury group was
composed of 30 subjects who were classified, on the basis
of CT scan and/or other radiographic evidence, as having
experienced head trauma with subsequent brain injury.
Typically, the WCST was administered to these subjects 6
months or later following head trauma. Subjects in this
group did not receive any invasive operative procedures.
Subjects in the seizure disorder group (n = 53) were
diagnosed by a history of chronic seizures that were refrac-
tory to medical treatment. Subjects were considered
intractable after failing to respond to multiple medications.
The WCST was administered prior to any invasive surgical
procedures.
The attention deficit disorder group was composed of
49 subjects, each of whom received a diagnosis of attention
53
deficit disorder by a physician or psychologist or received
an educational classification of attention deficit problem
from the school system. School system classification was
based on ratings obtained through standard behavioral mea-
sures and questionnaires. Given the variability in criteria for
classifying subjects as having an attention deficit disorder, it
is likely that this group is composed of a heterogeneous
group of subjects.
The learning disabled-reading group consisted of 24
subjects. Assignment into this group was made when a sub-
ject: (a) obtained an average or higher score on the verbal or
full scale portion of a standardized cognitive abilities test but
also obtained a standardized reading achievement test score
that was at least one standard deviation (i.e., 15 standard
score points) below that of the cognitive abilities test (n =
14) or (b) obtained a reading quotient that fell below .90 for
his or her age, education, and IQ level (n = 10). Subjects
classified into this group by the first criterion had an average
cognitive abilities test score of 107.00, an average reading
achievement test score of 81.64, and an average difference
between these two scores of 26.78. Similar to the attention
deficit disorder group, it is likely that the subjects in the
learning disabled-reading group are quite heterogeneous.
WISC-R Verbal IQ scores were available for 4 subjects
in the traumatic brain injury group, 49 subjects in the
seizure disorder group, 48 subjects in the attention deficit
disorder group, and 24 subjects in the learning disabled-
reading group. These data, along with the CAT scores of the
normal comparison group, were used as estimates of intelli-
gence level. ANOVA results showed that subjects in the
seizure disorder group had significantly lower intelligence
level scores compared with subjects in the attention deficit
disorder, the learning disabled-reading, and the normal
comparison groups. Subjects in the attention deficit disorder
group also had lower intellectual level scores than did sub-
jects in the normal comparison group. Table 11 presents
descriptive statistics for age, intelligence, and WCST raw
scores for these groups.
The same set of WCST variables previously described
in the study of focal brain damage in children and adoles-
cents (see Studies with Children and Adolescents, Focal
Brain Damage above) was selected for analysis. A one-way
MANOVA was performed on the age-residualized scores,
with diagnostic group as the independent variable for the
analysis. Based on the Wilks' criterion, results indicated
that a significant difference existed among the groups, A =
.90, F MULT .(24, 2111.80) = 2.78, p < .0001. Diagnostic cate-
gory accounted for approximately 10% of the variance in
WCST scores.
Discriminant function analysis was employed as a post
hoc procedure to determine the nature of the group differ-
ences. The discriminant analysis yielded two significant dis-
criminant functions that accounted for approximately 6%
54
and 3% of the variance in WCST scores, respectively. The
group centroids on the two discriminant functions are pre-
sented in Table 12. Figure 15 also illustrates these relation-
ships. As can be seen from these data, the first discriminant
function maximally separated the traumatic brain injury
group from all of the other groups. The second discriminant
function separated the traumatic brain injury group from the
seizure disorder and attention deficit disorder groups.
Table 13 presents the standardized discriminant func-
tion coefficients, structure coefficients, DRCps, and DRCTs
of the discriminant analysis. Examination of the DRCps and
DRCTs indicated that, for the first function, Total Number
of Errors, Percent Conceptual Level Responses, and Failure
to Maintain Set were the most important WCST variables
differentiating the traumatic brain injury group, which
obtained the poorest scores on these variables, from the
other groups (age-adjusted means not presented). Thus, it
appears that the first discriminant dimension represents the
ability to efficiently form and maintain concepts.
For the second function, Total Number of Errors,
Percent Conceptual Level Responses, and Perseverative
Responses were the most important WCST variables differ-
entiating the traumatic brain injury group from the seizure
disorder and attention deficit disorder groups. The second
dimension, which distinguished among children and adoles-
cents with a diagnosed disorder only, appears to represent
the construct of flexibility in thinking. Again, the traumatic
brain injury group obtained poorer scores on these WCST
variables than did the seizure disorder and attention deficit
disorder groups (age-adjusted means not presented). There
was no evidence of suppressor relationships among the
WCST variables in these data for either function.
These findings appear to be consistent with those
reported by other studies of clinical samples of children and
adolescents (Boucugnani & Jones, 1989; Chelune et aI., .
1986; Snow, 1992; Snow & Castro, 1992). In addition, these:
results suggest that the WCST may not, in and of itself, pro-
vide adequate information for the clinical diagnosis of cog_
nitive impairment in these diagnostic groups. While the
results of the MANOVA revealed significant differences
among the groups, the total percentage of variance
accounted for in WCST scores by group identification
amounted to only 10%. There was also some redundancy
among the discriminant functions, in that Total Number of
Errors and Percent Conceptual Level Responses were:
important variables in each function. However, the results
of the present study seem to suggest that the relative pattern
of performance on the WCST may prove useful for
assessing impaired executive function in various diagnostic
groups of children and adolescents. Additional research into
the pattern of WCST performance along with the patterns of
performance on collateral assessment instruments needs to
be conducted in order to support this implication.
 Table 11
Descriptive Statistics for Age, Intelligence Level, and WCST Raw Scores
for the Child and Adolescent Normal Comparison Group
and Clinical Samples by Diagnostic Category
Traumatic Attention Learning
brain Seizure deficit disabled-
injury disorder disorder reading Normal
(n = 30) (n = 53) (n = 49) (n = 24) = 459)
(n

Age
M 15.97 14.19 10.38 9.52 11.64
SD 1.76 3.34 2.83 2.29 3.22
Intelligence level a
M 97.25 89.41 100.75 109.25 108.26
SD 18.36 15.18 15.28 11.63 12.95
Number of Categories Completed
M 4.23 4.66 4.29 4.58 4.96
SD 1.87 1.80 1.89 1.64 1.47
Total Number of Trials
M 115.53 112.08 111.55 115.92 107.98
SD 17.03 19.50 22.84 16.65 20.57
Total Number of Correct Responses
M 75.07 71.43 67.37 74.37 72.97
SD 9.58 12.35 17.41 14.25 10.90
Total Number of Errors
M 40.47 40.64 44.18 41.54 35.01
SD 17.67 22.72 27.22 20.92 20.36
Percent Errors
M 33.69 34.16 36.91 34.56 30.33
SD 12.06 15.54 19.06 14.49 13.68
Perseverative Responses
M 24.50 26.92 30.10 26.25 20.56
SD 14.71 22.39 30.24 21.15 15.80
Percent Perseverative Responses
M 20.34 22.30 24.90 21.70 17.71
SD 10.86 16.58 22.90 15.81 11.44
Perseverative Errors
M 21.43 23.36 25.24 23.25 18.12
SD 11.85 17.61 22.65 15.68 12.69
Percent Perseverative Errors
M 17.85 19.44 20.98 19.32 15.66
SD 8.64 12.85 16.98 11.50 9.00
Nonperseverative Errors
M 19.03 17.28 18.94 18.29 16.88
SD 10.38 11.67 15.56 12.03 11.67
Percent Nonperseverative Errors
M 15.83 14.73 15.93 15.25 14.64
SD 7.54 8.46 11.45 8.96 8.40
Trials to Complete First Category
M 21.73 23.25 20.55 15.25 16.61
SD 26.91 27.33 28.44 8.45 15.33
Failure to Maintain Set
M 1.60 0.79 0.90 1.37 0.98
SD 1.30 0.79 1.01 1.28 1.12
Learning to Learn b
M -5.28 -2.08 -5.31 -2.71 -2.95
SD 7.14 8.41 9.89 9.83 6.69
Percent Conceptual Level Responses
M 55.43 56.78 53.63 57.46 61.98
SD 17.73 20.68 24.72 18.66 18.42
"Statistics for intelligence level are based on 289 normal group subjects, 4 traumatic brain injury group subjects, 49 seizure disorder group subjects, 48 attention deficit
iisorder group subjects, and 24 learning disabled-reading group subjects for whom these data were available. bStatistics for Learning to Learn are based on 421 normal
~roup subjects, 26 traumatic brain injury group subjects, 48 seizure disorder group subjects, 45 attention deficit disorder group subjects, and 24 learning
iisabled-reading group subjects for whom Learning to Learn scores could be calculated.

55
 Table 12
Group Centroids for
the Child and Adolescent Normal Comparison Group
and Clinical Samples by Diagnostic Category
Centroids
First Second
Group function function
Traumatic brain injury 1.031 -0.278
Seizure disorder 0.167 0.454
Attention deficit disorder 0.093 0.330
Learning disabled-reading 0.040 -0.024
Normal -0.099 -0.068

Second function
1.25 - - o Traumatic brain injury
o Seizure disorder
1.00 - - D Attention deficit disorder
Learning disabled-reading
Normal
.75 - -

.50 - .... 0

D.
.25 - r-

I I I I I I I I I I
-1.25 -1.00
First function
-.75 -.50 -.25
-.25 - r-
I

.25
I

.50
I

.75
I

1.00
I

1.25

o
-.50 -r-

-.75 -I-

-1.00 -r-

-1.25 -'-

Figure 15. Group centroids on the first and second discriminant functions for children and adoles-
cents by diagnostic group.

56
 Table 13
Discriminant Analysis Results
for the Child and Adolescent Normal Comparison Group
and Clinical Samples by Diagnostic Category
Standardized Discriminant ratio coefficient
WeST discriminant Structure
score coefficient coefficient Parallel Total
First function
Total Number of Errors -2.692 0.620 -1.668 1.989
Perseverative Responses 0.400 0.602 0.241 0.296
Percent Conceptual Level Responses -3.108 -0.658 2.046 2.298
Number of Categories Completed 0.116 -0.690 -0.080 0.085
Trials to Complete First Category -0.032 0.389 -0.012 0.023
Failure to Maintain Set 0.791 0.621 0.491 0.584

Second function
Total Number of Errors 2.069 0.577 1.194 1.528
Perseverative Responses 0.688 0.764 0.526 0.510
Percent Conceptual Level Responses 1.942 -0.545 -1.059 1.436
Number of Categories Completed 0.234 -0.386 -0.090 0.173
Trials to Complete First Category 0.310 0.481 0.149 0.227
Failure to Maintain Set -0.607 -0.485 0.294 0.448

Summary frontal lobe lesions, and the frontal-nonfrontal differences

Overall, the evidence from studies of children, adoles-
cents, and adults suggests that the WeST is a valid measure
of executive function in neurologically impaired popula-
tions. Research studies examining the WeST performance
of adults in such diverse clinical groups as seizure disor-
ders, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, structural brain
lesions of other etiologies, and schizophrenia find impaired
performance levels compared with those of normal adults.
In addition, studies of physiological correlates of WeST
performance and the performance of groups of focal brain-
lesioned subjects suggest that the WeST is sensitive to
frontal lobe dysfunction in particular. Findings from the cur-
rent study of children and adolescents with focal brain
lesions also support these conclusions. However, data exist
which are contradictory to the specificity of the WeST to
that have been reported do not appear to be sufficiently
robust to warrant using the WeST as a "frontal lobe sign"
when diagnosing individual patients.
Results of research studies that examined WeST per-
formance in children and adolescents who have been diag-
nosed as having attention deficit disorder, learning disability
in reading, seizure disorder, or traumatic brain injury sug-
gest that the WeST may be helpful in evaluating executive
function in these conditions. However, the findings of the
study conducted for the current manual suggested that the
relative pattern of WeST performance may yield more spe-
cific information about executive function deficit in these
diagnostic groups. Additional research needs to be con-
ducted to verify this finding.

57
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 Appendix A
Variations in WeST Materials and Test Administration
Procedures Used in Previous Studies
Response Cards and Deck Sizes
1. Original figures with systematic configuration.
(a) 60-card decks (Berg, 1948).
(b) 64-card decks (Fey, 1951; Grant & Berg, 1948;
Grant et aI., 1949; Loranger & Misiak, 1960;
Robinson et aI., 1980).
2. Modified figures, systematic configuration, 64-card deck
(Teuber et aI., 1951).
3. Original figures with nonsystematic configuration.
(a) 64-card decks (Grant & Cost, 1954; Grant & Curran,
1952).
(b) 48-card deck with varied card order (Gormezano &
Grant, 1958).
4. Original figures, both systematic and nonsystematic
configurations, 64-card decks (Grant, 1951).
5. Original figures, unspecified configuration, 64-card
decks (Drewe, 1974; Grant & Patel, 1957; Malmo, 1974;
Milner, 1963; Ross et aI., 1952; Tarter, 1973; Tarter &
Parsons, 1971).
6. Original figures, ambiguous cards removed (Nelson,
1976).
Order of Cards Within Decks
1. Random order (Berg, 1948).
2. Experimentally varied card order (Gormezano & Grant,
1958).
3. Standardized order so that no two response cards in suc-
cession have the same color, form, or number (Drewe,
1974; Grant & Berg, 1948; Grant & Patel, 1957; Ross et
aI., 1952).
t. A different standardized order, but following the same
rule as in 3 above (Fey, 1951; Grant, 1951; Grant & Cost,
1954; Grant & Curran, 1952; Grant et aI., 1949;
Loranger & Misiak, 1960; Malmo, 1974; Milner, 1963;
Tarter, 1973; Tarter & Parsons, 1971; Teuber et aI.,
1951).
Use of Card Sorting Tray
1. Yes (Fey, 1951; Gormezano & Grant, 1958; Grant, 1951;
Grant & Cost, 1954; Grant & Curran, 1952; Grant et aI.,
1949; Grant & Patel, 1957; Loranger & Misiak, 1960;
Ross et aI., 1952).
2. No (Drewe, 1974; Robinson et aI., 1980).
3. Unspecified but probably not (Berg, 1948; Grant & Berg,
1948; Malmo, 1974; Milner, 1963; Tarter, 1973; Tarter &
Parsons, 1971; Teuber et aI., 1951).
Criteria for Shifting Sorting Categories
1. Five consecutive correct sorts (Berg, 1948).
2. Six consecutive correct sorts, category shifts announced
(Nelson, 1976).
3. Ten consecutive correct sorts (Drewe, 1974; Fey, 1951;
Gormezano & Grant, 1958; Grant, 1951; Grant &
Curran, 1952; Grant et aI., 1949; Grant & Patel, 1957;
Loranger & Misiak, 1960; Malmo, 1974; Milner, 1963;
Robinson et aI., 1980; Ross et aI., 1952; Tarter, 1973;
Tarter & Parsons, 1971).
4. Varied number of consecutive correct sorts (Grant &
Berg, 1948; Grant & Cost, 1954).
5. Enforced shifts after every 10 card sorts (Teuber et aI.,
1951).
Number and Order of Sorting Categories
1. Two categories in standard order: color, number
(Gormezano & Grant, 1958).
2. Six categories in standard order: color, number, form,
number, color, form (Grant & Berg, 1948).
3. Six categories in standard order: color, form, number,
color, form, number (Drewe, 1974; Fey, 1951; Grant,
1951; Grant & Cost, 1954; Grant & Patel, 1957;
Loranger & Misiak, 1960; Malmo, 1974; Milner, 1963;
Robinson et aI., 1980; Ross et aI., 1952).
4. Six categories varied in 24 orders (Grant & Curran,
1952; Grant et aI., 1949; Tarter & Parsons, 1971).
63
5. Six categories, in unspecified order (Teuber et aI., 1951).
6. Nine categories, varied in 96 orders (Berg, 1948).
7. Six "cycles" each having three categories in standard
order: color, form, number (Tarter, 1973).
Criteria for Test Completion/Discontinuation
1. Completion of two categories or failure to complete
either category within 48 card sorts, whichever occurred
first (Gormezano & Grant, 1958).
2. Completion of six categories or sorting of more than 64
cards in a single category, whichever occurred first (Fey,
1951; Loranger & Misiak, 1960).
3. Completion of six categories; potential subjects who
sorted 64 cards in any single category before completing
the category were excluded from the study (Grant, 1951;
Grant & Berg, 1948). Although the articles do not state
this clearly, five other studies appear to have used these
64
criteria (Grant & Cost, 1954; Grant & Curran, 1952;
Grant et aI., 1949; Grant & Patel, 1957; Tarter &
Parsons, 1971).
4. Completion of six categories; potential subjects who
sorted 256 cards without completing the sixth category
were excluded from the study (Ross et aI., 1952).
5. Completion of six categories or sorting 128 cards,
whichever occurred first (Drewe, 1974; Malmo, 1974;
Milner, 1963; Robinson et aI., 1980).
6. Discontinued after 60 cards were sorted (Teuber et aI.,
1951).
7. Completion of nine categories or sorting 120 cards,
whichever occurred first (Berg, 1948).
8. Completion of 18 categories or completion of three cate-
gories with a maximum of 15 sorts in each, whichever
occurred first (Tarter, 1973).
 Appendix B
Scoring Variations of the WeST Used in Previous Studies

Overall Measures of Success (b) All perseverative errors (defined as above) in cate-
1. Total number of correct sorts. gories two through six, excluding the first persevera-
tive error after each shift in sorting category (Drewe,
(a) Including the 10 sorts in each "criterion run" (Fey,
1974; Grant, 1951; Grant & Curran, 1952; Ross
1951; Grant & Berg, 1948; Grant et aI., 1949).
et aI., 1952).
(b) Excluding the 10 sorts in each "criterion run"
(c) Errors in category one that are made according to the
(Gormezano & Grant, 1958; Grant & Cost, 1954;
subject's initial sorting preference, plus all errors in
Grant & Curran, 1952; Grant & Patel, 1957; Ross et
categories two through six that would have been cor-
aI., 1952).
rect in the immediately preceding category (Malmo,
(c) Excluding the 10 sorts in each "criterion run" and 1974; Milner, 1963).
excluding any ambiguous response that occurs
(d) Same as l(a) above except scored only for the first
immediately after a shift in sorting category (Drewe,
10 trials after each shift in sorting category (Tarter,
1974; Grant, 1951).
1973).
2. Average number of correct sorts = total number correct 7
(e) Same as l(b) above, except scored only for the
the number of categories completed (Loranger & Misiak,
second category (Gormezano & Grant, 1958).
1960).
(f) Perseverative errors on the following categories =
3. Total number of trials (Fey, 1951; Gormezano & Grant,
" ... the degree to which each sorting category or con-
1958; Tarter, 1973; Tarter & Parsons, 1971).
cept perseverates at all stages of the experiment"
4. Total number of errors (Berg, 1948; Drewe, 1974; Fey, (Grant et aI., 1949, p. 555).
1951; Gormezano & Grant, 1958; Grant & Berg, 1948;
(g) Perseverative error only when a different principle
Grant & Cost, 1954; Grant et aI., 1949; Malmo, 1974;
was not attempted after negative feedback (Nelson,
Milner, 1963; Tarter, 1973; Tarter & Parsons , 1971,
1976).
Teuber et aI., 1951).
2. Percent perseverative errors = number of perseverative
5. Number of categories completed.
errors as defined in l(a) above 7 total number of errors
(a) Number of categories in which the subject made the (Fey, 1951).
required number of correct sorts (usually 10) in a
3. Average perseverative errors = number of perseverative
row (Drewe, 1974; Fey, 1951; Loranger & Misiak,
errors as defined in 1(a) above 7 the number of cate-
1960; Malmo, 1974; Milner, 1963; Robinson et aI.,
gories completed (Loranger & Misiak, 1960).
1980).
4. Perseverative responses.
(b) Number of concepts "attained" (not defined, but
probably inferred on the basis of the subject's verbal- (a) For categories two through six, all perseverative
ization of sorting strategies) (Teuber et aI., 1951). errors as defined in l(a) above, plus any ambiguous
correct responses that match the perseverati ve
Measures of Perseverative Tendencies dimension (color, form, or number) and are both pre-
1. Perseverative errors. ceded and followed by a perseverative error (Grant
(a) Total errors in categories two through six that would & Berg, 1948).
have been correct in the immediately preceding cate- (b) For categories one through six, all perseverative
gory (Fey, 1951; Grant & Cost, 1954; Grant et aI., errors as defined in l(c) above, plus any ambiguous
1949; Grant & Patel, 1957; Tarter & Parsons, 1971). correct responses that match the perseverative

65
 dimension and are both preceded and followed by a
perseverative error (Robinson et aI., 1980).
5. Number in maximum classification = the maximum
number of cards sorted to any single dimension (color,
form, number, or other), excluding the 10 correct sorts in
each "criterion run." Drewe (1974) suggested this score
to cover situations in which a subject is responding very
perseveratively, but not to an immediate previous cate-
gory (e.g., perseveration in the first category).
6. Inclination to persist with an incorrect mode of
responding = percent of categories in which a sequence
of five or more consecutive errors was made (Tarter,
1973).
Measures of Nonperseverative Sources of Error
1. Nonperseverative errors.
(a) All errors in the entire test that are not designated
perseverative (Drewe, 1974; Fey, 1951; Grant, 1951;
Grant & Berg, 1948; Grant & Cost, 1954; Grant &
Curran, 1952; Grant et aI., 1949; Grant & Patel,
1957; Malmo, 1974; Milner, 1963; Ross et aI., 1952;
Tarter, 1973).
(b) All errors in categories two through six that are not
designated perseverative (Tarter & Parsons, 1971).
(c) Errors only in category two that are not designated
perseverative (Gormezano & Grant, 1958).
2. Average nonperseverative errors = number of nonpersev-
erative errors + the number of categories completed
(Loranger & Misiak, 1960).
66
3. Unique responses = unique errors = the number of sorts
to stimulus cards that do not match on any of the three
major dimensions of color, form, and number (Drewe,
1974; Fey, 1951).
4. Average unique errors = number of unique errors + the
number of categories completed (Loranger & Misiak,
1960).
5. Failure to maintain set.
(a) Runs of three to nine consecutive correct responses,
but short of the criterion of 10 (Fey, 1951).
(b) Runs of five to nine consecutive correct responses,
but short of the criterion of 10 (Tarter, 1973; Tarter
& Parsons, 1971).
Measures of Conceptual Ability
1. Conceptual level responses = correct responses occurring
in consecutive runs of three or more (Fey, 1951).
2. Percent conceptual level responses = total conceptual
level responses + the total number of trials in the test
(Fey, 1951).
3. Trials to completion of the first category (Tarter &
Parsons, 1971).
Measures of Learning Efficiency
1. Learning to learn = differences in percent errors (i.e.,
total errors + total trials) between successive categories
of the WCST (Tarter, 1973).
 Appendix C
Normative Data for U.S. Census Age-matched Adult Sample

67
0\
00
Table Cl
Normative Data for U.S. Census Age-matched Adult Sample
Raw scores
Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-5 0-8 0-2 0-2 0 0-1 91-100

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 3
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 2
>99 77 140
>99 76 139 3
99 75 138
99 75 137
99 74 136 0
99 73 135
99 73 134
99 72 133
98 71 132 0
98 71 131
98 70 130 9
97 69 129
97 69 128
96 68 127 3
96 67 126 4
95 67 125 6 4 90
95 66 124
94 65 123
93 65 122
92 64 121 2 2
91 63 120 2
90 63 119 10 4
88 62 118 5 5 89
87 61 117
86 61 116 7 3 3
84 60 115 3
82 59 114 11 5 88
81 59 113 8 4 6 4 6
79 58 112
77 57 111 12 4 87
75 57 110 9 5 5
73 56 109 13 7 7 6 86
70 55 108 10 6 5 85
68 55 107 14 6
66 54 106 11 7 8 7 84
63 53 105 12 t5 7 8 6 83
61 53 104 13 8 9 82
58 52 103 14 16 8 9 7 8 81
55 51 102 15 17 9 9 80
53 51 101 16 18 10 10 8 79
50 50 100 17 19 11 10 10 9 77-78
47 49 99 18-19 20 11 11 9 76
45 49 98 20 21 12 12 11 10 74-75
42 48 97 21-22 22 13 12 10 73
39 47 96 23-24 23 14 13 13 12 11 71-72

'"
"
37 47 95 25-26 24-25 15 14 14 I3 12 II 69-70
34 46 94 27-28 26 16 15 67-68
32 45 93 29-30 27-28 17 15 14 I3 12 65-66
30 45 92 31-33 29 18 16 16 15 14 13 62-64
27 44 91 34-35 30-31 19 17 17-18 15 60-61
25 43 90 36-38 32 20-21 18 19 16 16 14 58-59
23 43 89 39-40 33-34 22 19 20 17 17 55-57
21 42 88 41-43 35-36 23 20 21 18 18 15 52-54
19 41 87 44-46 37-38 24-25 21 22 19 19 16 50-51
18 41 86 47-48 39 26-27 22 23-24 20 20 47-49
16 40 85 49-51 40-41 28 23-24 25 21 21 17 45-46
14 39 84 52-53 42-43 29-30 25 26 22 22 18 42-44
13 39 83 54-56 44-45 31-32 26 27-28 23 23 19 40-41
12 38 82 57-58 46-47 33-34 27-28 29 24 24 20 37-39
10 37 81 59-61 48 35-36 29 30-31 25 25-26 21 35-36
9 37 80 62-63 49-50 37-38 30-31 32-33 26-27 27 22 33-34
8 36 79 64-65 51-52 39-40 32-33 34 28 28 23 31-32
7 35 78 66-67 53 41-42 34-35 35-36 29 29 24 29-30
6 35 77 68-69 54-55 43-45 36 37-38 30-31 30 25 27-28
5 34 76 70 56 46-47 37-38 39-40 32 31-32 26 25-26
5 33 75 71-72 57-58 48-50 39-40 41-42 33-34 33 27 24
4 33 74 73 59 51-53 41-42 43-44 35 34 28 22-23
4 32 73 74 60 54-55 43-45 45-46 36-37 35 29 21
3 31 72 75-76 61 56-58 46-47 47-48 38-39 36 30 19-20
3 31 71 77 62 59-61 48-49 49-51 40 37 31 18
2 30 70 63 62-65 50-52 52-53 41-42 38 32-33 17
2 29 69 78 64 66-68 53-54 54-55 43-44 39-40 34 16
2 29 68 79 65 69-71 55-57 56-58 45-46 41 35 15
1 28 67 80 66 72-75 58-60 59-60 47-48 42 36-37 14
1 27 66 67 76-78 61-63 61-63 49-50 43 38
I 27 65 81 79-82 64-65 64-65 51-52 44 39-40 13
I 26 64 68 83-86 66-68 66-68 53-54 45 41 12
I 25 63 82 87-90 69-71 69-71 55-56 42-43
I 25 62 69 91-94 72-75 72-73 57-58 46 44 I1
<1 24 61 95-98 76-78 74-76 59-60 47 45-46
<1 23 60 83 70 99-102 79-81 77-79 61-62 48 47-48
<I 23 59 103-106 82-84 80-82 63-64 49 49 10
<I 22 58 71 107-110 85-88 83-84 65-67 50-51
<I 21 57 I I I-I 15 89-91 85-87 68-69 50 52-53
<1 21 56 84 116-119 92-94 88-90 70-71 51 54
<I 20 55 120-124 95-98 91-93 72-73 55-56 9
<1 <20 <55 85-128 72-100 125-126 99-100 94 74-100 52-128 57-100 0-8

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%iIe Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %iIe

>16 3-6 1O-I3 0-2 ~-6.69 >16

11-16 14-19 -6.70 to -I 1.69 11-16
6-10 2 20-31 3 -11.70 to -16.09 6-10
2-5 I 32-129 4-5 -16.10 to -25.49 2-5
$1 0 6-21 $-25.50 $1
 Appendix D
Demographically Corrected Normative Data

71
-..J
N Table Dl >
IJCl
~

Age: 6 Years 6 Months 0 Days Through 6 Years 11 Months 30 Days 9'

Raw scores ~........

Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-4 0-10 0 0-2 0-1 0-3 0-2 0-3 90-100
>99 80 145 5 1
>99 79 144 89
>99 79 143 11 3 2
>99 78 142 6
>99 77 141 88
>99 77 140 3 4
>99 76 139 7 12 4
99 75 138 87
99 75 137 2
99 74 136 8 86
99 73 135 13 4 3
99 73 134 9 4
99 72 133 5 85
98 71 132 14 3 5
98 71 131 10 84
98 70 130 4
97 69 129 11 15 5 5 83
97 69 128 12 6
96 68 127 4 82
96 67 126 13 16 5 6
95 67 125 6 81
95 66 124 14 17 5 6 80
94 65 123 7
93 65 122 15 6 7 79
92 64 121 16 18 6 7 7
91 63 120 17 78
90 63 119 19 7 7 8 77
88 62 118 18 8 8 8 76
87 61 117 19 20
86 61 116 20 21 8 8 75
84 60 lIS 21 9 9 9 9 74
82 59 114 22 9 9 73
81 59 113 22 10 10 72
79 58 112 23 23 10 10 10 10
77 57 III 24 24 11 11 71
75 57 110 25 II II II 70
73 56 109 26 25 12 12 II 69
70 55 108 27 26 13 12 12 68
68 55 107 28-29 14 13 13 12 67
66 54 106 30 27 13 12 66
63 53 105 31 28 15 14 14 13 65
61 53 104 32 29 16 15 15 14 13 64
58 52 103 33 17 16 14 15 63
55 51 102 34-35 30 18 16 14 62
53 51 101 36 31 19 17 17 15 16 60-61
50 50 100 37 32 20 18 18 16 17 59
47 49 99 38-39 33 21 19 15 58
45 49 98 40 34 22 19 20 17 18 57
42 48 97 41-42 35 23 20 21 18 19 16 55-56
39 47 96 43 36 24-25 21 22 20 54
jl 4/ 95 44-45 37 26 22 23 19 17 53
34 46 94 46 38 27 23 24 20 21 18 51-52
32 45 93 47-48 39 28-29 24 25 21 22 50
30 45 92 49-50 40 30 25 26 23 19 49
27 44 91 51 41 31-32 26 27 22 24 47-48
25 43 90 52-53 42 33 27 28-29 23 25 20 46
23 43 89 54-55 43 34-35 28 30 24 26 21 44-45
21 42 88 56-57 44 36 29 31 25 27 42-43
19 41 87 58-59 45-46 37-38 30 32-33 26 28 22 41
18 41 86 60-61 47 39-40 31-32 34 27 29 23 39-40
16 40 85 62 48 41-42 33 35 28 30 38
14 39 84 63-64 49 43-44 34 36-37 29 31 24 36-37
13 39 83 65-66 50-51 45-46 35-36 38 30 32 25 34-35
12 38 82 67-68 52 47-48 37 39-40 31 33 26 32-33
10 37 81 69-71 53 49-50 38 41-42 32 34-35 31
9 37 80 72-73 54-55 51-52 39-40 43 33 36 27 29-30
8 36 79 74-75 56 53-54 41 44-45 34 37 28 27-28
7 35 78 76-77 57 55-56 42-43 46-47 35 38 29 25-26
6 35 77 78-79 58-59 57-58 44 48 36-37 39-40 30 23-24
5 34 76 80-81 60 59-61 45-46 49-50 38 41 31 21-22
5 33 75 82-83 61-62 62-63 47 51-52 39 42 32 19-20
4 33 74 84-86 63 64-65 48-49 53-54 40 43-44 33 17-18
4 32 73 87-88 64-65 66-68 50-51 55-56 41 45 16
3 31 72 89-90 66 69-70 52 57 42-43 46 34 14-15
3 31 71 91-92 67-68 71-72 53-54 58-59 44 47-48 35 11-13
2 30 70 93-95 69 73-75 55-56 60-61 45 49 36 9-10
2 29 69 96-97 70-71 76-77 57-58 62-63 46-47 50-51 37 7-8
2 29 68 98-99 72-73 78-80 59 64-65 48 52 38-39 5-6
1 28 67 100-102 74 81-82 60-61 66-67 49 53-54 40 3-4
1 27 66 103-104 75-76 83-85 62-63 68-69 50-51 55 41 1-2
I 27 65 105-106 77-78 86-88 64-65 70-71 52 56-57 42 0
I 26 64 107-108 79 89-90 66-67 72-73 53-54 58 43
I 25 63 109-111 80-81 91-93 68 74-75 55 59-60 44
1 25 62 112-113 82-83 94-95 69-70 76-77 56 61 45
<1 24 61 114-115 84 96-98 71-72 78-79 57-58 62-63 46
<1 23 60 116-118 85-86 99-100 73-74 80-81 59 64 47-48
<1 23 59 119-120 87-88 101-102 75-76 82-83 60-61 65-66 49
<1 22 58 121-122 89 103-105 77 84-85 62 67 50
<1 21 57 123-124 90-91 106-107 78-79 86 63-64 68-69 51
<1 21 56 125-126 92-93 108-110 80-81 87-88 65 70-71 52
<1 20 55 127-128 94 111-112 82-83 89-90 66 72 53-54
<1 <20 <55 95-100 113-126 84-100 91-94 67-100 73-128 55-100

Raw score
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 2-6 10-23 0-3 2:-11.34 >16

11-16 1 24-78 -11.35 to -22.20 11-16
6-10 79-98 -22.21 to -27.80 6-10
2-5 99-123 4 -27.81 to -42.40 2-5
~1 0 124-129 5-21 ~-42.41 ~I
--J
.j:>. Table D2 >
CICI
('I)

--J
Age: 7 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 7 Years 11 Months 30 Days
f
-;-l
Raw scores ....
....
Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-4 0-10 0-1 0-2 0-1 0-3 0-2 0-3 90-100
>99 80 145 5 3 2
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 89
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 6 11 4
>99 77 140 88
>99 76 139 2
99 75 138 7 3 4
99 75 137 12 87
99 74 136 4 3
99 73 135 8
99 73 134 13 86
99 72 133 9 3
98 7I 132 5 4 5 85
98 71 131 10 14 4
98 70 130 5 84
97 69 129 11
97 69 128 15 4 83
96 68 127 12 6 5
96 67 126 5 6 82
95 67 125 13 16 6
95 66 124 5 81
94 65 123 14 17 6 80
93 65 122 15 6 7 7
92 64 121 6 7 79
91 63 120 16 18 7
90 63 119 17 7 7 78
88 62 118 18 19 8 8 8 77
87 61 117 8 76
86 61 116 19 20 8 8
84 60 115 20 21 9 9 75
82 59 114 21 9 9 9 9 74
81 59 113 22 22 10 73
79 58 112 23 10 10 10 10 72
77 57 111 24 23 11 11 10
75 57 110 25 24 II 71
73 56 109 26 12 II II 70
70 55 108 27 25 13 12 12 II 69
68 55 107 28 26 13 12 12 68
66 54 106 29 14 13 13 12 67
63 53 105 30 27 15 14 14 13 66
61 53 104 31 28 16 14 65
58 52 103 32 29 17 15 15 14 13 64
55 51 102 33-34 30 16 16 15 62-63
53 51 101 35 18 17 15 16 14 61
50 50 100 36 31 19 17 60
47 49 99 37-38 32 20 18 18 16 17 15 59
45 49 98 39 33 21-22 19 19 17 18 58
42 48 97 40-41 34 23 20 16 56-57
39 47 96 42 35 24 20 21 18 19 55
37 47 95 43-44 36 25 21 22 19 20 17 54
34 46 94 45 37 26 22 23 21 53
32 45 93 46-47 38 27-28 23 24 20 22 18 51-52
30 45 92 48 39 29 24 25 21 23 50
27 44 91 49-50 40 30~31 25 26 22 19 48-49
25 43 90 51-52 41 32 26 27-28 24 20 47
23 43 89 53-54 42 33-34 27 29 23 25 45-46
21 42 88 55 43 35 28 30 24 26 21 44
19 41 87 56-57 44-45 36-37 29 31 25 27 22 42-43
18 41 86 58-59 46 38 30-31 32-33 26 28 41
16 40 85 60-61 47 39-40 32 34 27 29-30 23 39-40
14 39 84 62-63 48 41-42 33 35-36 28 31 24 37-38
13 39 83 64-65 49-50 43-44 34 37 29 32 25 36
12 38 82 66-67 51 45-46 35-36 38 30 33 34-35
10 37 81 68-69 52 47-48 37 39-40 31 34 26 32-33
9 37 80 70-71 53-54 49-50 38 41-42 32 35 27 30-31
8 36 79 72-73 55 51-52 39-40 43 33 36-37 28 29
7 35 78 74-75 56 53-54 41 44-45 34 38 29 27-28
6 35 77 76-77 57-58 55-56 42-43 46 35 39 25-26
5 34 76 78-79 59 57-58 44 47-48 36 40 30 23-24
5 33 75 80-81 60-61 59-60 45-46 49-50 37-38 41-42 31 21-22
4 33 74 82-84 62 61-63 47 51-52 39 43 32 19-20
4 32 73 85-86 63-64 64-65 48-49 53 40 44 33 17-18
3 31 72 87-88 65 66-67 50 54-55 41 45-46 34 15-16
3 31 71 89-90 66-67 68-70 51-52 56-57 42-43 47 35 13-14
2 30 70 91-92 68 71-72 53-54 58-59 44 48-49 36 11-12
2 29 69 93-95 69-70 73-74 55 60-61 45 50 37 9-10
2 29 68 96-97 71 75-77 56-57 62 46 51-52 38 7-8
1 28 67 98-99 72-73 78-79 58-59 63-64 47-48 53 39 5-6
1 27 66 100-101 74 80-81 60-61 65~66 49 54-55 40 3-4
1 27 65 102-104 75-76 82-84 62 67-68 50 56 41 1-2
1 26 64 105-106 77-78 85-86 63-64 69-70 51-52 57 42-43 0
1 25 63 107-108 79 87-89 65-66 71-72 53 58-59 44
1 25 62 109-110 80-81 90-91 67 73-74 54 60-61 45
<1 24 61 111-112 82-83 92-93 68-69 75-76 55-56 62 46
<1 23 60 113-115 84 94-96 70-71 77 57 63-64 47
<1 23 59 116-117 85-86 97-98 72-73 78-79 58 65 48
<1 22 58 118-119 87-88 99-100 74 80-81 59-60 66-67 49-50
<1 21 57 120-121 89 101-103 75-76 82-83 61 68 51
<1 21 56 122-123 90-91 104-105 77-78 84-85 62 69-70 52
<1 20 55 124-126 92-93 106-107 79-80 86 63-64 71 53
<1 <20 <55 127-128 94-100 108-1.26 81-100 87-94 65-100 72-128 54-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%ile Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %ile

>16 3-6 10-27 0-3 ;::-9.30 >16

11-16 2 28-47 -9.31 to -10.99 11-16
6-10 1 48-68 -11.00 to -16.49 6-10
2-5 0 69-129 4-5 -16.50 to -25.10 2-5
$1 6-21 $--25.11 $1
-.l
0\ Table D3 >
IJCI
~

00
Age: 8 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 8 Years 11 Months 30 Days
Raw scores
t
qo
......
......
Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-4 0-9 0-1 0-3 0-2 0-3 0-1 0-2 91-100
>99 80 145
>99 79 144 10 3 90
>99 79 143 5 4 2
>99 78 142 2
>99 77 141 89
>99 77 140 6
>99 76 139 11
99 75 138 4 3 88
99 75 137 7
99 74 136 4
99 73 135 12 3 3 87
99 73 134 8
99 72 133 5 86
98 71 132 9 13 4
98 71 131 5
98 70 130 10 4 5 85
97 69 129 14 4
97 69 128 11 84
96 68 127 6
96 67 126 12 15 6 5 83
95 67 125 5 5 6 82
95 66 124 13 16
94 65 123 81
93 65 122 14 6 7 6 7 6
92 64 121 15 17 80
91 63 120 7 79
90 63 119 16 18 7 7
88 62 118 17 8 8 7 78
87 61 117 18 19 77
86 61 116 8 8 8
84 60 115 19 20 9 8 76
82 59 114 20 9 9 9 75
81 59 113 21 21 9 9 74
79 58 112 22 22 10 10 73
77 57 111 23 10 10 10
75 57 110 24 23 11 11 10 72
73 56 109 25 24 12 11 11 71
70 55 108 26 12 12 11 70
68 55 107 27 25 13 11 69
66 54 106 28 26 14 13 13 12 12 68
63 53 105 29 13 12 67
61 53 104 30 27 15 14 14 13 66
58 52 103 31 28 16 15 15 14 65
55 51 102 32-33 29 17 14 13 64
53 51 101 34 30 18 16 16 15 63
50 50 100 35 19 17 17 15 16 14 61-62
47 49 99 36 31 20 18 60
45 49 98 37-38 32 21 18 16 17 15 59
42 48 97 39 33 22 19 19 17 18 58
39 47 96 40-41 34 23 20 20 19 16 57
 '+1 'J:J 42 35 24 21 18 55-56
34 46 94 43-44 36 25 21 22 19 20 17 54
32 45 93 45 37 26 22 23 21 53
30 45 92 46-47 38 27-28 23 24 20 22 18 51-52
27 44 91 48 39 29 24 25 21 23 19 50
25 43 90 49-50 40 30-31 25 26 24 48-49
23 43 89 51-52 41 32 26 27-28 22 25 20 47
21 42 88 53 42 33 27 29 23 26 21 45-46
19 41 87 54-55 43 34-35 28 30 24 27 44
18 41 86 56-57 44-45 36-37 29 31 25 28 22 42-43
16 40 85 58-59 46 38 30 32-33 26 29 23 41
14 39 84 60-61 47 39-40 31-32 34 27 30 39-40
13 39 83 62-63 48 41-42 33 35 28 31 24 37-38
12 38 82 64-65 49-50 43 34 36-37 29 . 32 25 36
10 37 81 66 51 44-45 35 38 30 33 26 34-35
9 37 80 67-68 52 46-47 36-37 39-40 31 34-35 27 32-33
8 36 79 69-70 53 48-49 38 41 32 36 30-31
7 35 78 71-72 54-55 50-51 39 42-43 33 37 28 29
6 35 77 73-75 56 52-53 40-41 44 34 38 29 27-28
5 34 76 76-77 57-58 54-55 42 45-46 35 39-40 30 25-26
5 33 75 78-79 59 56-57 43-44 47 36 41 31 23-24
4 33 74 80-81 60 58-59 45 48-49 37 42 32 21-22
4 32 73 82-83 61-62 60-61 46-47 50-51 38 43-44 33 19-20
3 31 72 84-85 63 62-64 48 52 39 45 34 17-18
3 31 71 86-87 64-65 65-66 49-50 53-54 40-41 46 35 16
2 30 70 88-89 66 67-68 51 55-56 42 47-48 36 14-15
2 29 69 90-92 67-68 69-70 52-53 57 43 49 37 12-13
2 29 68 93-94 69 71-72 54 58-59 44 50-51 38 10-11
1 28 67 95-96 70-71 73-75 55-56 60-61 45 52 39 8-9
1 27 66 97-98 72-73 76-77 57-58 62-63 46-47 53-54 40 6-7
1 27 65 99-100 74 78-79 59 64-65 48 55 41 4-5
1 26 64 101-102 75-76 80-81 60-61 66 49 56 42 2-3
1 25 63 103-105 77 82-84 62 67-68 50 57-58 43 0-1
1 25 62 106-107 78-79 85-86 63-64 69-70 51-52 59 44
<1 24 61 108-109 80 87-88 65-66 71-72 53 60-61 45-46
<1 23 60 llO-1l1 81-82 89-90 67 73 54 62 47
<1 23 59 112-113 83-84 91-93 68-69 74-75 55-56 63-64 48
<I 22 58 114-1l5 85 94-95 70-71 76-77 57 65 49
<1 21 57 116-117 86-87 96-97 72 78 58 66-67 50
<1 21 56 118-119 88-89 98-99 73-74 79-80 59 68 51-52
<1 20 55 120-122 90 100-101 75 81-82 60-61 69-70 53
<1 <20 <55 123-128 91-100 102-126 76-100 83-94 62-100 71-128 54-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 3-6 10-25 0-3 ;::-6.00 >16

11-16 2 26-30 -6.01 to -13.99 11-16
6-10 31-34 -14.00 to -16.40 6-10
2-5 1 35-76 4 -16.41 to -24.10 2-5
S;I 0 77-129 5-21 S;-24.11 S;I >
~
00

t
....
....
-..l
00 Table D4 >
CIQ
(D

\C
Age: 9 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 9 Years 11 Months 30 Days b
I
\C
Raw scores .:...
I-'

Total Percent Percent Percent Percent

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-4 0-9 0-2 0-3 0-2 0-3 0-1 0-2 92-100
>99 80 145 4 91
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142 5 10 90
>99 77 141 3
>99 77 140 4 3 2
>99 76 139 6 89
99 75 138
99 75 137 11 3
99 74 136 7 88
99 73 135
99 73 134 12 5 4
99 72 133 8 3 87
98 71 132 5 4
98 71 131 9 86
98 70 130 13 4
97 69 129 10 85
97 69 128 4 5
96 68 127 11 14 5 6 84
96 67 126 5 6
95 67 125 12 15 83
95 66 124 5
94 65 123 13 6 6 82
93 65 122 16 6 7 7
92 64 121 14 81
91 63 120 15 17 6 80
90 63 119 7 7 7
88 62 118 16 18 8 8 79
87 61 117 17 7 78
86 61 116 18 19 8 8
84 60 115 9 8 77
82 59 114 19 20 9 9 8 76
81 59 113 20 9 75
79 58 112 21 21 10 10 9 9 74
77 57 III 22 22 10 10
75 57 110 23 11 11 10 73
73 56 109 24 23 11 10 72
70 55 108 25 12 11 71
68 55 107 26 24 13 12 12 11 70
66 54 106 27 25 12 12 11 69
63 53 105 28 ,26 14 13 13 68
61 53 104 29 15 14 14 13 12 67
58 52 103 30 27 13 66
55 51 102 31 28 16 15 15 14 65
53 51 101 32-33 29 17 16 14 13 64
50 50 100 34 18 16 15 63
47 49 99 35 30 19 17 17 15 16 14 62
45 49 98 36 31 20 18 17 60-61
42 48 97 37-38 32 21 18 19 16 15 59
39 47 96 39 33 22 19 17 18 58
34
.,
46
~:J

94
4U-41
42
34
35
23
24
20 20
21 18
19
20
16
17
57
55-56
32 45 93 43-44 36 25 21 22 19 54
30 45 92 45 37 26-27 22 23 21 18 53
27 44 91 46-47 38 28 23 24 20 22 51-52
25 43 90 48 39 29 24 25 21 23 19 50
23 43 89 49-50 40 30 25 26 24 20 48-49
21 42 88 51-52 41 31-32 26 27 22 25 47
19 41 87 53 42 33 27 28-29 23 26 21 45-46
18 41 86 54-55 43 34-35 28 30 24 27 22 44
16 40 85 56-57 44-45 36 29 31 25 28 42-43
14 39 84 58-59 46 37-38 30 32 29 23 41
13 39 83 60-61 47 39-40 31 33-34 26 30 24 39-40
12 38 82 62 48 41 32 35 27 31 25 37-38
10 37 81 63-64 49 42-43 33-34 36 28 32-33 36
9 37 80 65-66 50-51 44-45 35 37-38 29 34 26 34-35
8 36 79 67-68 52 46-47 36 39 30 35 27 32-33
7 35 78 69-70 53 48 37 40 31 36 28 31
6 35 77 71-72 54-55 49-50 38-39 41-42 32 37 29 29-30
5 34 76 73-74 56 51-52 40 43 33 38-39 30 27-28
5 33 75 75-76 57 53-54 41 44-45 34 40 25-26
4 33 74 77-78 58-59 55-56 42-43 46-47 35 41 31 23-24
4 32 73 79-80 60 57-58 44 48 36 42-43 32 22
3 31 72 81-82 61-62 59-60 45-46 49-50 37-38 44 33 20-21
3 31 71 83-84 63 61-62 47 51 39 45 34 18-19
2 30 70 85-87 64-65 63-64 48-49 52-53 40 46-47 35 16-17
2 29 69 88-89 66 65-66 50 54-55 41 48 36 14-15
2 29 68 90-91 67-68 67-68 51-52 56 42 49-50 37 12-13
1 28 67 92-93 69 69-71 53 57-58 43 51 38 10-11
1 27 66 94-95 70-71 72-73 54-55 59 44 52-53 39 8-9
I 27 65 96-97 72 74-75 56 60-61 45-46 54 40-41 6-7
1 26 64 98-99 73-74 76-77 57-58 62-63 47 55 42 4-5
1 25 63 100-101 75 78-79 59 64 48 56-57 43 2-3
1 25 62 102-103 76-77 80-81 60-61 65-66 49 58 44 0-1
<1 24 61 104-106 78-79 82-83 62 67-68 50 59-60 45
<1 23 60 107,108 80 84-85 63-64 69 51-52 61 46
<1 23 59 109-110 81-82 86-87 65 70-71 53 62-63 47
<1 22 58 111-112 83 88-90 66-67 72-73 54 64 48-49
<1 21 57 113-114 84-85 91-92 68 74 55 65-66 50
<1 21 56 115-116 86 93-94 69-70 75-76 56 67 51
<1 20 55 117-118 87-88 95-96 71-72 77 57-58 68-69 52
<1 <20 <55 119-128 89-100 97-126 73-100 78-94 59-100 70-128 53-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 4-6 10-18 0-3 <:-8.60 >16

11-16 3 19-24 -8.61 to -17.29 11-16
6-10 2 25-34 -17.30 to -23.79 6-10
2-5 35-53 4 -23.80 to -29.60 2-5
$1 0-1 54-129 5-21 $-29.61 $1
 ;.-
00
0 Table D5 IJQ
~

......
Age: 10 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 10 Years 11 Months 30 Days Q
b
I
......
Raw scores Q
.:..
......
Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-3 0-8 0-2 0-3 0-2 0-4 0-1 0-2 92-100
>99 80 145
>99 79 144 4 9
>99 79 143 91
>99 78 142 4 3
>99 77 141
>99 77 140 5 10 90
>99 76 139 3
99 75 138 3
99 75 137 6 2 89
99 74 136 11
99 73 135 5
99 73 134 7 88
99 72 133 5 4
98 71 132 8 12 4 87
98 71 131 3 4
98 70 130 9
97 69 129 13 86
97 69 128 6
96 68 127 10 6 5 85
96 67 126 14 5 4 5
95 67 125 11 84
95 66 124 12
94 65 123 IS 6 83
93 65 122 13 6 7 7 5 82
92 64 121 16 6
91 63 120 14 81
90 63 119 IS 17 7 7 6 80
88 62 118 8
87 61 117 16 18 8 7 79
86 61 116 17 8 8 7 78
84 60 liS 18 19 9
82 59 114 9 9 8 77
81 59 113 19 20 9 8 76
79 58 112 20 10 10 75
77 57 III 21 21 9 9
75 57 110 22 II 10 10 74
73 56 109 23 22 II 10 73
70 55 108 24 23 12 11 10 72
68 55 107 25 12 11 11 71
66 54 106 26 24 13 12 70
63 53 105 27 25 14 13 12 12 11 69
61 53 104 28 13 68
58 52 103 29 26 IS 14 14 13 12 67
55 51 102 30 27 16 13 66
53 51 101 31 28 15 15 14 13 65
50 50 100 32-33 29 17 16 14 15 64
47 49 99 34 18 16 14 63
45 49 98 35 30 19 17 17 IS 16 62
42 48 97 36 31 20 18 17 IS 60-61
39 47 96 37-38 32 21 18 19 16 59
 37 47 95 39 33 22 19 17 18 16 58
34 46 94 40-41 34 23 20 20 19 57
32 45 93 42 35 24 21 18 20 17 55-56
30 45 92 43-44 36 25 21 22 19 21 54
27 44 91 45 37 26-27 22 23 22 18 53
25 43 90 46-47 38 28 23 24 20 23 19 51-52
23 43 89 48 39 29 24 25 21 50
21 42 88 49-50 40 30 25 26 24 20 48-49
19 41 87 51-52 41 31-32 26 27 22 25 21 47
18 41 86 53 42 33 27 28 23 26 45-46
16 40 85 54-55 43 34-35 28 29-30 24 27 22 44
14 39 84 56-57 44-45 36 29 31 28-29 23 42-43
13 39 83 58-59 46 37-38 30 32 25 30 41
12 38 82 60 47 39 31 33 26 31 24 39-40
10 37 81 61-62 48 40-41 32 34 27 32 25 38
9 37 80 63-64 49 42 33 35-36 28 33 26 36-37
8 36 79 65-66 50-51 43-44 34 37 29 34 27 34-35
7 35 78 67-68 52 45-46 35-36 38 30 35 32-33
6 35 77 69-70 53 47-48 37 39-40 31 36-37 28 31
5 34 76 71-72 54-55 49 38 41 32 38 29 29-30
5 33 75 73-74 56 50-51 39 42-43 33 39 30 27-28
4 33 74 75-76 57 52-53 40-41 44 34 40-41 31 25-26
4 32 73 77-78 58-59 54-55 42 45-46 35 42. 32 24
3 31 72 79-80 60 56-57 43 47 36 43 33 22-23
3 31 71 81-82 61-62 58-59 44-45 48-49 37 44-45 34 20-21
2 30 70 83-84 63 60-61 46 50 38 46 35 18-19
2 29 69 85-86 64-65 62-63 47-48 51-52 39 47 36 16-17
2 29 68 87-88 66 64-65 49 53 40 48-49 37 14-15
1 28 67 89-90 67-68 66-67 50 54-55 41 50 38 12-13
1 27 66 91-92 69 68-69 51-52 56 42 51-52 39 10-11
1 27 65 93-94 70-71 70-71 53 57-58 43 53 40 8-9
1 26 64 95-96 72 72-73 54-55 59-60 44-45 54 41 6-7
1 25 63 97-98 73-74 74-75 56 61 46 55-56 42 4-5
1 25 62 99-100 75 76-77 57-58 62-63 47 57 43-44 2-3
<1 24 61 101-102 76-77 78-79 59 64 48 58-59 45 0-1
<1 23 60 103-104 78 80-81 60-61 65-66 49 60 46
<1 23 59 105-106 79-80 82-83 62 67 50 61-62 47
<1 22 58 107-108 81 84-85 63-64 68-69 51 63 48
<1 21 57 109-110 82-83 86 65 70 52 64-65 49
<1 21 56 111-112 84 87-88 66 71-72 53-54 66 50-51
<I 20 55 113-114 85-86 89-90 67-68 73 55 67-68 52
<1 <20 <55 115-128 87-100 91-126 69-100 74-94 56-100 69-128 53-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-13 0-1 ~-3.90 >16

11-16 5 14 -3.91 to -6.20 11-16
6-10 4 15-17 2 -6.21 to -7.79 6-10
2-5 3 18-95 3 -7.80 to -26.09 2-5
:0;1 0-2 96-129 4-21 :0;-26.10 :0;1

00
00
IV Table D6 >
CJCl
to

Age: 11 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 11 Years 11 Months 30 Days

........
b
Raw scores ....I
........';"'
Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-3 0-8 0-2 0-3 0-2 0-4 0 0-1 93-100
>99 80 145
>99 79 144 4 3 2 92
>99 79 143
>99 78 142 4 9
>99 77 141 3 91
>99 77 140
>99 76 139 5
99 75 138 10 90
99 75 137
99 74 136 6 5 3
99 73 135 2 89
99 73 134 11 5 4
99 72 133 7 4
98 71 132 88
98 71 131 8
98 70 130 12 4 87
97 69 129 3
97 69 128 9 6 86
96 68 127 13 5 6 5
96 67 126 10 85
95 67 125
95 66 124 11 14 4 5 84
94 65 123 6 6
93 65 122 12 15 7 7 83
92 64 121 13 5
91 63 120 16 6 82
90 63 119 14 7 7 81
88 62 118 15 8
87 61 117 17 8 6 80
86 61 116 16 8 7 79
84 60 115 17 18 8 7
82 59 114 18 9 78
81 59 113 19 9 9 8 77
79 58 112 19 20 9 8 76
77 57 111 20 10 10
75 57 110 21 21 10 10 9 9 75
73 56 109 22 11 11 74
70 55 108 23 22 11 10 73
68 55 107 24 23 12 l1' 10 72
66 54 106 25 12 12 11 71
63 53 105 26 24 13 11 70
61 53 104 27 25 14 13 13 12 12 69
58 52 103 28 68
55 51 102 29 26 15 14 14 13 13 12 67
53 51 101 30 27 16 66
50 50 100 31 28 17 15 15 14 13 65
47 49 99 32-33 29 16 16 14 15 64
45 49 98 34 18 14 63
42 48 97 35 30 19 17 17 15 16 62
39 47 96 36 31 20 18 17 15 60-61
 37 47 95 37-38 32 21 18 19 16 18 59
34 46 94 39 33 22 19 17 19 16 58
32 45 93 40-41 34 23 20 20 57
30 45 92 42 35 24 21 18 20 17 55-56
27 44 91 43-44 36 25 21 22 21 18 54
25 43 90 45 37 26 22 23 19 22 53
23 43 89 46-47 38 27-28 23 24 20 23 19 51-52
21 42 88 48 39 29 24 25 24 50
19 41 87 49-50 40 30 25 26 21 25 20 48-49
18 41 86 51-52 41 31 26 27 22 26 21 47
16 40 85 53 42 32-33 27 28 23 27 22 45-46
14 39 84 54-55 43 34 28 29 28 44
13 39 83 56-57 44-45 35-36 29 30 24 29 23 42-43
12 38 82 58 46 37 30 31-32 25 30 24 41
10 37 81 59-60 47 38-39 31 33 26 31 25 39-40
9 37 80 61-62 48 40 32 34 27 32 38
8 36 79 63-64 49 41-42 33 35 28 33 26 36-37
7 35 78 65-66 50-51 43 34 36-37 34-35 27 34-35
6 35 77 67-68 52 44-45 35 38 29 36 28 32-33
5 34 76 69-70 53 46-47 36 39 30 37 29 31
5 33 75 71 54-55 48-49 37-38 40-41 31 38 30 29-30
4 33 74 72-73 56 50 39 42 32 39-40 31 27-28
4 32 73 74-75 57 51-52 40 43 33 41 32 25-26
3 31 72 76-77 58-59 53-54 41 44-45 34 42 24
3 31 71 78-79 60 55-56 42-43 46 35 43-44 33 22-23
2 30 70 80-81 61-62 57-58 44 47-48 36 45 34 20-21
2 29 69 82-83 63 59 45 49 37 46 35 18-19
2 29 68 84-85 64 60-61 46-47 50-51 38 47-48 36 16-17
1 28 67 86-87 65-66 62-63 48 52 39 49 37-38 14-15
1 27 66 88-89 67 64-65 49 53 40 50-51 39 12-l3
1 27 65 90-91 68-69 66-67 50-51 54-55 41 52 40 10-11
1 26 64 92-93 70 68-69 52 56 42 53-54 41 9
1 25 63 94-95 71-72 70-71 53 57-58 43 55 42 7-8
1 25 62 96-97 73 72 54-55 59 44-45 56 43 5-6
<1 24 61 98-99 74-75 73-74 56 60-61 46 57-58 44 3-4
<1 23 60 100-101 76 75-76 57-58 62 47 59 45 1-2
<1 23 59 102-103 77-78 77-78 59 63-64 48 60-61 46-47 0
<I 22 58 104-105 79 79-80 60 65 49 62 48
<1 21 57 106-107 80-81 81-82 61-62 66-67 50 63-64 49
<1 21 56 108-109 82-83 83 63 68 51 65 50
<1 20 55 110-111 84 84-85 64 69 52 66-67 51-52
<1 <20 <55 112-128 85-100 86-126 65-100 70-94 53-100 68-128 53-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 3-6 10-15 0-2 ~-13.99 >16

11-16 16-19 3 -14.00 to -18.19 11-16
6-10 2 20-24 -18.20 to -21.50 6-10
2-5 1 25-38 -21.51 to -26.90 2-5
S;1 0 39-129 4-21 S;-26.91 S;1

00
w
00
.j>. Table D7 >
IJCl
re
......
Age: 12 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 12 Years 11 Months 30 Days N

Raw scores
f
......
N
.:..
......
Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-2 0-7 0-2 0-4 0-3 0-4 0 0-1 94-100
>99 80 145 3 8 93
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 3
>99 78 142 92
>99 77 141 4 2
>99 77 140 9
>99 76 139 91
99 75 138
99 75 137 5 5
99 74 136 10 90
99 73 135 4
99 73 134 6 4 5 3
99 72 133 89
98 71 132 7 11 2
98 71 131 88
98 70 130
97 69 129 8 12
97 69 128 5 6 4 87
96 68 127 9 5 6 3
96 67 126 13 86
95 67 125 10
95 66 124 85
94 65 123 11 14 6 4 5
93 65 122 7 6 84
92 64 121 12 15 7 83
91 63 120 13
90 63 119 7 5 6 82
88 62 118 14 16 7
87 61 117 15 8 8 81
86 61 116 17 8 6 80
84 60 115 16 8 7 79
82 59 114 17 18 9 7
81 59 113 18 9 78
79 58 112 19 9 9 8 77
77 57 111 19 10 10 8 76
75 57 110 20 20
73 56 109 21 21 10 10 9 9 75
70 55 108 22 11 11 74
68 55 107 23 22 12 11 10 73
66 54 106 24 23 11 10 72
63 53 105 25 13 12 12 11 71
61 53 104 26 24 11 70
58 52 103 27 25 14 13 13 12 12 69
55 51 102 28 15 68
53 51 101 29 26 14 14 13 13 12 67
50 50 100 30 27 16 14 66
47 49 99 31 28 17 15 15 13 65
45 49 98 32-33 29 18 16 16 14 15 64
42 48 97 34 16 14 63
39 47 96 35 30 19 17 17 15 62
 37 47 95 36-37 31 20 18 17 15 60-61
34 46 94 38 32 21 18 19 16 18 59
32 45 93 39 33 22 19 17 19 16 58
30 45 92 40-41 34 23 20 20 20 17 57
27 44 91 42 35 24 21 18 55-56
25 43 90 43-44 36 25 21 22 21 18 54
23 43 89 45 37 26 22 23 19 22 53
21 42 88 46-47 38 27-28 23 24 20 23 19 51-52
19 41 87 48 39 29 24 25 24 20 50
18 41 86 49-50 40 30 26 21 25 48-49
16 40 85 51-52 41 31 25 27 22 26 21 47
14 39 84 53 42 32-33 26 28 27 22 45-46
13 39 83 54-55 43 34 27 29 23 28 23 44
12 38 82 56-57 44-45 35 28 30 24 29 42-43
10 37 81 58 46 36-37 29 31 25 30 24 41
9 37 80 59-60 47 38 30 32 26 31-32 25 39-40
8 36 79 61-62 48 39-40 31 33-34 33 26 38
7 35 78 63-64 49-50 41 32 35 27 34 27 36-37
6 35 77 65-66 51 42-43 33-34 36 28 35 28 34-35
5 34 76 67 52 44 35 37 29 36 32-33
5 33 75 68-69 53 45-46 36 38-39 30 37-38 29 31
4 33 74 70-71 54-55 47-48 37 40 31 39 30 29-30
4 32 73 72-73 56 49 38 41 32 40 31 27-28
3 31 72 74-75 57 50-51 39 42-43 33 41-42 32 25-26
3 31 71 76-77 58-59 52-53 40-41 44 34 43 33 24
2 30 70 78-79 60 54 42 45 44 34 22-23
2 29 69 80-81 61-62 55-56 43 46-47 35 45-46 35 20-21
2 29 68 82-83 63 57-58 44 48 36 47 36 18-19
1 28 67 84-85 64 59-60 45-46 49 37 48 37 16-17
1 27 66 86-87 65-66 61 47 50-51 38 49-50 38 14-15
I 27 65 88-89 67 62-63 48 52 39 51 39 13
1 26 64 90-91 68-69 64-65 49 53-54 40 52-53 40 11-12
I 25 63 92 70 66-67 50-51 55 41 54 41-42 9-10
1 25 62 93-94 71-72 68 52 56 42 55 43 7-8
<1 24 61 95-96 73 69-70 53 57-58 43 56-57 44 5-6
<1 23 60 97-98 74-75 71-72 54-55 59 44 58 45 3-4
<I 23 59 99-100 76 73-74 56 60 45-46 59-60 46 1-2
<I 22 58 101-102 77-78 75 57 61-62 47 61 47 0
<1 21 57 103-104 79 76-77 58-59 63 48 62-63 48-49
<1 21 56 105-106 80-81 78-79 60 64-65 49 64 50
<1 20 55 107-108 82 80 61 66 50 65 51
<1 <20 <55 109-128 83-100 81-126 62-100 67-94 51-100 66-128 52-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 3-6 10-18 0-2 ;:::-14.50 >16

11-16 19-29 3 -14.51 to -15.70 11-16
6-10 1-2 30-67 -15.71 to -22.19 6-10
2-5 68-90 4 -22.20 to -33.09 2-5
:<;1 0 91-129 5-21 :<;-33.10 :<;1

00
Vl
00
0\ Table D8 >
CJCI
~

....
Age: 13 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 13 Years 11 Months 30 Days t..l

Raw scores ....f

t..l

Total Percent Percent Percent Percent

.....:...
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-2 0-7 0-3 0-4 0-3 0-4 0-1 94-100
>99 80 145 0
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 3 8 93
>99 78 142
>99 77 141
>99 77 140 92
>99 76 139 4 2
99 75 138 9
99 75 137 5 91
99 74 136 5
99 73 135 5 4
99 73 134 10 4 90
99 72 133 6
98 71 132 3
98 71 131 2 89
98 70 130 7 11
97 69 129 88
97 69 128 8 5 6
96 68 127 12 6 5 87
96 67 126 9 3 4
95 67 125 86
95 66 124 10 13
94 65 123 85
93 65 122 II 14 6 6 4 5
92 64 121 7 7 84
91 63 120 12
90 63 119 13 15 7 83
88 62 118 7 5 6 82
87 61 117 14 16 8
86 61 116 15 8 81
84 60 115 17 8 6 80
82 59 114 16 8 7
81 59 113 17 18 9 79
79 58 112 9 9 7 78
77 57 111 18 19 9 8 77
75 57 110 19 10 10 8
73 56 109 20 20 10 76
70 55 108 21 21 II 10 9 9 75
68 55 107 22 11 74
66 54 106 23 22 12 11 10 73
63 53 105 24 23 12 11 10 72
61 53 104 25 13 12 11 71
58 52 103 26 24 11 70
55 51 102 27 25 14 13 13 12 12 69
53 51 101 28 15 13 12 68
50 50 100 29 26 14 14 13 67
47 49 99 30 27 16 15 14 13 66
45 49 98 31 28 17 15 14 65
42 48 97 32-33 29 18 16 16 15 14 64
39 47 96 34 16 63
37 47 95 35 30 19 17 17 15 17 15 62
34 46 94 36-37 31 20 18 60-61
32 45 93 38 32 21 18 19 16 18 16 59
30 45 92 39 33 22 19 17 19 58
27 44 91 40-41 34 23 20 20 20 17 57
25 43 90 42 35 24 21 18 21 55-56
23 43 89 43-44 36 25 21 22 22 18 54
21 42 88 45 37 26 22 23 19 23 19 53
19 41 87 46-47 38 27 23 24 20 24 51-52
18 41 86 48 39 28-29 25 25 20 50
16 40 85 49-50 40 30 24 26 21 26 21 48-49
14 39 84 51-52 41 31 25 27 22 27 22 47
13 39 83 53 42 32 26 28 28 45-46
12 38 82 54-55 43-44 33-34 27 29 23 29 23 44
10 37 81 56-57 45 35 28 30 24 30 24 42-43
9 37 80 58 46 36 29 31 31 25 41
8 36 79 59-60 47 37-38 30 32 25 32 39-40
7 35 78 61-62 48 39 31 33 26 33 26 37-38
6 35 77 63-64 49-50 40-41 32 34 27 34 27 36
5 34 76 65 51 42 33 35 28 35-36 28 34-35
5 33 75 66-67 52 43-44 34 36-37 29 37 29 32-33
4 33 74 68-69 53 45 35 38 38 30 31
4 32 73 70-71 54-55 46-47 36 39 30 39 31 29-30
3 31 72 72-73 56 48 37-38 40 31 40-41 32 27-28
3 31 71 74-75 57 49-50 39 41-42 32 42 33 25-26
2 30 70 76-77 58-59 51-52 40 43 33 43 34 24
2 29 69 78 60 53 41 44 34 44-45 35 22-23
2 29 68 79-80 61-62 54-55 42 45-46 35 46 36 20-21
1 28 67 81-82 63 56 43 47 36 47-48 37 18-19
I 27 66 83-84 64 57-58 44-45 48 37 49 38 16-17
I 27 65 85-86 65-66 59-60 46 49-50 38 50 39 15
I 26 64 87-88 67 61 47 51 39 51-52 40 13-14
I 25 63 89-90 68-69 62-63 48 52 40 53 41 11-12
1 25 62 91-92 70 64-65 49 53-54 54-55 42 9-10
<I 24 61 93-94 71-72 66 50-51 55 41 56 43 7-8
<1 23 60 95 73 67-68 52 56 42 57 44-45 5-6
<I 23 59 96-97 74-75 69-70 53 57 43 58-59 46 3-4
<I 22 58 98-99 76 71 54 58-59 44 60 47 1-2
<I 21 57 100-101 77 72-73 55-56 60 45 61-62 48 0
<1 21 56 102-103 78-79 74 57 61 46 63 49
<1 20 55 104-105 80 75-76 58 62 47 64 50-51
<1 <20 <55 106-128 81-100 77-126 59-100 63-94 48-100 65-128 52-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 3-6 10-18 0-2 ~-14.80 >16

11-16 2 19-57 3 -14.81 to -16.99 11-16
6-10 58-60 -17.00 to-19.20 6-10
2-5 61-75 4 -19.21 to -29.40 2-5
~I 0-1 76-129 5-21 ~-29.41 ~I
 ;J;-
00
00 Table D9 (ICI
I'D
......
Age: 14 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 14 Years 11 Months 30 Days ....
b
Raw scores
I
......
....
,!...
Percent Percent Percent ......
Total Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-1 0-7 0-3 0-4 0-3 0-4 0 95-100
>99 80 145 2 1
>99 79 144 94
>99 79 143
>99 78 142 0
>99 77 141 3 93
>99 77 140 8
>99 76 139
99 75 138 5 92
99 75 137 4 2
99 74 136 9
99 73 135 4 5 4 91
99 73 134 5
99 72 133
98 71 132 6 10 90
98 71 131
98 70 130 3 89
97 69 129 7 11 2
97 69 128 5 6
96 68 127 8 6 5 88
96 67 126 12
95 67 125 9 4 87
95 66 124 3
94 65 123 10 13 86
93 65 122 6 6
92 64 121 11 7 7 85
91 63 120 14 4 5 84
90 63 119 12
88 62 118 15 7 83
87 61 117 13 7 5 6
86 61 116 14 16 8 82
84 60 115 8 8 81
82 59 114 15 17 8 6 80
81 59 113 16 9 7
79 58 112 17 18 9 7 79
77 57 111 9 78
75 57 110 18 19 9 8 77
73 56 109 19 10 10 8
70 55 108 20 20 10 76
68 55 107 21 21 11 10 9 9 75
66 54 106 22 11 74
63 53 105 23 22 12 11 10 10 73
61 53 104 24 23 12 11 72
58 52 103 25 13 12 11 71
55 51 102 26 24 13 11 70
53 51 101 27 25 14 13 12 12 69
50 50 100 28 15 13 12 68
47 49 99 29 26 14 14 13 67
45 49 98 30 27 16 15 15 14 13 66
42 48 97 31-32 28 17 14 15 65
39 47 96 33 29 18 16 16 14 64
37 47 95 34 16 63
34 46 94 35 30 19 17 17 IS 17 IS 62
32 45 93 36-37 31 20 18 18 60-61
30 45 92 38 32 21 18 19 16 19 16 59
27 44 91 39 33 22 19 17 58
25 43 90 40-41 34 23 20 17 20 57
23 43 89 42 35 24 20 21 18 21 18 55-56
21 42 88 43-44 36 25 21 22 22 54
19 41 87 45 37 26 22 23 19 23 19 52-53
18 41 86 46-47 38 27 24 24 20 51
16 40 85 48 39 28 23 20 25 50
14 39 84 49-50 40 29 24 25 21 26 21 48-49
13 39 83 51-52 41 30-31 25 26 27 22 47
12 38 82 53 42 32 26 27 22 28 23 45-46
10 37 81 54-55 43-44 33 27 28 23 29 44
9 37 80 56-57 45 34 28 29 30 24 42-43
8 36 79 58 46 35-36 29 30 24 31 25 41
7 35 78 59-60 47 37 30 31-32 25 32-33 26 39-40
6 35 77 61-62 48 38-39 31 33 26 34 27 37-38
5 34 76 63 49-50 40 32 34 27 35 28 36
5 33 75 64-65 51 41 33 35 36 29 34-35
4 33 74 66-67 52 42-43 34 36 28 37 32-33
4 32 73 68-69 53-54 44 35 37 29 38-39 30 31
3 31 72 70-71 55 45-46 36 38 30 40 31 29-30
3 31 71 72-73 56 47 37 39-40 31 41 32 27-28
2 30 70 74 57 48-49 38 41 42-43 33 25-26
2 29 69 75-76 58-59 50 39 42 32 44 34 24
2 29 68 77-78 60 51-52 40 43 33 45 35 22-23
1 28 67 79-80 61-62 53-54 41 44-45 34 46-47 36 20-21
1 27 66 81-82 63 55 42 46 35 48 37 18-19
I 27 65 83-84 64 56-57 43-44 47 36 49 38-39 16-17
I 26 64 85-86 65-66 58 45 48 37 50-51 40 15
I 25 63 87 67 59-60 46 49-50 38 52 41 13-14
1 25 62 88-89 68-69 61 47 51 39 53-54 42 11-12
<1 24 61 90-91 70 62-63 48 52 40 55 43 9-10
<1 23 60 92-93 71-72 64 49 53 56 44 7-8
<I 23 59 94-95 73 65-66 50-51 54-55 41 57-58 45 5-6
<I 22 58 96-97 74 67 52 56 42 59 46-47 3-4
<I 21 57 98 75-76 68-69 53 57 43 60-61 48 2
<1 21 56 99-100 77 70 54 58 44 62 49 0-1
<1 20 55 101-102 78-79 71-72 55 59 45 63 50
<1 <20 <55 103-128 80-100 73-126 56-100 60-94 46-100 64-128 51-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 4-6 10-24 0-2 ~-6.60 >16

11-16 3 25-33 -6.61 to-l0.50 11-16
6-10 34-41 -10.51 to-12.60 6-10
2-5 0-2 42-129 3-21 -12.61 to -14.80 2-5
$1 $-14.81 $1
\0
0 Table DIO >
(JCI
('!)

Age: 15 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 15 Years 11 Months 30 Days

....
\It
b
Raw scores ....I
\It
,!...
Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
....
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-1 0-6 0-3 0-4 0-3 0-4 0 95-100
>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 2 7
>99 78 142 94
>99 77 141
>99 77 140 0
>99 76 139 3 93
99 75 138 8 5
99 75 137
99 74 136 4 5 92
99 73 135 4 4 2
99 73 134 9
99 72 133 5 91
98 71 132
98 71 131
98 70 130 6 10 90
97 69 129 3
97 69 128 7 89
96 68 127 11 5 6 5 6 2
96 67 126 88
95 67 125 8
95 66 124 12 4 87
94 65 123 9 3
93 65 122 6 86
92 64 121 10 13 7 6
91 63 120 11 7 85
90 63 119 14 4 5
88 62 118 12 7 84
87 61 117 15 83
86 61 116 13 8 7 5 6
84 60 115 14 8 82
82 59 114 16 8 81
8f 59 113 15 8 6
79 58 112 16 17 9 7 80
77 57 111 17 18 9 7 79
75 57 110 9 9 78
73 56 109 18 19 10 10 8
70 55 108 19 8 77
68 55 107 20 20 10 10 76
66 54 106 21 21 11 11 9 9 75
63 53 105 22 74
61 53 104 23 22 12 11 10 10 73
58 52 103 24 23 12 II 72
55 51 102 25 13 12 II II 71
53 51 101 26 24 14 13 12 70
50 50 100 27 25 13 12 69
47 49 99 28 15 14 13 12 68
45 49 98 29 26 14 13 14 67
42 48 97 30 27 16 15 IS 13 66
39 47 96 31-32 28 17 15 65
37 47 95 33 29 18 16 16 14 16 14 64
34 46 94 34 30 63
32 45 93 35 19 17 17 15 17 15 61-62
30 45 92 36-37 31 20 18 18 16 60
27 44 91 38 32 21 18 19 16 19 59
25 43 90 39-40 33 22 19 20 17 58
23 43 89 41 34 23 20 17 21 56-57
21 42 88 42 35 24 20 21 22 18 55
19 41 87 43-44 36 25 21 22 18 19 54
18 41 86 45 37 26 22 19 23 52-53
16 40 85 46-47 38 27 23 24 20 51
14 39 84 48 39 28 23 24 20 25 21 50
13 39 83 49-50 40 29 24 25 21 26 22 48-49
12 38 82 51-52 41 30 25 26 27 47
10 37 81 53 42-43 31-32 26 27 22 28-29 23 45-46
9 37 80 54-55 44 33 28 23 30 24 44
8 36 79 56-57 45 34 27 29 31 25 42-43
7 35 78 58 46 35 28 30 24 32 26 40-41
6 35 77 59-60 47 36-37 29 31 25 33 39
5 34 76 61-62 48-49 38 30 32 34 27 37-38
5 33 75 63 50 39 31 33 26 35-36 28 36
4 33 74 64-65 51 40-41 32 34 27 37 29 34-35
4 32 73 66-67 52 42 33 35-36 28 38 30 32-33
3 31 72 68-69 53-54 43 34 37 29 39 31 30-31
3 31 71 70-71 55 44-45 35 38 40-41 32 29
2 30 70 72 56 46 36 39 30 42 33 27-28
2 29 69 73-74 57-58 47-48 37 40 31 43 34 25-26
2 29 68 75-76 59 49 38 41 32 44-45 35 24
1 28 67 77-78 60 50-51 39 42 33 46 36 22-23
1 27 66 79-80 61-62 52 40 43-44 47 37 20-21
1 27 65 81 63 53-54 41-42 45 34 48-49 38 18-19
1 26 64 82-83 64 55 43 46 35 50 39 16-17
1 25 63 84-85 65-66 56-57 44 47 36 51 40 15
1 25 62 86-87 67 58 45 48 37 52-53 41 13-14
<1 24 61 88-89 68-69 59-60 46 49-50 38 54 42-43 11-12
<1 23 60 90 70 61 47 51 39 55-56 44 9-10
<1 23 59 91-92 71-72 62-63 48 52 40 57 45 7-8
<1 22 58 93-94 73 64 49 53 58 46 5-6
<1 21 57 95-96 74 65 50 54 41 59-60 47 4
<1 21 56 97 75-76 66-67 51 55 42 61 48-49 2-3
<1 20 55 98-99 77 68 52 56 43 62 50 0-1
<1 <20 <55 100-128 78-100 69-126 53-100 57-94 44-100 63-128 51-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%ile Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %ile

>16 5-6 10-13 0-2 :2:-4.79 >16

11-16 14-19 -4.80 to -5.20 11-16
6-10 2-4 20-27 3 -5.21 to -6.30 6-10
2-5 1 28-33 4-5 -6.31 to -9.70 2-5 ;I>-
~1 0 34-129 6-21 ~-9.71 ~1 ~
....
'!'
i
....
'!'
....
....
'D
tv Table Dll >
IJtI
<'D
......
Age: 16 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 16 Years 11 Months 30 Days 0\
b
I
......
Raw scores
9"
......
Percent Percent Percent ......
Total Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-1 0-6 0-3 0-4 0-3 0-4 0 96-100
>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 95
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 2 7
>99 77 140 94
>99 76 139
99 75 138 5
99 75 137 3 0 93
99 74 136 8 5
99 73 135 4 4
99 73 134 4 92
99 72 133 2
98 71 132 9
98 71 131 5 91
98 70 130
97 69 129 6 10 90
97 69 128
96 68 127 5 6 3
96 67 126 7 6 5 2 89
95 67 125 11
95 66 124 8 88
94 65 123 12
93 65 122 9 4 87
92 64 121 6 3 86
91 63 120 10 13 7 6
90 63 119 7 85
88 62 118 11 14 4 5
87 61 117 12 7 84
86 61 116 7 83
84 60 115 13 15 8 5 6
82 59 114 14 8 82
81 59 113 16 8 81
79 58 112 15 8 6
77 57 111 16 17 9 7 80
75 57 110 17 18 9 7 79
73 56 109 9 9 78
70 55 108 18 19 10 10 8
68 55 107 19 8 77
66 54 106 20 20 10 10 9 76
63 53 105 21 21 11 11 9 75
61 53 104 22 10 74
58 52 103 23 22 12 11 10 73
55 51 102 24 23 12 11 11 72
53 51 101 25 13 12 11 71
50 50 100 26 24 14 13 12 70
47 49 99 27 25 13 12 12 69
45 49 98 28 15 14 13 68
42 48 97 29 26 14 13 14 13 67
39 47 96 30-31 27 16 15 15 15 66
37 47 95 32 28 17 14 65
34 46 94 33 29 18 16 16 14 16 64
32 45 93 34 30 17 15 63
30 45 92 35-36 31 19 17 17 15 18 61-62
27 44 91 37 20 18 16 60
25 43 90 38 32 21 18 16 19 17 59
23 43 89 39-40 33 22 19 19 20 58
21 42 88 41 34 23 20 17 21 18 56-57
19 41 87 42-43 35 24 20 21 22 55
18 41 86 44 36 25 21 22 18 23 19 54
16 40 85 45 37 26 19 24 20 52-53
14 39 84 46-47 38 27 22 23 25 21 51
13 39 83 48-49 39 28 23 24 20 26 49-50
12 38 82 50 40-41 29 24 25 27 22 48
10 37 81 51-52 42 30 25 26 21 28 23 46-47
9 37 80 53 43 31 27 22 29 24 45
8 36 79 54-55 44 32 26 28 30 43-44
7 35 78 56-57 45 33-34 27 29 23 31 25 42
6 35 77 58 46 35 28 30 24 32 26 40-41
5 34 76 59-60 47-48 36 29 31 33-34 27 39
5 33 75 61-62 49 37 30 32 25 35 28 37-38
4 33 74 63 50 38-39 31 33 26 36 29 35-36
4 32 73 64-65 51 40 32 34 27 37 30 34
3 31 72 66-67 52-53 41 33 35 38-39 31 32-33
3 31 71 68-69 54 42-43 34 36 28 40 32 30-31
2 30 70 70 55 44 35 37 29 41 33 29
2 29 69 71-72 56 45 36 38 30 42 34 27-28
2 29 68 73-74 57-58 46-47 37 39 43-44 35 25-26
1 28 67 75-76 59 48 38 40 31 45 36 23-24
1 27 66 77-78 60 49-50 39 41-42 32 46 37 22
1 27 65 79 61-62 51 40 43 33 47-48 38 20-21
1 26 64 80-81 63 52 41 44 34 49 39 18-19
I 25 63 82-83 64-65 53-54 42 45 50-51 40 16-17
1 25 62 84-85 66 55 43 46 35 52 41 14-15
<1 24 61 86 67 56-57 44 47 36 53 42 13
<1 23 60 87-88 68-69 58 45 48 37 54-55 43 11-12
<1 23 59 89-90 70 59 46 49 38 56 44-45 9-10
<I 22 58 91-92 71-72 60-61 47 50-51 39 57 46 7-8
<1 21 57 93 73 62 48 52 58-59 47 5-6
<1 21 56 94-95 74 63 49 53 40 60 48 4
<1 20 55 96-97 75-76 64-65 50 54 41 61-62 49 2-3
<1 <20 <55 98-128 77-100 66-126 51-100 55-94 42-100 63-128 50-100 0-1

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 3-6 10-19 0-1 2:-9.09 >16

11-16 20-29 -9.10 to -18.39 11-16
6-10 30-31 2 -18.40 to -27.80 6-10
2-5 2 32-34 2-5
$1 0-1 35-129 3-21 $-27.81 $1
\D
.j:>. Table D12 >
IJQ
II>

Age: 17 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 17 Years 11 Months 30 Days

....-...l
b
Raw scores ....I
....~
....
Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%i1e score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0 0-5 0-3 0-4 0-3 0-4 0 97-100

>99 80 145 96
>99 79 144 6
>99 79 143
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 95
>99 77 140
>99 76 139 2 7
99 75 138 94
99 75 137 5
99 74 136 3 5
99 73 135 4 0 93
99 73 134 8 4
99 72 133 4
98 71 132 92
98 71 131 2
98 70 130 5 9
97 69 129 91
97 69 128
96 68 127 6 10 90
96 67 126 5 6 6 3
95 67 125 7 5 89
95 66 124 11 2
94 65 123 8 88
93 65 122
92 64 121 9 12 6 4 87
91 63 120 3
90 63 119 10 13 7 6 7 86
88 62 118 85
87 61 117 11 4 5
86 61 116 12 14 7 84
84 60 115 7
82 59 114 13 15 8 5 6 83
81 59 113 14 8 8 82
79 58 112 16
77 57 111 15 8 6 7 81
75 57 110 16 17 9 80
73 56 109 17 9 9 7 79
70 55 108 18 9 8 78
68 55 107 18 19 10 10 8
66 54 106 19 77
63 53 105 20 20 10 10 9 9 76
61 53 104 21 21 11 11 75
58 52 103 22 10 10 74
55 51 102 23 22 12 11 73
53 51 101 24 23 12 11 11 72
50 50 100 25 13 12 11 71
47 49 99 26 24 14 13 12 70
45 49 98 27 25 13 12 13 12 69
42 48 97 28 26 15 14 68
39 47 96 29-30 14 13 14 13 67
37 47 95 31 27 16 15 66
34 46 94 32 28 17 15 15 16 14 65
32 45 93 33 29 18 16 16 14 64
30 45 92 34 30 17 15 62-63
27 44 91 35-36 31 19 17 17 15 18 16 61
25 43 90 37 32 20 18 19 60
23 43 89 38 33 21 18 16 20 17 59
21 42 88 39-40 22 19 19 18 57-58
19 41 87 41 34 23 20 17 21 56
18 41 86 42-43 35 24 20 21 22 19 55
16 40 85 44 36 21 18 23 20 53-54
14 39 84 45-46 37-38 25 22 24 52
13 39 83 47 39 26 22 23 19 25 21 50-51
12 38 82 48-49 40 27-28 23 24 20 26 22 49
10 37 81 50 41 29 25 27 23 48
9 37 80 51-52 42 30 24 26 21 28 46-47
8 36 79 53 43 31 25 27 29-30 24 45
7 35 78 54-55 44 32 26 22 31 25 43-44
6 35 77 56-57 45 33 27 28 23 32 26 41-42
5 34 76 58 46-47 34 28 29 33 27 40
5 33 75 59-60 48 35-36 30 24 34 28 38-39
4 33 74 61-62 49 37 29 31 25 35 37
4 32 73 63 50 38 30 32 36-37 29 35-36
3 31 72 64-65 51 39 31 33 26 38 30 33-34
3 31 71 66-67 52-53 40-41 32 34 27 39 31 32
2 30 70 68-69 54 42 33 35 28 40 32 30-31
2 29 69 70 55 43 34 36-37 41-42 33 28-29
2 29 68 71-72 56-57 44-45 35 38 29 43 34 27
1 28 67 73-74 58 46 36 39 30 44 35 25-26
1 27 66 75-76 59 47 37 40 31 45-46 36 23-24
I 27 65 77 60-61 48-49 38 41 47 37 21-22
I 26 64 78-79 62 50 39 42 32 48 38 20
1 25 63 80-81 63 51 40 43 33 49-50 39-40 18-19
1 25 62 82-83 64-65 52-53 41 44 34 51 41 16-17
<I 24 61 84 66 54 42 45 35 52 42 14-15
<1 23 60 85-86 67-68 55 43 46 53-54 43 13
<I 23 59 87-88 69 56 44 47 36 55 44 11-12
<1 22 58 89 70 57-58 45 48 37 56-57 45 9-10
<1 21 57 90-91 71-72 59 46 49 38 58 46-47 7-8
<1 21 56 92-93 73 60 47 50 39 59 48 5-6
<1 20 55 94 74 61 48 51 60-61 49 4
<1 <20 <55 95-128 75-100 62-126 49-100 52-94 40-100 62-128 50-100 0-3

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 ~-3.30 >16

11-16 5 13 2 -3.31 to -4.60 11-16
6-10 4 14-23 -4.61 to -6.70 6-10
2-5 24-67 3 -6.71 to -8.60 2-5
:0;1 0-3 68-129 4-21 ::;-8.61 :0;1
'D
0\ Table D13 >
IJQ
('t>

Age: 18 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 19 Years 11 Months 30 Days

....
00
b
Raw scores ....I
\C

Total Percent Percent Percent Percent

....,!...
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-5 0-3 0-4 0-3 0-4 98-100

>99 80 145 0 97
>99 79 144 0
>99 79 143
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 96
>99 77 140 6
>99 76 139
99 75 138 95
99 75 137
99 74 136 2 5
99 73 135 7 5 94
99 73 134
99 72 133 3 4
98 71 132 4 0 93
98 71 131 8
98 70 130 4
97 69 129 2 92
97 69 128 5 9
96 68 127 91
96 67 126
95 67 125 6 10 5 6 6 90
95 66 124 5 3
94 65 123 7 89
93 65 122 11 2
92 64 121 8 88
91 63 120 4
90 63 119 9 12 6 3 87
88 62 118 7 6
87 61 117 10 13 7 86
86 61 116 11 5 85
84 60 115 14 7 4
82 59 114 12 84
81 59 113 13 15 8 7 5 6 83
79 58 112 8
77 57 111 14 16 8 82
75 57 110 15 6 81
73 56 109 16 17 9 8 7 80
70 55 108 9 7
68 55 107 17 18 9 8 79
66 54 106 18 9 8 78
63 53 105 19 19 10 10 77
61 53 104 20 20 9 9 76
58 52 103 21 11 10 10 75
55 51 102 22 21 11 10 10 74
53 51 101 23 22 12 11 73
50 50 100 24 12 11 11
47 49 99 25 23 13 12 11 72
45 49 98 26 24 12 70-71
42 48 97 27 25 14 13 13 12 13 12 69
39 47 96 28 68
37 47 95 29 26 15 14 14 14 13 67
34 46 94 30 27 16 13 15 66
32 45 93 31-32 28 15 15 16 14 65
30 45 92 33 29 17 14 15 64
27 44 91 34 30 18 16 16 17 63
25 43 90 35 19 17 18 16 61-62
23 43 89 36-37 31 17 15 19 60
21 42 88 38 32 20 18 20 17 59
19 41 87 39 33 21 18 19 16 21 18 58
18 41 86 40-41 34 22 19 22 56-57
16 40 85 42 35 23 20 17 23 19 55
14 39 84 43-44 36 24 20 21 24 20 54
13 39 83 45 37 25 21 22 18 25 21 52-53
12 38 82 46-47 38 26 19 26 51
10 37 81 48 39-40 27 22 23 27 22 49-50
9 37 80 49-50 41 28 23 24 20 28 23 48
8 36 79 51 42 29 24 25 29 24 46-47
7 35 78 52-53 43 30 26 21 30 45
6 35 77 54-55 44 31 25 27 31 25 43-44
5 34 76 56 45 32 26 28 22 32 26 42
5 33 75 57-58 46 33 27 23 33 27 40-41
4 33 74 59 47-48 34 28 29 34-35 28 39
4 32 73 60-61 49 35 30 24 36 29 37-38
3 31 72 62-63 50 36-37 29 31 25 37 30 35-36
3 31 71 64 51 38 30 32 38 31 34
2 30 70 65-66 52-53 39 31 33 26 39 32 32-33
2 29 69 67-68 54 40 32 34 27 40-41 33 30-31
2 29 68 69-70 55 41-42 33 35 42 34 29
I 28 67 71 56 43 34 36 28 43 35 27-28
I 27 66 72-73 57-58 44 35 37 29 44-45 36 25-26
I 27 65 74-75 59 45 36 38 30 46 37 23-24
I 26 64 76 60 46 39 47 38 22
1 25 63 77-78 61-62 47-48 37 40 31 48-49 39 20-21
I 25 62 79-80 63 49 38 41 32 50 40 18-19
<I 24 61 81 64 50 39 42 33 51 41 17
<I 23 60 82-83 65-66 51 40 43 52-53 42 15-16
<I 23 59 84-85 67 52-53 41 44 34 54 43-44 13-14
<I 22 58 86 68-69 54 42 45 35 55 45 11-12
<I 21 57 87-88 70 55 43 46 36 56-57 46 9-10
<1 21 56 89-90 71 56 44 47 58 47 8
<1 20 55 91 72-73 57 45 48 37 59 48 6-7
<1 <20 <55 92-128 74-100 58-126 46-100 49-94 38-100 60-128 49-100 0-5

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 4-6 10-14 0-1 :2:-5.39 >16

11-16 3 15-22 2 -5.40 to -8.89 11-16
6-10 23-34 3-4 -8.90 to -15.29 6-10
2-5 2 35-55 -15.30 to -43.19 2-5
$1 0-1 56-129 5-21 $-43.20 $1
\.0
00 Table D14 l"'l
Q.
>
CICl
=
-= L
rD
r>
~ N
Age: 20 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 29 Years 11 Months 30 Days c"
Q
b
Education: Less Than or Equal To 8 Years 1/\
00

Raw scores
'-<
rD
........'P
~
'"l
rJl

Total Percent Percent Percent Percent

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-12 0-13 0-14 0-12 0-12 0-11 0-3 0-2 86-100
>99 80 145 13 14 85
>99 79 144 13 3
>99 79 143 15
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 84
>99 77 140 14
>99 76 139 15
99 75 138
99 75 137 83
99 74 136 15 4
99 73 135 13 4
99 73 134 16 82
99 72 133 16
98 71 132
98 71 131 81
98 70 130 17 17 5
97 69 129 12 5
97 69 128 16 14 80
96 68 127 18 18
96 67 126 79
95 67 125
95 66 124 19 19 14 6 6 78
94 65 123
93 65 122 20 77
92 64 121 20
91 63 120 21 17 7 76
90 63 119 15 13 7
88 62 118 22 21 75
87 61 117 15 8
86 61 116 23 22 74
84 60 115 24 18 8 73
82 59 114
81 59 113 25 23 16 9 72
79 58 112 16 14 9 71
77 57 111 26 24 10
75 57 110 27 19 70
73 56 109 28 25 10 69
70 55 108 17 17 II
68 55 107 29 26 20 68
66 54 106 30 27 15 12 11 67
63 53 105 31 66
61 53 104 32 28 21 18 18 13 12 65
58 52 103 64
55 51 102 33 29 16 14
53 51 101 34 30 22 19 13 63
50 50 100 35 19 15 62
47 49 99 36 31 23 14 61
45 49 98 37 32 20 17 16 60
42 48 97 38 33 24 20 17 15 59
39 47 96 39 21 58
37 47 95 40 34 25 18 18 16 57
34 46 94 41 35 21 22 19 56
32 45 93 42-43 36 26 17 54-55
30 45 92 44 37 22 23 19 20 53
27 44 91 45 27 21 18 52
25 43 90 46 38 23 24 22 51
23 43 89 47 39 28 20 19 50
21 42 88 48-49 40 29 25 23 20 49
19 41 87 50 41 24 24 47-48
18 41 86 51 42 30 26 21 25 21 46
16 40 85 52-53 43 31 25 26 22 45
14 39 84 54 44 32 26 27 22 27 43-44
13 39 83 55 45 28 28 23 42
12 38 82 56-57 46 33 27 23 29 24 41
10 37 81 58 47 34 29 30 25 39-40
9 37 80 59-60 48 35 28 30 31 38
8 36 79 61 49 36 31 24 32 26 37
7 35 78 62-63 50 29 33 27 35-36
6 35 77 64 51 37 30 32 25 34 28 34
5 34 76 65-66 52 38 33 26 35 29 32-33
5 33 75 67 53 39 31 36 31
4 33 74 68-69 54-55 40 32 34 27 37 30 29-30
4 32 73 70 56 41 35 38 31 28
3 31 72 71-72 57 42 33 36 28 39-40 32 26-27
3 31 71 73 58 43 34 37 41 33 24-25
2 30 70 74-75 59 44 29 42 34 23
2 29 69 76 60-61 45 35 38 43 35 21-22
2 29 68 77-78 62 46 36 39 30 44 36 20
1 28 67 79-80 63 47 37 40 31 45-46 37 18-19
1 27 66 81 64 48 41 47 38 16-17
1 27 65 82-83 65-66 49 38 42 32 48 39 15
1 26 64 84 67 50 39 49 40 13-14
1 25 63 85-86 68 51 40 43 33 50-51 41 11-12
1 25 62 87-88 69 52 44 34 52 42 10
<1 24 61 89 70-71 53 41 45 53 43 8-9
<1 23 60 90-91 72 54 42 46 35 54 44-45 6-7
<1 23 59 92 73 55 47 55-56 46 5
<1 22 58 93-94 74-75 56 43 36 57 47 3-4
<1 21 57 95 76 57 44 48 37 58 48 1-2
<1 21 56 96-97 77 58 45 49 59 49 0
<1 20 55 98 78-79 59 50 38 60-61 50
<1 <20 <55 99-128 80-100 60-126 46-100 51-94 39-100 62-128 51-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 ~-4.29 >16

11-16 5 13 2 -4.30 to -8.29 11-16 trl
6-10 4 14-17 -8.30 to -16.79 6-10 Q.
2-5
~I
3
0-2
18-23
24-129
3
4-21
-16.80 to -26.49
~-26.50
2-5
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Age: 20 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 29 Years 11 Months 30 Days C'; Q
0 b
Education: 9 Years Through 11 Years =
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Raw scores '-<i
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-6 0-9 0-9 0-9 0-8 0-8 0 0 92-100
>99 80 145 1
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 91
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 7 10
>99 77 140 10
>99 76 139 90
99 75 138
99 75 137 8
99 74 136 11 2 89
99 73 135
99 73 134
99 72 133 9 10 88
98 71 132 9 2
98 71 131 12 9
98 70 130 10 3 87
97 69 129
97 69 128 11 13 86
96 68 127 11
96 67 126 3
95 67 125 12 85
95 66 124 14 4
94 65 123 13 84
93 65 122 15 11 10 4
92 64 121 14 83
91 63 120 12 10 5
90 63 119 15 16 82
88 62 118 5
87 61 117 16 81
86 61 116 17 11 6 80
84 60 115 17 12 6
82 59 114 18 13 79
81 59 113 18 11 78
79 58 112 19 19 7 7
77 57 111 12 77
75 57 110 20 20 14 76
73 56 109 21 13 8 8
70 55 108 22 21 75
68 55 107 13 12 9 74
66 54 106 23 22 15 9 73
63 53 105 24 14 10 72
61 53 104 25 23 10
58 52 103 26 24 16 14 11 71
55 51 102 27 13 70
53 51 101 25 17 15 12 11 69
50 50 100 28 26 15 68
47 49 99 29 13 12 67
45 49 98 30 27 18 16 16 14 66
42 48 97 31 28 14 13 65
39 47 96 32 29 19 15 64
 37 47 95 33-34 17 17 15 14 63
34 46 94 35 30 20 16 62
32 45 93 36 31 18 18 17 15 61
30 45 92 37 32 21 16 60
27 44 91 38 33 22 19 18 16 59
25 43 90 39 34 19 19 17 57-58
23 43 89 40-41 23 20 17 20 56
21 42 88 42 35 24 20 21 18 55
19 41 87 43 36 21 18 54
18 41 86 44 37 25 21 22 22 19 52-53
16 40 85 45-46 38 26 23 20 51
14 39 84 47 39 22 23 19 24 21 50
13 39 83 48-49 40 27 24 25 48-49
12 38 82 50 41 28 23 20 26 22 47
10 37 81 51 42 29 24 25 27 23 46
9 37 80 52-53 43 30 26 21 28 44-45
8 36 79 54 44 25 29 24 43
7 35 78 55-56 45 31 27 22 30 25 41-42
6 35 77 57 46 32 26 28 31 26 40
5 34 76 58-59 47-48 33 27 29 23 32 27 38-39
5 33 75 60 49 34 33 28 37
4 33 74 61-62 50 35 28 30 24 34-35 35-36
4 32 73 63 51 36 29 31 36 29 34
3 31 72 64-65 52 37 32 25 37 30 32-33
3 31 71 66-67 53 38 30 38 31 31
2 30 70 68 54-55 39 31 33 26 39 32 29-30
2 29 69 69-70 56 40 34 27 40 33 28
2 29 68 71 57 41 32 35 41-42 34 26-27
1 28 67 72-73 58 42 33 36 28 43 35 24-25
I 27 66 74 59-60 43 34 37 44 36 23
1 27 65 75-76 61 44 29 45 37 21-22
1 26 64 77-78 62 45 35 38 46-47 38 19-20
1 25 63 79 63 46 36 39 30 48 39 18
I 25 62 80-81 64-65 47 37 40 31 49 40 16-17
<I 24 61 82 66 48 41 50 41-42 14-15
<I 23 60 83-84 67 49 38 42 32 51-52 43 I3
<1 23 59 85 68-69 50 39 53 44 11-12
<I 22 58 86-87 70 51 40 43 33 54 45 9-10
<1 21 57 88-89 71 52 44 34 55-56 46 8
<I 21 56 90 72-73 53 41 45 57 47 6-7
<I 20 55 91-92 74 54 42 46 35 58 48-49 4-5
<I <20 <55 93-128 75-100 55-126 43-100 47-94 36-100 59-128 50-100 0-3

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 ~-4.29 >16

11-16 5 13 2 -4.30 to -8.29 11-16 t"J
Q.
6-10 4 14-17 -8.30 to -16.79 6-10 =
,.,
2-5
51
3
0-2
18-23
24-129
3
4-21
-16.80 to -26.49
5-26.50
2-5
51 -=
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Age: 20 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 29 Years 11 Months 30 Days 0'. c
0 b
Education: 12 Years =
.... I N
N
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Raw scores .,
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%i1e score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-1 0-6 0-6 0-7 0-5 0-6 96-100
>99 80 145 2
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 0 95
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 7
>99 77 140 3
>99 76 139 94
99 75 138
99 75 137 7 6
99 74 136 4 8 93
99 73 135 7
99 73 134 0
99 72 133 5 92
98 71 132 9
98 71 131
98 70 130 6 91
97 69 129 8 2
97 69 128 10 90
96 68 127 7
96 67 126
95 67 125 11 8 7 89
95 66 124 8 3
94 65 123 2 88
93 65 122 9 12 8
92 64 121 87
91 63 120 10 9
90 63 119 13 3 4 86
88 62 118 11 9 8
87 61 117 85
86 61 116 12 14 4 84
84 60 115 13 5
82 59 114 15 9 83
81 59 113 14 10 10 9 5 82
79 58 112 16 6
77 57 III 15 81
75 57 110 16 17 6 80
73 56 109 17 11 7
70 55 108 18 11 10 10 79
68 55 107 18 7 78
66 54 106 19 19 12 8 77
63 53 105 20 ,20 11 8 76
61 53 104 21 12
58 52 103 21 13 11 9 9 75
55 51 102 22 12 74
53 51 101 23 22 13 10 10 73
50 50 100 24 23 14 11 72
47 49 99 25 13 12 11 71
45 49 98 26 24 15 12 70
42 48 97 27 25 14 12 69
39 47 96 28 26 16 14 13 13 68
 37 47 95 29 15 14 13 67
34 46 94 30 27 17 15 66
32 45 93 31-32 28 14 15 14 65
30 45 92 33 29 18 16 16 16 64
27 44 91 34 30 17 15 63
25 43 90 35 31 19 17 17 15 61-62
23 43 89 36 20 18 16 60
21 42 88 37-38 32 18 18 19 17 59
19 41 87 39 33 21 16 20 58
18 41 86 40 34 22 19 19 21 18 56-57
16 40 85 41-42 35 20 17 22 19 55
14 39 84 43 36 23 20 23 54
13 39 83 44 37 24 21 20 52-53
12 38 82 45-46 38 25 21 22 18 24 21 51
10 37 81 47 39 26 25 22 50
9 37 80 48-49 40 22 23 19 26 48-49
8 36 79 50 41 27 23 24 27 23 47
7 35 78 51-52 42 28 20 28-29 24 45-46
6 35 77 53 43-44 29 24 25 30 25 44
5 34 76 54-55 45 30 26 21 31 26 42-43
5 33 75 56 46 31 25 27 32 41
4 33 74 57-58 47 32 26 22 33 27 39-40
4 32 73 59 48 33 28 34 28 38
3 31 72 60-61 49 34 27 29 23 35 29 36-37
3 31 71 62 50 35 28 30 24 36 30 35
2 30 70 63-64 51-52 36 29 31 37-38 31 33-34
2 29 69 65 53 37 25 39 32 31-32
2 29 68 66-67 54 38 30 32 40 33 30
1 28 67 68-69 55 39 31 33 26 41 34 28-29
1 27 66 70 56-57 40 34 42-43 35 27
1 27 65 71-72 58 41 32 35 27 44 36 25-26
1 26 64 73 59 42 33 36 28 45 37 23-24
1 25 63 74-75 60 43 34 46 38 22
1 25 62 76-77 61-62 44 37 29 47-48 39 20-21
<1 24 61 78 63 45 35 38 49 40 18-19
<1 23 60 79-80 64 46 36 39 30 50 41-42 17
<1 23 59 81 65-66 47 37 40 31 51 43 15-16
<1 22 58 82-83 67 48 41 52-53 44 13-14
<1 21 57 84 68 38 32 54 45 11-12
<1 21 56 85-86 69-70 49 39 42 55 46 10
<1 20 55 87 71 50 40 43 33 56 47 8-9
<1 <20 <55 88-128 72-100 51-126 c
41 100 44-94 34-100 57-128 48-100 0-7

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%ile Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %ile

>16 6 10-12 0-1 ~-4.29 >16

11-16 5 13 2 -4.30 to -8.29 11-16
6-10 4 14-17 -8.30 to -16.79 6-10 t'"l
2-5 3 18-23 3 -16.80 to -26.49 2-5
Q.
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:0;1 :0;1 r>
0-2 24-129 4-21 :0;-26.50 ~
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Age: 20 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 29 Years 11 Months 30 Days =: Q

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Education: 13 Years Through 15 Years =
....
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Raw scores Ut .:..

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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent .,

~
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Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%i1e score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-4 0-4 0-5 0-4 0-5 98-100

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142 0 5 97
>99 77 141
>99 77 140
>99 76 139 6
99 75 138 5 96
99 75 137 6 0
99 74 136
99 73 135 95
99 73 134 2
99 72 133 7 6
98 71 132 94
98 71 131 3
98 70 130
97 69 129 8 5 93
97 69 128 4 0
96 68 127 92
96 67 126 6
95 67 125 5 9 7 2 91
95 66 124
94 65 123 6
93 65 122 10 90
92 64 121 7 6 7 3
91 63 120 11 89
90 63 119 8 7 2 88
88 62 118
87 61 117 9 12 8 87
86 61 116 3 4
84 60 115 10 13 7 86
82 59 114 11 8 85
81 59 113 8 4 5
79 58 112 12 14 84
77 57 111 13 9 83
75 57 110 15 8 5 6
73 56 109 14 16 9 82
70 55 108 15 9 6 81
68 55 107 16 17 10 7 80
66 54 106 10 9
63 53 105 17 18 7 79
61 53 104 18 8 78
58 52 103 19 19 11 11 10 10 8 77
55 51 102 20 20 9 76
53 51 101 21 9 75
50 50 100 22 21 12 11 10 74
47 49 99 23 22 12 11 10 73
45 49 98 24 13 11 72
42 48 97 25 23 12 11 71
39 47 96 26 24 14 13 12 12 70
 37 47 95 27 25 13 13 12 69
34 46 94 28 15 14 68
32 45 93 29 26 14 14 13 67
30 45 92 30 27 16 13 15 14 66
27 44 91 31 28 15 15 16 65
25 43 90 32-33 29 17 14 15 64
23 43 89 34 30 18 16 16 17 63
21 42 88 35 31 18 16 61-62
19 41 87 36 19 17 17 15 19 17 60
18 41 86 37-38 32 20 20 59
16 40 85 39 33 21 18 18 16 21 18 57-58
14 39 84 40 34 19 22 19 56
13 39 83 41-42 35 22 19 55
12 38 82 43 36 23 20 17 23 20 53-54
10 37 81 44-45 37 24 20 21 24 21 52
9 37 80 46 38 21 18 25 22 51
8 36 79 47 39-40 25 22 26 49-50
7 35 78 48-49 41 26 22 23 19 27-28 23 48
6 35 77 50 42 27 24 29 24 46-47
5 34 76 51-52 43 28 23 20 30 25 45
5 33 75 53 44 29 24 25 31 26 43-44
4 33 74 54-55 45 30 26 21 32 27 42
4 32 73 56-57 46 31 25 27 33 28 40-41
3 31 72 58 47-48 32 26 22 34 39
3 31 71 59-60 49 33 28 23 35 29 37-38
2 30 70 61 50 34 27 29 36-37 30 35-36
2 29 69 62-63 51 35 28 30 24 38 31 34
2 29 68 64 52 36 29 31 39 32 32-33
1 28 67 65-66 53-54 37 32 25 40 33 31
1 27 66 67-68 55 38 30 41-42 34 29-30
I 27 65 69 56 39 31 33 26 43 35 27-28
I 26 64 70-71 57 40 32 34 27 44 36 26
I 25 63 72 58-59 41 35 45 37-38 24-25
1 25 62 73-74 60 42 33 36 28 46-47 39 22-23
<I 24 61 75-76 61 43 34 37 48 40 21
<1 23 60 77 62-63 44 35 29 49 41 19-20
<I 23 59 78-79 64 45 38 30 50 42 17-18
<I 22 58 80 65 46 36 39 51-52 43 16
<I 21 57 81-82 66-67 47 37 40 31 53 44 14-15
<1 21 56 83 68 48 41 54 45-46 12-13
<1 20 55 84-85 69 38 32 55 47 10-11
<1 <20 <55 86-128 70-100 49-126 39-100 42-94 33-100 56-128 48-100 0-9

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 ~-4.29 >16 t"'i

11-16 5 13 2 -4.30 to -8.29 11-16 Q..
6-10 4 14-17 -8.30 to -16.79 C
6-10 r>
2-5 3 18-23 3 -16.80 to -26.49 2-5 III
:::-; >
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~I 0-2 24-129 4-21 ~-26.50 ~1 0
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Age: 20 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 29 Years 11 Months 30 Days c; c
0 b
Education: 16 Years Through 17 Years =
.... L
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.... \C
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Raw scores -.J
~
....
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"l
<Il
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0 0 0-3 0 0-3

>99 80 145 1
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142
>99 77 141
>99 77 140
>99 76 139 2
99 75 138
99 75 137
99 74 136 100
99 73 135
99 73 134 3
99 72 133 99
98 71 132
98 71 131 4
98 70 130 4 98
97 69 129 4
97 69 128 2 0
96 68 127 5 2 97
96 67 126
95 67 125 0 96
95 66 124 6
94 65 123 95
93 65 122
92 64 121 2 7 94
91 63 120 3 3 5
90 63 119 3 5 0 2 93
88 62 118 8
87 61 117 4 92
86 61 116 9 91
84 60 115 5 3
82 59 114 4 4 90
81 59 113 6 10 6 6 2
79 58 112 7 4 89
77 57 III 11 88
75 57 110 8 5 3 87
73 56 109 9 12 5 5
70 55 108 10 7 4 86
68 55 107 13 7 85
66 54 106 11 14 6 6 6 84
63 53 105 12 5
61 53 104 13 15 8 83
58 52 103 14 7 6 7 82
55 51 102 15 16 7 8 81
53 51 101 16 17 8 7 8 80
50 50 100 17 9 8 79
47 49 99 18 8 9 78
45 49 98 18 19 9 9 9 77
42 48 97 19-20 20 10 9 10 76
39 47 96 21 10 10 75
37 47 95 22 21 10 10 11 11 74
34 46 94 23 22 11 11 73
32 45 93 24 23 12 12 72
30 45 92 25 24 12 12 11 11 13 71
27 44 91 26 13 14 13 70
25 43 90 27 25 13 12 68-69
23 43 89 28-29 26 14 13 12 15 14 67
21 42 88 30 27 15 14 16 15 66
19 41 87 31 28 14 13 17 65
18 41 86 32-33 29 16 15 18 16 64
16 40 85 34 30 17 15 19 17 62-63
14 39 84 35 31 16 16 14 20 61
13 39 83 36-37 32 18 21 18 60
12 38 82 38 33 19 17 17 15 19 58-59
10 37 81 39 34 20 18 22 57
9 37 80 40-41 35 21 18 16 23 20 55-56
8 36 79 42 36 19 24-25 21 54
7 35 78 43-44 37 22 19 20 17 26 22 53
6 35 77 45 38 23 20 27 23 51-52
5 34 76 46-47 39 24 21 18 28 50
5 33 75 48 40 25 21 22 29 24 48-49
4 33 74 49-50 41-42 26 22 23 19 30 25 47
4 32 73 51 43 27 24- 31 26 45-46
3 31 72 52-53 44 28 23 20 32 27 43-44
3 31 71 54-55 45 29 24 25 33 28 42
2 30 70 56 46 30 26 21 34-35 29 40-41
2 29 69 57-58 47-48 31 25 27 22 36 30 39
2 29 68 59 49 32 26 28 37 31 37-38
1 28 67 60-61 50 33 27 23 38 32 35-36
1 27 66 62-63 51 34 29 39-40 33 34
1 27 65 64 52-53 35 28 30 24 41 34 32-33
1 26 64 65-66 54 36 29 31 42 35 30-31
I 25 63 67 55 37 30 32 25 43 36 29
1 25 62 68-69 56 38 33 26 44-45 37 27-28
<1 24 61 70 57-58 39 31 46 38 25-26
<1 23 60 71-72 59 40 32 34 27 47 39 24
<1 23 59 73-74 60 41 33 35 48 40-41 22-23
<1 22 58 75 61-62 42 36 28 49-50 42 20-21
<1 21 57 76-77 63 43 34 37 29 51 43 19
<1 21 56 78 64 44 35 52 44 17-18
<1 20 55 79-80 65-66 45 38 30 53 45 15-16
<1 <20 <55 81-128 67-100 46-126 36-100 39-94 31-100 54-128 46-100 0-14

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 ~--4.29 >16 t"'i

11-16 5 13 2 --4.30 to -8.29 11-16 Q..
6-10 4 14-17 -8.30 to -16.79 6-10 =
r'>
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2-5 3 18-23 3 -16.80 to -26.49 2-5 ~
::;1 0-2 24-129 4-21 ::;-26.50 ::;1 o ~
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Age: 20 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 29 Years 11 Months 30 Days Q; Q
0 b
Education: Greater Than or Equal To 18 Years =
IV L
....
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Raw scores
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-1 0-1

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142 2
>99 77 141
>99 77 140
>99 76 139
99 75 138
99 75 137 0
99 74 136
99 73 135
99 73 134
99 72 133
98 71 132
98 71 131 2
98 70 130
97 69 129 2
97 69 128
96 68 127 0 100
96 67 126 3 3
95 67 125 99
95 66 124 0
94 65 123 4 0 98
93 65 122
92 64 121 3 97
91 63 120 5
90 63 119 96
88 62 118 0
87 61 117 6 4 95
86 61 116
84 60 115 7 0 2 94
82 59 114 2 4 93
81 59 113 3 8 2
79 58 112 2 3 92
77 57 111 4 9 91
75 57 110 5 5
73 56 109 10 5 3 2 4 90
70 55 108 6 3 89
68 55 107 7 11 3 88
66 54 106 8 5
63 53 105 9 ']2 4 6 4 6 4 87
61 53 104 86
58 52 103 10 13 5 6 85
55 51 102 11 14 5 5 84
53 51 101 12 7 7 6 7 83
50 50 100 13 15 82
47 49 99 14 16 6 6 7 8 81
45 49 98 15 8 80
42 48 97 16 17 7 7 8 8 9 79
39 47 96 17 18 9 78
37 47 95 18 19 8 9 10 77
34 46 94 19 20 8 9 10 76
32 45 93 20-21 9 11 11 75
30 45 92 22 21 10 9 12 74
27 44 91 23 22 10 10 12 73
25 43 90 24 23 11 11 10 13 72
23 43 89 25 24 14 13 70-71
21 42 88 26-27 25 12 12 11 11 15 14 69
19 41 87 28 26 13 12 16 68
18 41 86 29 27 13 12 15 67
16 40 85 30-31 14 13 17 16 65-66
14 39 84 32 28 15 14 18 64
13 39 83 33 29 16 14 13 19 17 63
12 38 82 34-35 30 15 15 20 18 61-62
10 37 81 36 31-32 17 14 21 19 60
9 37 80 37-38 33 18 16 16 22 59
8 36 79 39 34 19 17 17 15 23 20 57-58
7 35 78 40 35 20 18 24 21 56
6 35 77 41-42 36 21 18 16 25 22 54-55
5 34 76 43 37 22 19 19 26 23 53
5 33 75 44-45 38 20 17 27-28 51-52
4 33 74 46-47 39 23 20 21 29 24 50
4 32 73 48 40 24 21 18 30 25 48-49
3 31 72 49-50 41-42 25 22 31 26 47
3 31 71 51 43 26 22 23 19 32 27 45-46
2 30 70 52-53 44 27 23 24 20 33 28 43-44
2 29 69 54 45 28 25 34-35 29 42
2 29 68 55-56 46 29 24 21 36 30 40-41
1 28 67 57-58 47-48 30 25 26 37 31 39
1 27 66 59 49 31 26 27 22 38 32 37-38
1 27 65 60-61 50 32 28 39-40 33 35-36
1 26 64 62 51-52 33 27 29 23 41 34 34
1 25 63 63-64 53 34 28 30 24 42 35 32-33
1 25 62 65 54 35 43 36 30-31
<1 24 61 66-67 55 36 29 31 25 44-45 37 29
<1 23 60 68-69 56-57 37 30 32 46 38-39 27-28
<1 23 59 70 58 38 31 33 26 47 40 25-26
<1 22 58 71-72 59 39 34 27 48 41 23-24
<1 21 57 73 60-61 40 32 35 49-50 42 22
<1 21 56 74-75 62 41 33 28 51 43 20-21
<1 20 55 76 63 42 34 36 52 44 18-19
<1 <20 <55 77-128 64-100 43-126 35-100 37-94 29-100 53-128 45-100 0-17

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 ~-4.29 >16

11-16 5 13 2 -4.30 to -8.29 11-16 t"l
Q..
6-10
2-5
4
3
14-17
18-23 3
-8.30 to -16.79
-16.80 to -26.49
6-10
2-5
,.,c: >
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:0;1 0-2 24-129 4-21 :0;-26.50 :0;1 :t ~
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Table D20 t"l
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Age: 30 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 39 Years 11 Months 30 Days CO
Q

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Education: Less Than or Equal To 8 Years 1/\
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....
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Raw scores (t)
~
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-8 0-10 0-11 0-11 0-9 0-9 0-1 0-1 90-100
>99 80 145
>99 79 144 11 2 2
>99 79 143 9 89
>99 78 142
>99 77 141
>99 77 140 12
>99 76 139 10 88
99 75 138 10 12
99 75 137
99 74 136 87
99 73 135 10 3
99 73 134 11 13 3
99 72 133 86
98 71 132
98 71 131 12
98 70 130 14 85
97 69 129 12 4
97 69 128 13 4 84
96 68 127 13 11
96 67 126 14 15 83
95 67 125
95 66 124
94 65 123 15 16 5 5 82
93 65 122 11
92 64 121 16 81
91 63 120 17 14 13
90 63 119 17 12 6 80
88 62 118 18 6 79
87 61 117 18
86 61 116 78
84 60 115 19 19 15 7 7
82 59 114 20 13 12 77
81 59 113 20 14 76
79 58 112 21 8
77 57 111 22 21 8 75
75 57 110 16 74
73 56 109 23 22 14 9 73
70 55 108 24 15 13 9
68 55 107 25 23 17 72
66 54 106 24 15 10 7I
63 53 105 26 10 70
61 53 104 27 25 18 16 14 11 69
58 52 103 28 16 11
55 51 102 29 26 12 68
53 51 101 30 27 19 67
50 50 100 31 17 17 13 12 66
47 49 99 32 28 20 15 65
45 49 98 33 29 14 13 64
42 48 97 34 30 21 18 18 63
39 47 96 35 16 15 14 62
37 47 95 36 31 22 19 19 16 61
34 46 94 37 32 15 60
32 45 93 38 33 23 20 17 17 58-59
30 45 92 39 34 24 20 18 16 57
27 44 91 40 21 56
25 43 90 41-42 35 25 21 18 19 17 55
23 43 89 43 36 22 20 18 54
21 42 88 44 37 26 22 23 21 52-53
19 41 87 45 38 27 19 19 51
18 41 86 46-47 39 28 23 24 22 50
16 40 85 48 40 20 23 20 49
14 39 84 49-50 41 29 24 25 24 21 47-48
13 39 83 51 42 30 26 21 25 46
12 38 82 52 43 31 25 26 22 45
10 37 81 53-54 44 32 27 27 23 43-44
9 37 80 55 45 26 28 22 28 24 42
8 36 79 56-57 46 33 29 29 40-41
7 35 78 58 47 34 27 23 30 25 39
6 35 77 59-60 48 35 28 30 31 26 37-38
5 34 76 61 49-50 36 31 24 32 27 36
5 33 75 62-63 51 37 29 32 25 33 28 34-35
4 33 74 64 52 38 30 33 34 33
4 32 73 65-66 53 39 26 35 29 31-32
3 31 72 67 54 40 31 34 36 30 30
3 31 71 68-69 55 41 32 35 27 37 31 28-29
2 30 70 70 56-57 42 36 38 32 26-27
2 29 69 71-72 58 43 33 37 28 39 33 25
2 29 68 73-74 59 44 34 38 40 34 23-24
1 28 67 75 60 45 35 39 29 41 35 21-22
1 27 66 76-77 61-62 46 30 42-43 36 20
1 27 65 78 63 47 36 40 44 37 18-19
1 26 64 79-80 64 48 37 41 31 45 38 16-17
1 25 63 81-82 65-66 49 38 42 46 39 15
1 25 62 83 67 50 43 32 47 40 13-14
<1 24 61 84-85 68 51-52 39 44 33 48 41 11-12
<1 23 60 86 69 53 40 45 49-50 42 10
<1 23 59 87-88 70-71 54 46 34 51 43 8-9
<1 22 58 89 72 55 41 52 44 6-7
<1 21 57 90-91 73 56 42 47 35 53 45 4-5
<1 21 56 92-93 74-75 57 43 48 36 54 46-47 3
<1 20 55 94 76 58 49 55-56 48 1-2
<1 <20 <55 95-128 77-100 59-126 44-100 50-94 37-100 57-128 49-100 0

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 ~-3.29 >16

11-16 5 13 2 -3.30to-4.1O 11-16 trJ
6-10 4 14-23 3 -4.11 to -6.80 6-10 Q..
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2-5 1-3 24-40 -6.81 to -15.59 2-5 C
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$1 0 41-129 4-21 $-15.60 $1 ~ ttl
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Education: 9 Years Through 11 Years

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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-1 0-5 0-6 0-7 0-5 0-6 96-100
>99 80 145 6 0
>99 79 144 2
>99 79 143
>99 78 142 95
>99 77 141
>99 77 140 7
>99 76 139 3
99 75 138 7 0 94
99 75 137 7
99 74 136 6
99 73 135 4 8 93
99 73 134 8
99 72 133
98 71 132 5 92
98 71 131 9
98 70 130 2
97 69 129 6 91
97 69 128
96 68 127 10 90
96 67 126 7 8
95 67 125 7 89
95 66 124 8 11 8 2 3
94 65 123 9 88
93 65 122 9
92 64 121 12 87
91 63 120 10 3
90 63 119 13 9 4 86
88 62 118 11 8
87 61 117 85
86 61 116 12 14 4
84 60 115 10 9 5 84
82 59 114 13 15 10 83
81 59 113 14 9 5
79 58 112 16 6 82
77 57 111 15 81
75 57 110 16 17 11 11 6
73 56 109 10 10 7 80
70 55 108 17 18 79
68 55 107 18 12 7 78
66 54 106 19 19 8 77
63 53 105 12 11 8
61 53 104 20 20 13 11 76
58 52 103 21 21 9 9 75
55 51 102 22 13 12 74
53 51 101 23 22 14 10 10 73
50 50 100 24 23 12 72
47 49 99 25 15 13 11 71
45 49 98 26 24 14 11 70
42 48 97 27 25 16 14 12 69
39 47 96 28 26 15 13 12 68
37 47 95 29 17 15 13 67
34 46 94 30 27 14 13 66
32 45 93 31 28 18 16 16 14 65
30 45 92 32 29 15 14 64
27 44 91 33-34 30 19 17 17 16 62-63
25 43 90 35 31 20 15 17 15 61
23 43 89 36 18 16 60
21 42 88 37 32 21 18 16 18 59
19 41 87 38-39 33 22 19 19 17 58
18 41 86 40 34 19 20 20 18 56-57
16 40 85 41 35 23 17 55
14 39 84 42-43 36 24 20 21 21 19 54
13 39 83 44 37 25 21 22 18 22 20 52-53
12 38 82 45-46 38 26 23 51
10 37 81 47 39 22 23 19 24 21 49-50
9 37 80 48 40 27 24 25 22 48
8 36 79 49-50 41 28 23 20 26 47
7 35 78 51 42-43 29 25 27 23 45-46
6 35 77 52-53 44 30 24 26 21 28 24 44
5 34 76 54 45 31 25 27 29 25 42-43
5 33 75 55-56 46 32 28 22 30 26 41
4 33 74 57 47 33 26 31 27 39-40
4 32 73 58-59 48 34 27 29 23 32 37-38
3 31 72 60-61 49-50 35 30 33 28 36
3 31 71 62 51 36 28 31 24 34 29 34-35
2 30 70 63-64 52 37 29 32 35 30 33
2 29 69 65 53 38 30 33 25 36-37 31 31-32
2 29 68 66-67 54 39 26 38 32 29-30
1 28 67 68 55-56 40 31 34 39 33 28
1 27 66 69-70 57 41 32 35 27 40 34 26-27
1 27 65 71-72 58 42 36 41 35 24-25
1 26 64 73 59-60 43 33 37 28 42 36 23
1 25 63 74-75 61 44 34 38 29 43 37 21-22
1 25 62 76 62 45 35 39 44-45 38 19-20
<1 24 61 77-78 63 46 40 30 46 39 18
<1 23 60 79-80 64-65 47 36 47 40 16-17
<1 23 59 81 66 48 37 41 31 48 41 14-15
<1 22 58 82-83 67 49 38 42 32 49 42 13
<1 21 57 84 68-69 50 43 50-51 43-44 11-12
<1 21 56 85-86 70 51 39 44 33 52 45 9-10
<1 20 55 87 71 52 40 45 53 46 7-8
<1 <20 <55 88-128 72-100 53-126 41-100 46-94 34-100 54-128 47-100 0-6

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 ~-3.29 >16

11-16 5 13 2 -3.30 to -4.10 11-16 trJ
Q.
6-10 4 14-23 3 -4.11 to -6.80 6-10
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$1
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24-40
41-129 4-21
-6.81 to -15.59
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Age: 30 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 39 Years 11 Months 30 Days ~ c
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Education: 12 Years =
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent

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Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-3 0-3 0-5 0-2 0-4 100

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142 3 5 99
>99 77 141
>99 77 140 4
>99 76 139
99 75 138 98
99 75 137
99 74 136
99 73 135 5 0 97
99 73 134 0 4
99 72 133
98 71 132 96
98 71 131 6 6
98 70 130 95
97 69 129
97 69 128 2 4
96 68 127 7 94
96 67 126 3 6 0
95 67 125 93
95 66 124 8 5
94 65 123 4 2 92
93 65 122
92 64 121 5 9 7 91
91 63 120 5
90 63 119 6 10 3 90
88 62 118 6
87 61 117 7 7 2 89
86 61 116 11
84 60 115 8 6 4 88
82 59 114 9 12 8 3 87
81 59 113 7
79 58 112 10 13 86
77 57 111 11 4 5 85
75 57 110 14 7 8 84
73 56 109 12 8 9
70 55 108 13 15 5 6 83
68 55 107 14 82
66 54 106 16 9 8 6 81
63 53 105 15 9 7
61 53 104 16 17 10 80
58 52 103 17 18 10 9 7 8 79
55 51 102 18 78
53 51 101 19 19 11 11 10 8 77
50 50 100 20 20 10 9 76
47 49 99 21 9 75
45 49 98 22 21 12 12 11 10 10 74
42 48 97 23 22 11 73
39 47 96 24 23 13 12 11 11 72
37 47 95 25 13 71
34 46 94 26 24 14 12 12 12 70
32 45 93 27 25 15 13 13 69
30 45 92 28 26 14 13 68
27 44 91 29 27 16 14 13 14 66-67
25 43 90 30-31 28 15 15 15 14 65
23 43 89 32 29 17 16 64
21 42 88 33 18 16 16 14 15 63
19 41 87 34 30 19 17 16 62
18 41 86 35-36 31 17 17 15 18 60-61
16 40 85 37 32 20 18 19 17 59
14 39 84 38 33 21 18 20 18 58
13 39 83 39-40 34 22 19 16 21 56-57
12 38 82 41 35 19 20 19 55
10 37 81 42-43 36 23 I7 22 20 53-54
9 37 80 44 37 24 20 21 23 21 52
8 36 79 45-46 38-39 25 21 22 18 24 51
7 35 78 47 40 26 23 25 22 49-50
6 35 77 48-49 41 27 22 19 26 23 48
5 34 76 50 42 28 24 27 24 46-47
5 33 75 51-52 43 29 23 25 20 28 25 45
4 33 74 53 44 30 24 26 29 43-44
4 32 73 54-55 45 31 27 21 30 26 41-42
3 31 72 56 46-47 32 25 22 31-32 27 40
3 31 71 57-58 48 33 26 28 33 28 38-39
2 30 70 59 49 34 27 29 23 34 29 37
2 29 69 60-61 50 35 30 35 30 35-36
2 29 68 62-63 51 36 28 31 24 36 31 33-34
1 28 67 64 52-53 37 29 32 37 32 32
1 27 66 65-66 54 38 33 25 38 33 30-31
I 27 65 67 55 39 30 26 39 34 28-29
I 26 64 68-69 56-57 40 31 34 40-41 35 27
I 25 63 70-71 58 41 32 35 27 42 36 25-26
1 25 62 72 59 42 36 43 37 23-24
<I 24 61 73-74 60 43 33 37 28 44 38 22
<1 23 60 75 61-62 44 34 38 29 45 39 20-21
<1 23 59 76-77 63 45 35 39 46-47 40 18-19
<1 22 58 78 64 46 40 30 48 41 17
<I 21 57 79-80 65-66 47 36 49 42 15-16
<1 21 56 81 67 48 37 41 31 50 43-44 13-14
<1 20 55 82-83 68 49 38 42 32 51 45 11-12
<1 <20 <55 84-128 69-100 50-126 39-100 43-94 33-100 52-128 46-100 0-10

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 :2:-3.29 >16

11-16 5 13 2 -3.30 to -4.10 11-16
6-10 4 14-23 3 -4.1 I to -6.80 6-10 t"'i
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2-5 1-3 24-40 -6.81 to -15.59 2-5 =
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Age: 30 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 39 Years 11 Months 30 Days =:
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Education: 13 Years Through 15 Years =
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent ..,

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Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual '"

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-1 0-1 0-3 0-1 0-3

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 2 4
>99 77 140 4
>99 76 139
99 75 138
99 75 137 100
99 74 136 3
99 73 135 2
99 73 134 99
99 72 133 2
98 71 132 4
98 71 131 98
98 70 130 0
97 69 129 97
97 69 128 5
96 68 127 0 5
96 67 126 96
95 67 125 6 3 5
95 66 124 95
94 65 123 3
93 65 122 2 7 94
92 64 121 0
91 63 120 3 2 93
90 63 119 8
88 62 118 4 4 6 92
87 61 117 9 4 91
86 61 116 5 6 3
84 60 115 90
82 59 114 6 10 2
81 59 113 7 5 89
79 58 112 11 7 5 4 88
77 57 111 8 3
75 57 110 9 12 7 87
73 56 109 6 5 86
70 55 108 10 13 6 4 85
68 55 107 11 14 8
66 54 106 12 7 5 6 84
63 53 105 13 15 8 83
61 53 104 7 6 82
58 52 103 14 16 8 9 7 81
55 51 102 15 17 80
53 51 101 16 9 8 9 7 8 79
50 50 100 17 18 10 8 78
47 49 99 18 19 10 9 9 77
45 49 98 19 9 76
42 48 97 20 20 II 10 10 75
39 47 96 21 21 11 10 10 74
37 47 95 22 22 12 73
34 46 94 23 12 11 11 11 11 72
32 45 93 24-25 23 13 12 12 71
30 45 92 26 24 12 70
27 44 91 27 25 14 13 12 13 13 69
25 43 90 28 26 15 13 14 68
23 43 89 29 27 14 14 15 14 66-67
21 42 88 30-31 28 16 13 65
19 41 87 32 29 17 15 15 16 15 64
18 41 86 33 30 14 17 16 63
16 40 85 34-35 31 18 16 16 18 61-62
14 39 84 36 32 19 17 19 17 60
13 39 83 37 33 20 17 15 20 18 59
12 38 82 38-39 34 18 57-58
10 37 81 40 35 21 18 19 16 21 19 56
9 37 80 41-42 36 22 19 22 20 54-55
8 36 79 43 37 23 20 17 23 21 53
7 35 78 44-45 38 24 20 21 24 51-52
6 35 77 46 39 25 22 18 25 22 50
5 34 76 47-48 40 26 21 23 26 23 48-49
5 33 75 49 41 27 22 19 27 24 47
4 33 74 50-51 42 28 24 28 25 45-46
4 32 73 52 43-44 29 23 25 20 29 26 44
3 31 72 53-54 45 30 24 26 30-31 42-43
3 31 71 55 46 31 27 21 32 27 41
2 30 70 56-57 47 32 25 28 22 33 28 39-40
2 29 69 58 48 33 26 34 29 37-38
2 29 68 59-60 49-50 34 27 29 23 35 30 36
1 28 67 61-62 51 35 30 36 31 34-35
1 27 66 63 52 36 28 31 24 37 32 32-33
I 27 65 64-65 53-54 37 29 32 25 38 33 31
1 26 64 66 55 38 30 33 39-40 34 29-30
1 25 63 67-68 56 39 34 26 41 35 27-28
1 25 62 69-70 57 40 31 42 36 26
<1 24 61 71 58-59 41 32 35 27 43 37 24-25
<1 23 60 72-73 60 42 33 36 28 44 38 22-23
<1 23 59 74 61 43 37 45-46 39 21
<I 22 58 75-76 62-63 44 34 38 29 47 40-41 19-20
<1 21 57 77 64 45 35 39 48 42 17-18
<1 21 56 78-79 65 46 40 30 49 43 15-16
<1 20 55 80 66-67 47 36 31 50 44 14
<1 <20 <55 81-128 68-100 48-126 37-100 41-94 32-100 51-128 45-100 0-13

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 ~-3.29 >16 t"1

11-16 5 13 2 -3.30 to -4.10 11-16 Q.
6-10
2-5
4
1-3
14-23
24-40
3 -4.11 to -6.80
-6.81 to -15.59
6-10
2-5
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Age: 30 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 39 Years 11 Months 30 Days Q; Q
Q b
Education: 16 Years Through 17 Years =
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent

~..,en
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-1 0-1

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142
>99 77 141
>99 77 140
>99 76 139
99 75 138 2
99 75 137
99 74 136
99 73 135
99 73 134 0
99 72 133
98 71 132
98 71 131
98 70 130 2
97 69 129
97 69 128
96 68 127
96 67 126 2
95 67 125 100
95 66 124 3
94 65 123 3 0
93 65 122 0 99
92 64 121 98
91 63 120 4 3
90 63 119 0 97
88 62 118 5
87 61 117 96
86 61 116 0
84 60 115 6 4 95
82 59 114 1 0 2 94
81 59 113 2 7 4
79 58 112 93
77 57 111 3 8 2 3 92
75 57 110 4 2
73 56 109 9 5 91
70 55 108 5 5 2 4 90
68 55 107 6 10 3 3 89
66 54 106 7 11 3
63 53 105 8 5 88
61 53 104 12 4 6 4 6 4 87
58 52 103 9 86
55 51 102 10 13 6 85
53 51 101 11 14 5 7 5 5 84
50 50 100 12 7 6 7 83
47 49 99 13 15 6 82
45 49 98 14 16 6 7 8 81
42 48 97 15 17 7 8 80
39 47 96 16 7 8 8 9 79
37 47 95 17 18 8 9 78
34 46 94 18 19 8 9 10 77
32 45 93 19 20 9 9 10 76
30 45 92 20-21 21 10 9 11 75
27 44 91 22 10 11 74
25 43 90 23 22 11 11 10 10 12 12 72-73
23 43 89 24 23 13 71
21 42 88 25-26 24 12 12 II II 13 70
19 41 87 27 25 13 12 14 14 69
18 41 86 28 26 13 15 67-68
16 40 85 29 27 14 13 12 16 15 66
14 39 84 30-31 28 15 14 14 17 16 65
13 39 83 32 29 16 13 18 63-64
12 38 82 33-34 30 17 15 15 19 17 62
10 37 81 35 31 16 14 18 61
9 37 80 36 32 18 16 20 59-60
8 36 79 37-38 33 19 17 17 15 21 19 58
7 35 78 39 34 20 18 22 20 56-57
6 35 77 40-41 35 21 18 19 16 23 21 55
5 34 76 42 36-37 22 24 22 53-54
5 33 75 43-44 38 23 19 20 17 25 52
4 33 74 45-46 39 24 20 21 26 23 50-51
4 32 73 47 40 25 22 18 27 24 49
3 31 72 48-49 41 26 21 23 28-29 25 47-48
3 31 71 50 42 27 22 24 19 30 26 45-46
2 30 70 51-52 43-44 28 31 27 44
2 29 69 53 45 29 23 25 20 32 28 42-43
2 29 68 54-55 46 30 24 26 21 33 29 41
1 28 67 56-57 47 31 25 27 34 30 39-40
1 27 66 58 48-49 32 28 22 35 31 37-38
I 27 65 59-60 50 33 26 29 36-37 32 36
I 26 64 61 51 34 27 30 23 38 33 34-35
I 25 63 62-63 52-53 35 28 24 39 34 32-33
1 25 62 64 54 36 31 40 35 30-31
<1 24 61 65-66 55 37 29 32 25 41 36 29
<1 23 60 67-68 56 38 30 33 42 37 27-28
<I 23 59 69 57-58 39 31 34 26 43-44 38 25-26
<I 22 58 70-71 59 40 35 27 45 39 24
<I 21 57 72 60 41 32 36 46 40 22-23
<I 21 56 73-74 61-62 42 33 28 47 41 20-21
<1 20 55 75 63 43 37 48 42-43 19
<1 <20 <55 76-128 64-100 44-126 34-100 38-94 29-100 49-128 44-100 0-18

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 ;::-3.29 >16 l"l

11-16 5 13 2 -3.30 to -4.10 11-16 Q.
=
6-10
2-5
::;1
4
1-3
0
14-23
24-40
41-129
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-4.11 to -6.80
-6.81 to-15.59
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Age: 30 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 39 Years 11 Months 30 Days =-. bc

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Education: Greater Than or Equal To 18 Years =
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142
>99 77 141
>99 77 140
>99 76 139
99 75 138
99 75 137
99 74 136
99 73 135
99 73 134
99 72 133
98 71 132 0
98 71 131
98 70 130
97 69 129
97 69 128
96 68 127
96 67 126
95 67 125 0
95 66 124
94 65 123
93 65 122
92 64 121
91 63 120 2
90 63 119 2 0
88 62 118 100
87 61 117 3 99
86 61 116
84 60 115 4 2 98
82 59 114
81 59 113 97
79 58 112 5 3 96
77 57 111 0 0 2
75 57 110 6 0 95
73 56 109 I 7 3 94
70 55 108 2 0 3 93
68 55 107 3 8 4 92
66 54 106
63 53 105 4 9 4 2 4 91
61 53 104 5 2 90
58 52 103 6 10 3 5 89
55 51 102 7 II 2 5 88
53 51 101 8 5 3 4 87
50 50 100 9 12 3 6 86
47 49 99 10 13 5 85
45 49 98 II 4 6 4 6 7 84
42 48 97 12 14 6 83
39 47 96 13 15 5 5 7 8 82
37 47 95 14 16 7 7 81
34 46 94 15 17 6 6 8 9 80
32 45 93 16 8 79
30 45 92 17 18 7 7 8 9 10 78
27 44 91 18 19 10 77
25 43 90 19-20 20 8 9 8 11 11 76
23 43 89 21 21 9 9 74-75
21 42 88 22 22 10 9 12 12 73
19 41 87 23 23 10 10 13 13 72
18 41 86 24-25 24 11 11 10 14 71
16 40 85 26 25 12 11 15 14 69-70
14 39 84 27 26 12 11 15 68
13 39 83 28-29 27 13 12 16 67
12 38 82 30 28 14 13 13 12 17 16 65-66
10 37 81 31-32 29 15 14 14 18 17 64
9 37 80 33 30 16 13 19 18 62-63
8 36 79 34-35 31 17 15 15 20 61
7 35 78 36 32 18 16 14 21 19 59-60
6 35 77 37-38 33 19 16 17 22 20 58
5 34 76 39 34 17 15 23 21 56-57
5 33 75 40-41 35 20 18 24 55
4 33 74 42 36-37 21 18 19 16 25 22 53-54
4 32 73 43-44 38 22 19 20 26 23 52
3 31 72 45 39 23 21 17 27 24 50-51
3 31 71 46-47 40 24 20 28 25 49
2 30 70 48 41 25 21 22 18 29 26 47-48
2 29 69 49-50 42-43 26 23 19 30-31 27 45-46
2 29 68 51-52 44 27 22 24 32 28 44
1 28 67 53 45 28-29 23 25 20 33 29 42-43
1 27 66 54-55 46 30 24 26 34 30 40-41
I 27 65 56 47-48 31 27 21 35 31 39
1 26 64 57-58 49 32 25 22 36 32 37-38
I 25 63 59-60 50 33 26 28 37-38 33 35-36
1 25 62 61 51-52 34 29 23 39 34 34
<1 24 61 62-63 53 35 27 30 40 35 32-33
<1 23 60 64 54 36 28 31 24 41 36 30-31
<1 23 59 65-66 55 37 29 32 25 42 37 29
<I 22 58 67 56-57 38 33 43 38 27-28
<1 21 57 68-69 58 39 30 34 26 44-45 39 25-26
<1 21 56 70 59 40 31 46 40-41 23-24
<1 20 55 71-72 60-61 41 32 35 27 47 42 22
<1 <20 <55 73-128 62-100 42-126 33-100 36-94 28-100 48-128 43-100 0-21

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%ile Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %ile

>16 6 10-12 0-1 :2:-3.29 >16

11-16 5 13 2 -3.30 to -4.10 11-16 t"'1
Q.
6-10 4 14-23 3 -4.11 to -6.80 6-10 c:
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41-129 4-21
-6.81 to-15.59
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Age: 40 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 49 Years 11 Months 30 Days Q; 0

0 b
Education: Less Than or Equal To 8 Years =
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-5 0-9 0-8 0-8 0-6 0-7 0-2 0-1 92-100
>99 80 145 6 2
>99 79 144 9 7 91
>99 79 143
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 10 8
>99 77 140 7 90
>99 76 139
99 75 138
99 75 137 8 11 9 89
99 74 136 3
99 73 135 3
99 73 134 88
99 72 133 9 12
98 71 132 8 87
98 71 131 10 10
98 70 130
97 69 129 13 4 86
97 69 128 11 10 9 4
96 68 127 85
96 67 126 12 14
95 67 125 9 84
95 66 124
94 65 123 13 15 11 5 5 83
93 65 122 11
92 64 121 14 16 10 82
91 63 120 15
90 63 119 10 6 81
88 62 118 16 17 12 6 80
87 61 117 12
86 61 116 17 18 79
84 60 115 18 11 11 7 78
82 59 114 19 13 7
81 59 113 19 13 77
79 58 112 20 20 12 76
77 57 111 14 8 8
75 57 110 21 21 12 75
73 56 109 22 15 14 13 74
70 55 108 23 22 9 9 73
68 55 107 24 23 72
66 54 106 25 16 15 14 13 10 71
63 53 105 24 10
61 53 104 26 17 15 70
58 52 103 27 25 16 14 11 69
55 51 102 28 26 18 11 68
53 51 101 29 27 16 12 67
50 50 100 30 19 17 15 12 66
47 49 99 31 28 20 17 13 65
45 49 98 32-33 29 18 18 64
42 48 97 34 30 21 16 14 13 62-63
39 47 96 35 22 19 19 15 61
37 47 95 36 31 17 14 60
34 46 94 37 32 23 20 20 16 59
32 45 93 38 33 24 21 15 58
30 45 92 39-40 34 25 21 18 17 57
27 44 91 41 35 26 22 18 16 55-56
25 43 90 42 36 27 22 23 19 54
23 43 89 43-44 37 28 23 24 19 17 53
21 42 88 45 38 20 20 18 51-52
19 41 87 46-47 39 29 24 25 21 50
18 41 86 48 40 30 25 26 21 19 49
16 40 85 49 41 31-32 27 22 47-48
14 39 84 50-51 42 33 26 28 22 23 20 46
13 39 83 52 43 34 27 29 23 24 21 44-45
12 38 82 53-54 44 35 28 30 25 43
10 37 81 55-56 45 36 31 24 26 22 41-42
9 37 80 57 46 37 29 32 25 27 23 40
8 36 79 58-59 47-48 38 30 33 24 38-39
7 35 78 60 49 39-40 31 34 26 28 37
6 35 77 61-62 50 41 32 35 27 29 25 35-36
5 34 76 63-64 51 42 36 30 26 33-34
5 33 75 65 52 43-44 33 37 28 31 27 32
4 33 74 66-67 53-54 45 34 38 29 32 30-31
4 32 73 68-69 55 46 35 39 33 28 28-29
3 31 72 70 56 47-48 36 40 30 34 29 27
3 31 71 71-72 57-58 49 37 41 31 35 30 25-26
2 30 70 73-74 59 50-51 38 42 32 36 31 23-24
2 29 69 75-76 60 52 39 43-44 37-38 32 21-22
2 29 68 77 61-62 53 40 45 33 39 33 20
1 28 67 78-79 63 54-55 41 46 34 40 34 18-19
1 27 66 80-81 64 56 42 47 35 41 35 16-17
1 27 65 82-83 65-66 57-58 43 48 36 42 36 14-15
1 26 64 84 67 59 44 49 43 37 12-13
1 25 63 85-86 68-69 60-61 45 50-51 37 44 38 11
1 25 62 87-88 70 62 46 52 38 45 39 9-10
<1 24 61 89-90 71 63 47 53 39 46 40 7-8
<1 23 60 91 72-73 64-65 48 54 40 47-48 41 5-6
<1 23 59 92-93 74 66 49 55 49 42 3-4
<1 22 58 94-95 75-76 67-68 50 56 41 50 43 1-2
<1 21 57 96 77 69 51 57 42 51 44 0
<1 21 56 97-98 78-79 70 52 58-59 43 52 45
<1 20 55 99-100 80 71-72 53 60 44 53 46
<1 <20 <55 101-128 81-100 73-126 54-100 61-94 45-100 54-128 47-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 :<:-3.09 >16

11-16 4-5 -3.lOto-6.70 11-16 t"'i
6-10 3 13-19 2 -6.71 to -13.20 6-10 Q..
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2-5 1-2 20-129 3-5 -13.21 to -21.09 2-5 C
n IJCl
$1 0 6-21 $-21.10 $1 ~ ~

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Age: 40 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 49 Years 11 Months 30 Days e: c"'"
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Education: 9 Years Through 11 Years =
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-4 0-3 0-5 0-2 0-4 0 98-100

>99 80 145
>99 79 144 5
>99 79 143 5 97
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 0 3
>99 77 140
>99 76 139 0 96
99 75 138 6
99 75 137
99 74 136 95
99 73 135 4 6
99 73 134 2 7
99 72 133 94
98 71 132
98 71 131 3 93
98 70 130 8 4 6 2
97 69 129
97 69 128 4 92
96 68 127 9 5
96 67 126 5 7 91
95 67 125
95 66 124 6 10 5 2 3 90
94 65 123
93 65 122 7 6 7 89
92 64 121 11
91 63 120 8 3 88
90 63 119 12 8 4 87
88 62 118 9 6
87 61 117 10 7 86
86 61 116 13 4 85
84 60 115 11 8 5
82 59 114 14 8 9 7 84
81 59 113 12 83
79 58 112 13 15 5 6
77 57 III 14 9 8 9 82
75 57 110 16 10 81
73 56 109 15 17 6 80
70 55 108 16 10 9 7 79
68 55 107 17 18 11 10 7
66 54 106 18 11 78
63 53 105 19 , 19 10 8 77
61 53 104 20 20 12 12 8 76
58 52 103 21 11 11 9 75
55 51 102 21 13 9 74
53 51 101 22-23 22 13 12 73
50 50 100 24 23 14 12 10 10 72
47 49 99 25 15 14 13 71
45 49 98 26 24 11 11 70
42 48 97 27 25 16 15 14 13 69
39 47 96 28 26 17 15 12 12 68
37 47 95 29 27 16 14 13 67
34 46 94 30 18 16 65-66
32 45 93 31-32 28 19 17 15 14 13 64
30 45 92 33 29 20 17 14 63
27 44 91 34 30 21 18 18 15 62
25 43 90 35-36 31 19 16 16 15 60-61
23 43 89 37 32 22 19 17 59
21 42 88 38 33 23 20 20 17 16 58
19 41 87 39-40 34 24 21 18 56-57
18 41 86 41 35 25 21 22 18 19 17 55
16 40 85 42-43 36 26 22 23 19 20 18 54
14 39 84 44 37 27 24 52-53
13 39 83 45-46 38 28-29 23 20 21 19 51
12 38 82 47 39 30 24 25 22 20 49-50
10 37 81 48-49 40-41 31 25 26 21 23 48
9 37 80 50 42 32 27 22 24 21 46-47
8 36 79 51-52 43 33 26 28 25 22 45
7 35 78 53-54 44 34-35 27 29 23 26 43-44
6 35 77 55 45 36 28 30 24 27 23 41-42
5 34 76 56-57 46-47 37 29 31 28 24 40
5 33 75 58-59 48 38 30 32-33 25 29 25 38-39
4 33 74 60 49 39-40 31 34 26 30 26 36-37
4 32 73 61-62 50 41 32 35 31 35
3 31 72 63-64 51-52 42-43 36 27 32 27 33-34
3 31 71 65 53 44 33 37 28 33 28 31-32
2 30 70 66-67 54 45 34 38 29 34 29 30
2 29 69 68-69 55-56 46-47 35 39 30 35 30 28-29
2 29 68 70-71 57 48 36 40 36 31 26-27
1 28 67 72 58 49-50 37 41-42 31 37 32 24-25
1 27 66 73-74 59-60 51 38 43 32 38 33 22-23
1 27 65 75-76 61 52-53 39 44 33 39 34 21
1 26 64 77-78 62 54 40 45 40 35 19-20
1 25 63 79 63-64 55 41 46 34 41-42 36 17-18
1 25 62 80-81 65 56-57 42 47-48 35 43 37 15-16
<1 24 61 82-83 66-67 58 43 49 36 44 38 13-14
<1 23 60 84 68 59-60 44 50 37 45 39 11-12
<i 23 59 85-86 69 61 45 51 46 40 10
<1 22 58 87-88 70-71 62-63 46 52 38 47 41 8-9
<1 21 57 89-90 72 64 47 53 39 48 42 6-7
<i 21 56 91 73-74 65 48 54 40 49 43 4-5
<1 20 55 92-93 75 66-67 49 55-56 41 50-51 44 2-3
<1 <20 <55 94-128 76-100 68-126 50-100 57-94 42-100 52-128 45-100 0-1

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 ::::-3.09 >16

11-16 4-5 -3.10 to -6.70 11-16 t"'i
Q..
6-10 3 13-19 2 -6.71 to -13.20 6-10 c: ;I>-
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2-5 1-2 20-129 3-5 -13.21 to -21.09 2-5 ~ ~
$1 0 6-21 $--21.10 $1 e. ~
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Age: 40 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 49 Years 11 Months 30 Days ~

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Raw scores
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-1 0 0-3 0 0-3

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 2
>99 78 142
>99 77 141
>99 77 140
>99 76 139 100
99 75 138 3
99 75 137
99 74 136 0 99
99 73 135
99 73 134 4
99 72 133 98
98 71 132 4 4
98 71 131 97
98 70 130 5
97 69 129
97 69 128 0 96
96 68 127 6
96 67 126 2 2 0 95
95 67 125
95 66 124 7 5 94
94 65 123 2 5 2
93 65 122 93
92 64 121 3 8 3
91 63 120 3 92
90 63 119 4 9 3 91
88 62 118 5 6
87 61 117 10 6 2 90
86 61 116 6 4 4 89
84 60 115 7 4
82 59 114 11 3 88
81 59 113 8 5 7 87
79 58 112 9 12 5 7
77 57 111 13 5 86
75 57 110 10 6 4 85
73 56 109 11 14 8 6 84
70 55 108 12 7 5 6 83
68 55 107 13 15 8
66 54 106 16 9 7 82
63 53 105 14 8 6 7 81
61 53 104 15 17 8 9 80
58 52 103 16 9 10 7 79
55 51 102 17 18 10 9 8 78
53 51 101 18 19 11 10 8 77
50 50 100 19 20 11 10 9 76
47 49 99 20 9 75
45 49 98 21 21 12 12 11 11 74
42 48 97 22-23 22 13 10 10 73
39 47 96 24 23 13 12 72
37 47 95 25 24 14 13 12 11 11 71
34 46 94 26 25 15 14 12 69-70
32 45 93 27 16 14 13 12 68
30 45 92 28-29 26 15 15 13 67
27 44 91 30 27 17 16 14 13 66
25 43 90 31 28 18 16 14 64-65
23 43 89 32-33 29 19 17 17 15 15 14 63
21 42 88 34 30 20 18 16 15 62
19 41 87 35 31 21 18 16 60-61
18 41 86 36-37 32 22 19 19 17 16 59
16 40 85 38 33 23 20 17 18 58
14 39 84 39-40 34 24 20 21 19 17 56-57
13 39 83 41 35 25 21 22 18 20 18 55
12 38 82 42-43 36 26-27 22 23 19 53-54
10 37 81 44-45 37-38 28 24 21 19 52
9 37 80 46 39 29 23 25 20 22 20 50-51
8 36 79 47-48 40 30 24 26 21 23 21 49
7 35 78 49 41 31 25 27 24 47-48
6 35 77 50-51 42 32-33 26 28 22 25 22 45-46
5 34 76 52-53 43-44 34 27 29 23 26 23 44
5 33 75 54 45 35 30 27 24 42-43
4 33 74 55-56 46 36-37 28 31 24 28 40-41
4 32 73 57-58 47 38 29 32 25 29 25 39
3 31 72 59 48-49 39 30 33 30 26 37-38
3 31 71 60-61 50 40-41 31 34 26 31 27 35-36
2 30 70 62-63 51 42 32 35-36 27 32 28 33-34
2 29 69 64-65 52-53 43-44 33 37 28 33 29 32
2 29 68 66 54 45 34 38 29 34 30 30-31
1 28 67 67-68 55 46 35 39 35 31 28-29
I 27 66 69-70 56-57 47-48 36 40 30 36-37 32 26-27
1 27 65 71-72 58 49 37 41 31 38 33 25
1 26 64 73 59 50-51 38 42-43 32 39 34 23-24
1 25 63 74-75 60-61 52 39 44 40 35 21-22
1 25 62 76-77 62 53-54 40 45 33 41 36 19-20
<1 24 61 78-79 63-64 55 41 46 34 42 37 17-18
<1 23 60 80 65 56-57 42 47 35 43 38 15-16
<1 23 59 81-82 66-67 58 43 48 36 44 39 14
<1 22 58 83-84 68 59 44 49-50 37 45-46 40 12-13
<1 21 57 85 69 60-61 45 51 47 41 10-11
<1 21 56 86-87 70-71 62 46 52 38 48 42 8-9
<1 20 55 88-89 72 63 47 53 39 49 43 6-7
<1 <20 <55 90-128 73-100 64-126 48-100 54-94 40-100 50-128 44-100 0-5

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 ~-3.09 >16

11-16 4-5 -3.10 to -6.70 11-16
6-10 3 13-19 2 -6.71 to -13.20 6-10 t"'1
Q. ;.-
2-5 1-2 20-129 3-5 -13.21 to -21.09 2-5 = C/Q
$1 0 6-21 $-21.10 $1 ""
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Age: 40 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 49 Years 11 Months 30 Days

I:
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Education: 13 Years Through 15 Years

Raw scores
0
=
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent ""l
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Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-1 0-2

>99 80 145
>99 79 144 0
>99 79 143
>99 78 142
>99 77 141
>99 77 140 2
>99 76 139
99 75 138
99 75 137
99 74 136
99 73 135 2
99 73 134
99 72 133
98 71 132 100
98 71 131 3 3 0
98 70 130 99
97 69 129 3 0
97 69 128 4 98
96 68 127
96 67 126 0
95 67 125 5 97
95 66 124
94 65 123 4 96
93 65 122 0 6 95
92 64 121 4 0
91 63 120 1 2 94
90 63 119 2 7
88 62 118 2 93
87 61 117 3 8 2 92
86 61 116 5 5 3
84 60 115 4 9 91
82 59 114 5 3 2 90
81 59 113 10 3
79 58 112 6 6 4 89
77 57 111 7 11 6 88
75 57 110 8 4 4 3 87
73 56 109 12 5
70 55 108 9 5 7 4 86
68 55 107 10 13 5 7 85
66 54 106 11 14 6 6 84
63 53 105 12 8 6 5 83
61 53 104 13 15 7 8 82
58 52 103 14 16 7 6 7 81
55 51 102 15 8 9 80
53 51 101 16 17 8 9 7 79
50 50 100 17 18 9 10 8 78
47 49 99 18 19 9 8 77
45 49 98 19 10 10 9 76
42 48 97 20 20 11 11 10 9 75
39 47 96 21 21 10 74
37 47 95 22 22 12 12 II II 10 73
34 46 94 23-24 23 13 12 II II 72
32 45 93 25 24 14 13 12 70-71
30 45 92 26 25 15 14 13 12 12 69
27 44 91 27 14 13 68
25 43 90 28-29 26 16 15 13 13 67
23 43 89 30 27 17 15 14 14 65-66
21 42 88 31-32 28 18 16 16 15 14 64
19 41 87 33 29 19 17 17 15 63
18 41 86 34 30 20 18 16 15 61-62
16 40 85 35-36 31 21 18 16 17 16 60
14 39 84 37 32-33 22 19 19 18 58-59
13 39 83 38-39 34 23 20 20 17 19 17 57
12 38 82 40 35 24-25 21 18 18 55-56
10 37 81 41-42 36 26 21 22 20 54
9 37 80 43-44 37 27 22 23 19 21 19 52-53
8 36 79 45 38 28 23 24 22 20 51
7 35 78 46-47 39 29 25 20 23 21 49-50
6 35 77 48 40-41 30-31 24 26 21 24 48
5 34 76 49-50 42 32 25 27 25 22 46-47
5 33 75 51-52 43 33 26 28 22 26 23 44-45
4 33 74 53 44 34-35 27 29 23 27 24 43
4 32 73 54-55 45-46 36 28 30-31 24 28 25 41-42
3 31 72 56-57 47 37 29 32 29 39-40
3 31 71 58-59 48 38-39 30 33 25 30 26 38
2 30 70 60 49-50 40 31 34 26 31 27 36-37
2 29 69 61-62 51 41-42 32 35 27 32 28 34-35
2 29 68 63-64 52 43 33 36 33 29 32-33
1 28 67 65-66 53-54 44-45 34 37 28 34 30 31
1 27 66 67 55 46 35 38-39 29 35-36 31 29-30
1 27 65 68-69 56 47 36 40 30 37 32 27-28
1 26 64 70-71 57-58 48-49 37 41 31 38 33 25-26
1 25 63 72-73 59 50 38 42 39 34 23-24
1 25 62 74 60-61 51-52 39 43 32 40 35 21-22
<1 24 61 75-76 62 53 40 44 33 41 36 20
<1 23 60 77-78 63 54-55 41 45-46 34 42 37 18-19
<1 23 59 79 64-65 56 42 47 35 43 38 16-17
<1 22 58 80-81 66 57 43 48 44-45 39 14-15
<1 21 57 82-83 67-68 58-59 44 49 36 46 40 12-13
<I 21 56 84 69 60 45 50 37 47 41 10-11
<1 20 55 85-86 70 61-62 46 51 38 48 42 9
<1 <20 <55 87-128 71-100 63-126 47-100 52-94 39-100 49-128 43-100 0-8

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 ~-3.09 >16 l"i

11-16 4-5 -3.1010-6.70 11-16 Q..
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6-10 3 13-19 2 -6.7110 -13.20 6-10 r"l
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2-5 1-2 20-129 3-5 -13.21 to -21.09 2-5 tK/
:0;1 0 6-21 :0;-21.10 :0;1 ('I)
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Age: 40 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 49 Years 11 Months 30 Days =-.

0
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Education: 16 Years Through 17 Years =
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent .,
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Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual '"

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145

>99 80 145
>99 79 144 0
>99 79 143
>99 78 142
>99 77 141
>99 77 140
>99 76 139
99 75 138
99 75 137
99 74 136
99 73 135
99 73 134
99 72 133
98 71 132
98 71 131 0
98 70 130
97 69 129 0
97 69 128
96 68 127
96 67 126
95 67 125
95 66 124
94 65 123 2 0
93 65 122 2 100
92 64 121 3
91 63 120 99
90 63 119 98
88 62 118 4 2
87 61 117 97
86 61 116 5
84 60 115 3 96
82 59 114 0 6 0 2 95
81 59 113 3 0 94
79 58 112 1 7
77 57 III 2 0 4 3 93
75 57 110 8 92
73 56 109 3 4 91
70 55 108 4 9 2
68 55 107 5 10 2 5 4 90
66 54 106 6 2 5 89
63 53 105 7 .11 3 3 5 88
61 53 104 8 3 87
58 52 103 9 12 6 6 4 86
55 51 102 10 13 4 4 6 85
53 51 101 11 14 5 84
50 50 100 12 5 7 5 7 83
47 49 99 13 15 6 6 7 82
45 49 98 14 16 8 6 81
42 48 97 15 17 7 7 8 7 8 80
39 47 96 16 8 9 79
37 47 95 17 18 8 9 8 9 78
34 46 94 18-19 19 9 10 9 76-77
32 45 93 20 20 10 9 10 10 75
30 45 92 21 21 11 11 10 10 74
27 44 91 22 22 12 11 11 11 73
25 43 90 23-24 23 12 11 71-72
23 43 89 25 24 13 13 12 12 12 70
21 42 88 26 25 14 13 12 13 69
19 41 87 27-28 26 15 14 14 13 13 67-68
18 41 86 29 27 16 15 14 14 66
16 40 85 30-31 28 17 15 14 15 65
14 39 84 32 29 18 16 16 16 15 63-64
13 39 83 33-34 30 19-20 17 17 15 17 16 62
12 38 82 35 31 21 18 18 18 60-61
10 37 81 36-37 32 22 19 16 17 59
9 37 80 38 33 23 19 20 17 19 18 57-58
8 36 79 39-40 34-35 24 20 21 20 56
7 35 78 41-42 36 25-26 21 22 18 21 19 54-55
6 35 77 43 37 27 22 23 19 22 20 52-53
5 34 76 44-45 38 28 24 23 21 51
5 33 75 46-47 39 29 23 25 20 24 22 49-50
4 33 74 48 40-41 30-31 24 26 21 25 47-48
4 32 73 49-50 42 32 25 27 22 26 23 46
3 31 72 51-52 43 33-34 26 28-29 27 24 44-45
3 31 71 53 44-45 35 27 30 23 28 25 42-43
2 30 70 54-55 46 36 28 31 24 29 26 41
2 29 69 56-57 47 37-38 29 32 25 30 27 39-40
2 29 68 58-59 48-49 39 30 33 31 28 37-38
1 28 67 60 50 40-41 31 34 26 32 29 35-36
1 27 66 61-62 51 42 32 35 27 33-34 34
1 27 65 63-64 52-53 43-44 33 36-37 28 35 30 32-33
1 26 64 65-66 54 45 34 38 36 31 30-31
1 25 63 67 55-56 46 35 39 29 37 32 28-29
1 25 62 68-69 57 47-48 36 40 30 38 33 26-27
<1 24 61 70-71 58 49 37 41 31 39 34-35 24-25
<1 23 60 72-73 59-60 50-51 38 42 32 40 36 23
<1 23 59 74 61 52 39 43-44 33 41 37 21-22
<I 22 58 75-76 62-63 53-54 40 45 42-43 38 19-20
<I 21 57 77-78 64 55 41 46 34 44 39 17-18
<1 21 56 79 65-66 56 42 47 35 45 40 15-16
<I 20 55 80-81 67 57-58 43 48 36 46 41 13-14
<1 <20 <55 82-128 68-100 59-126 44-100 49-94 37-100 47-128 42-100 0-12

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 :2:-3.09 >16 t"i

11-16 4-5 -3.lOto-6.70 11-16 Q.
=
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2-5
$1
3
1-2
0
13-19
20-129
2
3-5
6-21
-6.71 to -13.20
-13.21 to -21.09
$-21.10
6-10
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Age: 40 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 49 Years 11 Months 30 Days

Education: Greater Than or Equal To 18 Years
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Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142
>99 77 141
>99 77 140
>99 76 139
99 75 138
99 75 137
99 74 136
99 73 135
99 73 134
99 72 133
98 71 132
98 71 131
98 70 130
97 69 129
97 69 128
96 68 127
96 67 126 0
95 67 125
95 66 124
94 65 123
93 65 122 0
92 64 121
91 63 120
90 63 119 0 0
88 62 118
87 61 117 2 100
86 61 116
84 60 115 3 99
82 59 114 98
81 59 113 4 2
79 58 112 97
77 57 111 5 2 96
75 57 110 2 0 95
73 56 109 0 6 3
70 55 108 1 7 3 94
68 55 107 2 0 93
66 54 106 8 3 92
63 53 105 3 0 4 4 91
61 53 104 4 9 4 2 90
58 52 103 5 10 89
55 51 102 6 11 2 5 3 5 88
53 51 101 7 2 5 87
50 50 100 8 12 3 4 6 86
47 49 99 9 13 3 6 6 85
45 49 98 10 14 4 4 5 84
42 48 97 11-12 7 83
39 47 96 13 15 5 7 5 7 6 82
 ?

37 47 95 14 16 6 6 7 8 81
34 46 94 15 17 7 8 8 80
32 45 93 16 18 7 8 9 78-79
30 45 92 17-18 19 8 9 8 9 9 77
27 44 91 19 20 9 10 10 76
25 43 90 20 10 9 10 10 75
23 43 89 21-22 21 11 11 10 11 11 73-74
21 42 88 23 22 12 11 11 12 72
19 41 87 24 23 13 12 12 12 71
18 41 86 25-26 24 14 13 12 13 13 69-70
16 40 85 27 25-26 15 14 13 14 68
14 39 84 28-29 27 16 14 13 15 14 66-67
13 39 83 30 28 17 15 15 15 65
12 38 82 31-32 29 18 16 16 14 16 63-64
10 37 81 33 30 19 17 17 15 17 16 62
9 37 80 34-35 31 20-21 18 18 17 60-61
8 36 79 36-37 32 22 18 19 16 19 18 59
7 35 78 38 33 23 19 20 17 20 57-58
6 35 77 39-40 34-35 24 20 21 21 19 56
5 34 76 41-42 36 25-26 21 22 18 22 20 54-55
5 33 75 43 37 27 22 23 19 23 21 52-53
4 33 74 44-45 38 28 24 24 51
4 32 73 46-47 39-40 29-30 23 25 20 25 22 49-50
3 31 72 48 41 31 24 26 21 26 23 47-48
3 31 71 49-50 42 32 25 27-28 22 27 24 46
2 30 70 51-52 43-44 33-34 26 29 28 25 44-45
2 29 69 53-54 45 35 27 30 23 29 26 42-43
2 29 68 55 46 36-37 28 31 24 30 27 40-41
1 28 67 56-57 47-48 38 29 32 25 31 28 38-39
1 27 66 58-59 49 39-40 30 33 32 29 37
1 27 65 60-61 50 41 31 34-35 26 33 30 35-36
1 26 64 62 51-52 42 32 36 27 34 31 33-34
1 25 63 63-64 53 43-44 33 37 28 35-36 32 31-32
1 25 62 65-66 54-55 45 34 38 29 37 33 29-30
<1 24 61 67 56 46-47 35 39 38 34 28
<1 23 60 68-69 57 48 36 40 30 39 35 26-27
<1 23 59 70-71 58-59 49-50 37 41-42 31 40 36 24-25
<1 22 58 72-73 60 51 38 43 32 41 37 22-23
<1 21 57 74 61-62 52 39 44 33 42 38 20-21
<1 21 56 75-76 63 53-54 40 45 43 39 18-19
<1 20 55 77-78 64-65 55 41 46 34 44-45 40 17
<1 <20 <55 79-128 66-100 56-126 42-100 47-94 35-100 46-128 41-100 0-16

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-12 0-1 ~-3.09 >16

11-16 4-5 -3.lOto-6.70 11-16 t"'i
Q.
6-10 3 13-19 2 -6.71 to -13.20 6-10 =>
2-5
:<;1
1-2
0
20-129 3-5
6-21
-13.21 to -21.09
:<;-21.10
2-5
:<;1 -.
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Age: 50 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 59 Years 11 Months 30 Days 0'. c
0 b
Education: Less Than or Equal To 8 Years =
1/\ I UJ
00 ~

Raw scores
'<
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.:...
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >1-+5 0-6 0-10 0-6 0-7 0-5 0-6 0-3 0-3 90-100
>99 80 1-+5 7
>99 79 1-+-+ 7
>99 79 143 6 89
>99 78 142 II 7 8
>99 77 141 8
>99 77 1-+0 4 88
>99 76 139
99 75 138 4
99 75 137 9 12 87
99 74 136
99 73 135
99 73 13-+ 10 13 8 7 86
99 72 1-"3 9 8
98 71 1.12 II 85
98 71 131 5
98 70 130 14 5 84
97 69 129 12
97 69 128 9 8
96 68 127 13 15 83
96 67 126 10 9 82
95 67 125 14 16 6
95 66 124 10 6 81
94 65 123 15 9
93 65 122 17 80
92 6-t 121 16 II
l)1 63 120 17 18 II 10 7 79
90 63 119 10 7 78
88 62 118 18 19
87 61 117 19 12 12 77
86 61 116 20 II II 8 76
K-+ 60 115 20 13 8 75
82 59 114 21 21 13
81 59 113 12 74
79 58 112 22 22 14 12 9 73
77 57 III 23 14 13 9 72
75 57 110 24 23 15 71
73 56 109 25 24 15 13 10
70 55 108 26 16 14 10 70
68 55 107 27 25 17 11 69
66 54 106 28 26 16 15 14 68
63 53 105 29 18 16 11 67
61 53 10-+ 30 27 19 17 15 12 66
58 52 103 31 28 17 65
55 51 102 32 29 20 18 13 12 64
53 51 101 33 21 18 16 63
50 50 100 34 30 22 19 19 14 61-62
47 49 99 35 31 20 17 13 60
45 49 98 36-37 32 23 20 15 59
42 48 97 38 33 24 21 21 18 14 58
39 47 96 39 34 25 22 22 19 16 57
37 47 95 40-41 35 26 23 15 55-56
34 46 94 42 36 27 23 20 17 54
32 45 93 43 37 28 24 24 18 16 53
30 45 92 44-45 38 29-30 25 25 21 51-52
27 44 91 46 39 31 26 22 19 17 50
25 43 90 47-48 40 32 26 27 20 49
23 43 89 49 41 33 27 28 23 18 47-48
21 42 88 50-51 42 34-35 28 29 24 21 46
19 41 87 52 43 36 29 30 22 19 44-45
18 41 86 53-54 44 37 30 31-32 25 43
16 40 85 55-56 45 38-39 31 33 26 23 20 41-42
14 39 84 57 46 40 32 34 27 24 21 40
13 39 83 58-59 47-48 41-42 33 35 28 25 38-39
12 38 82 60-61 49 43 34 36 26 22 36-37
10 37 81 62 50 44-45 35 37-38 29 27 23 35
9 37 80 63-64 51 46-47 36 39 30 33-34
8 36 79 65-66 52-53 48 37 40 31 28 24 31-32
7 35 78 67-68 54 49-50 38-39 41-42 32 29 25 29-30
6 35 77 69-70 55 51-52 40 43 33 30 28
5 34 76 71 56-57 53-54 41 44-45 34 31 26 26-27
5 33 75 72-73 58 55 42 46 35 32 27 24-25
4 33 74 74-75 59 56-57 43 47 36 33 28 22-23
4 32 73 76-77 60-61 58-59 44-45 48-49 37 34 29 20-21
3 31 72 78-79 62 60-61 46 50 38 35 19
3 31 71 80-81 63-64 62-63 47 51-52 39 36 30 17-18
2 30 70 82-83 65 64-65 48-49 53 40 37 31 15-16
2 29 69 84-85 66-67 66-67 50 54-55 41 38 32 13-14
2 29 68 86-87 68 68-69 51 56-57 42 39 33 11-12
1 28 67 88-89 69-70 70-71 52-53 58 43 40 34 9-10
1 27 66 90-91 71 72-73 54 59-60 44 41 35 7-8
1 27 65 92-93 72-73 74-75 55-56 61 45 42 36 5-6
I 26 64 94-95 74 76-77 57 62-63 46 43-44 3-4
1 25 63 96 75-76 78-79 58 64 47 45 37 1-2
1 25 62 97-98 77 80-81 59-60 65-66 48-49 46 38 0
<i 24 61 99-100 78-79 82-83 61 67-68 50 47 39
<1 23 60 101-102 80 84-85 62-63 69 51 48 40
<I 23 59 103-104 81-82 86-87 64 70-71 52 49 41
<i 22 58 105-106 83-84 88-89 65 72 53 50 42
<i 21 57 107-108 85 90-91 66-67 73-74 54 51 43-44
<i 21 56 109-110 86-87 92 68 75 55 52 45
<i 20 55 111-112 88 93-94 69 76-77 56 53 46
<i <20 <55 113-128 89-100 95-126 70-100 78-94 57-100 54-128 47-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-13 0-2 ~-1.50 >16

11-16 4-5 14-16 -1.5110-3.70 11-16 t"i
6-10 2-3 17-19 3 -3.71 10 -7.00 6-10 Q.
2-5
::;1
1 20-129
4-21
-7.0110 -23.09
::;-23.10
2-5
::;1
= I1C1>
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0 0;
0
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Age: 50 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 59 Years 11 Months 30 Days

Education: 9 Years Through 11 Years
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.... ....
Raw scores ~
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent rJl

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-5 0-1 0-4 0-1 0-4 0 0-1 97-100
>99 80 145 0 96
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 6
>99 78 142 95
>99 77 141 2
>99 77 140 2
>99 76 139 2 94
99 75 138 2 7
99 75 137
99 74 136 5 93
99 73 l35 3 8
99 73 134 5 2
99 72 133 3 92
98 71 132 4 3
98 71 131 9 3 91
98 70 130 5
97 69 129 90
97 69 128 10 6
96 68 127 6 4 4 6 3 89
96 67 126
95 67 125 7 11 4 88
95 66 124
94 65 123 8 12 5 7 87
93 65 122 9 5 4
92 64 121 7 86
91 63 120 10 13 6 5 85
90 63 119 8
88 62 118 11 14 6 84
87 61 117 12 7 8 5 83
86 61 116 15
84 60 115 13 9 7 6 82
82 59 114 14 16 8 6 81
81 59 113 15 17 8 9 80
79 58 112 9 10 79
77 57 111 16 18 7
75 57 110 17 10 II 9 10 7 78
73 56 109 18 19 77
70 55 108 19 20 11 10 8 8 76
68 55 107 20 12 11 75
66 54 106 21 21 12 11 74
63 53 105 22 22 13 13 9 9 73
61 53 104 23 12 12 72
58 52 103 24 23 14 14 13 10 71
55 51 102 25 24 15 13 10 70
53 51 101 26 25 16 15 14 11 69
50 50 100 27 26 15 14 11 68
47 49 99 28-29 17 16 12 67
45 49 98 30 27 18 17 16 15 65-66
42 48 97 31 28 19 17 13 12 64
39 47 96 32 29 20 18 18 16 63
37 47 95 33-34 30 21 19 14 13 62
34 46 94 35 31 22 19 17 60-61
32 45 93 36 32 23 20 20 15 14 59
30 45 92 37-38 33 24 21 21 18 16 58
27 44 91 39 34 25-26 22 22 19 15 56-57
25 43 90 40-41 35 27 23 23 17 55
23 43 89 42 36 28 24 24 20 18 16 54
21 42 88 43-44 37 29 25 21 52-53
19 41 87 45 38 30-31 25 26 22 19 17 51
18 41 86 46-47 39 32 26 27 20 18 49-50
16 40 85 48-49 40 33-34 27 28-29 23 21 47-48
14 39 84 50 41-42 35 28 30 24 19 46
13 39 83 51-52 43 36-37 29 31 25 22 44-45
12 38 82 53-54 44 38 30 32 26 23 20 43
10 37 81 55-56 45 39-40 31 33 24 21 41-42
9 37 80 57 46-47 41-42 32-33 34-35 27 25 39-40
8 36 79 58-59 48 43 34 36 28 26 22 38
7 35 78 60-61 49 44-45 35 37 29 27 23 36-37
6 35 77 62-63 50-51 46-47 36 38-39 30 28 24 34-35
5 34 76 64-65 52 48-49 37 40 31 29 32-33
5 33 75 66-67 53 50 38-39 41-42 32 25 30-31
4 33 74 68 54-55 51-52 40 43 33 30 26 29
4 32 73 69-70 56 53-54 41 44-45 34 31 27 27-28
3 31 72 71-72 57 55-56 42 46 35 32 25-26
3 31 71 73-74 58-59 57-58 43-44 47-48 36 33 28 23-24
2 30 70 75-76 60 59-60 45 49 37 34-35 29 21-22
2 29 69 77-78 61-62 61-62 46 50-51 38 36 30 19-20
2 29 68 79-80 63 63-64 47-48 52 39 37 31 17-18
1 28 67 81-82 64-65 65-66 49 53-54 40 38 32 15-16
I 27 66 83-84 66 67-68 50-51 55-56 41 39 33 13-14
I 27 65 85-86 67-68 69-70 52 57 42 40 34 11-12
I 26 64 87-88 69 71-72 53 58-59 43 41 35 9-10
I 25 63 89-90 70-71 73-74 54-55 60 44-45 42 36 7-8
1 25 62 91-92 72-73 75-76 56 61-62 46 43 37 5-6
<I 24 61 93-94 74 77-78 57-58 63 47 44 38 3-4
<1 23 60 95 75-76 79-80 59 64-65 48 45 39 1-2
<I 23 59 96-97 77 81-82 60 66 49 46 40 0
<I 22 58 98-99 78-79 83-84 61-62 67-68 50 47-48 41
<I 21 57 100-101 80 85 63 69-70 51 49 42
<l 21 56 102-103 81-82 86-87 64 71 52 50 43
<1 20 55 104-105 83-84 88-89 65-66 72-73 53 51 44
<l <20 <55 106-128 85-100 90-126 67-100 74-94 54-100 52-128 45-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-13 0-2 ~-1.50 >16

11-16 4-5 14-16 -1.5 I 10 -3.70 11-16
6-10 2-3 17-19 3 -3.7110-7.00 6-10
2-5 1 20-129 -7.01 to -23.09 2-5
$1 0 4-21 $-23.10 $1
-
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Table D34 trl
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~ Ul
Age: 50 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 59 Years 11 Months 30 Days ~ Q
0 b
Education: 12 Years =
.... l'P
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Raw scores ~
til

Total Percent Percent Percent Percent

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-2 0-1 0-2 0

>99 80 145 100
>99 79 144 2
>99 79 143 3
>99 78 142 99
>99 77 141
>99 77 140
>99 76 139 4 98
99 75 138
99 75 137 3 0
99 74 136 97
99 73 135 5 0
99 73 134 3
99 72 133 96
98 71 132 0
98 71 131 0 6 95
98 70 130 2
97 69 129 94
97 69 128 7 4
96 68 127 2 4 93
96 67 126
95 67 125 3 8 92
95 66 124 2 3
94 65 123 4 9 2 91
93 65 122 2 5 5
92 64 121 5 10 90
91 63 120 3 89
90 63 119 6 3 3 4
88 62 118 7 11 6 6 88
87 61 117 87
86 61 116 8 12 4 4
84 60 115 9 4 5 86
82 59 114 10 13 5 7 5 7 85
81 59 113 14 84
79 58 112 11 6 83
77 57 111 12 15 8 6 5 6
75 57 110 13 7 8 82
73 56 109 14 16 9 7 6 81
70 55 108 15 17 8 7 80
68 55 107 16 10 8 9 79
66 54 106 17 18 9 7 78
63 53 105 18 19 10 9 10 8 77
61 53 104 19 11 76
58 52 103 20 20 11 10 8 75
55 51 102 21 21 12 12 11 11 9 74
53 51 101 22 22 13 9 73
50 50 100 23 23 13 12 12 72
47 49 99 24 14 14 13 10 10 71
45 49 98 25-26 24 15 13 69-70
42 48 97 27 25 16 15 14 11 11 68
39 47 96 28 26 17 16 15 14 67
37 47 95 29 27 18 16 12 12 66
34 46 94 30-31 28 19 17 17 15 13 64-65
32 45 93 32 29 20 18 18 16 13 63
30 45 92 33-34 30 21 19 14 62
27 44 91 35 31 22 20 19 17 15 14 60-61
25 43 90 36-37 32 23-24 20 18 59
23 43 89 38 33 25 21 21 16 15 57-58
21 42 88 39-40 34 26 22 22-23 19 17 56
19 41 87 41 35 27-28 23 24 20 16 55
18 41 86 42-43 36 29 24 25 18 53-54
16 40 85 44 37-38 30 25 26 21 19 17 51-52
14 39 84 45-46 39 31-32 26 27 22 20 18 50
13 39 83 47-48 40 33 27 28 23 21 48-49
12 38 82 49-50 41 34-35 28 29-30 24 19 47
10 37 81 51 42 36-37 29 31 25 22 20 45-46
9 37 80 52-53 43-44 38 30 32 23 43-44
8 36 79 54-55 45 39-40 31 33 26 24 21 42
7 35 78 56-57 46 41-42 32-33 34-35 27 25 22 40-41
6 35 77 58-59 47-48 43-44 34 36 28 26 38-39
5 34 76 60 49 45 35 37-38 29 27 23 36-37
5 33 75 61-62 50 46-47 36 39 30 28 24 34-35
4 33 74 63-64 51-52 48-49 37-38 40-41 31 29 25 33
4 32 73 65-66 53 50-51 39 42 32 30 31-32
3 31 72 67-68 54-55 52-53 40 43-44 33 31 26 29-30
3 31 71 69-70 56 54-55 41 45 34 32 27 27-28
2 30 70 71-72 57 56-57 42-43 46-47 35 33 28 25-26
2 29 69 73-74 58-59 58-59 44 48 36 34 29 23-24
2 29 68 75-76 60 60-61 45-46 49-50 37 35 30 21-22
1 28 67 77-78 61-62 62-63 47 51 38 36 31 19-20
1 27 66 79-80 63 64-65 48 52-53 39 37 32 17-18
1 27 65 81-82 64-65 66-67 49-50 54 40-41 38 15-16
1 26 64 83 66 68-69 51 55-56 42 39 33 13-14
I 25 63 84-85 67-68 70-71 52 57-58 43 40 34 11-12
1 25 62 86-87 69-70 72-73 53-54 59 44 41-42 35 9-10
<1 24 61 88-89 71 74 55 60-61 45 43 36 7-8
<1 23 60 90-91 72-73 75-76 56-57 62 46 44 37 5-6
<1 23 59 92-93 74 77-78 58 63-64 47 45 38 3-4
<1 22 58 94-95 75-76 79-80 59 65 48 46 39 1-2
<1 21 57 96-97 77 81-82 60-61 66-67 49 47 40 0
<1 21 56 98-99 78-79 83-84 62 68 50-51 48 41-42
<1 20 55 100-101 80-81 85-86 63-64 69-70 52 49 43
<1 <20 <55 102-128 82-100 87-126 65-100 71-94 53-100 50-128 44-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%ile Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %ile

>16 6 10-13 0-2 2:-1.50 >16

11-16 4-5 14-16 -1.51 to -3.70 11-16
6-10 2-3 17-19 3 -3.71 to -7.00 6-10 trJ
Q.
2-5 1 20-129 -7.01 to -23.09 2-5 = IJCI>
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~1 0 4-21 ~-23.l0 ~1
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Table D35 Q. IJtI
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-= t
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~ til
Age: 50 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 59 Years 11 Months 30 Days o c
Education: 13 Years Through 15 Years ...... til
(j,l
,!... 'P
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Raw scores '<
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent ""I
rIJ
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0 0 0-1

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142
>99 77 141
>99 77 140 2 0
>99 76 139
99 75 138 100
99 75 137
99 74 136 3 2
99 73 135 99
99 73 134
99 72 133
98 71 132 4 98
98 71 131 2
98 70 130 97
97 69 129 5 0
97 69 128 3 96
96 68 127
96 67 126 0 6 0 2 95
95 67 125 3
95 66 124 94
94 65 123 7 0
93 65 122 2 4 93
92 64 121 8 92
91 63 120 3 4 3
90 63 119 4 9 2 91
88 62 118 2 90
87 61 117 5 10 5 5
86 61 116 6 2 4 89
84 60 115 11 3 3 88
82 59 114 7 3 87
81 59 113 8 12 6 6
79 58 112 9 4 4 5 86
77 57 111 10 13 4 85
75 57 110 14 5 7 5 7 84
73 56 109 11 5 6 83
70 55 108 12 15 6 8 6 82
68 55 107 13 16 8 81
66 54 106 14 7 9 7 6 80
63 53 105 15 17 8 9 7 79
61 53 104 16 18 10 8 78
58 52 103 17 9 7 8 77
55 51 102 18 19 10 11 9 10 76
53 51 101 19 20 11 10 8 75
50 50 100 20-21 21 12 11 9 74
47 49 99 22 22 12 11 9 73
45 49 98 23 13 13 12 12 10 72
42 48 97 24 23 14 14 13 10 71
39 47 96 25-26 24 15 13 11 69-70
37 47 95 27 25 16 15 14 11 68
34 46 94 28 26 17 16 15 14 12 67
32 45 93 29-30 27 18 17 16 15 12 65-66
30 45 92 31 28 19 17 13 64
27 44 91 32-33 29 20-21 18 18 16 14 13 63
25 43 90 34 30 22 19 19 17 61-62
23 43 89 35-36 31 23 20 20 15 14 60
21 42 88 37 32 24 21 21 18 16 58-59
19 41 87 38-39 33 25-26 22 22 19 15 57
18 41 86 40 34-35 27 23 23 17 16 55-56
16 40 85 41-42 36 28-29 24 24 20 18 54
14 39 84 43-44 37 30 25 25-26 21 19 17 52-53
13 39 83 45 38 31-32 26 27 22 20 18 51
12 38 82 46-47 39 33 27 28 23 49-50
10 37 81 48-49 40-41 34-35 28 29 24 21 19 47-48
9 37 80 50-51 42 36 29 30-31 22 20 46
8 36 79 52 43 37-38 30 32 25 23 44-45
7 35 78 53-54 44 39-40 31 33 26 24 21 42-43
6 35 77 55-56 45-46 41-42 32 34-35 27 25 22 40-41
5 34 76 57-58 47 43 33-34 36 28 26 39
5 33 75 59-60 48-49 44-45 35 37-38 29 27 23 37-38
4 33 74 61-62 50 46-47 36 39 30 28 24 35-36
4 32 73 63 51 48-49 37 40 31 29 25 33-34
3 31 72 64-65 52-53 50-51 38-39 41-42 32 30 26 31-32
3 31 71 66-67 54 52-53 40 43-44 33 31 29-30
2 30 70 68-69 55-56 54-55 41 45 34 32 27 27-28
2 29 69 70-71 57 56-57 42-43 46-47 35 33 28 25-26
2 29 68 72-73 58-59 58-59 44 48 36 34 29 23-24
1 28 67 74-75 60 60-61 45-46 49-50 37 35 30 22
1 27 66 76-77 61-62 62-63 47 51 38 36 31 20-21
1 27 65 78-79 63 64-65 48 52-53 39-40 37 32 18-19
1 26 64 80-81 64-65 66-67 49-50 54 41 38 33 16-17
1 25 63 82-83 66 68-69 51 55-56 42 39 34 14-15
1 25 62 84-85 67-68 70-71 52 57-58 43 40-41 35 12-13
<1 24 61 86-87 69 72-73 53-54 59 44 42 36 10-11
<1 23 60 88-89 70-71 74-75 55 60-61 45 43 37 8-9
<I 23 59 90-91 72 76 56-57 62 46 44 38 5-7
<1 22 58 92 73-74 77-78 58 63-64 47 45 39 3-4
<1 21 57 93-94 75-76 79-80 59 65 48 46 40 1-2
<1 21 56 95-96 77 81-82 60-61 66-67 49 47 41 0
<1 20 55 97-98 78-79 83-84 62 68 50-51 48 42
<1 <20 <55 99-128 80-100 85-126 63-100 69-94 52-100 49-128 43-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-13 0-2 <:-1.50 >16 t"'i

11-16 4-5 14-16 -1.51 to -3.70 11-16 Q..
=
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6-10
2-5
~1
2-3
1
0
17-19
20-129
3

4-21
-3.71 to -7.00
-7.01 to -23.09
~-23.10
6-10
2-5
~1 -=....
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Table D36 tr:I
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Age: 50 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 59 Years 11 Months 30 Days C". Q
0 b
Education: 16 Years Through 17 Years =
.... l
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Raw scores t'D ....
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent "1
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Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142
>99 77 141
>99 77 140
>99 76 139
99 75 138
99 75 137
99 74 136
99 73 135
99 73 134 0 0
99 72 133
98 71 132
98 71 131
98 70 130
97 69 129 0
97 69 128
96 68 127 2 0 100
96 67 126
95 67 125 3 99
95 66 124
94 65 123 98
93 65 122 4
92 64 121 2 97
91 63 120 5 96
90 63 119 0
88 62 118 6 2 2 95
87 61 117 0 3 94
86 61 116 1 7
84 60 115 93
82 59 114 2 8 3 0 3 92
81 59 113 3 4 91
79 58 112 4 9 0 2
77 57 111 4 4 90
75 57 110 5 10 5 89
73 56 109 6 11 5 2 3 88
70 55 108 7 2 87
68 55 107 8 12 3 6 5 86
66 54 106 9 13 3 6 4 85
63 53 105 10 4 4 84
61 53 104 11 14 7 5 7 5 6 83
58 52 103 12 15 5 82
55 51 102 13 16 6 8 6 8 7 81
53 51 101 14 7 6 80
50 50 100 15-16 17 8 9 7 9 79
47 49 99 17 18 10 8 7 8 78
45 49 98 18 19 9 9 10 77
42 48 97 19 20 10 11 8 9 75-76
39 47 96 20 21 11 12 10 11 9 74
37 47 95 21-22 22 12 II 73
34 46 94 23 23 13 i3 12 12 10 10 72
32 45 93 24-25 24 14 14 i3 70-71
30 45 92 26 25 15 15 14 13 11 11 69
27 44 91 27 26 16-17 15 14 12 67-68
25 43 90 28-29 27 18 16 16 12 66
23 43 89 30 28 19 17 17 15 13 i3 65
21 42 88 31-32 29 20 18 18 16 14 63-64
19 41 87 33-34 30 21-22 19 19 17 14 62
18 41 86 35 31 23 20 20 15 60-61
16 40 85 36-37 32 24-25 21 21 18 16 15 59
14 39 84 38-39 33 26 22 22 19 17 57-58
13 39 83 40 34-35 27-28 23 23-24 20 18 16 55-56
12 38 82 41-42 36 29 24 25 21 17 54
10 37 81 43-44 37 30-31 25 26 19 52-53
9 37 80 45 38 32-33 26 27 22 20 18 50-51
8 36 79 46-47 39-40 34 27 28-29 23 21 19 49
7 35 78 48-49 41 35-36 28-29 30 24 22 20 47-48
6 35 77 50-51 42 37-38 30 31-32 25 23 45-46
5 34 76 52-53 43-44 39-40 31 33 26 24 21 43-44
5 33 75 54-55 45 41 32 34 27 25 22 42
4 33 74 56 46 42-43 33 35-36 28 26 23 40-41
4 32 73 57-58 47-48 44-45 34-35 37 29 27 38-39
3 31 72 59-60 49 46-47 36 38-39 30 28 24 36-37
3 31 71 61-62 50-51 48-49 37 40 31 29 25 34-35
2 30 70 63-64 52 50-51 38-39 41-42 32 30 26 32-33
2 29 69 65-66 53-54 52-53 40 43 33 31 27 30-31
2 29 68 67-68 55 54-55 41 44-45 34 32 28 28-29
1 28 67 69-70 56-57 56-57 42-43 46-47 35 33 29 26-27
1 27 66 71-72 58 58-59 44 48 36 34 24-25
1 27 65 73-74 59-60 60-61 45-46 49-50 37 35 30 22-23
1 26 64 75-76 61 62-63 47 51 38 36 31 20-21
I 25 63 77-78 62-63 64-65 48 52-53 39-40 37 32 18-19
1 25 62 79-80 64 66-67 49-50 54 41 38-39 33 16-17
<1 24 61 81-82 65-66 68-69 51 55-56 42 40 34 14-15
<1 23 60 83-84 67 70-71 52-53 57-58 43 41 35 12-13
<1 23 59 85 68-69 72-73 54 59 44 42 36 10-11
<I 22 58 86-87 70-71 74-75 55 60-61 45 43 37 8-9
<I 21 57 88-89 72 76 56-57 62 46 44 38 6-7
<1 21 56 90-91 73-74 77-78 58 63-64 47 45 39 4-5
<1 20 55 92-93 75 79-80 59-60 65 48 46 40-41 2-3
<1 <20 <55 94-128 76-100 81-126 61-100 66-94 49-100 47-128 42-100 0-1

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-13 0-2 ~-1.50 >16 l"l

11-16 4-5 14-16 -1.51 to -3.70 11-16 Q.
=
6-10
2-5
:0;1
2-3
I
0
17-19
20-129
3

4-21
-3.71 to -7.00
-7.01 to -23.09
:0;-23.10
6-10
2-5
:0;1 -=
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Age: 50 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 59 Years 11 Months 30 Days C". Q
Q
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Education: Greater Than or Equal To 18 Years IV I
.... Ul

Raw scores
00
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....
to
~
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent en
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142
>99 77 141
>99 77 140
>99 76 139
99 75 138
99 75 137
99 74 136
99 73 135
99 73 134
99 72 133
98 71 132
98 71 131
98 70 130
97 69 129
97 69 128
96 68 127
96 67 126 0
95 67 125
95 66 124 0 0
94 65 123
93 65 122
92 64 121 2 100
91 63 120
90 63 119 3 99
88 62 118 0 98
87 61 117 4
86 61 116 97
84 60 115 5 2 2 96
82 59 114 0 95
81 59 113 6
79 58 112 0 2 94
77 57 111 1 7 3 3 93
75 57 110 2 8 92
73 56 109 3 3 0 91
70 55 108 4 9 4 2 90
68 55 107 5 10 0 4 4 89
66 54 106 6 1 5 88
63 53 105 7 11 5 2 3 87
61 53 104 8 12 2 5 86
58 52 103 9 13 3 6 3 6 4 85
55 51 102 10 4 6 84
53 51 101 11 14 4 7 7 5 83
50 50 100 12 15 5 5 82
47 49 99 13 16 6 8 6 8 6 7 81
45 49 98 14-15 17 7 9 7 80
42 48 97 16 8 9 7 8 79
39 47 96 17 18 9 10 8 77-78
37 47 95 18 19 10 11 9 10 8 9 76
34 46 94 19-20 20 11 10 75
32 45 93 21 21 12 12 11 II 9 10 73-74
30 45 92 22-23 22 13 13 12 12 10 72
27 44 91 24 23 14 14 13 11 71
25 43 90 25-26 24 15 15 14 13 11 69-70
23 43 89 27 25 16-17 15 14 12 12 68
21 42 88 28-29 26 18 16 16 66-67
19 41 87 30 27-28 19 17 17 15 13 13 65
18 41 86 31-32 29 20-21 18 18 16 14 63-64
16 40 85 33 30 22 19 19 17 15 14 62
14 39 84 34-35 31 23-24 20 20 15 60-61
13 39 83 36-37 32 25 21 21 18 16 59
12 38 82 38-39 33 26-27 22 22-23 19 17 16 57-58
10 37 81 40 34-35 28 23 24 20 18 17 55-56
9 37 80 41-42 36 29-30 24 25 21 19 54
8 36 79 43-44 37 31-32 25-26 26-27 22 20 18 52-53
7 35 78 45-46 38-39 33 27 28 23 21 19 50-51
6 35 77 47 40 34-35 28 29 24 22 48-49
5 34 76 48-49 41 36-37 29 30-31 25 23 20 47
5 33 75 50-51 42-43 38-39 30 32 24 21 45-46
4 33 74 52-53 44 40-41 31-32 33-34 26 25 22 43-44
4 32 73 54-55 45 42-43 33 35 27 26 41-42
3 31 72 56-57 46-47 44 34 36-37 28 27 23 39-40
3 31 71 58-59 48 45-46 35-36 38 29-30 28 24 37-38
2 30 70 60-61 49-50 47-48 37 39-40 31 29 25 35-36
2 29 69 62-63 51 49-50 38 41 32 30 26 33-34
2 29 68 64-65 52-53 51-52 39-40 42-43 33 31 27 31-32
1 28 67 66-67 54 53-54 41 44 34 32 28 29-30
1 27 66 68-69 55-56 55-56 42 45-46 35 33 29 27-28
1 27 65 70-71 57 57-58 43-44 47-48 36 34 26
I 26 64 72 58-59 59-60 45 49 37 35 30 24-25
I 25 63 73-74 60 61-62 46-47 50-51 38 36 31 22-23
1 25 62 75-76 61-62 63-64 48 52 39 37 32 19-21
<1 24 61 77-78 63 65-66 49 53-54 40 38 33 17-18
<1 23 60 79-80 64-65 67-68 50-51 55 41 39 34 15-16
<1 23 59 81-82 66-67 69-70 52 56-57 42-43 40-41 35 13-14
<1 22 58 83-84 68 71-72 53-54 58-59 44 42 36 11-12
<1 21 57 85-86 69-70 73-74 55 60 45 43 37 9-10
<1 21 56 87-88 71 75-76 56 61-62 46 44 38-39 7-8
<1 20 55 89-90 72-73 77-78 57-58 63 47 45 40 5-6
<1 <20 <55 91-128 74-100 79-126 59-100 64-94 48-100 46-128 41-100 0-4

Raw scores

Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 6 10-13 0-2 :2:-1.50 >16

11-16 4-5 14-16 -1.51 to -3.70 11-16 t"i
~
6-10 2-3 17-19 3 -3.71 to -7.00 6-10 c:
2-5 1 20-129 -7.01 to -23.09 2-5 ~
~
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$1 0 4-21 $-23.10 $1 Q;
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00
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Age: 60 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 64 Years 11 Months 30 Days 0'.
0
c
b
Education: Less Than or Equal To 8 Years =
1/\ I 0\
OIl

Raw scores
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....
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........""",
'1

Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-10 0-13 0-7 0-8 0-6 0-7 0-5 0-4 86-100
>99 80 145 7
>99 79 144 11 8
>99 79 143 5 85
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 12 14
>99 77 140 6 84
>99 76 139 8
99 75 138 9
99 75 137 13 15 83
99 74 136 9 8
99 73 135 14 82
99 73 134 16 6
99 72 133 81
98 71 132 15 9
98 71 131 17 10 10 7
98 70 130 16 9 80
97 69 129
97 69 128 17 18 79
96 68 127 7 78
96 67 126 18 11 11 10 10
95 67 125 19 8 77
95 66 124 19
94 65 123 20 12 76
93 65 122 20 12 11 75
92 64 121 21 II 8
91 63 120 21 13 9 74
90 63 119 22 22 13 12 73
88 62 118 23
87 61 117 23 14 12 9 72
86 61 116 24 14 13 10 71
84 60 115 25 24 15 70
82 59 114 26 14 13
81 59 113 25 16 15 10 69
79 58 112 27 15 11 68
77 57 111 28 26 17 16 14 67
75 57 110 29 27 18 16 66
73 56 109 30 17 15 12 11 65
70 55 108 31 28 19 17 64
68 55 107 32 29 20 18 13 63
66 54 106 33 30 18 16 12 62
63 53 105 34 21 19 19 61
61 53 104 35 31 22 17 14 60
58 52 103 36 32 23 20 20 13 59
55 51 102 37-38 33 24 21 21 18 15 58
53 51 101 39 34 25 19 57
50 50 100 40 26 22 22 16 14 55-56
47 49 99 41 35 27 23 23 20 54
45 49 98 42-43 36 28 24 24 17 15 53
42 48 97 44 37 29 25 25 21 52
39 47 96 45 38 30 26 22 18 50-51
37 47 95 46-47 39 31 26 27 16 49
34 46 94 48 40 32-33 27 28 23 19 48
32 45 93 49-50 41 34 28 29 24 20 17 46-47
30 45 92 51 42 35 29 30 25 45
27 44 91 52-53 43 36-37 30 31 21 18 43-44
25 43 90 54 44 38 31 32 26 22 42
23 43 89 55-56 45-46 39-40 32 33 27 19 40-41
21 42 88 57-58 47 41 33 34-35 28 23 39
19 41 87 59 48 42-43 34 36 29 24 20 37-38
18 41 86 60-61 49 44 35-36 37 30 21 35-36
16 40 85 62-63 50 45-46 37 38-39 31 25 34
14 39 84 64 51-52 47-48 38 40 32 26 22 32-33
13 39 83 65-66 53 49-50 39 41 33 27 30-31
12 38 82 67-68 54 51-52 40-41 42-43 34 28 23 29
10 37 81 69-70 55-56 53-54 42 44 35 29 24 27-28
9 37 80 71-72 57 55-56 43 45-46 36 25-26
8 36 79 73-74 58 57-58 44-45 47-48 37 30 25 23-24
7 35 78 75-76 59-60 59-60 46 49 38 31 26 21-22
6 35 77 77-78 61 61-62 47-48 50-51 39 32 20
5 34 76 79-80 62-63 63-64 49 52 40 33 27 18-19
5 33 75 81-82 64 65-66 50-51 53-54 41 34 28 16-17
4 33 74 83-84 65 67-68 52 55-56 42-43 35 29 14-15
4 32 73 85-86 66-67 69-70 53-54 57-58 44 36 12-13
3 31 72 87-88 68-69 71-73 55 59 45 37 30 10-11
3 31 71 89-90 70 74-75 56-57 60-61 46 38 31 8-9
2 30 70 91-92 71-72 76-77 58-59 62-63 47 39 32 6-7
2 29 69 93-94 73 78-80 60 64-65 48-49 40 33 4-5
2 29 68 95-96 74-75 81-82 61-62 66-67 50 41 34 2-3
1 28 67 97-98 76 83-84 63-64 68 51 42 0-1
1 27 66 99-100 77-78 85-87 65 69-70 52-53 43 35
1 27 65 101-102 79-80 88-89 66-67 71-72 54 44 36
1 26 64 103-104 81 90-91 68-69 73-74 55 45-46 37
1 25 63 105-106 82-83 92-94 70-71 75-76 56-57 47 38
1 25 62 107-108 84-85 . 95-96 72 77-78 58 48 39
<1 24 61 109-110 86 97-99 73-74 79 59 49 40
<1 23 60 111-113 87-88 100-101 75-76 80-81 60-61 50 41
<1 23 59 114-115 89-90 102-103 77-78 82-83 62 51 42
<1 22 58 116-117 91 104-105 79 84-85 63 52 43
<1 21 57 118-119 92-93 106-108 80-81 86-87 64-65 53 44
<1 21 56 120-121 94-95 109-110 82-83 88 66 54 45
<1 20 55 122-123 96 111-112 84 89-90 67 55 46
<1 <20 <55 124-128 97-100 113-126 85-100 91-94 68-100 56-128 47-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 3-6 10-13 0-2 :2:-11.70 >16

11-16 14-19 3 -11.71 to -13.20 11-16
t"l
6-10 1-2 20-21 4 -13.21 to -15.20 6-10 Q.
= ~>
2-5
:0;1 0
22-37
38-129 5-21
-15.21 to-16.10
:0;-16.11
2-5
:0;1
-
r>
~

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C
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00 I
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....
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Table D39 trl
Q..
c:
r'>
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Age: 60 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 64 Years 11 Months 30 Days Q: Q
0 b
Education: 9 Years Through 11 Years =
........ 1
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....
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Raw scores ~
~
....
~
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent 00

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-3 0-8 0-2 0-4 0-2 0-4 0-2 0-2 93-100
>99 80 145 4 3 92
>99 79 144 3
>99 79 143 3 3
>99 78 142 9 91
>99 77 141 5 5 5
>99 77 140
>99 76 139 90
99 75 138 6 10
99 75 137 89
99 74 136
99 73 135 7 11 4 4 4
99 73 134 4 88
99 72 133 8 6 6
98 71 132 87
98 71 131 12
98 70 130 9 5 86
97 69 129 5
97 69 128 10 13 7 5 85
96 68 127 7 5
96 67 126 11 14 6 84
95 67 125 6
95 66 124 12 83
94 65 123 15 8 82
93 65 122 13 7 8 6 6
92 64 121 14 16 7 81
91 63 120 8 9 80
90 63 119 15 17
88 62 118 16 8 9 79
87 61 117 18 9 10 7 7 78
86 61 116 17 9
84 60 115 18 19 10 10 77
82 59 114 19 20 11 8 76
81 59 113 20 11 10 8 75
79 58 112 21 12 11 74
77 57 111 21 12 11 73
75 57 110 22 22 13 9 72
73 56 109 23 23 13 12 12 9
70 55 108 24 14 14 10 71
68 55 107 25 24 15 13 13 70
66 54 106 26 25 15 14 10 69
63 53 105 27 26 16 14 11 67-68
61 53 104 28 17 16 15 66
58 52 103 29-30 27 18 16 15 12 11 65
55 51 102 31 28 19 17 64
53 51 101 32 29 20 18 17 16 12 63
50 50 100 33 30 21 19 18 13 62
47 49 99 34 31 22 19 17 61
45 49 98 35-36 32 23 20 20 14 13 59-60
42 48 97 37 24 21 21 18 15 58
39 47 96 38 33 25 22 22 19 14 57
37 47 95 39-40 34 26 23 23 16 55-56
34 46 94 41 35 27 24 24 20 54
32 45 93 42-43 36 28-29 25 21 17 15 53
30 45 92 44 37-38 30 25 26 22 18 51-52
27 44 91 45-46 39 31 26 27 16 50
25 43 90 47 40 32-33 27 28 23 19 48-49
23 43 89 48-49 41 34 28-29 29 24 20 17 47
21 42 88 50-51 42 35-36 30 30 25 18 45-46
19 41 87 52 43 37-38 31 31-32 26 21 43-44
18 41 86 53-54 44 39 32 33 27 22 19 42
16 40 85 55-56 45-46 40-41 33 34 28 23 40-41
14 39 84 57-58 47 42-43 34 35-36 29 20 38-39
13 39 83 59 48 44-45 35-36 37 30 24 37
12 38 82 60-61 49 46 37 38-39 31 25 21 35-36
10 37 81 62-63 50-51 47-48 38 40 32 26 22 33-34
9 37 80 64-65 52 49-50 39-40 41-42 33 27 31-32
8 36 79 66-67 53-54 51-52 41 43 34 28 23 30
7 35 78 68-69 55 53-54 42-43 44-45 35 29 24 28-29
6 35 77 70-71 56 55-57 44 46-47 36 30 25 26-27
5 34 76 72-73 57-58 58-59 45-46 48 37 24-25
5 33 75 74-75 59 60-61 47 49-50 38 31 26 22-23
4 33 74 76-77 60-61 62-63 48-49 51-52 39-40 32 27 20-21
4 32 73 78-79 62 64-65 50 53 41 33 28 18-19
3 31 72 80-81 63-64 66-68 51-52 54-55 42 34 16-17
3 31 71 82-83 65 69-70 53 56-57 43 35 29 14-15
2 30 70 84-85 66-67 71-72 54-55 58-59 44-45 36 30 12-13
2 29 69 86-87 68 73-75 56-57 60-61 46 37-38 31 10-11
2 29 68 88-89 69-70 76-77 58 62 47 39 32 8-9
1 28 67 90-91 71-72 78-79 59-60 63-64 48 40 33 6-7
1 27 66 92-93 73 80-82 61-62 65-66 49-50 41 4-5
I 27 65 94-95 74-75 83-84 63-64 67-68 51 42 34 2-3
I 26 64 96-97 76-77 85-86 65 69-70 52 43 35 0-1
I 25 63 98-100 78 87-89 66-67 71-72 53-54 44 36
1 25 62 101-102 79-80 90-91 68-69 73 55 45 37
<1 24 61 103-104 81 92-93 70 74-75 56 46 38
<1 23 60 105-106 82-83 94-96 71-72 76-77 57-58 47 39
<I 23 59 107-108 84-85 97-98 73-74 78-79 59 48 40
<I 22 58 109-110 86 99-100 75-76 80-81 60-61 49 41
<I 21 57 111-112 87-88 101-103 77 82 62 50-51 42
<1 21 56 113-114 89-90 104-105 78-79 83-84 63 52 43
<1 20 55 115-116 91-92 106-107 80-81 85-86 64-65 53 44
<1 <20 <55 117-128 93-100 108-126 82-100 87-94 66-100 54-128 45-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 3-6 10-13 0-2 ~-11.70 >16

11-16 14-19 3 -11.71 to -13.20 11-16 t"'l
Q..
6-10 1-2 20-21 4 -13.21 to -15.20 6-10
2-5
$1 0
22-37
38-129 5-21
-15.21 to-16.1O
$-16.11
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$1 -
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Age: 60 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 64 Years 11 Months 30 Days
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Education: 12 Years ...... Q\
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent

'"
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-5 0-2 0 0-2 0-1 0-1 96-100

>99 80 145
>99 79 144 0
>99 79 143 6 3 2
>99 78 142 95
>99 77 141 0
>99 77 140
>99 76 139 3 94
99 75 138 7
99 75 137 2 2 93
99 74 136
99 73 135 8
99 73 134 3 4 3 92
99 72 133
98 71 132 4 9 4 91
98 71 131 2
98 70 130 5 90
97 69 129 10 2 3
97 69 128 6 5 89
96 68 127 5 4
96 67 126 7 11 3 88
95 67 125 3
95 66 124 8 87
94 65 123 12 6 4 6 4 86
93 65 122 9 4
92 64 121 13 5 85
91 63 120 10 84
90 63 119 11 14 5 7 5 7 5
88 62 118 83
87 61 117 12 15 6 6 6 82
86 61 116 13 8
84 60 115 14 16 8 6 81
82 59 114 15 17 7 7 80
81 59 113 8 9 7 79
79 58 112 16 18 8 9 78
77 57 111 17 9 10 7 77
75 57 110 18 19 9 10 76
73 56 109 19 20 10 11 8 8 75
70 55 108 20 11 10
68 55 107 21 21 12 11 74
66 54 106 22 22 12 11 9 9 73
63 53 105 23 23 13 13 12 12 71-72
61 53 104 24 14 14 70
58 52 103 25 24 15 13 13 10 10 69
55 51 102 26 25 15 14 68
53 51 101 27-28 26 16 16 15 14 11 67
50 50 100 29 27 17 11 66
47 49 99 30 28 18 17 16 15 12 65
45 49 98 31 29 19 18 17 16 12 63-64
42 48 97 32-33 30 20-21 19 18 13 62
39 47 96 34 22 19 17 61
37 47 95 35-36 31 23 20 20 18 14 13 59-60
34 46 94 37 32 24 21 21 15 58
32 45 93 38-39 33-34 25 22 22 19 14 57
30 45 92 40 35 26-27 23 23 20 16 55-56
27 44 91 41-42 36 28 24 24 21 17 15 54
25 43 90 43 37 29-30 25 25 22 52-53
23 43 89 44-45 38 31 26 26-27 18 16 51
21 42 88 46 39 32-33 27 28 23 19 49-50
19 41 87 47-48 40 34 28-29 29 24 17 47-48
18 41 86 49-50 41 35-36 30 30 25 20 46
16 40 85 51-52 42-43 37-38 31 31-32 26 21 18 44-45
14 39 84 53 44 39-40 32 33 27 22 19 42-43
13 39 83 54-55 45 41 33 34-35 28 23 41
12 38 82 56-57 46-47 42-43 34-35 36 29 20 39-40
10 37 81 58-59 48 44-45 36 37-38 30 24 21 37-38
9 37 80 60-61 49 46-47 37 39 31 25 35-36
8 36 79 62-63 50-51 48-49 38-39 40-41 32 26 22 34
7 35 78 64-65 52 50-51 40 42 33 27 23 32-33
6 35 77 66-67 53 52-53 41-42 43-44 34 28 30-31
5 34 76 68-69 54-55 54-55 43 45-46 35-36 29 24 28-29
5 33 75 70-71 56 56-58 44-45 47 37 30 25 26-27
4 33 74 72-73 57-58 59-60 46 48-49 38 31 26 24-25
4 32 73 74-75 59 61-62 47-48 50-51 39 32 22-23
3 31 72 76-77 60-61 63-64 49-50 52-53 40 33 27 20-21
3 31 71 78-79 62 65-67 51 54 41-42 34 28 18-19
2 30 70 80-81 63-64 68-69 52-53 55-56 43 35 29 16-17
2 29 69 82-83 65 70-71 54 57-58 44 36 30 14-15
2 29 68 84-85 66-67 72-74 55-56 59-60 45 37 31 12-13
1 28 67 86-87 68-69 75-76 57-58 61-62 46-47 38 10-11
1 27 66 88-89 70 77-78 59-60 63 48 39 32 8-9
I 27 65 90-91 71-72 79-81 61 64-65 49 40 33 6-7
I 26 64 92-93 73-74 82-83 62-63 66-67 50-51 41 34 3-5
I 25 63 94-95 75 84-85 64-65 68-69 52 42 35 1-2
1 25 62 96-97 76-77 86-88 66 70-71 53 43 36 0
<1 24 61 98-99 78-79 89-90 67-68 72-73 54-55 44-45 37
<1 23 60 100-101 80 91-93 69-70 74 56 46 38
<I 23 59 102-104 81-82 94-95 71-72 75-76 57 47 39
<I 22 58 105-106 83-84 96-97 73 77-78 58-59 48 40
<I 21 57 107-108 85 98-99 74-75 79-80 60 49 41
<I 21 56 109-110 86-87 100-102 76-77 81-82 61 50 42
<I 20 55 111-112 88-89 103-104 78 83 62-63 51 43
<1 <20 <55 113-128 90-100 105-126 79-100 84-94 64-100 52-128 44-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 3-6 10-13 0-2 ~-I1.7O >16

11-16 14-19 3 -11.71 to -13.20 11-16
6-10 1-2 20-21 4 -13.21 to-15.20 6-10 t"'i
2-5 22-37 -15.21 to -16.10 2-5
Q..
>
:S;I 0 38-129 5-21 :S;-16.ll :S;I =
t"l
~
IJ'Cl
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0
Q\
Q

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u. Table D41 l"'i
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~
N
=
I'l
~
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Age: 60 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 64 Years 11 Months 30 Days
r
Q
~
0
Education: 13 Years Through 15 Years =
......
t.- 0\
,!... ,
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......
U1
Raw scores '<
......
t'I>
~
Total Percent Percent Percent Percent ""l

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual '"

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-3 0 0-1 0 0-1 99-100

>99 80 145 I
>99 79 144 4 98
>99 79 143
>99 78 142 2
>99 77 141 97
>99 77 140
>99 76 139 5
99 75 138 96
99 75 137
99 74 136 0 6 2 2 95
99 73 135
99 73 134 0 3
99 72 133 94
98 71 132 7
98 71 131 2 93
98 70 130 3
97 69 129 8 0 2 3 92
97 69 128 3
96 68 127 9 4 91
96 67 126 4
95 67 125 5 4 90
95 66 124 10 2 89
94 65 123 6 3 4
93 65 122 11 2 5 88
92 64 121 7 5 3
91 63 120 8 12 87
90 63 119 3 4 86
88 62 118 9 13 6 4 6 5 85
87 61 117 10 4
86 61 116 14 84
84 60 liS II 5 7 5 7 5 83
82 59 114 12 15 6 82
81 59 113 13 6 8 6 81
79 58 112 14 16 8 6
77 57 111 15 17 7 7 80
75 57 110 9 7 79
73 56 109 16 18 8 8 9 7 78
70 55 108 17 19 9 10 77
68 55 107 18 9 10 8 76
66 54 106 19 20 10 11 8 75
63 53 105 20 21 11 12 10 11 74
61 53 104 21-22 22 12 11 9 73
58 52 103 23 13 13 12 12 9 72
55 51 102 24 23 14 71
53 51 101 25 24 14 13 13 10 10 69-70
50 50 100 26 25 15 15 14 68
47 49 99 27-28 26 16 16 15 14 11 67
45 49 98 29 27 17-18 16 15 II 66
42 48 97 30 28 19 17 12 64-65
39 47 96 31-32 29 20 18 17 16 12 63
37 47 95 33 30 21 19 18 17 13 62
34 46 94 34-35 31 22 20 19 14 13 60-61
32 45 93 36 32 23-24 21 20 18 59
30 45 92 37-38 33 25 22 21-22 19 15 14 57-58
27 44 91 39 34 26 23 23 20 16 56
25 43 90 40-41 35 27-28 24 24 15 55
23 43 89 42 36 29 25 25 21 17 53-54
21 42 88 43-44 37 30-31 26 26 22 18 16 51-52
19 41 87 45-46 38 32 27 27-28 23 50
18 41 86 47 39-40 33-34 28 29 24 19 17 48-49
16 40 85 48-49 41 35-36 29-30 30 25 20 47 .
14 39 84 50-51 42 37-38 31 31-32 26 21 18 45-46
13 39 83 52-53 43 39 32 33 27 22 19 43-44
12 38 82 54-55 44-45 40-41 33 34-35 28 41-42
10 37 81 56 46 42-43 34-35 36 29 23 20 40
9 37 80 57-58 47 44-45 36 37-38 30 24 21 38-39
8 36 79 59-60 48-49 46-47 37-38 39 31 25 36-37
7 35 78 61-62 50 48-49 39 40-41 32 26 22 34-35
6 35 77 63-64 51-52 50-51 40 42 33 27 23 32-33
5 34 76 65-66 53 52-54 41-42 43-44 34 28 30-31
5 33 75 67-68 54-55 55-56 43 45-46 35-36 29 24 28-29
4 33 74 69-70 56 57-58 44-45 47 37 30 25 26-27
4 32 73 71-72 57-58 59-60 46-47 48-49 38 31 26 24-25
3 31 72 73-74 59 61-62 48 50-51 39 32 22-23
3 31 71 75-76 60-61 63-65 49-50 52-53 40 33 27 20-21
2 30 70 77-78 62 66-67 51 54-55 41-42 34 28 18-19
2 29 69 79-80 63-64 68-69 52-53 56 43 35 29 16-17
2 29 68 81-82 65 70-72 54-55 57-58 44 36 30 14-15
1 28 67 83-84 66-67 73-74 56 59-60 45-46 37 31 12-13
1 27 66 85-87 68-69 75-76 57-58 61-62 47 38 32 10-11
I 27 65 88-89 70 77-79 59-60 63-64 48 39 33 8-9
I 26 64 90-91 71-72 80-81 61-62 65-66 49-50 40 6-7
1 25 63 92-93 73 82-84 63 67 51 41 34 4-5
1 25 62 94-95 74-75 85-86 64-65 68-69 52 42 35 2-3
<1 24 61 96-97 76-77 87-88 66-67 70-71 53-54 43-44 36 0-1
<1 23 60 98-99 78 89-91 68-69 72-73 55 45 37
<I 23 59 100-101 79-80 92-93 70 74-75 56 46 38
<I 22 58 102-103 81-82 94-95 71-72 76 57-58 47 39
<1 21 57 104-105 83 96-97 73-74 77-78 59 48 40
<1 21 56 106-107 84-85 98-100 75 79-80 60 49 41
<1 20 55 108-109 86-87 101-102 76-77 81-82 61-62 50 42
<1 <20 <55 110-128 88-100 103-126 78-100 83-94 63-100 51-128 43-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 3-6 10-13 0-2 ~-11.70 >16 t"'i

11-16 14-19 3 -11.71 to -13.20 11-16 Q..

-
-13.21 to -15.20 C
6-10 1-2 20-21 4 6-10
2-5 22-37 -15.21 to -16.10 2-5 '"' CJCi>
~

$1 0 38-129 5-21 $-16.11 $1 o

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Table D42 Q..
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Age: 60 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 64 Years 11 Months 30 Days Q" b
Q

Education: 16 Years Through 17 Years C'I

I
9'
.... """,
Raw scores -...I ........
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~
~
Total Percent Percent Percent Percent "'l
rJl
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142 0
>99 77 141 0
>99 77 140
>99 76 139
99 75 138
99 75 137 2
99 74 136 100
99 73 135
99 73 134 3 99
99 72 133
98 71 132 98
98 71 131 4 0
98 70 130 97
97 69 129 0
97 69 128 5 96
96 68 127 2
96 67 126 2 95
95 67 125 6
95 66 124 0 94
94 65 123 1 7
93 65 122 2 3 93
92 64 121 2 8 3 92
91 63 120 0
90 63 119 3 9 3 2 91
88 62 118 4 4 90
87 61 117 5 10 0 89
86 61 116 4 4
84 60 liS 6 11 2 5 3 88
82 59 114 7 87
81 59 113 8 12 2 5 86
79 58 112 9 3 6 4 5 85
77 57 111 13 3 6 84
75 57 110 10 14 4 4
73 56 109 11 7 5 7 5 6 83
70 55 108 12 15 5 82
68 55 107 13 16 6 8 6 8 81
66 54 106 14 17 6 80
63 53 105 15 7 9 7 9 7 79
61 53 104 16-17 18 8 10 8 7 78
58 52 103 18 19 9 10 76-77
55 51 102 19 20 10 11 9 8 75
53 51 101 20 21 II 12 10 II 8 74
50 50 100 21 12 11 9 73
47 49 99 22-23 22 13 13 12 12 9 72
45 49 98 24 23 14 14 70-71
42 48 97 25 24 15 15 13 13 10 10 69
39 47 96 26-27 25 16 14 14 II 68
 37 47 95 28 26 17 16 15 II 66-67
34 46 94 29 27 18 17 16 15 12 65
32 45 93 30-31 28 19-20 18 17 16 12 64
30 45 92 32 29 21 19 18 17 13 62-63
27 44 91 33-34 30 22 20 19-20 14 13 61
25 43 90 35-36 31 23-24 21 21 18 59-.60
23 43 89 37 32-33 25 22 22 19 15 14 58
21 42 88 38-39 34 26-27 23 23 20 16 56-57
19 41 87 40-41 35 28-29 24 24 21 15 55
18 41 86 42 36 30 25-26 25-26 22 17 53-54
16 40 85 43-44 37 31-32 27 27 23 18 16 51-52
14 39 84 45-46 38-39 33-34 28 28 24 19 17 50
13 39 83 47-48 40 35-36 29 29-30 25 20 48-49
12 38 82 49 41 37 30-31 31 26 18 46-47
10 37 81 50-51 42-43 38-39 32 32-33 27 21 19 44-45
9 37 80 52-53 44 40-41 33 34 28 22 43
8 36 79 54-55 45 42-43 34-35 35-36 29 23 20 41-42
7 35 78 56-57 46-47 44-45 36 37-38 30 24 21 39-40
6 35 77 58-59 48 46-48 37-38 39 31 25 37-38
5 34 76 60-61 49-50 49-50 39 40-41 32 26 22 35-36
5 33 75 62-63 51 51-52 40-41 42-43 33 27 23 33-34
4 33 74 64-65 52 53-54 42 44 34-35 28 24 31-32
4 32 73 66-67 53-54 55-56 43-44 45-46 36 29 29-30
3 31 72 68-69 55-56 57-59 45 47-48 37 30 25 27-28
3 31 71 70-71 57 60-61 46-47 49-50 38 31 26 25-26
2 30 70 72-73 58-59 62-63 48-49 51 39-40 32 27 23-24
2 29 69 74-75 60 64-66 50 52-53 41 33 28 21-22
2 29 68 76-77 61-62 67-68 51-52 54-55 42 34 19-20
1 28 67 78-79 63 69-70 53-54 56-57 43 35 29 17-18
1 27 66 80-81 64-65 71-73 55 58-59 44-45 36 30 15-16
I 27 65 82-83 66-67 74-75 56-57 60-61 46 37 31 13-14
1 26 64 84-86 68 76-77 58-59 62 47 38 32 11-12
1 25 63 87-88 69-70 78-80 60-61 63-64 48-49 39 33 8-10
1 25 62 89-90 71-72 81-82 62 65-66 50 40 34 6-7
<1 24 61 91-92 73 83-84 63-64 67-68 51 41-42 35 4-5
<1 23 60 93-94 74-75 85-87 65-66 69-70 52-53 43 36 2-3
<1 23 59 95-96 76-77 88-89 67-68 71-72 54 44 37 0-1
<I 22 58 97-98 78 90-91 69 73 55-56 45 38
<1 21 57 99-100 79-80 92-94 70-71 74-75 57 46 39
<1 21 56 101-102 81-82 95-96 72-73 76-77 58 47 40
<1 20 55 103-104 83 97-98 74 78-79 59-60 48 41
<1 <20 <55 105-128 84-100 99-126 75-100 80-94 61-100 49-128 42-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 3-6 10-13 0-2 ~-11.70 >16 t"'1

11-16 14-19 3 -11.71 to -13.20 11-16 Q..
6-10 1-2 20-21 4 -13.21 to -15.20 6-10 = >-
~
t'l
2-5 22-37 -15.21 to -16.10 2-5 :t. CJCi
::;1 0 38-129 5-21 ::;-16.11 ::;1 0 It>
=
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Table D43 Q. (ICl
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Age: 60 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 64 Years 11 Months 30 Days e;
0 b
Education: Greater Than or Equal To 18 Years =
IV ~
...... ...
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IX> ......
Raw scores '< ......
re
~
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rn
Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142
>99 77 141
>99 77 140
>99 76 139
99 75 138
99 75 137
99 74 136 0
99 73 135
99 73 134
99 72 133 0
98 71 132
98 71 131
98 70 130 0
97 69 129 2 100
97 69 128
96 68 127 3 99
96 67 126
95 67 125 98
95 66 124 4 97
94 65 123 0
93 65 122 5 0 96
92 64 121 2 95
91 63 120 6 2
90 63 119 0 94
88 62 118 7 93
87 61 117 1 3
86 61 116 2 8 2 3 92
84 60 115 3 91
82 59 114 9 3 0 2 90
81 59 113 4 4 89
79 58 112 5 10 0 4
77 57 111 6 11 4 5 3 88
75 57 110 7 1 2 87
73 56 109 8 12 2 5 5 86
70 55 108 9 13 3 6 4 85
68 55 107 10 3 6 4 84
66 54 106 11 14 4 7 7 6 83
63 53 105 12 15 5 5 5 82
61 53 104 13 16 8 6 8 81
58 52 103 14 17 6 6 7 80
55 51 102 15 7 9 7 9 78-79
53 51 101 16-17 18 8 10 8 7 77
50 50 100 18 19 9 9 10 8 76
47 49 99 19 20 10 11 8 75
45 49 98 20 21 11 12 10 11 9 74
42 48 97 21-22 22 12 13 11 12 9 72-73
39 47 96 23 23 13 14 12 71
37 47 95 24-25 24 14-15 13 13 10 10 70
34 46 94 26 25 16 IS 14 14 68-69
32 45 93 27-28 26 17 16 15 15 II II 67
30 45 92 29 27 18 17 16 12 65-66
27 44 91 30-31 28 19-20 18 17 16 12 64
25 43 90 32 29 21 19 18-19 17 13 62-63
23 43 89 33-34 30 22-23 20 20 18 14 13 61
21 42 88 35 31 24 21-22 21 19 59-60
19 41 87 36-37 32-33 25-26 23 22 15 14 58
18 41 86 38-39 34 27-28 24 23-24 20 16 56-57
16 40 85 40-41 35 29 25 25 21 17 15 54-55
14 39 84 42 36 30-31 26 26 22 16 53
13 39 83 43-44 37-38 32-33 27-28 27-28 23 18 51-52
12 38 82 45-46 39 34-35 29 29 24 19 17 49-50
10 37 81 47-48 40 36-37 30 30-31 25 20 18 48
9 37 80 49-50 41-42 38-39 31-32 32 26 21 46-47
8 36 79 51-52 43 40-41 33 33-34 27 22 19 44-45
7 35 78 53-54 44 42-43 34 35 28-29 23 20 42-43
6 35 77 55-56 45-46 44-45 35-36 36-37 30 24 40-41
5 34 76 57-58 47 46-47 37 38-39 31 25 21 38-39
5 33 75 59-60 48-49 48-49 38-39 40 32 26 22 36-37
4 33 74 61-62 50 50-51 40-41 41-42 33 23 34-35
4 32 73 63-64 51-52 52-54 42 43-44 34 27 32-33
3 31 72 65-66 53 55-56 43-44 45-46 35-36 28 24 30-31
3 31 71 67-68 54-55 57-58 45 47 37 29-30 25 28-29
2 30 70 69-70 56 59-61 46-47 48-49 38 31 26 26-27
2 29 69 71-72 57-58 62-63 48-49 50-51 39 32 27 24-25
2 29 68 73-74 59 64-65 50 52-53 40-41 33 28 22-23
1 28 67 75-76 60-61 66-68 51-52 54-55 42 34 20-21
1 27 66 77-78 62-63 69-70 53-54 56-57 43 35 29 18-19
1 27 65 79-80 64 71-72 55 58 44-45 36 30 16-17
I 26 64 81-82 65-66 73-75 56-57 59-60 46 37 31 14-15
I 25 63 83-84 67-68 76-77 58-59 61-62 47 38 32 12-13
1 25 62 85-86 69 78-79 60-61 63-64 48-49 39 33 9-11
<1 24 61 87-88 70-71 80-82 62 65-66 50 40 34 7-8
<1 23 60 89-90 72-73 83-84 63-64 67-68 51 41 35 5-6
<1 23 59 91-92 74 85-86 65-66 69 52-53 42 36 3-4
<1 22 58 93-94 75-76 87-89 67 70-71 54 43-44 37 1-2
<1 21 57 95-96 77-78 90-91 68-69 72-73 55 45 38 0
<1 21 56 97-98 79 92-93 70-71 74-75 56-57 46 39
<1 20 55 99-100 80-81 94-95 72-73 76-77 58 47 40
<1 <20 <55 101-128 82-100 96-126 74-100 78-94 59-100 48-128 41-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%ile Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %ile

>16 3-6 1O-I3 0-2 ~-11.70 >16

11-16 14-19 3 -11.71 to -13.20 11-16 t"i
Q.
6-10
2-5
1-2 20-21
22-37
4 -13.21 to-15.20
-15.21 to -16.10
6-10
2-5
=
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~I 0 38-129 5-21 ~-16.11 ~I ~ ~
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Age: 65 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 69 Years 11 Months 30 Days Q". Ul
0
::s b
Education: Less Than or Equal To 8 Years 1/\ b,
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Raw scores t!>
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-15 0-16 0-10 0-9 0-9 0-8 0-7 0-6 82-100
>99 80 145
>99 79 144 81
>99 79 143 16
>99 78 142 17
>99 77 141 9 80
>99 77 140 10
>99 76 139 17 11
99 75 138 18 10 8 79
99 75 137 7
99 74 136 18 78
99 73 135
99 73 134 19 19 10 77
99 72 133 12 11
98 71 132 11
98 71 131 20 20 76
98 70 130 9
97 69 129 21 13 8 7S
97 69 128 21 12 11 74
96 68 127 22 12
96 67 126 22 73
95 67 125 23 14
95 66 124 13 10 72
94 65 123 24 23 13 12 9 71
93 65 122 25 15
92 64 121 24 14 70
91 63 120 26 14 13 69
90 63 119 27 25 16 11
88 62 118 15 10 68
87 61 117 28 26 17 15 67
86 61 116 29 14 66
84 60 115 30 27 18 16 16 12
82 59 114 28 11 65
81 59 113 31 19 17 17 15 64
79 58 112 32 29 13 63
77 57 111 33 30 20 18 18 16 62
75 57 110 34 21 12 61
73 56 109 35 31 19 19 17 14 60
70 55 108 36 32 22 20 59
68 55 107 37 23 20 18 13 58
66 54 106 38 33 24 21 21 15 57
63 53 105 39 34 25 22 19 56
61 53 104 40 35 26 22 16 14 55
58 52 103 41 36 23 23 20 54
5S 51 102 42-43 27 24 53
53 51 101 44 37 28 24 25 21 17 15 51-52
50 50 100 45 38 29 25 22 50
47 49 99 46 39 30-31 26 26 18 49
45 49 98 47-48 40 32 27 27 23 19 16 48
42 48 97 49 41 33 28 28 24 46-47
39 47 96 50-51 42 34 29 29 20 17 45
37 47 95 52 43 35-36 30 30 25 43-44
34 46 94 53-54 44 37 31 31 26 21 18 42
32 45 93 55 45 38 32 32-33 27 41
30 45 92 56-57 46 39-40 33 34 28 22 39-40
27 44 91 58 47 41 34 35 23 19 38
25 43 90 59-60 48-49 42-43 35 36 29 36-37
23 43 89 61-62 50 44 36 37 30 24 20 34-35
21 42 88 63 51 45-46 37 38-39 31 25 21 33
19 41 87 64-65 52 47-48 38-39 40 32 26 31-32
18 41 86 66-67 53 49-50 40 41-42 33 22 30
16 40 85 68 54-55 51-52 41 43 34 27 28-29
14 39 84 69-70 56 53 42-43 44-45 35 28 23 26-27
13 39 83 71-72 57 54-55 44 46 36 29 24-25
12 38 82 73-74 58-59 56-57 45-46 47-48 37 30 24 22-23
10 37 81 75-76 60 58-60 47 49 38-39 25 21
9 37 80 77-78 61 61-62 48-49 50-51 40 31 19-20
8 36 79 79-80 62-63 63-64 50 52-53 41 32 26 17-18
7 35 78 81-82 64 65-66 51-52 54 42 33 27 15-16
6 35 77 83-84 65-66 67-68 53 55-56 43 34 13-14
5 34 76 85-86 67 69-71 54-55 57-58 44-45 35 28 11-12
5 33 75 87-88 68-69 72-73 56-57 59-60 46 36 29 9-10
4 33 74 89-90 70 74-75 58-59 61 47 37 30 7-8
4 32 73 91-92 71-72 76-78 60 62-63 48-49 38 5-6
3 31 72 93-94 73 79-80 61-62 64-65 50 39 31 3-4
3 31 71 95-96 74-75 81-83 63-64 66-67 51 40 32 1-2
2 30 70 97-98 76-77 84-85 65-66 68-69 52-53 41 33 0
2 29 69 99-100 78 86-88 67-68 70-71 54 42 34
2 29 68 101-103 79-80 89-90 69-70 72-73 55-56 43
1 28 67 104-105 81 91-93 71 74-75 57 44 35
1 27 66 106-107 82-83 94-95 72-73 76-77 58-59 45 36
1 27 65 108-109 84-85 96-98 74-75 78-79 60 46 37
1 26 64 110-111 86-87 99-101 76-77 80-81 61 47-48 38
1 25 63 112-113 88 102-103 78-79 82-83 62-63 49 39
1 25 62 114-115 89-90 104-106 80-81 84-85 64 50 40
<1 24 61 116-117 91-92 107-108 82-83 86-87 65-66 51 41
<1 23 60 118-120 93 109-111 84-85 88-89 67 52 42
<1 23 59 121-122 94-95 112-113 86-87 90-91 68-69 53 43
<1 22 58 123-124 96-97 114-116 88-89 92-93 70 54 44
<I 21 57 125-126 98-99 117-118 90-91 94 71-72 55 45
<1 21 56 127-128 100 119-120 92 73 56 46
<1 20 55 121-123 93-94 74-75 57 47
<1 <20 <55 124-126 95-100 76-100 58-128 48-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 2-6 10-32 0-1 ~-6.84 >16

11-16 1 33-36 2 -6.85 to -10.20 11-16
t"'l
6-10 37-76 3 -10.21 to -12.70 6-10 Q.
2-5 77-129 4-6 -12.71 to -21.00 2-5 => CICI
~1 0 7-21 ~-21.01 ~1 '"
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Table D45 trJ
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=
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Ql Q\
Age: 65 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 69 Years 11 Months 30 Days Q: Ul

Education: 9 Years Through 11 Years

Q
=
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-8 0-11 0-5 0-5 0-4 0-5 0-4 0-4 88-100
>99 80 145
>99 79 144 5
>99 79 143 9 12 6 6 87
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 5
>99 77 140 10 86
>99 76 139 13
99 75 138 6 5 85
99 75 137 11
99 74 136 7 6
99 73 135 14 7 84
99 73 134 12
99 72 133 83
98 71 132 13 15 7 6
98 71 131 7 82
98 70 130 8 6
97 69 129 14 16 8 81
97 69 128 8
96 68 127 15 80
96 67 126 17 9 8 7
95 67 125 16 9 79
95 66 124 17 18 9 7 78
94 65 123 9
93 65 122 18 19 10 10 77
92 64 121 8 76
91 63 120 19 20 10 10
90 63 119 20 11 11 8 75
88 62 118 21 21 74
87 61 117 12 11 11 9
86 61 116 22 22 12 73
84 60 115 23 13 12 72
82 59 114 24 23 13 12 9 71
81 59 113 24 14 13 10 70
79 58 112 25 14 69
77 57 111 26 25 15 14 13 68
75 57 110 27 26 16 15 11 10 67
73 56 109 28 15 14
70 5S 108 29 27 17 16 66
68 55 107 30 28 18 16 15 12 11 64-65
66 54 106 31 19 17 17 63
63 53 105 32 29 20 18 16 13 62
61 53 104 33-34 30 18 12 61
58 52 103 35 31 21 19 19 17 60
5S 51 102 36 32 22 20 20 14 59
53 51 101 37 33 23 21 18 13 58
50 50 100 38 24 21 19 15 56-57
47 49 99 39-40 34 25 22 22 14 55
45 49 98 41 35 26-27 23 23 20 16 54
42 48 97 42 36 28 24 24 21 53
39 47 96 43-44 37 29 25 25 17 15 51-52
37 47 95 45 38 30 26 26 22 18 50
34 46 94 46-47 39 31-32 27 27 23 16 48-49
32 45 93 48 40 33 28 28 24 19 47
30 45 92 49-50 41-42 34-35 29 29-30 25 17 45-46
27 44 91 51 43 36 30 31 26 20 44
25 43 90 52-53 44 37-38 31 32 21 18 42-43
23 43 89 54-55 45 39 32-33 33 27 41
21 42 88 56 46 40-41 34 34-35 28 22 19 39-40
19 41 87 57-58 47 42-43 35 36 29 23 38
18 41 86 59-60 48-49 44-45 36 37 30 24 20 36-37
16 40 85 61-62 50 46 37-38 38-39 31 34-35
14 39 84 63 51 47-48 39 40 32 25 21 32-33
13 39 83 64-65 52-53 49-50 40-41 41-42 33 26 22 31
12 38 82 66-67 54 51-52 42 43 34-35 27 29-30
10 37 81 68-69 55 53-54 43-44 44-45 36 28 23 27-28
9 37 80 70-71 56-57 55-57 45 46-47 37 29 25-26
8 36 79 72-73 58 58-59 46-47 48 38 30 24 23-24
7 35 78 74-75 59-60 60-61 48 49-50 39 31 25 21-22
6 35 77 76-77 61 62-63 49-50 51-52 40-41 26 19-20
5 34 76 78-79 62 64-66 51-52 53-54 42 32 17-18
5 33 75 80-81 63-64 67-68 53 55 43 33 27 15-16
4 33 74 82-83 65-66 69-70 54-55 56-57 44 34 28 13-14
4 32 73 84-85 67 71-73 56-57 58-59 45-46 35 29 11-12
3 31 72 86-87 68-69 74-75 58-59 60-61 47 36 9-10
3 31 71 88-89 70 76-78 60 62-63 48-49 37 30 7-8
2 30 70 90-92 71-72 79-80 61-62 64-65 50 38 31 5-6
2 29 69 93-94 73 81-83 63-64 66-67 51 39 32 3-4
2 29 68 95-96 74-75 84-85 65-66 68-69 52-53 40-41 33 1-2
1 28 67 97-98 76-77 86-88 67-68 70-71 54 42 0
1 27 66 99-100 78 89-90 69-70 72-73 55-56 43 34
I 27 65 101-102 79-80 91-93 71-72 74-75 57 44 35
I 26 64 103-104 81-82 94-95 73-74 76-77 58-59 45 36
I 25 63 105-106 83 96-98 75 78-79 60 46 37
1 25 62 107-109 84-85 99-100 76-77 80-81 61-62 47 38
<1 24 61 110-111 86-87 101-103 78-79 82 63 48 39
<1 23 60 112-113 88-89 104-106 80-81 83-84 64-65 49 40
<1 23 59 114-115 90 107-108 82-83 85-86 66 50 41
<I 22 58 116-117 91-92 109-110 84-85 87-88 67-68 51-52 42
<1 21 57 118-119 93-94 111-113 86-87 89-90 69 53 43
<1 21 56 120-121 95-96 114-115 88-89 91-92 70 54 44
<1 20 55 122-123 97 116-118 90-91 93-94 71-72 55 45
<1 <20 <55 124-128 98-100 119-126 92-100 73-100 56-128 46-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 2-6 10-32 0-1 ~-6.84 >16

11-16 I 33-36 2 -6.85 to -10.20 11-16 t"'1
~
6-10
2-5
37-76
77-129
3
4-6
-10.21 to -12.70
-12.71 to -21.00
6-10
2-5 = >
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$1 0 7-21 $-21.01 $1 e. ttl
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Table D46 l"l
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Age: 65 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 69 Years 11 Months 30 Days e.
0
U1
b
Education: 12 Years =l
......
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Raw scores ~ ......
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent

'"
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-4 0-8 0-1 0-3 0-2 0-3 0-3 0-3 92-100
>99 80 145 4
>99 79 144 2
>99 79 143 9 91
>99 78 142 5
>99 77 141 4
>99 77 140 90
>99 76 139 6 10 3
99 75 138 89
99 75 137 3 4
99 74 136 7 5
99 73 135 11 4 88
99 73 134 5
99 72 133 8 4 87
98 71 132 12
98 71 131 9 4 86
98 70 130 6
97 69 129 10 13 6 5 85
97 69 128 5 5
96 68 127 II 14 5 84
96 67 126
95 67 125 12 7 7 83
95 66 124 15 6 6 82
94 65 123 13 6
93 65 122 14 16 6 81
92 64 121 7 8 7 8 80
91 63 120 15 17
90 63 119 16 8 79
88 62 118 18 9 8 7 7 78
87 61 117 17 9
86 61 116 18 19 9 10 77
84 60 115 19 9 76
82 59 114 20 10 10 8 8 75
81 59 113 20 21 11 11 10 74
79 58 112 21 11 73
77 57 111 22 22 12 12 11 9 72
75 57 110 23 23 9 71
73 56 109 24 13 13 12 12 70
70 55 108 25 24 14 14 13 10 69
68 55 107 26 25 15 13 10 68
66 54 106 27 15 14 67
63 53 105 28 26 16 15 14 11 66
61 53 104 29 27 17 16 65
58 52 103 30 28 18 17 16 15 12 11 64
55 51 102 31-32 29 19 18 17 16 63
53 51 101 33 30 20 18 13 12 62
50 50 100 34 31 21 19 19 17 60-61
47 49 99 35 22 20 20 18 14 59
45 49 98 36-37 32 23 21 13 58
42 48 97 38 33 24-25 22 21 19 15 57
39 47 96 39-40 34 26 23 22 20 14 55-56
37 47 95 41 35 27 24 23-24 16 54
34 46 94 42-43 36 28-29 25 25 21 17 52-53
32 45 93 44 37 30 26 26 22 15 51
30 45 92 45-46 38-39 31 27 27 23 18 49-50
27 44 91 47 40 32-33 28 28 24 16 48
25 43 90 48-49 41 34-35 29 29 25 19 46-47
23 43 89 50 42 36 30 30-31 26 20 17 45
21 42 88 51-52 43 37-38 31-32 32 27 21 18 43-44
19 41 87 53-54 44 39-40 33 33 28 41-42
18 41 86 55-56 45-46 41 34 34-35 29 22 19 40
16 40 85 57 47 42-43 35 36 30 23 38-39
14 39 84 58-59 48 44-45 36-37 37-38 31 24 20 36-37
13 39 83 60-61 49-50 46-47 38 39 32 35
12 38 82 62-63 51 48-49 39-40 40-41 33 25 21 33-34
10 37 81 64-65 52 50-51 41 42 34 26 22 31-32
9 37 80 66-67 53-54 52-53 42-43 43-44 35 27 29-30
8 36 79 68-69 55 54-56 44 45-46 36 28 23 27-28
7 35 78 70-71 56-57 57-58 45-46 47 37-38 29 24 25-26
6 35 77 72-73 58 59-60 47-48 48-49 39 30 23-24
5 34 76 74-75 59-60 61-62 49 50-51 40 31 25 21-22
5 33 75 76-77 61 63-65 50-51 52-53 41 32 26 19-20
4 33 74 78-79 62-63 66-67 52-53 54-55 42-43 33 27 17-18
4 32 73 80-81 64 68-69 54 56 44 34 15-16
3 31 72 82-83 65-66 70-72 55-56 57-58 45 35 28 13-14
3 31 71 84-85 67 73-74 57-58 59-60 46-47 36 29 11-12
2 30 70 86-87 68-69 75-77 59-60 61-62 48 37 30 9-10
2 29 69 88-89 70-71 78-79 61-62 63-64 49-50 38 31 7-8
2 29 68 90-92 72 80-82 63-64 65-66 51 39 5-6
1 28 67 93-94 73-74 83-84 65-66 67-68 52 40 32 3-4
I 27 66 95-96 75 85-87 67 69-70 53-54 41 33 0-2
I 27 65 97-98 76-77 88-90 68-69 71-72 55 42 34
I 26 64 99-100 78-79 91-92 70-71 73-74 56-57 43 35
1 25 63 101-102 80-81 93-95 72-73 75-76 58 44 36
1 25 62 103-104 82 96-97 74-75 77-78 59-60 45 37
<I 24 61 105-106 83-84 98-100 76-77 79-80 61 46-47 38
<I 23 60 107-108 85-86 101-102 78-79 81-82 62-63 48 39
<I 23 59 109-111 87 103-105 80-81 83-84 64 49 40
<I 22 58 112-1 I3 88-89 106-107 82-83 85-86 65-66 50 41
<I 21 57 II4-115 90-91 108-110 84-85 87-88 67 51 42
<I 21 56 116-II7 92-93 111-112 86-87 89 68-69 52 43
<I 20 55 118-119 94 113-114 88-89 90-91 70 53 44
<I <20 <55 120-128 95-100 115-126 90-100 92-94 71-100 54-128 45-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%ile Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %ile

>16 2-6 10-32 0-1 ~-6.84 >16

11-16 I 33-36 2 -6.85 to -10.20 11-16
6-10 37-76 3 -10.21 to -12.70 6-10 t"'l
,.,= >
Q..
2-5 77-129 4-6 -12.71 to -21.00 2-5

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~I 0 7-21 ~-21.01 ~l ~
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Table D47 t"i
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=
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Age: 65 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 69 Years 11 Months 30 Days C'. 1I1
0 b
Education: 13 Years Through 15 Years =
.... I Q'I
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Raw scores 1I1
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent .,

~

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual '"

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-1 0-6 0-2 0 0-2 0-2 0-2 95-100
>99 80 145 0 94
>99 79 144 2 7 3
>99 79 143
>99 78 142 93
>99 77 141
>99 77 140 3 8
>99 76 139 3 92
99 75 138 3
99 75 137 4 91
99 74 136 9 4
99 73 135 5 2 3
99 73 134 90
99 72 133 10
98 71 132 6 2 4 89
98 71 131 4
98 70 130 7 I! 3 88
97 69 129 5
97 69 128 8 4 87
96 68 127 12 3 5
96 67 126 9 86
95 67 125 13 4 6 5 85
95 66 124 10 4
94 65 123 6 84
93 65 122 11 14 5 5 83
92 64 121 12 5 7
91 63 120 15 7 82
90 63 119 13 6 6 6 81
88 62 118 14 16 6
87 61 117 8 8 80
86 61 116 15 17 7 7 79
84 60 115 16 18 8 9 7 78
82 59 114 17 8 9 7 77
81 59 113 18 19 9 10
79 58 112 19 9 10 76
77 57 III 20 10 11 8 8 75
75 57 110 20 21 11 10 74
73 56 109 21 12 11 73
70 55 108 22 22 12 11 9 9 72
68 55 107 23 23 13 13 12 12 71
66 54 106 24 24 14 70
63 53 105 25-26 14 13 13 10 69
61 53 104 27 25 15 15 14 10 68
58 52 103 28 26 16 16 15 14 11 66-67
55 51 102 29 27 17 15 11 65
53 51 101 30 28 18 17 16 12 64
50 50 100 31-32 29 19 18 17 16 63
47 49 99 33 30 20 19 18 13 12 62
45 49 98 34 31 21 20 19 17 60-61
42 48 97 35-36 32 22-23 20 18 14 59
39 47 96 37 33 24 21 21 19 13 58
37 47 95 38 34 25 22 22 15 56-57
34 46 94 39-40 35 26-27 23 23 20 16 14 55
32 45 93 41 36 28 24 24 21 53-54
30 45 92 42-43 37 29 25 25 22 17 15 52
27 44 91 44-45 38 30-31 26-27 26-27 23 50-51
25 43 90 46 39 32-33 28 28 24 18 16 49
23 43 89 47-48 40 34 29 29 25 19 47-48
21 42 88 49-50 41 35-36 30 30 20 17 46
19 41 87 51 42-43 37-38 31 31-32 26 44-45
18 41 86 52-53 44 39 32-33 33 27 21 18 42-43
16 40 85 54-55 45 40-41 34 34-35 28 22 40-41
14 39 84 56-57 46-47 42-43 35-36 36 29-30 23 19 39
13 39 83 58-59 48 44-45 37 37-38 31 20 37-38
12 38 82 60 49 46-47 38 39 32 24 35-36
10 37 81 61-62 50-51 48-49 39-40 40-41 33 25 21 33-34
9 37 80 63-64 52 50-51 41 42 34 26 22 31-32
8 36 79 65-66 53 52-54 42-43 43-44 35 27 30
7 35 78 67-68 54-55 55-56 44-45 45-46 36-37 28 23 28-29
6 35 77 69-70 56 57-58 46 47-48 38 29 24 26-27
5 34 76 71-72 57-58 59-60 47-48 49 39 30 24-25
5 33 75 73-74 59 61-63 49-50 50-51 40 31 25 22-23
4 33 74 75-76 60-61 64-65 51 52-53 41-42 32 26 20-21
4 32 73 77-78 62 66-68 52-53 54-55 43 33 27 18-19
3 31 72 79-80 63-64 69-70 54-55 56-57 44 34 16-17
3 31 71 81-83 65-66 71-72 56-57 58-59 45-46 35 28 14-15
2 30 70 84-85 67 73-75 58-59 60-61 47 36 29 11-13
2 29 69 86-87 68-69 76-77 60 62-63 48-49 37 30 9-10
2 29 68 88-89 70 78-80 61-62 64 50 38 31 7-8
I 28 67 90-91 71-72 81-83 63-64 65-66 51 39 32 5-6
1 27 66 92-93 73-74 84-85 65-66 67-68 52-53 40 3-4
I 27 65 94-95 75 86-88 67-68 69-70 54 41 33 1-2
I 26 64 96-97 76-77 89-90 69-70 71-72 55-56 42 34 0
I 25 63 98-100 78-79 91-93 71-72 73-74 57 43 35
1 25 62 101-102 80 94-95 73-74 75-76 58-59 44 36
<1 24 61 103-104 81-82 96-98 75-76 77-78 60 45-46 37
<1 23 60 105-106 83-84 99-100 77-78 79-80 61-62 47 38
<I 23 59 107-108 85-86 101-103 79-80 81-82 63 48 39
<1 22 58 109-110 87 104-105 81 83-84 64-65 49 40
<I 21 57 111-112 88-89 106-108 82-83 85-86 66 50 41
<1 21 56 113-114 90-91 109-110 84-85 87-88 67-68 51 42
<1 20 55 115-116 92-93 111-113 86-87 89-90 69 52 43
<1 <20 <55 117-128 94-100 114-126 88-100 91-94 70-100 53-128 44-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 2-6 10-32 0-1 ~-6.84 >16 l"l

11-16 I 33-36 2 -6.85 to -10.20 11-16 Q..
6-10 37-76 3 -10.21 to -12.70 6-10 =
,.,
2-5 77-129 4-6 -12.71 to -21.00 2-5 ~
Q; >
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$1 0 7-21 $-21.01 $1 0 ~

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Age: 65 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 69 Years 11 Months 30 Days :to U1

Education: 16 Years Through 17 Years

0

....=
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Raw scores ...:t

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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent .,

~

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual '"

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-3 0 0 0-1 99-100

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 98
>99 78 142 4
>99 77 141
>99 77 140 0 97
>99 76 139
99 75 138 5
99 75 137 96
99 74 136 2
99 73 135 2 95
99 73 134 0 6
99 72 133 94
98 71 132
98 71 131 7 93
98 70 130 2
97 69 129 2 0 3 92
97 69 128 3 8 2 3
96 68 127 91
96 67 126 4 9
95 67 125 0 90
95 66 124 5 3 4
94 65 123 10 3 89
93 65 122 6 2 4 88
92 64 121 7 11 4
91 63 120 5 87
90 63 119 8 12 2 3 86
88 62 118 9 5 4 5 85
87 61 117 13 3 6
86 61 116 10 6 4 84
84 60 115 11 14 4 83
82 59 114 12 15 5 7 5 82
81 59 113 13 5 7 6 81
79 58 112 16 6 80
77 57 111 14 17 6 8 8 6
75 57 110 15 7 7 7 79
73 56 109 16 18 9 9 78
70 55 108 17 19 8 10 8 7 77
68 55 107 18 9 9 10 76
66 54 106 19 20 10 11 8 8 75
63 53 105 20 21 11 10 11 73-74
61 53 104 21-22 22 12 11 72
58 52 103 23 23 12 13 12 9 9 71
55 51 102 24 13 14 12 70
53 51 101 25 24 14 13 13 10 69
50 50 100 26 25 15 15 14 14 10 68
47 49 99 27-28 26 16 16 15 11 66-67
45 49 98 29 27 17-18 17 16 15 II 65
42 48 97 30-31 28 19 18 17 16 12 64
39 47 96 32 29 20 19 18 62-63
37 47 95 33 30 21 20 19 17 13 12 61
34 46 94 34-35 31 22-23 21 20 18 14 60
32 45 93 36 32 24 22 21 19 13 58-59
30 45 92 37-38 33 25-26 23 22 20 15 57
27 44 91 39-40 34 27 24 23 21 14 55-56
25 43 90 41 35-36 28-29 25 24-25 16 53-54
23 43 89 42-43 37 30 26 26 22 17 15 52
21 42 88 44-45 38 31-32 27 27 23 18 50-51
19 41 87 46 39 33-34 28-29 28-29 24 16 49
18 41 86 47-48 40 35-36 30 30 25 19 17 47-48
16 40 85 49-50 41-42 37 31 31 26 20 45-46
14 39 84 51-52 43 38-39 32-33 32-33 27 21 18 43-44
13 39 83 53 44 40-41 34 34 28 22 42
12 38 82 54-55 45-46 42-43 35-36 35-36 29-30 19 40-41
10 37 81 56-57 47 44-45 37 37-38 31 23 20 38-39
9 37 80 58-59 48 46-48 38-39 39 32 24 36-37
8 36 79 60-61 49-50 49-50 40 40-41 33 25 21 34-35
7 35 78 62-63 51 51-52 41-42 42-43 34 26 22 32-33
6 35 77 64-65 52-53 53-54 43-44 44 35-36 27 30-31
5 34 76 66-67 54 55-57 45 45-46 37 28 23 28-29
5 33 75 68-69 55-56 58-59 46-47 47-48 38 29 24 26-27
4 33 74 70-71 57 60-61 48-49 49-50 39 30 25 24-25
4 32 73 72-73 58-59 62-64 50 51-52 40-41 31 22-23
3 31 72 74-75 60 65-66 51-52 53-54 42 32 26 20-21
3 31 71 76-78 61-62 67-69 53-54 55-56 43-44 33 27 18-19
2 30 70 79-80 63-64 70-71 55-56 57 45 34 28 16-17
2 29 69 81-82 65 72-74 57-58 58-59 46 35 14-15
2 29 68 83-84 66-67 75-76 59-60 60-61 47-48 36 29 12-13
1 28 67 85-86 68 77-79 61 62-63 49 37 30 10-11
1 27 66 87-88 69-70 80-81 62-63 64-65 50-51 38 31 8-9
1 27 65 89-90 71-72 82-84 64-65 66-67 52 39 32 5-7
1 26 64 91-92 73-74 85-86 66-67 68-69 53-54 40 33 3-4
I 25 63 93-94 75 87-89 68-69 70-71 55 41 34 1-2
I 25 62 95-97 76-77 90-91 70-71 72-73 56-57 42 35 0
<1 24 61 98-99 78-79 92-94 72-73 74-75 58 43-44 36
<I 23 60 100-101 80 95-97 74-75 76-77 59-60 45 37
<1 23 59 102-103 81-82 98-99 76-77 78-79 61 46 38
<I 22 58 104-105 83-84 100-101 78-79 80-81 62-63 47 39
<I 21 57 106-107 85-86 102-104 80-81 82-83 64 48 40
<1 21 56 108-109 87 105-106 82-83 84-85 65 49 41
<1 20 55 110-1 II 88-89 107-109 84 86-87 66-67 50 42
<1 <20 <55 112-128 90-100 110-126 85-100 88-94 68-100 51-128 43-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 2-6 10-32 0-1 :2:-6.84 >16 t"i

11-16 I 33-36 2 -6.85 to -10.20 11-16 Q..
,.,=
6-10
2-5
$1 0
37-76
77-129
3
4-6
7-21
-10.21 to -12.70
-12.71 to -21.00
$-21.01
6-10
2-5
$1 -....
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Age: 65 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 69 Years 11 Months 30 Days ~
0 b
Ul

Education: Greater Than or Equal To 18 Years =

IV I
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Raw scores
00
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0 0

>99 80 145
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142
>99 77 141
>99 77 140 2 100
>99 76 139 0
99 75 138
99 75 137 99
99 74 136 3
99 73 135 98
99 73 134
99 72 133 4 0
98 71 132 97
98 71 131
98 70 130 5 96
97 69 129 0 2
97 69 128 95
96 68 127 0 6 94
96 67 126 2
95 67 125 7 93
95 66 124
94 65 123 2 8 3 92
93 65 122 3 2 3 91
92 64 121 0 2
91 63 120 4 9 90
90 63 119 5 3 4 89
88 62 118 10 0 4
87 61 117 6 11 3 88
86 61 116 7 4 2 87
84 60 115 8 12 5 86
82 59 114 2 5 3 5 85
81 59 113 9 13 6 4
79 58 112 10 14 3 6 4 84
77 57 111 11 83
75 57 110 12 15 4 7 5 7 5 6 82
73 56 109 13 16 5 81
70 55 108 14 6 8 6 8 80
68 55 107 15 17 6 79
66 54 106 16 18 7 9 7 9 7 78
63 53 105 17 19 8 10 8 7 77
61 53 104 18 9 9 10 76
58 52 103 19 20 10 11 8 74-75
55 51 102 20-21 21 11 12 10 11 8 73
53 51 101 22 22 12 13 11 12 9 72
50 50 100 23 23 13 12 9 71
47 49 99 24 24 14 14 13 13 69-70
45 49 98 25-26 25 15 15 14 14 10 10 68
42 48 97 27 26 16 16 15 67
39 47 96 28-29 27 17-18 17 16 15 11 11 66
37 47 95 30 28 19 18 17 16 12 64-65
34 46 94 31 29 20 19 18 17 63
32 45 93 32-33 30 21-22 20 19 13 12 61-62
30 45 92 34-35 31 23 21 20 18 14 60
27 44 91 36 32 24-25 22 21 19 13 58-59
25 43 90 37-38 33 26 23 22-23 20 15 57
23 43 89 39 34 27-28 24 24 21 16 14 55-56
21 42 88 40-41 35-36 29 25-26 25 22 53-54
19 41 87 42-43 37 30-31 27 26 23 17 15 52
18 41 86 44-45 38 32-33 28 27-28 24 18 16 50-51
16 40 85 46 39 34-35 29-30 29 25 19 48-49
14 39 84 47-48 40-41 36-37 31 30-31 26 17 47
13 39 83 49-50 42 38-39 32 32 27 20 45-46
12 38 82 51-52 43 40-41 33-34 33-34 28 21 18 43-44
10 37 81 53-54 44-45 42-43 35 35-36 29 22 19 41-42
9 37 80 55-56 46 44-45 36-37 37 30-31 23 39-40
8 36 79 57-58 47 46-47 38 38-39 32 24 20 37-38
7 35 78 59-60 48-49 48-49 39-40 40-41 33 25 21 36
6 35 77 61-62 50 50-52 41-42 42 34 26 34-35
5 34 76 63-64 51-52 53-54 43 43-44 35 22 32-33
5 33 75 65-66 53 55-56 44-45 45-46 36-37 27 23 30-31
4 33 74 67-68 54-55 57-59 46-47 47-48 38 28 24 28-29
4 32 73 69-70 56 60-61 48-49 49-50 39 29 26-27
3 31 72 71-72 57-58 62-64 50 51-52 40-41 30 25 24-25
3 31 71 73-74 59-60 65-66 51-52 53 42 31 26 21-23
2 30 70 75-76 61 67-69 53-54 54-55 43-44 32-33 27 19-20
2 29 69 77-78 62-63 70-71 55-56 56-57 45 34 28 17-18
2 29 68 79-80 64 72-74 57-58 58-59 46 35 15-16
1 28 67 81-83 65-66 75-76 59-60 60-61 47-48 36 29 13-14
1 27 66 84-85 67-68 77-79 61-62 62-63 49 37 30 11-12
I 27 65 86-87 69 80-81 63 64-65 50-51 38 31 9-10
1 26 64 88-89 70-71 82-84 64-65 66-67 52 39 32 6-8
1 25 63 90-91 72-73 85-86 66-67 68-69 53-54 40 33 4-5
1 25 62 92-93 74-75 87-89 68-69 70-71 55 41 34 2-3
<I 24 61 94-95 76 90-91 70-71 72-73 56-57 42 35 0-1
<1 23 60 96-97 77-78 92-94 72-73 74-75 58 43 36
<1 23 59 98-100 79-80 95-96 74-75 76-77 59-60 44 37
<1 22 58 101-102 81 97-99 76-77 78-79 61 45-46 38
<1 21 57 103-104 82-83 100-101 78-79 80-81 62-63 47 39
<1 21 56 105-106 84-85 102-104 80-81 82-83 64 48 40
<1 20 55 107-108 86-87 105-106 82-83 84-85 65-66 49 41
<1 <20 <55 109-128 88-100 107-126 84-100 86-94 67-100 50-128 42-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 2-6 10-32 0-1 ~-6.84 >16

11-16 1 33-36 2 -6.85 to -10.20 11-16 t"'l
Q.
6-10
2-5
37-76
77-129
3
4-6
-10.21 to -12.70
-12.71 to-21.00
6-10
2-5 ~= ;I>
:0;1 0 7-21 :0;-21.01 :0;1 as IJQ
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til
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Age: 70 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 74 Years 11 Months 30 Days o b Q

Education: Less Than or Equal To 8 Years 11\

QQ
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Raw scores rt>
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-21 0-20 0-14 0-11 0-12 0-10 0-9 0-7 76-100
>99 80 145
>99 79 144 75
>99 79 143 22 8
>99 78 142 21
>99 77 141 12 13 11 74
>99 77 140 23
>99 76 139 10
99 75 138 22 15 73
99 75 137 24
99 74 136 72
99 73 135 23 13
99 73 134 25 14 12 9
99 72 133 16 71
98 71 132 26 24
98 71 131 11 70
98 70 130 27 14
97 69 129 25 17 15 69
97 69 128 13
96 68 127 28 10 68
96 67 126 29 26 15 67
95 67 125 18 16 12
95 66 124 30 27 14 66
94 65 123 65
93 65 122 31 28 19 16 17
92 64 121 32 11 64
91 63 120 29 20 17 15 13 63
90 63 119 33 18
88 62 118 34 30 62
87 61 117 21 18 19 16 61
86 61 116 35 31 14 12 60
84 60 115 36 22 19 17
82 59 114 37 32 23 20 59
81 59 113 38 33 20 58
79 58 112 24 21 18 15 13 57
77 57 111 39 34 21 22 56
75 57 110 40 35 25 19 55
73 56 109 41 26 22 23 16 54
70 55 108 42 36 27 20 14 53
68 55 107 43 37 23 24 17 52
66 54 106 44 38 28 24 25 21 51
63 53 105 45-46 29 25 15 50
61 53 104 47 39 30 26 22 18 49
58 52 103 48 40 31 26 27 47-48
55 51 102 49 41 32 27 28 23 19 16 46
53 51 101 50 42 33 28 29 24 45
50 50 100 51-52 43 34 29 20 44
47 49 99 53 44 35 30 25 17 42-43
45 49 98 54 45 36-37 30 31 26 21 41
42 48 97 55-56 46 38 31 32 27 18 40
39 47 96 57 47 39 32 33 22 38-39
37 47 95 58 48 40 33-34 34-35 28 19 37
34 46 94 59-60 49 41-42 35 36 29 23 35-36
32 45 93 61 50 43 36 37 30 24 34
30 45 92 62-63 51 44-45 37 38 31 20 32-33
27 44 91 64-65 52 46 38 39 32 25 31
25 43 90 66 53 47-48 39 40-41 33 26 21 29-30
23 43 89 67-68 54 49-50 40-41 42 34 28
21 42 88 69-70 55-56 51-52 42 43 35 27 22 26-27
19 41 87 71 57 53 43 44-45 36 28 24-25
18 41 86 72-73 58 54-55 44-45 46 37 29 23 23
16 40 85 74-75 59-60 56-57 46 47-48 38 24 21-22
14 39 84 76-77 61 58-59 47-48 49 39 30 19-20
l3 39 83 78-79 62 60-61 49 50-51 40 31 25 17-18
12 38 82 80-81 63-64 62-63 50-51 52 41-42 32 15-16
10 37 81 82 65 64-66 52-53 53-54 43 33 26 14
9 37 80 83-84 66 67-68 54 55-56 44 34 27 12-13
8 36 79 85-86 67-68 69-70 55-56 57 45 35 10-11
7 35 78 87-88 69 71-72 57-58 58-59 46-47 36 28 8-9
6 35 77 89-90 70-71 73-75 59 60-61 48 29 6-7
5 34 76 91-92 72 76-77 60-61 62-63 49 37 4-5
5 33 75 93-94 73-74 78-80 62-63 64-65 50-51 38 30 2-3
4 33 74 95-96 75 81-82 64-65 66-67 52 39 31 0-1
4 32 73 97-99 76-77 83-85 66-67 68-69 53-54 40 32
3 31 72 100-101 78-79 86-87 68-69 70 55 41
3 31 71 102-103 80 88-90 70-71 71-72 56-57 42-43 33
2 30 70 104-105 81-82 91-92 72-73 73-74 58 44 34
2 29 69 106-107 83-84 93-95 74-75 75-76 59-60 45 35
2 29 68 108-109 85 96-98 76-77 77-78 61 46 36
1 28 67 110-111 86-87 99-100 78-79 79-80 62-63 47 37
1 27 66 112-113 88-89 101-103 80-81 81-83 64 48
1 27 65 114-116 90 104-106 82-83 84-85 65-66 49 38
I 26 64 117-118 91-92 107-108 84-85 86-87 67 50 39
I 25 63 119-120 93-94 109-11 I 86-87 88-89 68-69 51 40
1 25 62 121-122 95-96 112-114 88-89 90-91 70-71 52 41
<1 24 61 123-124 97 115-116 90-91 92-93 72 53 42
<1 23 60 125-126 98-99 117-119 92-94 94 73-74 54-55 43
<I 23 59 127-128 100 120-121 95-96 75 56 44
<1 22 58 122-124 97-98 76-77 57 45
<i 21 57 125-126 99-100 78-79 58 46
<i 21 56 80 59 47
<i 20 55 81-82 60 48
<i <20 <55 83-100 61-128 49-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 2-6 10-21 0-2 ~-12.50 >16

11-16 22-27 -12.51 to -20.10 11-16
t"i
6-10 28-45 -2I.I 1 to -26.70 6-10 Q.
2-5 46-83 3-4 -26.71 to -30.70 2-5 ,.,= CJCl>
~I 0 84-129 5-21 ~-30.71 ~1 ~ ~
0:
0 ...:J
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Age: 70 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 74 Years 11 Months 30 Days eo Q
0 b
Education: 9 Years Through 11 Years =L
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-14 0-15 0-8 0-7 0-8 0-7 0-6 0-5 82-100
>99 80 145 9 6
>99 79 144 15 8
>99 79 143 16 7 81
>99 78 142 8
>99 77 141 16
>99 77 140 9 80
>99 76 139 17
99 75 138 17 10
99 75 137 9 79
99 74 136 18
99 73 135 18 9 7 78
99 73 134 8
99 72 133 10 77
98 71 132 19 19 II
98 71 131 10 76
98 70 130 20
97 69 129 20 10 75
97 69 128 21 12 II 8
96 68 127 21 11 9 74
96 67 126 22
95 67 125 22 13 12 11 73
95 66 124 23 12 72
94 65 123
93 65 122 24 23 14 10 9 71
92 64 121 25 13 13 12 70
91 63 120 24
90 63 119 26 15 14 69
88 62 118 27 25 14 13 68
87 61 117 28 16 11 10 67
86 61 116 26 15 15
84 60 115 29 27 17 14 66
82 59 114 30 16 12 65
81 59 113 31 28 18 16 11 64
79 58 112 32 29 19 17 17 15 63
77 57 111 33 62
75 57 110 34 30 20 18 18 16 13 61
73 56 109 35 31 21 12 60
70 55 108 36 19 19 17 14 59
68 55 107 37 32 22 20 20 58
66 54 106 38 33 23 18 13 57
63 53 105 39 34 24 21 21 15 56
61 53 104 40 25 22 22 19 55
58 52 103 41 35 26 23 20 16 14 54
55 51 102 42 36 27 23 24 53
53 51 101 43 37 28 24 21 17 51-52
50 50 100 44-45 38 29 25 25 22 15 50
47 49 99 46 39 30 26 26 18 49
45 49 98 47 40 31 27 27 23 47-48
42 48 97 48-49 41 32-33 28 28 24 19 16 46
39 47 96 50 42 34 29 29 25 45
37 47 95 51-52 43 35 30 30 20 17 43-44
34 46 94 53 44 36-37 31 31 26 42
32 45 93 54-55 45 38 32 32-33 27 21 18 40-41
30 45 92 56 46 39-40 33 34 28 22 39
27 44 91 57-58 47 41 34-35 35 29 19 37-38
25 43 90 59 48-49 42-43 36 36 30 23 36
23 43 89 60-61 50 44-45 37 37-38 31 24 20 34-35
21 42 88 62-63 51 46 38 39 32 25 32-33
19 41 87 64-65 52 47-48 39-40 40 33 21 31
18 41 86 66 53-54 49-50 41 41-42 34 26 29-30
16 40 85 67-68 55 51-52 42-43 43 35 27 22 27-28
14 39 84 69-70 56 53-54 44 44-45 36 28 25-26
13 39 83 71-72 57 55-56 45-46 46-47 37-38 23 24
12 38 82 73-74 58-59 57-58 47 48 39 29 24 22-23
10 37 81 75-76 60 59-60 48-49 49-50 40 30 20-21
9 37 80 77-78 61-62 61-63 50-51 51 41 31 25 18-19
8 36 79 79-80 63 64-65 52 52-53 42-43 32 26 16-17
7 35 78 81-82 64-65 66-67 53-54 54-55 44 33 14-15
6 35 77 83-84 66 68-70 55-56 56-57 45 34 27 12-13
5 34 76 85-86 67-68 71-72 57-58 58-59 46-47 35 28 10-11
5 33 75 87-88 69 73-74 59-60 60-61 48 36 8-9
4 33 74 89-90 70-71 75-77 61 62 49 37 29 6-7
4 32 73 91-92 72 78-79 62-63 63-64 50-51 38 30 4-5
3 31 72 93-94 73-74 80-82 64-65 65-66 52 39 31 2-3
3 31 71 95-96 75-76 83-85 66-67 67-68 53-54 40 0-1
2 30 70 97-98 77 86-87 68-69 69-70 55 41 32
2 29 69 99-100 78-79 88-90 70-71 71-72 56-57 42 33
2 29 68 101-102 80 91-92 72-73 73-74 58 43 34
1 28 67 103-104 81-82 93-95 74-75 75-76 59-60 44 35
1 27 66 105-107 83-84 96-98 76-77 77-78 61 45 36
1 27 65 108-109 85-86 99-100 78-80 79-80 62-63 46
1 26 64 110-111 87 101-103 81-82 81-82 64-65 47 37
1 25 63 112-113 88-89 104-106 83-84 83-84 66 48-49 38
1 25 62 114-115 90-91 107-108 85-86 85-86 67-68 50 39
<1 24 61 116-117 92-93 109-111 87-88 87-88 69 51 40
<1 23 60 118-119 94 112-114 89-90 89-91 70-71 52 41
<1 23 59 120-121 95-96 115-116 91-92 92-93 72-73 53 42
<1 22 58 122-124 97-98 117-Il9 93-94 94 74 54 43
<1 21 57 125-126 99-100 120-121 95-96 75-76 55 44
<1 21 56 127-128 122-124 97-98 77 56 45
<1 20 55 125-126 99-100 78-79 57 46
<1 <20 <55 80-100 58-128 47-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 2-6 10-21 0-2 ~-12.50 >16

11-16 22-27 -12.51 to-20.1O 11-16 t"J
~
6-10
2-5
28-45
46-83 3-4
-20.11 to -26.70
-26.71 to -30.70
6-10
2-5
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::;1 0 84-129 5-21 ::;-30.71 ::;1 e.
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Age: 70 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 74 Years 11 Months 30 Days Q"
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Education: 12 Years
Raw scores
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
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Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-10 0-12 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-4 86-100
>99 80 145 6
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 11 13 6 6 5 85
>99 78 142 6
>99 77 141
>99 77 140 12 84
>99 76 139 14
99 75 138
99 75 137 13 6 83
99 74 136 15 7 7
99 73 135 7 7 82
99 73 134 14
99 72 133 6 81
98 71 132 15 16
98 71 131 8 80
98 70 130 17 8 8 8
97 69 129 16 7 79
97 69 128
96 68 127 17 18 9 78
96 67 126 9 9 9 7
95 67 125 18 19 77
95 66 124 19 10 76
94 65 123 10 10 8
93 65 122 20 20 10 75
92 64 121 11 8 74
91 63 120 21 21 11 11
90 63 119 22 12 9 73
88 62 118 23 22 11 72
87 61 117 23 13 12 12 71
86 61 116 24 9
84 60 115 25 24 14 13 13 12 10 70
82 59 114 26 69
81 59 113 27 25 15 14 14 13 68
79 58 112 26 11 10 67
77 57 111 28 16 15 15 14 66
75 57 110 29 27 17 65
73 56 109 30 28 18 16 16 12 64
70 55 108 31 17 15 11 63
68 55 107 32 29 19 17 16 62
66 54 106 33 30 20 18 18 13 61
63 53 105 34 31 21 19 19 17 12 60
61 53 104 35-36 32 22 14 59
58 52 103 37 23 20 20 18 58
55 51 102 38 33 24 21 21 13 57
53 51 101 39 34 25 22 22 19 15 55-56
50 50 100 40-41 35 26 23 23 20 54
47 49 99 42 36 27 24 24 21 16 14 53
45 49 98 43 37 28 25 25 51-52
42 48 97 44-45 38 29 26 26 22 17 15 50
39 47 96 46 39 30-31 27 27 23 18 49
37 47 95 47 40 32 28 28 24 16 47-48
34 46 94 48-49 41 33-34 29 29 19 46
32 45 93 50 42 35 30 30 25 44-45
30 45 92 51-52 43 36-37 31 31 26 20 17 43
27 44 91 53-54 44 38 32 32 27 21 41-42
25 43 90 55 45-46 39-40 33-34 33-34 28 18 40
23 43 89 56-57 47 41 35 35 29 22 38-39
21 42 88 58-59 48 42-43 36 36 30 23 19 36-37
19 41 87 60 49 44-45 37-38 37-38 31 24 35
18 41 86 61-62 50-51 46-47 39 39 32 20 33-34
16 40 85 63-64 52 48-49 40 40-41 33 25 21 31-32
14 39 84 65-66 53 50-51 41-42 42 34-35 26 29-30
13 39 83 67-68 54-55 52-53 43 43-44 36 27 22 28
12 38 82 69 56 54-55 44-45 45-46 37 28 26-27
10 37 81 70-71 57 56-57 46-47 47 38 29 23 24-25
9 37 80 72-73 58-59 58-59 48 48-49 39 24 22-23
8 36 79 74-75 60 60-62 49-50 50-51 40-41 30 20-21
7 35 78 76-77 61-62 63-64 51-52 52 42 31 25 18-19
6 35 77 78-79 63 65-66 53-54 53-54 43 32 26 16-17
5 34 76 80-81 64-65 67-69 55 55-56 44-45 33 14-15
5 33 75 82-83 66 70-71 56-57 57-58 46 34 27 12-13
4 33 74 84-85 67-68 72-74 58-59 59-60 47-48 35 28 10-11
4 32 73 86-88 69 75-76 60-61 61-62 49 36 29 8-9
3 31 72 89-90 70-71 77-79 62-63 63-64 50 37 6-7
3 31 71 91-92 72-73 80-81 64-65 65-66 51-52 38 30 4-5
2 30 70 93-94 74 82-84 66-67 67-68 53 39 31 2-3
2 29 69 95-96 75-76 85-87 68-69 69-70 54-55 40 32 0-1
2 29 68 97-98 77-78 88-89 70-71 71-72 56-57 41 33
1 28 67 99-100 79 90-92 72-73 73-74 58 42 34
1 27 66 101-102 80-81 93-95 74-75 75-76 59-60 43-44
I 27 65 103-105 82-83 96-97 76-77 77-78 61 45 35
I 26 64 106-107 84 98-100 78-79 79-80 62-63 46 36
I 25 63 108-109 85-86 101-103 80-81 81-82 64 47 37
1 25 62 110-111 87-88 104-105 82-84 83-84 65-66 48 38
<1 24 61 112-113 89-90 106-108 85-86 85-86 67-68 49 39
<1 23 60 114-115 91 109-110 87-88 87-88 69 50 40
<1 23 59 116-117 92-93 111-113 89-90 89-90 70-71 51 41
<1 22 58 118-119 94-95 114-116 91-92 91-92 72 52 42
<1 21 57 120-121 96-97 117-118 93-94 93-94 73-74 53-54 43
<1 21 56 122-123 98 119-121 95-96 75-76 55 44
<1 20 55 124-125 99-100 122-123 97-98 77 56 45
<1 <20 <55 126-128 124-126 99-100 78-100 57-128 46-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%ile Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %ile

>16 2-6 10-21 0-2 ::::-12.50 >16

11-16 22-27 -12.51 to-20.1O 11-16
6-10 28-45 -20.11 to -26.70 6-10 trJ
=>
Q.
2-5 46-83 3-4 -26.71 to -30.70 2-5 cr=i
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:0;1 0 84-129 5-21 :0;-30.71 :0;1 ~
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Age: 70 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 74 Years 11 Months 30 Days =:
0
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Education: 13 Years Through 15 Years = <:>
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Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual '"

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-7 0-10 0-3 0-4 0-4 0-4 0-4 0-4 89-100
>99 80 145 8 88
>99 79 144 11 4 5
>99 79 143
>99 78 142 87
>99 77 141 9
>99 77 140 12
>99 76 139 5 86
99 75 138 10 5
99 75 137 5 5
99 74 136 13 6 5 85
99 73 135 11
99 73 134 84
99 72 133 12 14 6
98 71 132 6 6 83
98 71 131
98 70 130 13 15 7 82
97 69 129 7 6
97 69 128 14 16 7 7 6 81
96 68 127
96 67 126 15 80
95 67 125 16 17 8 8 79
95 66 124 8 8
94 65 123 17 18 7 78
93 65 122 9 7
92 64 121 18 19 9 9 9 77
91 63 120 19 76
90 63 119 20 10 10 8 75
88 62 118 20 10 10
87 61 117 21 21 11 8 74
86 61 116 22 11 11 73
84 60 115 22 12 11 9 72
82 59 114 23 23 12 12 71
81 59 113 24 13 12 9 70
79 58 112 25 24 14 13 13 10
77 57 111 26 69
75 57 110 27 25 15 14 14 13 68
73 56 109 28 26 16 15 11 10 67
70 55 108 29 27 15 14 66
68 55 107 30 17 16 16 65
66 54 106 31 28 18 17 15 12 11 64
63 53 105 32 29 19 17 16 62-63
61 53 104 33 30 20 18 18 13 61
58 52 103 34 31 21 19 19 17 12 60
55 51 102 35 22 20 59
53 51 101 36-37 32 23 20 18 14 58
50 50 100 38 33 24 21 21 19 13 56-57
47 49 99 39 34 25 22 22 15 55
45 49 98 40-41 35 26 23 23 20 16 14 54
42 48 97 42 36 27-28 24 24 21 52-53
39 47 96 43 37 29 25 25 22 17 51
37 47 95 44-45 38 30 26 26 23 15 50
34 46 94 46 39 31-32 27 27 18 48-49
32 45 93 47-48 40 33 28-29 28 24 16 47
30 45 92 49 41-42 34-35 30 29-30 25 19 45-46
27 44 91 50-51 43 36 31 31 26 20 17 44
25 43 90 52-53 44 37-38 32 32 27 42-43
23 43 89 54 45 39-40 33 33 28 21 18 40-41
21 42 88 55-56 46 41 34-35 34-35 29 22 39
19 41 87 57-58 47-48 42-43 36 36 30 23 19 37-38
18 41 86 59-60 49 44-45 37-38 37-38 31 35-36
16 40 85 61 50 46-47 39 39 32 24 20 34
14 39 84 62-63 51 48-49 40-41 40-41 33-34 25 32-33
13 39 83 64-65 52-53 50-51 42 42 35 26 21 30-31
12 38 82 66-67 54 52-53 43-44 43-44 36 27 22 28-29
10 37 81 68-69 55-56 54-55 45 45-46 37 28 26-27
9 37 80 70-71 57 56-57 46-47 47 38 23 24-25
8 36 79 72-73 58 58-60 48-49 48-49 39-40 29 24 22-23
7 35 78 74-75 59-60 61-62 50 50-51 41 30 20-21
6 35 77 76-77 61 63-64 51-52 52-53 42 31 25 18-19
5 34 76 78-79 62-63 65-67 53-54 54 43-44 32 26 16-17
5 33 75 80-81 64 68-69 55-56 55-56 45 33 14-15
4 33 74 82-83 65-66 70-72 57-58 57-58 46-47 34 27 12-13
4 32 73 84-85 67-68 73-74 59-60 59-60 48 35 28 10-11
3 31 72 86-87 69 75-77 61-62 61-62 49 36 29 8-9
3 31 71 88-89 70-71 78-79 63-64 63-64 50-51 37 30 6-7
2 30 70 90-91 72 80-82 65-66 65-66 52 38 4-5
2 29 69 92-93 73-74 83-85 67-68 67-68 53-54 39 31 2-3
2 29 68 94-96 75-76 86-87 69-70 69-70 55 40 32 0-1
1 28 67 97-98 77 88-90 71-72 71-72 56-57 41-42 33
1 27 66 99-100 78-79 91-93 73-74 73-74 58-59 43 34
1 27 65 101-102 80-81 94-95 75-76 75-76 60 44 35
I 26 64 103-104 82-83 96-98 77-78 77-78 61-62 45
1 25 63 105-106 84 99-101 79-80 79-80 63 46 36
1 25 62 107-108 85-86 102-103 81-82 81-82 64-65 47 37
<1 24 61 109-110 87-88 104-106 83-84 83-84 66 48 38
<1 23 60 111-113 89-90 107-108 85-86 85-86 67-68 49 39
<1 23 59 114-115 91 109-111 87-88 87-88 69-70 50 40
<1 22 58 116-117 92-93 112-114 89-91 89-90 71 51 41
<I 21 57 118-119 94-95 115-116 92-93 91-92 72-73 52-53 42
<1 21 56 120-121 96-97 117-119 94-95 93-94 74 54 43
<1 20 55 122-123 98 120-121 96-97 75-76 55 44
<1 <20 <55 124-128 99-100 122-126 98-100 77-100 56-128 45-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 2-6 10-21 0-2 ~-12.50 >16 tri

11-16 22-27 -12.51 to -20.10 11-16 Q.
=
6-10
2-5
~I 0
28-45
46-83
84-129
3-4
5-21
-20.11 to -26.70
-26.71 to -30.70
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2-5
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Age: 70 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 74 Years 11 Months 30 Days

Education: 16 Years Through 17 Years
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Raw scores -.l ......
'<
......
(!>

Total Percent Percent Percent Percent ..,

~

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual '"

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-2 0-7 0-1 0 0-2 0-2 0-2 94-100
>99 80 145 3 0 1 93
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142 8 2 3 3 92
>99 77 141 4
>99 77 140
>99 76 139 91
99 75 138 5 9
99 75 137 2 3 90
99 74 136
99 73 135 6 10 3 4 89
99 73 134
99 72 133 7 4
98 71 132 11 2 88
98 71 131 3
98 70 130 8 4 87
97 69 129 12 5 4
97 69 128 9 3 86
96 68 127 4 85
96 67 126 10 13 5 5
95 67 125 4 6 84
95 66 124 11 14
94 65 123 12 6 5 5 83
93 65 122 15 5 82
92 64 121 13 7
91 63 120 14 16 7 6 6 81
90 63 119 6 6 80
88 62 118 15 17 7 8 79
87 61 117 16 7 8
86 61 116 18 7 78
84 60 115 17 8 9 8 9 7 77
82 59 114 18 19 76
81 59 113 19 20 9 10 9 75
79 58 112 20 10 10 8 8 74
77 57 111 21 21 11 10 73
75 57 110 22 22 11 11 II 72
73 56 109 23 12 12 9 71
70 55 108 24 23 13 13 12 12 9 70
68 55 107 25 24 69
66 54 106 26 25 14 14 13 13 10 68
63 53 105 27 15 15 14 10 67
61 53 104 28 26 16 15 14 11 66
58 52 103 29 27 17 16 15 65
55 51 102 30 28 18 17 16 II 64
53 51 101 31-32 29 19 18 17 16 12 62-63
50 50 100 33 30 20 19 18 17 61
47 49 99 34 31 21 20 19 13 12 60
45 49 98 35-36 32 22 20 18 14 59
42 48 97 37 33 23-24 21 21 19 13 57-58
39 47 96 38 34 25 22-23 22 20 15 56
37 47 95 39-40 35 26 24 23 54-55
34 46 94 41 36 27-28 25 24 21 16 14 53
32 45 93 42-43 37 29 26 25 22 51-52
30 45 92 44 38 30-31 27 26 23 17 15 50
27 44 91 45-46 39 32 28 27-28 24 18 48-49
25 43 90 47-48 40 33-34 29 29 25 16 47
23 43 89 49 41 35-36 30-31 30 26 19 45-46
21 42 88 50-51 42-43 37 32 31-32 27 20 17 44
19 41 87 52-53 44 38-39 33 33 28 21 42-43
18 41 86 54 45 40-41 34-35 34-35 29 18 40-41
16 40 85 55-56 46-47 42-43 36 36 30 22 19 38-39
14 39 84 57-58 48 44-45 37-38 37-38 31 23 37
13 39 83 59-60 49 46-47 39 39 32-33 24 20 35-36
12 38 82 61-62 50-51 48-49 40-41 40-41 34 25 33-34
10 37 81 63-64 52 50-51 42-43 42 35 26 21 31-32
9 37 80 65-66 53 52-54 44 43-44 36 22 29-30
8 36 79 67-68 54-55 55-56 45-46 45-46 37-38 27 27-28
7 35 78 69-70 56 57-58 47-48 47-48 39 28 23 25-26
6 35 77 71-72 57-58 59-61 49-50 49 40 29 24 23-24
5 34 76 73-74 59 62-63 51 50-51 41-42 30 21-22
5 33 75 75-76 60-61 64-65 52-53 52-53 43 31 25 19-20
4 33 74 77-78 62 66-68 54-55 54-55 44 32 26 17-18
4 32 73 79-80 63-64 69-70 56-57 56-57 45-46 33 27 15-16
3 31 72 81-82 65-66 71-73 58-59 58-59 47 34 13-14
3 31 71 83-84 67 74-76 60-61 60-61 48-49 35 28 11-12
2 30 70 85-86 68-69 77-78 62-63 62-63 50 36 29 9-10
2 29 69 87-88 70-71 79-81 64-65 64-65 51-52 37 30 6-8
2 29 68 89-90 72 82-83 66-67 66-67 53 38 31 4-5
1 28 67 91-93 73-74 84-86 68-69 68-69 54-55 39-40 2-3
I 27 66 94-95 75-76 87-89 70-71 70-71 56 41 32 0-1
I 27 65 96-97 77 90-91 72-73 72-73 57-58 42 33
1 26 64 98-99 78-79 92-94 74-75 74-75 59-60 43 34
I 25 63 100-101 80-81 95-97 76-77 76-77 61 44 35
1 25 62 102-103 82-83 98-99 78-79 78-79 62-63 45 36
<I 24 61 104-105 84 100-102 80-82 80-81 64 46 37
<1 23 60 106-107 85-86 103-105 83-84 82-83 65-66 47 38
<1 23 59 108-110 87-88 106-107 85-86 84-85 67-68 48 39
<1 22 58 111-112 89-90 108-110 87-88 86-87 69 49-50 40
<I 21 57 113-114 91 111-112 89-90 88-89 70-71 51 41
<1 21 56 115-116 92-93 113-115 91-92 90-91 72 52 42
<I 20 55 117-118 94-95 116-117 93-94 92-93 73-74 53 43
<1 <20 <55 119-128 96-100 118-126 95-100 94 75-100 54-128 44-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 2-6 10-21 0-2 ~-12.50 >16 trJ

11-16 22-27 -12.51 to-20.1O 11-16 Q..
=>
6-10
2-5
~1 0
28-45
46-83
84-129
3-4
5-21
-20.11 to -26.70
-26.71 to -30.70
~-30.71
6-10
2-5
~I -....=
r>
~

c" IrCl

Q
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-.l
9' b
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00 Table D55 trI
Q.
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(IQ
0
= '"......
t'l
~
Age: 70 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 74 Years 11 Months 30 Days ::: '?
0
Education: Greater Than or Equal To 18 Years = i......
IV
...... .j::o.
QCl
,!...
Raw scores ~
......
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~
"'I
Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-4 0-1 0 0-1 97-100

>99 80 145 5 96
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 0 0
>99 78 142 2 95
>99 77 141
>99 77 140 6
>99 76 139 2 94
99 75 138
99 75 137 2 7 0
99 74 136 93
99 73 135
99 73 134 3 2 92
99 72 133 8 3
98 71 132 4 3 91
98 71 131 9 2
98 70 130 0 90
97 69 129 5
97 69 128 10 89
96 68 127 6 3 2 4 3
96 67 126 4 88
95 67 125 7 11 87
95 66 124 8
94 65 123 12 2 4 3 5 86
93 65 122 9 4 85
92 64 121 13 5
91 63 120 10 3 5 4 6 84
90 63 119 11 14 83
88 62 118 12 4 6 5
87 61 117 15 5 82
86 61 116 13 5 7 6 81
84 60 115 14 16 7 6 80
82 59 114 15 17 6 8 6 79
81 59 113 16 8 7 78
79 58 112 18 7 7 77
77 57 111 17 19 8 9 8 9 7
75 57 110 18 10 76
73 56 109 19 20 9 9 10 75
70 55 108 20 21 10 11 10 8 8 74
68 55 107 21 11 11 73
66 54 106 22 22 12 12 11 71-72
63 53 105 23 23 13 12 12 9 9 70
61 53 104 24-25 24 13 14 13 69
58 52 103 26 25 14 13 10 68
55 51 102 27 26 15 15 14 14 10 67
53 51 101 28 16 16 15 11 66
50 50 100 29 27 17-18 17 16 15 64-65
47 49 99 30-31 28 19 18 17 16 12 11 63
45 49 98 32 29 20 19 18 17 62
42 48 97 33-34 30 21 20 19 13 12 60-61
39 47 96 35 31 22 21 20 18 59
 37 47 95 36 32 23-24 22 21 19 14 58
34 46 94 37-38 33 25 23 22 20 15 13 56-57
32 45 93 39 34 26-27 24 23 21 55
30 45 92 40-41 35-36 28 25 24 22 16 14 53-54
27 44 91 42-43 37 29-30 26 25-26 23 52
25 43 90 44 38 31 27-28 27 24 17 15 50-51
23 43 89 45-46 39 32-33 29 28 25 18 48-49
21 42 88 47-48 40 34-35 30 29-30 26 19 16 47
19 41 87 49 41-42 36-37 31-32 31 27 45-46
18 41 86 50-51 43 38-39 33 32 28 20 17 43-44
16 40 85 52-53 44 40-41 34-35 33-34 29 21 18 42
14 39 84 54-55 45-46 42-43 36 35 30 22 40-41
13 39 83 56-57 47 44-45 37-38 36-37 31 23 19 38-39
12 38 82 58 48 46-47 39 38-39 32 36-37
10 37 81 59-60 49-50 48-49 40-41 40 33-34 24 20 34-35
9 37 80 61-62 51 50-51 42-43 41-42 35 25 21 32-33
8 36 79 63-64 52-53 52-53 44 43-44 36 26 30-31
7 35 78 65-66 54 54-56 45-46 45-46 37 27 22 28-29
6 35 77 67-68 55 57-58 47-48 47 38-39 28 23 26-27
5 34 76 69-70 56-57 59-60 49-50 48-49 40 29 24-25
5 33 75 71-72 58-59 61-63 51 50-51 41-42 30 24 22-23
4 33 74 73-74 60 64-65 52-53 52-53 43 31 25 20-21
4 32 73 75-76 61-62 66-68 54-55 54-55 44 32 26 18-19
3 31 72 77-79 63 69-70 56-57 56-57 45-46 33 16-17
3 31 71 80-81 64-65 71-73 58-59 58-59 47 34 27 14-15
2 30 70 82-83 66-67 74-76 60-61 60-61 48-49 35 28 12-13
2 29 69 84-85 68 77-78 62-63 62-63 50 36 29 10-11
2 29 68 86-87 69-70 79-81 64-65 64-65 51-52 37 30 7-9
1 28 67 88-89 71-72 82-84 66-67 66-67 53 38 5-6
1 27 66 90-91 73 85-86 68-69 68-69 54-55 39 31 3-4
1 27 65 92-93 74-75 87-89 70-71 70-71 56-57 40 32 1-2
1 26 64 94-96 76-77 90-92 72-73 72-73 58 41-42 33 0
1 25 63 97-98 78 93-94 74-76 74-75 59-60 43 34
1 25 62 99-100 79-80 95-97 77-78 76-77 61 44 35
<I 24 61 101-102 81-82 98-99 79-80 78-79 62-63 45 36
<1 23 60 103-104 83-84 100-102 81-82 80-81 64-65 46 37
<1 23 59 105-106 85 103-105 83-84 82-83 66 47 38
<1 22 58 107-108 86-87 106-107 85-86 84-85 67-68 48 39
<1 21 57 109-110 88-89 108-110 87-88 86-87 69 49 40
<1 21 56 Ill-1I2 90-91 111-112 89-90 88-89 70-71 50 41
<1 20 55 113-114 92-93 113-115 91-92 90-91 72 51-52 42
<1 <20 <55 115-128 94-100 116-126 93-100 92-94 73-100 53-128 43-100

Raw scores

Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 2-6 10-21 0-2 ~-12.50 >16

11-16 22-27 -12.51 to -20.10 11-16 t"l
Q..
6-10
2-5
28-45
46-83 3-4
-20.11 to -26.70
-26.71 to -30.70
6-10
2-5 =
r"l
III
>
CIQ
:;;1 0 84-129 5-21 :;;-30.71 :;;1 Q: ."
<:>
=
IV
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0

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00
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.., ........,
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III
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00
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Table D56 Q. IJ(l

=
-
(t)
r>
~ ...:t
Age: 75 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 79 Years 11 Months 30 Days c"
Ul
b
Education: Less Than or Equal To 8 Years =
1/\ I
...:t
QO

Raw scores
'<
(t)
....'P
....
~
'"l

Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-29 0-25 0-19 0-14 0-17 0-13 0-11 0-9 69-100
>99 80 145 12
>99 79 144 30 20 68
>99 79 143 26
>99 78 142 15 10
>99 77 141 31 18 67
>99 77 140 14
>99 76 139 27 66
99 75 138
99 75 137 32
99 74 136 21 16 65
99 73 135 33 28 13
99 73 134 19 64
99 72 133 15 11
98 71 132 34 29 63
98 71 131 22 17
98 70 130 35 62
97 69 129 30 20
97 69 128 36 16 14 61
96 68 127 31 23 18
96 67 126 37 12 60
95 67 125 21 59
95 66 124 38 32 24 19 17
94 65 123 58
93 65 122 39 33 22 15 57
92 64 121 40 25 20 18
91 63 120 34 13 56
90 63 119 41 26 23 55
88 62 118 42 35 21 19 16
87 61 117 27 54
86 61 116 43 36 22 24 53
84 60 115 44 37 28 20 14 52
82 59 114 45 23 25 17 51
81 59 113 38 29 50
79 58 112 46 39 24 26 21 49
77 57 111 47 30 18 15 48
75 57 110 48 40 31 25 27 22
73 56 109 49 41 32 26 28 47
70 55 108 50 23 19 16 46
68 55 107 51 42 33 27 29 44-45
66 54 106 52 43 34 28 30 24 20 43
63 53 105 53 44 35 25 42
61 53 104 54 45 36 29 31 17 41
58 52 103 55 37 30 32 26 21 40
55 51 102 56-57 46 38 31 33 27 18 39
53 51 101 58 47 39 32 22 37-38
50 50 100 59 48 40 33 34 28 36
47 49 99 60 49 41 34 35 29 23 19 35
45 49 98 61-62 50 42 35 36 34
42 48 97 63 51 43-44 36 37 30 24 32-33
39 47 96 64 52 45 37 38 31 25 20 31
 37 47 95 65-66 53 46 38 39 32 29-30
34 46 94 67 54 47-48 39 40 33 26 21 28
32 45 93 68-69 55 49 40 41-42 34 26-27
30 45 92 70 56 50-51 41-42 43 35 27 22 25
27 44 91 71-72 57-58 52 43 44 36 28 23-24
25 43 90 73 59 53-54 44 45 37 23 22
23 43 89 74-75 60 55-56 45-46 46-47 38 29 20-21
21 42 88 76-77 61 57 47 48 39 30 24 18-19
19 41 87 78 62 58-59 48 49 40 31 17
18 41 86 79-80 63-64 60-61 49-50 50-51 41 25 15-16
16 40 85 81-82 65 62-63 51-52 52 42 32 13-14
14 39 84 83-84 66 64-65 53 53-54 43 33 26 11-12
13 39 83 85-86 67-68 66-67 54-55 55 44-45 34 10
12 38 82 87 69 68-69 56 56-57 46 35 27 8-9
10 37 81 88-89 70 70-71 57-58 58-59 47 36 28 6-7
9 37 80 90-91 71-72 72-73 59-60 60 48 37 4-5
8 36 79 92-93 73 74-76 61-62 61-62 49-50 29 2-3
7 35 78 94-95 74-75 77-78 63-64 63-64 51 38 30 0-1
6 35 77 96-97 76 79-80 65 65-66 52-53 39
5 34 76 98-99 77-78 81-83 66-67 67 54 40 31
5 33 75 100-101 79 84-85 68-69 68-69 55 41 32
4 33 74 102-103 80-81 86-88 70-71 70-71 56-57 42 33
4 32 73 104-105 82-83 89-90 72-73 72-73 58 43
3 31 72 106-107 84 91-93 74-75 74-75 59-60 44 34
3 31 71 108-109 85-86 94-95 76-78 76-77 61-62 45 35
2 30 70 IIO-I I I 87 96-98 79-80 78-79 63 46-47 36
2 29 69 112-113 88-89 99-101 81-82 80-81 64-65 48
2 29 68 114-115 90-91 102-103 83-84 82-83 66 49 37
1 28 67 116-117 92 104-106 85-86 84-85 67-68 50 38
1 27 66 118-120 93-94 107-109 87-88 86-87 69-70 51 39
I 27 65 121-122 95-96 IIO-I I I 89-90 88-89 71 52 40
I 26 64 123-124 97-98 112-114 91-93 90-91 72-73 53 41
I 25 63 125-126 99 115-II7 94-95 92-93 74 54 42
1 25 62 127-128 100 II8-119 96-97 94 75-76 55 43
<1 24 61 120-122 98-99 77-78 56-57
<1 23 60 123-124 100 79 58 44
<I 23 59 125-126 80-81 59 45
<I 22 58 82-83 60 46
<I 21 57 84 61 47
<1 21 56 85-86 62 48
<1 20 55 87-88 63 49
<1 <20 <55 89-100 64-128 50-100

Raw scores

Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 1-6 10-23 0-2 ~-20.00 >16

11-16 24-46 11-16
6-10 0 47-129 3-4 -20.01 to -25.50 6-10 l"J
Q.
2-5
~I 5-21 ~-25.51
2-5 = >
f'>
~
IJQ
~I ~
g. -..l
=
1/\
Ul
b
OQ
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w
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Table D57 l"J
Q.
=
I'>
>
rtCI
It>
~ -...l
Age: 75 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 79 Years 11 Months 30 Days ::: til
0 b
Education: 9 Years Through 11 Years =
\C
.:..
....
1
'P
Raw scores '<
....
....
It>
..,
~

Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%i1e score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-22 0-20 0-14 0-11 0-13 0-10 0-9 0-7 75-100
>99 80 145 23
>99 79 144 21
>99 79 143 8 74
>99 78 142 15
>99 77 141 24 11 73
>99 77 140 22 14
>99 76 139
99 75 138 25 12 10 72
99 75 137
99 74 136 23 16
99 73 135 26 71
99 73 134 12 9
99 72 133 24 13 15 70
98 71 132 27
98 71 131 17 69
98 70 130 28 25 11
97 69 129 13 68
97 69 128 29 26 14 16
96 68 127 18 10 67
96 67 126 30 66
95 67 125 27 15 14
95 66 124 31 19 17 12 65
94 65 123 28 64
93 65 122 32 16
92 64 121 33 29 20 18 15 11 63
91 63 120 13 62
90 63 119 34 30 21 17
88 62 118 35 19 16 61
87 61 117 31 22 18 60
86 61 116 36 20 14 12 59
84 60 115 37 32 23 19 17 58
82 59 114 38 33 21
81 59 113 39 24 20 18 57
79 58 112 34 22 15 13 56
77 57 111 40 35 25 21 19 55
75 57 110 41 26 23 54
73 56 109 42 36 22 20 16 53
70 55 108 43 37 27 23 24 14 52
68 55 107 44 28 25 21 17 51
66 54 106 45 38 29 24 50
63 53 105 46 39 30 25 26 22 15 49
61 53 104 47-48 40 31 26 27 18 47-48
58 52 103 49 41 32 28 23 46
55 51 102 50 42 33 27 24 19 16 45
53 51 101 51 34 28 29 44
50 50 100 52 43 35 29 30 25 20 43
47 49 99 53-54 44 36 30 31 26 17 41-42
45 49 98 55 45 37 31 32 27 21 40
42 48 97 56 46 38 32 33 18 39
39 47 96 57-58 47 39-40 33 34 28 22 37-38
 37 47 95 59 48 41 34 35 29 23 36
34 46 94 60-61 49 42 35-36 36 30 19 34-35
32 45 93 62 50-51 43-44 37 37 31 24 33
30 45 92 63-64 52 45 38 38-39 32 20 31-32
27 44 91 65 53 46-47 39 40 33 25 30
25 43 90 66-67 54 48-49 40-41 41 34 26 21 28-29
23 43 89 68 55 50 42 42 35 27 26-27
21 42 88 69-70 56 51-52 43 43-44 36 22 25
19 41 87 71-72 57-58 53-54 44-45 45 37 28 23-24
18 41 86 73 59 55-56 46 46-47 38 29 23 21-22
16 40 85 74-75 60 57-58 47-48 48 39 30 20
14 39 84 76-77 61-62 59-60 49-50 49-50 40-41 24 18-19
13 39 83 78-79 63 61-62 51 51 42 31 25 16-17
12 38 82 80-81 64 63-64 52-53 52-53 43 32 14-15
10 37 81 82 65-66 65-66 54-55 54 44 33 26 12-13
9 37 80 83-84 67 67-68 56 55-56 45-46 34 27 10-11
8 36 79 85-86 68-69 69-71 57-58 57-58 47 35 8-9
7 35 78 87-88 70 72-73 59-60 59-60 48 36 28 6-7
6 35 77 89-90 71-72 74-75 61-62 61 49-50 37 29 4-5
5 34 76 91-92 73 76-78 63-64 62-63 51 38 2-3
5 33 75 93-94 74-75 79-80 65-66 64-65 52-53 39 30 0-1
4 33 74 95-96 76 81-83 67-68 66-67 54 40 31
4 32 73 97-98 77-78 84-85 69-70 68-69 55-56 41
3 31 72 99-100 79 86-88 71-72 70-71 57 42 32
3 31 71 101-102 80-81 89-90 73-74 72-73 58-59 43 33
2 30 70 103-104 82-83 91-93 75-76 74-75 60 44 34
2 29 69 105-107 84 94-95 77-78 76-77 61-62 45 35
2 29 68 108-109 85-86 96-98 79-80 78-79 63 46
1 28 67 110-111 87-88 99-101 81-82 80-81 64-65 47 36
1 27 66 112-113 89 102-103 83-85 82-83 66-67 48 37
1 27 65 114-115 90-91 104-106 86-87 84-85 68 49 38
1 26 64 116-117 92-93 107-109 88-89 86-87 69-70 50-51 39
I 25 63 118-119 94-95 llO-ill 90-91 88-89 71-72 52 40
1 25 62 120-121 96 112-114 92-94 90-91 73 53 41
<1 24 61 122-123 97-98 115-117 95-96 92-93 74-75 54 42
<1 23 60 124-125 99-100 118-119 97-98 94 76-77 55 43
<I 23 59 126-127 120-122 99-100 78 56
<I 22 58 128 123-124 79-80 57 44
<I 21 57 125-126 81-82 58 45
<1 21 56 83 59-60 46
<1 20 55 84-85 61 47
<I <20 <55 86-100 62-128 48-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 1-6 10-23 0-2 :2:-20.00 >16

11-16 24-46 11-16 t"i
Q..
6-10 0 47-129 3-4 -20.01 to -25.50 6-10
=
2-5
~I 5-21 ~-25.51
2-5
~I
-=
...,
Ql
o
>
(lei
/l)

-..,J
'f'
........'P 0

/l) L
-
00
Vl
., .:......
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\C
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00
0\
Table D58 trJ
Q..
=
>
CJCl

-....= L
~
...,
~ -..l
Age: 75 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 79 Years 11 Months 30 Days o b Ul

Education: 12 Years
N
'< ....'P
Raw scores ..,en ....
~
~

Total Percent Percent Percent Percent

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-18 0-17 0-11 0-8 0-10 0-8 0-7 0-6 79-100
>99 80 145
>99 79 144 19 18 78
>99 79 143 9 11 9
>99 78 142 8
>99 77 141 12 7 77
>99 77 140 20 19
>99 76 139
99 75 138 76
99 75 137 21 10
99 74 136 20 10 75
99 73 135 13 12
99 73 134 22
99 72 133 21 9 74
98 71 132 23 8
98 71 131 11 73
98 70 130 24 22 14 13 11
97 69 129 72
97 69 128 23
96 68 127 25 12 71
96 67 126 26 15 14 10 9 70
95 67 125 24 12
95 66 124 27 13 69
94 65 123 25 16 68
93 65 122 28 15 13
92 64 121 26 14 11 67
91 63 120 29 17 10 66
90 63 119 30 27 15 16 14
88 62 118 18 65
87 61 117 31 28 17 12 64
86 61 116 32 19 16 15 63
84 60 115 33 29 18 11 62
82 59 114 34 30 20 17
81 59 113 21 16 13 61
79 58 112 35 31 18 19 60
77 57 III 36 32 22 19 20 17 12 59
75 57 110 37 14 58
73 56 109 38 33 23 20 21 18 57
70 55 108 39 34 24 15 13 56
68 55 107 40 25 21 22 19 55
66 54 106 41 35 26 22 23 54
63 53 105 42 36 23 20 16 53
61 53 104 43 37 27 24 21 14 51-52
58 52 103 44 38 28 24 25 17 50
55 51 102 45-46 39 29 25 26 22 49
53 51 101 47 30 26 27 23 18 15 48
50 50 100 48 40 31-32 27 47
47 49 99 49 41 33 28 28 24 19 16 45-46
45 49 98 50-51 42 34 29 29 25 44
42 48 97 52 43 35 30 30 26 20 43
39 47 96 53 44 36 31 31 17 41-42
37 47 95 54-55 45 37-38 32 32 27 21 40
34 46 94 56 46 39 33 33-34 28 22 18 38-39
32 45 93 57-58 47-48 40-41 34 35 29 37
30 45 92 59 49 42 35-36 36 30 23 19 35-36
27 44 91 60-61 50 43-44 37 37 31 34
25 43 90 62 51 45 38 38 32 24 20 32-33
23 43 89 63-64 52 46-47 39-40 39-40 33 25 30-31
21 42 88 65-66 53 48-49 41 41 34 26 21 29
19 41 87 67 54-55 50-51 42-43 42 35 27-28
18 41 86 68-69 56 52-53 44 43-44 36 27 22 25-26
16 40 85 70-71 57 54-55 45-46 45 37-38 28 24
14 39 84 72-73 58-59 56-57 47 46-47 39 29 23 22-23
13 39 83 74-75 60 58-59 48-49 48 40 30 20-21
12 38 82 76 61 60-61 50-51 49-50 41 31 24 18-19
10 37 81 77-78 62-63 62-63 52 51-52 42-43 25 16-17
9 37 80 79-80 64 64-65 53-54 53 44 32 14-15
8 36 79 81-82 65-66 66-67 55-56 54-55 45 33 26 12-13
7 35 78 83-84 67 68-70 57-58 56-57 46-47 34 27 10-11
6 35 77 85-86 68-69 71-72 59-60 58-59 48 35 8-9
5 34 76 87-88 70 73-74 61-62 60 49 36 28 6-7
5 33 75 89-90 71-72 75-77 63 61-62 50-51 37 29 4-5
4 33 74 91-92 73 78-79 64-65 63-64 52 38 30 2-3
4 32 73 93-94 74-75 80-82 66-68 65-66 53-54 39 0-1
3 31 72 95-96 76 83-84 69-70 67-68 55 40 31
3 31 71 97-98 77-78 85-87 71-72 69-70 56-57 41 32
2 30 70 99-100 79-80 88-90 73-74 71-72 58 42 33
2 29 69 101-102 81 91-92 75-76 73-74 59-60 43
2 29 68 103-104 82-83 93-95 77-78 75-76 61-62 44 34
1 28 67 105-106 84-85 96-98 79-80 77-78 63 45-46 35
1 27 66 107-109 86 99-100 81-82 79-80 64-65 47 36
1 27 65 110-111 87-88 101-103 83-85 81-82 66-67 48 37
1 26 64 112-113 89-90 104-106 86-87 83-84 68 49 38
1 25 63 114-115 91-92 107-108 88-89 85-86 69-70 50 39
1 25 62 116-117 93 109-111 90-91 87-88 71-72 51
<1 24 61 118-119 94-95 112-113 92-93 89-90 73 52 40
<1 23 60 120-121 96-97 114-116 94-96 91-92 74-75 53 41
<1 23 59 122-123 98-99 117-119 97-98 93-94 76-77 54-55 42
<1 22 58 124-125 100 120-121 99-100 78 56 43
<1 21 57 126-127 122-124 79-80 57 44
<1 21 56 128 125-126 81 58 45
<1 20 55 82-83 59 46
<1 <20 <55 84-100 60-128 47-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%ile Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %ile

>16 1-6 10-23 0-2 ~-20.00 >16

11-16 24-46 11-16
6-10 0 47-129 3-4 -20.01 to -25.50 6-10 t>J
Q.
2-5 2-5 =
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Age: 75 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 79 Years 11 Months 30 Days as 'f' ....:t

Education: 13 Years Through 15 Years =

.... I
Q

....:t
....'-f 'P....
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Raw scores
(!)
~
Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '1

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual '"

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-16 0-15 0-9 0-7 0-9 0-7 0-6 0-5 82-100
>99 80 145 16 6 81
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142 17 8 7 80
>99 77 141 17 10 8
>99 77 140 79
>99 76 139 18
99 75 138 10
99 75 137 18 78
99 74 136 19
99 73 135 11 9 9 7 77
99 73 134 19
99 72 133 20 8 76
98 71 132 11
98 71 131 21 20 75
98 70 130 12 10 10
97 69 129 74
97 69 128 22 21
96 68 127 12 8 73
96 67 126 23 22 13 11 9
95 67 125 24 11 72
95 66 124 13 71
94 65 123 25 23 14 12
93 65 122 12 9 70
92 64 121 26 24 15 14 10 69
91 63 120 27 13
90 63 119 25 68
88 62 118 28 16 14 15 13 67
87 61 117 29 26 11 10 66
86 61 116 27 17 14
84 60 115 30 15 16 65
82 59 114 31 28 18 64
81 59 113 32 19 16 17 15 12 63
79 58 112 33 29 17 11 62
77 57 111 34 30 20 18 16 61
75 57 110 35 21 18 19 13 60
73 56 109 31 17 12 59
70 55 108 36 32 22 19 20 14 58
68 55 107 37 33 23 20 18 57
66 54 106 38-39 24 21 56
63 53 105 40 34 25 21 22 19 15 13 55
61 53 104 41 35 22 23 20 54
58 52 103 42 36 26 23 16 53
55 51 102 43 37 27 24 24 21 14 51-52
53 51 101 44 38 28-29 25 25 22 17 50
50 50 100 45 39 30 26 26 15 49
47 49 99 46-47 40 31 27 23 18 48
45 49 98 48 41 32 27 28 24 46-47
42 48 97 49 42 33 28-29 29 25 19 16 45
39 47 96 50-51 43 34-35 30 30 44
37 47 95 52 44 36 31 31 26 20 17 42-43
34 46 94 53-54 45 37 32 32 27 21 41
32 45 93 55 46 38-39 33 33 28 39-40
30 45 92 56-57 47 40 34 34 29 22 18 38
27 44 91 58 48 41-42 35-36 35-36 30 23 36-37
25 43 90 59-60 49 43-44 37 37 31 19 34-35
23 43 89 61-62 50 45 38 38 32 24 33
21 42 88 63 51-52 46-47 39-40 39 33 25 20 31-32
19 41 87 64-65 53 48-49 41 40-41 34 29-30
18 41 86 66-67 54 50-51 42-43 42 35 26 21 28
16 40 85 68 55-56 52-53 44 43-44 36 27 22 26-27
14 39 84 69-70 57 54-55 45-46 45 37-38 28 24-25
13 39 83 71-72 58 56-57 47-48 46-47 39 29 23 22-23
12 38 82 73-74 59-60 58-59 49 48-49 40 30 20-21
10 37 81 75-76 61 60-61 50-51 50 41 24 19
9 37 80 77-78 62 62-63 52-53 51-52 42-43 31 25 17-18
8 36 79 79 63-64 64-65 54-55 53-54 44 32 15-16
7 35 78 80-81 65 66-68 56 55 45 33 26 13-14
6 35 77 82-83 66-67 69-70 57-58 56-57 46-47 34 27 11-12
5 34 76 84-85 68 71-72 59-60 58-59 48 35 9-10
5 33 75 86-87 69-70 73-75 61-62 60-61 49-50 36 28 7-8
4 33 74 88-89 71-72 76-77 63-64 62-63 51 37 29 5-6
4 32 73 90-91 73 78-80 65-66 64-65 52-53 38 30 2-4
3 31 72 92-94 74-75 81-82 67-68 66 54 39 0-1
3 31 71 95-96 76 83-85 69-70 67-68 55-56 40 31
2 30 70 97-98 77-78 86-88 71-72 69-70 57 41 32
2 29 69 99-100 79-80 89-90 73-75 71-72 58-59 42 33
2 29 68 101-102 81 91-93 76-77 73-74 60-61 43 34
1 28 67 103-104 82-83 94-96 78-79 75-76 62 44-45
1 27 66 105-106 84-85 97-98 80-81 77-78 63-64 46 35
1 27 65 107-108 86 99-101 82-83 79-80 65 47 36
1 26 64 109-110 87-88 102-104 84-85 81-82 66-67 48 37
1 25 63 111-112 89-90 105-106 86-88 83-84 68-69 49 38
1 25 62 113-114 91-92 107-109 89-90 85-86 70 50 39
<1 24 61 115-116 93 110-112 91-92 87-88 71-72 51 40
<1 23 60 117-118 94-95 113-114 93-94 89-90 73-74 52 41
<1 23 59 119-121 96-97 115-117 95-97 91-92 75 53-54 42
<1 22 58 122-123 98-99 118-119 98-99 93-94 76-77 55 43
<1 21 57 124-125 100 120-122 100 78-79 56 44
<1 21 56 126-127 123-124 80 57 45
<1 20 55 128 125-126 81-82 58 46
<1 <20 <55 83-100 59-128 47-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%ile Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %ile

>16 1-6 10-23 0-2 ~-20.00 >16 t'"1

11-16 24-46 11-16 Q..
6-10 0 47-129 3-4 -20.01 to -25.50 6-10
c:
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2-5 2-5 ~ ;.-
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Age: 75 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 79 Years 11 Months 30 Days C". Ul
0 b
Education: 16 Years Through 17 Years ....= L
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '1

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual '"

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-10 0-12 0-5 0-4 0-5 0-5 0-4 0-4 86-100
>99 80 145 11 6
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 13 5 85
>99 78 142 12 6 5
>99 77 141 6
>99 77 140 5 84
>99 76 139 14
99 75 138 13 83
99 75 137 7
99 74 136 7 6
99 73 135 14 15 82
99 73 134 7
99 72 133 15 6 81
98 71 132 16 6
98 71 131 8 7 8 80
98 70 130 16
97 69 129 17 8 79
97 69 128 17
96 68 127 18 9 8 9 78
96 67 126 18 7 77
95 67 125 9 7
95 66 124 19 19 10 9 76
94 65 123 20 10
93 65 122 20 75
92 64 121 21 11 10 10 8 74
91 63 120 21 11 73
90 63 119 22 12 8
88 62 118 23 22 11 11 72
87 61 117 24 13 12 9 71
86 61 116 23 12 70
84 60 115 25 24 14 13 12 9
82 59 114 26 13 10 69
81 59 113 27 25 15 14 13 68
79 58 112 28 26 14 67
77 57 III 16 15 14 10 66
75 57 110 29 27 17 15 11 65
73 56 109 30 28 16 16 15 64
70 55 108 31 18 17 12 63
68 55 107 32 29 19 17 16 11 62
66 54 106 33 30 20 18 18 61
63 53 105 34 31 21 19 19 17 13 60
61 53 104 35-36 32 22 12 59
58 52 103 37 23 20 20 18 14 57-58
55 51 102 38 33 24 21 21 19 56
53 51 101 39 34 25 22 22 15 13 55
50 50 100 40 35 26 23 23 20 54
47 49 99 41-42 36 27 24 24 21 16 14 52-53
45 49 98 43 37 28 25 25 22 51
42 48 97 44 38 29 26 26 17 50
39 47 96 45-46 39 30-31 27 27 23 15 48-49
37 47 95 47 40 32 28 28 24 18 47
34 46 94 48-49 41 33 29 29 25 19 16 45-46
32 45 93 50 42 34-35 30 30 26 44
30 45 92 51-52 43 36 31-32 31 27 20 17 42-43
27 44 91 53 44-45 37-38 33 32 28 21 41
25 43 90 54-55 46 39-40 34 33-34 29 18 39-40
23 43 89 56 47 41 35-36 35 30 22 38
21 42 88 57-58 48 42-43 37 36 31 23 19 36-37
19 41 87 59-60 49 44-45 38-39 37-38 32 34-35
18 41 86 61 50-51 46-47 40 39 33 24 20 32-33
16 40 85 62-63 52 48-49 41-42 40-41 34 25 31
14 39 84 64-65 53 50-51 43 42 35-36 26 21 29-30
13 39 83 66-67 54-55 52-53 44-45 43-44 37 27 27-28
12 38 82 68-69 56 54-55 46-47 45 38 28 22 25-26
10 37 81 70-71 57 56-57 48 46-47 39 23 23-24
9 37 80 72 58-59 58-59 49-50 48-49 40-41 29 21-22
8 36 79 73-74 60 60-62 51-52 50 42 30 24 19-20
7 35 78 75-76 61-62 63-64 53-54 51-52 43 31 25 17-18
6 35 77 77-78 63 65-66 55-56 53-54 44-45 32 15-16
5 34 76 79-80 64-65 67-69 57 55-56 46 33 26 13-14
5 33 75 81-82 66 70-71 58-59 57-58 47-48 34 27 11-12
4 33 74 83-84 67-68 72-74 60-61 59 49 35 9-10
4 32 73 85-86 69-70 75-76 62-63 60-61 50-51 36 28 7-8
3 31 72 87-88 71 77-79 64-66 62-63 52 37 29 5-6
3 31 71 89-90 72-73 80-81 67-68 64-65 53-54 38 30 3-4
2 30 70 91-93 74 82-84 69-70 66-67 55 39 1-2
2 29 69 94-95 75-76 85-86 71-72 68-69 56-57 40 31 0
2 29 68 96-97 77-78 87-89 73-74 70-71 58 41 32
1 28 67 98-99 79 90-92 75-76 72-73 59-60 42-43 33
1 27 66 100-101 80-81 93-94 77-78 74-75 61-62 44 34
I 27 65 102-103 82-83 95-97 79-81 76-77 63 45 35
I 26 64 104-105 84-85 98-100 82-83 78-79 64-65 46 36
I 25 63 106-107 86 101-102 84-85 80-81 66-67 47
1 25 62 108-109 87-88 103-105 86-87 82-83 68 48 37
<1 24 61 110-111 89-90 106-108 88-89 84-85 69-70 49 38
<1 23 60 112-113 91-92 109-110 90-92 86-87 71-72 50 39
<I 23 59 114-115 93 111-113 93-94 88-89 73 51-52 40
<I 22 58 116-117 94-95 114-115 95-96 90-91 74-75 53 41
<I 21 57 118-119 96-97 116-118 97-98 92-93 76-77 54 42
<1 21 56 120-121 98-99 119-121 99-100 94 78 55 43
<1 20 55 122-123 100 122-123 79-80 56 44
<1 <20 <55 124-128 124-126 81-100 57-128 45-100

Raw scores

Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 1-6 10-23 0-2 <':-20.00 >16 t"'i

11-16 24-46 11-16 Q.
=
6-10
2-5
$1
0 47-129 3-4

5-21
-20.01 to -25.50

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2-5
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Age: 75 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 79 Years 11 Months 30 Days ~"' -...)
til

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0
Education: Greater Than or Equal To 18 Years IV
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-7 0-10 0-3 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-3 0-3 89-100
>99 80 145
>99 79 144 8 3 4
>99 79 143 88
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 11 4
>99 77 140 9 87
>99 76 139 4
99 75 138 12 4 5
99 75 137 10 4 86
99 74 136 5
99 73 135 85
99 73 134 11 13
99 72 133 5 84
98 71 132 12 5 6 5
98 71 131 14 6 5 83
98 70 130
97 69 129 13 6 82
97 69 128 15 6
96 68 127 14 7 81
96 67 126 16 7
95 67 125 15 7 6 6 80
95 66 124 16 17 7 79
94 65 123 8 8
93 65 122 17 18 8 78
92 64 121 8 77
91 63 120 18 19 9 9 9 7 7
90 63 119 19 9 76
88 62 118 20 75
87 61 117 20 10 10 10 10 74
86 61 116 21 21 8
84 60 115 22 II II 8 73
82 59 114 23 22 12 11 11 72
81 59 113 23 12 12 9 71
79 58 112 24 13 12 70
77 57 111 25 24 13 13 9 69
75 57 110 26 25 14 13 10 68
73 56 109 27 15 14 14 67
70 55 108 28 26 16 15 15 14 10 66
68 55 107 29 27 11 65
66 54 106 30 28 17 16 16 15 64
63 53 105 31 18 17 17 63
61 53 104 32 29 19 18 16 12 II 62
58 52 103 33 30 20 18 17 61
55 51 102 34-35 31 21 19 19 13 59-60
53 51 101 36 32 22 20 20 18 12 58
50 50 100 37 33 23 21 21 19 14 57
47 49 99 38 34 24 22 22 13 56
45 49 98 39-40 35 25-26 23 23 20 15 54-55
42 48 97 41 36 27 24 21 53
39 47 96 42 37 28 25 24-25 22 16 14 51-52
37 47 95 43-44 38 29 26 26 23 I7 50
34 46 94 45 39 30-31 27 27 24 15 49
32 45 93 46-47 40 32 28-29 28 18 47-48
30 45 92 48 41 33-34 30 29 25 19 16 46
27 44 91 49-50 42 35 31 30 26 44-45
25 43 90 51 ,43 36-37 32 31-32 27 20 17 42-43
23 43 89 52-53 44-45 38-39 33-34 33 28 21 41
21 42 88 54-55 46 40-41 35 34 29-30 18 39-40
19 41 87 56 47 42 36-37 35-36 31 22 37-38
18 41 86 57-58 48 43-44 38 37 32 23 19 36
16 40 85 59-60 49-50 45-46 39-40 38-39 33 24 34-35
14 39 84 61-62 51 47-48 41 40 34 25 20 32-33
13 39 83 63 52 49-50 42-43 41-42 35 30-31
12 38 82 64-65 53-54 51-52 44-45 43 36-37 26 21 28-29
10 37 81 66-67 55 53-55 46 44-45 38 27 22 26-27
9 37 80 68-69 56-57 56-57 47-48 46-47 39 28 25
8 36 79 70-71 58 58-59 49-50 48 40-41 29 23 23-24
7 35 78 72-73 59 60-61 51-52 49-50 42 30 24 21-22
6 35 77 74-75 60-61 62-64 53-54 51-52 43 31 19-20
5 34 76 76-77 62 65-66 55-56 53-54 44-45 32 25 17-18
5 33 75 78-79 63-64 67-69 57-58 55-56 46 33 26 15-16
4 33 74 80-81 65-66 70-71 59-60 57 47-48 34 12-14
4 32 73 82-83 67 72-74 61-62 58-59 49 35 27 10-11
3 31 72 84-85 68-69 75-76 63-64 60-61 50-51 36 28 8-9
3 31 71 86-87 70 77-79 65-66 62-63 52 37 29 6-7
2 30 70 88-89 71-72 80-81 67-68 64-65 53-54 38 30 4-5
2 29 69 90-91 73-74 82-84 69-70 66-67 55 39 2-3
2 29 68 92-93 75 85-87 71-72 68-69 56-57 40 31 0-1
1 28 67 94-95 76-77 88-89 73-74 70-71 58-59 41 32
1 27 66 96-97 78-79 90m 75-77 72-73 60 42 33
1 27 65 98-100 80-81 93-95 78-79 74-75 61-62 43 34
1 26 64 101-102 82 96-97 80-81 76-77 63-64 44-45 35
1 25 63 103-104 83-84 98-100 82-83 78-79 65 46 36
1 25 62 105-106 85-86 101-102 84-85 80-81 66-67 47
<1 24 61 107-108 87-88 103-105 86-88 82-83 68-69 48 37
<1 23 60 109-110 89 106-108 89-90 84-85 70 49 38
<1 23 59 111-112 90-91 109-110 91-92 86-87 71-72 50 39
<1 22 58 113-114 92-93 111-113 93-94 88-89 73-74 51 40
<1 21 57 115-116 94-95 114-115 95-96 90-91 75 52 41
<1 21 56 117-118 96 116-118 97-99 92-93 76-77 53-54 42
<1 20 55 119-120 97-98 119-120 100 94 78-79 55 43
<1 <20 <55 121-128 99-100 121-126 80-100 56-128 44-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%ile Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %ile

>16 1-6 10-23 0-2 2:-20.00 >16

11-16 24-46 11-16 t"i
Q.
6-10 0 47-129 3-4 -20.01 to -25.50 6-10
=
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Table D62 trJ
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Age: 80 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 84 Years 11 Months 30 Days o Q
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Education: Less Than or Equal To 8 Years 1/\ I
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-39 0-31 0-27 0-18 0-24 0-17 0-14 0-11 60-100
>99 80 145 40 32 19
>99 79 144 15 59
>99 79 143 12
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 41 33 28 58
>99 77 140
>99 76 139 18 57
99 75 138 42 20 25
99 75 137 34
99 74 136 56
99 73 135 43 29
99 73 134 16 55
99 72 133 35 21 19 13
98 71 132 44 26 54
98 71 131
98 70 130 45 36 30 53
97 69 129 22
97 69 128 46 37 20 52
96 68 127 27 17
96 67 126 31 14 51
95 67 125 47 38 23
95 66 124 48 21 50
94 65 123 39 32 28 49
93 65 122 49 24 18
92 64 121 40 15 48
91 63 120 50 33 29 22 47
90 63 119 51 41 25 46
88 62 118 34 19
87 61 117 52 42 26 30 23 45
86 61 116 53 16 44
84 60 115 43 35 27 31 24 43
82 59 114 54 44 36 20 42
81 59 113 55 28 32
79 58 112 56 45 37 25 17 41
77 57 111 57 29 33 21 . 40
75 57 110 46 38 30 26 39
73 56 109 58 47 39 34 38
70 55 108 59 48 31 27 22 18 37
68 55 107 60 40 32 35 36
66 54 106 61 49 41 28 23 35
63 53 105 62 50 42 33 36 29 19 34
61 53 104 63 51 43 34 37 24 32-33
58 52 103 64 52 44 35 38 30 31
55 51 102 65 45 36 31 20 30
53 51 101 66-67 53 46 37 39 25 29
50 50 100 68 54 47 38 40 32 28
47 49 99 69 55 48 39 41 33 26 21 26-27
45 49 98 70 56 49 40 42 34 27 25
42 48 97 71-72 57 50 41 43 24
39 47 96 73 58 51 42 44 35 28 22 22-23
37 47 95 74 59 52-53 43 45 36 21
34 46 94 75-76 60 54 44 46 37 29 23 19-20
32 45 93 77 61 55 45 47 38 30 18
30 45 92 78 62 56-57 46-47 48 39 24 16-17
27 44 91 79-80 63-64 58 48 49 40 31 15
25 43 90 81 ,65 59-60 49 50 41 32 25 13-14
23 43 89 82-83 66 61 50-51 51 42 12
21 42 88 84-85 67 62-63 52 52-53 43 33 26 10-11
19 41 87 86 68 64-65 53-54 54 44 34 8-9
18 41 86 87-88 69-70 66-67 55 55 45 35 27 7
16 40 85 89 71 68 56-57 56-57 46 36 5-6
14 39 84 90-91 72 69-70 58-59 58 47-48 28 3-4
13 39 83 92-93 73-74 71-72 60 59-60 49 37 1-2
12 38 82 94-95 75 73-74 61-62 61 50 38 29 0
10 37 81 96 76 75-76 63-64 62-63 51 39 30
9 37 80 97-98 77-78 77-78 65-66 64 52-53 40
8 36 79 99-100 79 79-81 67 65-66 54 41 31
7 35 78 101-102 80 c81 82-83 68-69 67-68 55-56 42 32
6 35 77 103-104 82 84-85 70-71 69 57 43
5 34 76 105-106 83-84 86-87 72-73 70-71 58 44 33
5 33 75 107 85 88-90 74-75 72-73 59-60 45 34
4 33 74 108-109 86-87 91-92 76-77 74 61 46
4 32 73 110-111 88 93-94 78-79 75-76 62-63 47 35
3 31 72 112-113 89-90 95-97 80-82 77-78 64 48 36
3 31 71 114-115 91 98-99 83-84 79-80 65-66 49 37
2 30 70 116-117 92-93 100-102 85-86 81-82 67-68 50 38
2 29 69 118-119 94-95 103-104 87-88 83-84 69 51
2 29 68 120-121 96 105-107 89-90 85 70-71 52 39
1 28 67 122-123 97-98 108-109 91-92 86-87 72 53 40
1 27 66 124-125 99-100 110-112 93-95 88-89 73-74 54 41
1 27 65 126-127 113-114 96-97 90-91 75-76 55-56 42
1 26 64 128 115-117 98-99 92-93 77 57 43
1 25 63 118-119 100 94 78-79 58
1 25 62 120-122 80-81 59 44
<1 24 61 123-124 82 60 45
<1 23 60 125-126 83-84 61 46
<1 23 59 85-86 62 47
<1 22 58 87-88 63-64 48
<1 21 57 89 65 49
<1 21 56 90-91 66 50
<1 20 55 92-93 67 51
<1 <20 <55 94-100 68-128 52-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 1-6 10-95 0-2 :2:-14.80 >16

11-16 0 96-129 3 -14.81 to-15.90 11-16
6-10 -15.91 to -17.20 6-10
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Age: 80 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 84 Years 11 Months 30 Days ::: Q

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Education: 9 Years Through 11 Years ~

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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent "'"

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-33 0-27 0-22 0-15 0-20 0-14 0-12 0-9 66-100
>99 80 145
>99 79 144 10
>99 79 143 65
>99 78 142 34 28
>99 77 141 16
>99 77 140 23 15 64
>99 76 139 35
99 75 138 29 63
99 75 137 21 13
99 74 136 36
99 73 135 17 11 62
99 73 134 30 24 16
99 72 133 37 61
98 71 132
98 71 131 31 22 60
98 70 130 38 18 14
97 69 129 32 25 59
97 69 128 39 17
96 68 127 12 58
96 67 126 40 33 19 23 57
95 67 125 26
95 66 124 41 34 18 15 56
94 65 123 20 24
93 65 122 42 27 55
92 64 121 35 19 13 54
91 63 120 43 28 21
90 63 119 44 36 25 16 53
88 62 118 37 22 20 52
87 61 117 45 29 26 51
86 61 116 46 38 23 17 14 50
84 60 115 47 30 21
82 59 114 39 24 27 49
81 59 113 48 31 22 48
79 58 112 49 40 32 25 28 18 15 47
77 57 111 50 41 23 46
75 57 110 51 33 26 29 45
73 56 109 52 42 34 27 24 19 44
70 55 108 43 30 16 43
68 55 107 53 44 35 28 31 25 20 42
66 54 106 54 36 29 41
63 53 105 55 45 37 30 32 26 17 40
61 53 104 56 46 38 33 21 39
58 52 103 57-58 47 31 27 38
55 51 102 59 48 39 32 34 28 22 18 36-37
53 51 101 60 49 40 33 35 35
50 50 100 61 41 34 36 29 23 34
47 49 99 62 50 42-43 35 37 30 19 33
45 49 98 63 51 44 36 31 24 31-32
42 48 97 64-65 52 45 37 38 20 30
39 47 96 66 53 46 38 39 32 25 29
37 47 95 67 54 47 39 40 33 26 27-28
34 46 94 68-69 55 48-49 40-41 41 34 21 26
32 45 93 70 56-57 50 42 42-43 35 27 24-25
30 45 92 71-72 58 51-52 43 44 36 28 22 23
27 44 91 73 59 53 44 45 37 21-22
25 43 90 74-75 60 54-55 45-46 46 38 29 23 20
23 43 89 76 61 56 47 47 39 30 18-19
21 42 88 77-78 62 57-58 48-49 48 40 24 16-17
19 41 87 79 63-64 59-60 50 49-50 41 31 15
18 41 86 80-81 65 61 51-52 51 42 32 25 13-14
16 40 85 82-83 66 62-63 53 52-53 43-44 33 11-12
14 39 84 84 67 64-65 54-55 54 45 34 26 9-10
13 39 83 85-86 68-69 66-67 56-57 55 46 35 27 8
12 38 82 87-88 70 68-69 58 56-57 47 6-7
10 37 81 89-90 71-72 70-71 59-60 58-59 48-49 36 28 4-5
9 37 80 91 73 72-73 61-62 60 50 37 2-3
8 36 79 92-93 74 74-75 63-64 61-62 51 38 29 0-1
7 35 78 94-95 75-76 76-78 65-66 63 52-53 39 30
6 35 77 96-97 77 79-80 67-68 64-65 54 40
5 34 76 98-99 78-79 81-82 69-70 66-67 55-56 41 31
5 33 75 100-101 80 83-84 71-72 68 57 42 32
4 33 74 102-103 81-82 85-87 73-74 69-70 58 43 33
4 32 73 104 83 88-89 75-76 71-72 59-60 44
3 31 72 105-106 84-85 90-92 77-78 73-74 61-62 45 34
3 31 71 107-108 86-87 93-94 79-80 75-76 63 46 35
2 30 70 109-110 88 95-97 81-82 77 64-65 47 36
2 29 69 111-112 89-90 98-99 83-84 78-79 66 48
2 29 68 113-114 91-92 100-102 85-87 80-81 67-68 49-50 37
1 28 67 115-116 93 103-104 88-89 82-83 69-70 51 38
1 27 66 117-118 94-95 105-107 90-91 84-85 71 52 39
1 27 65 119-120 96-97 108-109 92-93 86-87 72-73 53 40
1 26 64 121-122 98 110-112 94-96 88-89 74-75 54 41
I 25 63 123-124 99-100 113-114 97-98 90-91 76 55 42
1 25 62 125-126 115-117 99-100 92-93 77-78 56
<1 24 61 127-128 118-119 94 79-80 57-58 43
<1 23 60 120-122 81 59 44
<1 23 59 123-124 82-83 60 45
<I 22 58 125-126 84-85 61 46
<1 21 57 86 62 47
<1 21 56 87-88 63 48
<1 20 55 89-90 64 49
<1 <20 <55 91-100 65-128 50-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 1-6 10-95 0-2 ~-14.80 >16

11-16 0 96-129 3 -14.81 to -15.90 11-16 t"i
Q..
6-10 -15.91 to -17.20 6-10 =
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2-5
::;1 4-21 ::;-17.21
2-5
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Age: 80 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 84 Years 11 Months 30 Days 0'. Q
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Education: 12 Years ....N== I
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-28 0-24 0-19 0-13 0-17 0-12 0-10 0-8 70-100
>99 80 145 29
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 9 69
>99 78 142 25 13
>99 77 141 30 11
>99 77 140 18 68
>99 76 139 20 14
99 75 138 31 26 67
99 75 137
99 74 136
99 73 135 32 14 66
99 73 134 27
99 72 133 21 15 19 10 65
98 71 132 33 12
98 71 131 28 64
98 70 130 34
97 69 129 29 16 15 63
97 69 128 22 20
96 68 127 35 62
96 67 126 30 13 II 61
95 67 125 36 23 17 16
95 66 124 31 21 60
94 65 123 37
93 65 122 38 32 24 18 17 59
92 64 121 22 14 58
91 63 120 39 33 19 12
90 63 119 25 57
88 62 118 40 34 23 18 56
87 61 117 41 26 20 15 55
86 61 116 42 35 19 13 54
84 60 115 27 21 24
82 59 114 43 36 53
81 59 113 44 37 28 22 25 20 16 52
79 58 112 45 23 14 51
77 57 111 38 29 26 21 50
75 57 110 46 30 24 17 49
73 56 109 47 39 27 22 48
70 55 108 48 40 31 25 18 15 47
68 55 107 49 41 32 26 28 23 46
66 54 106 50 33 27 29 45
63 53 105 51 42 24 19 16 44
61 53 104 52 43 34 28 30 25 43
58 52 103 53 44 35 29 31 20 42
55 51 102 54 45 36 30 26 17 40-41
53 51 101 55-56 46 37 31 32 27 21 39
50 50 100 57 47 38 32 33 38
47 49 99 58 39 33 34 28 22 18 37
45 49 98 59 48 40 34 35 29 35-36
42 48 97 60 49 41-42 35 36 30 23 34
39 47 96 61-62 50 43 36 37 31 19 33
37 47 95 63 51 44 37 38 24 31-32
34 46 94 64-65 52-53 45-46 38 39 32 25 20 30
32 45 93 66 54 47 39-40 40 33 28-29
30 45 92 67 55 48 41 41 34 26 21 27
27 44 91 68-69 56 49-50 42 42 35 27 25-26
25 43 90 70 57 51 43-44 43 36 22 24
23 43 89 71-72 58 52-53 45 44-45 37 28 22-23
21 42 88 73 59 54-55 46 46 38 29 23 20-21
19 41 87 74-75 60-61 56 47-48 47 39 30 19
18 41 86 76-77 62 57-58 49 48-49 40-41 24 17-18
16 40 85 78 63 59-60 50-51 50 42 31 15-16
14 39 84 79-80 64-65 61-62 52-53 51 43 32 25 13-14
13 39 83 81-82 66 63-64 54 52-53 44 33 12
12 38 82 83-84 67 65-66 55-56 54 45 34 26 10-11
10 37 81 85 68-69 67-68 57-58 55-56 46-47 35 27 8-9
9 37 80 86-87 70 69-70 59-60 57 48 36 6-7
8 36 79 88-89 71 71-72 61-62 58-59 49 37 28 4-5
7 35 78 90-91 72-73 73-74 63 60-61 50-51 29 2-3
6 35 77 92-93 74 75-77 64-65 62 52 38 0-1
5 34 76 94 75-76 78-79 66-67 63-64 53-54 39 30
5 33 75 95-96 77 80-81 68-69 65-66 55 40 31
4 33 74 97-98 78-79 82-84 70-71 67-68 56-57 41
4 32 73 99-100 80-81 85-86 72-74 69 58 42-43 32
3 31 72 101-102 82 87-88 75-76 70-71 59-60 44 33
3 31 71 103-104 83-84 89-91 77-78 72-73 61 45 34
2 30 70 105-106 85 92-93 79-80 74-75 62-63 46
2 29 69 107-108 86-87 94-96 81-82 76-77 64-65 47 35
2 29 68 109-110 88-89 97-98 83-84 78-79 66 48 36
1 28 67 111-112 90 99-101 85-87 80 67-68 49 37
1 27 66 113-114 91-92 102-103 88-89 81-82 69 50 38
1 27 65 Il5-Il6 93-94 104-106 90-91 83-84 70-71 51 39
1 26 64 117-118 95 107-109 92-93 85-86 72-73 52 40
I 25 63 119-120 96-97 110-111 94-96 87-88 74 53-54
1 25 62 121-122 98-99 112-114 97-98 89-90 75-76 55 41
<1 24 61 123-124 100 115-116 99-100 91-92 77-78 56 42
<1 23 60 125-126 117-119 93-94 79 57 43
<I 23 59 127-128 120-121 80-81 58 44
<I 22 58 122-123 82-83 59 45
<1 21 57 124-126 84-85 60 46
<1 21 56 86 61-62 47
<1 20 55 87-88 63 48
<1 <20 <55 89-100 64-128 49-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 1-6 10-95 0-2 ~-14.80 >16

11-16 0 96-129 3 -14.81 to -15.90 11-16
6-10 -15.91 to -17.20 6-10 trJ
2-5 2-5
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Age: 80 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 84 Years 11 Months 30 Days 0'. c
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Education: 13 Years Through 15 Years I
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent ""l

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual '"

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-26 0-22 0-\7 0-11 0-15 0-11 0-9 0-8 73-100
>99 80 145 72
>99 79 144 16
>99 79 143 27 23 12
>99 78 142 71
>99 77 141 12 10
>99 77 140
>99 76 139 28 24 18 70
99 75 138
99 75 137 13 69
99 74 136 29 17 9
99 73 135 25 68
99 73 134 13
99 72 133 30 19
98 71 132 26 14 11 67
98 71 131 31
98 70 130 18 66
97 69 129 27 20 14
97 69 128 32 15 10 65
96 68 127 28 64
96 67 126 33 12
95 67 125 21 19 15 63
95 66 124 34 29 16
94 65 123 62
93 65 122 35 30 22 20 11 61
92 64 121 36 17 16 13
91 63 120 31 60
90 63 119 37 23 18 21 59
88 62 118 38 32 17 58
87 61 117 24 19 14 12
86 61 116 39 33 22 57
84 60 115 40 25 20 18 56
82 59 114 34 23 55
81 59 113 41 35 26 21 19 15 13 54
79 58 112 42 24 53
77 57 111 43 36 27 22 20 52
75 57 110 44 37 28 25 16 51
73 56 109 45 23 21 14 50
70 55 108 46 38 29 24 26 17 49
68 55 107 47 39 30 22 48
66 54 106 48 40 31 25 27 15 47
63 53 105 49 32 26 28 23 18 46
61 53 104 50 41 27 24 45
58 52 103 51 42 33 28 29 19 44
55 51 102 52 43 34 29 30 25 16 43
53 51 101 53 44 35 31 26 20 42
50 50 100 54 45 36 30 32 17 40-41
47 49 99 55 46 37 31 27 21 39
45 49 98 56-57 47 38-39 32 33 28 38
42 48 97 58 48 40 33 34 29 22 18 36-37
39 47 96 59 49 41 34-35 35 35
 37 47 95 60-61 50 42 36 36 30 23 19 34
34 46 94 62 51 43-44 37 37 31 24 32-33
32 45 93 63 52 45 38 38 32 31
30 45 92 64-65 53 46 39 39 33 25 20 29-30
27 44 91 66 54 47-48 40-41 40-41 34 26 28
25 43 90 67-68 55 49-50 42 42 35 21 26-27
23 43 89 69 56 51 43-44 43 36 27 24-25
21 42 88 70-71 57-58 52-53 45 44 37 28 22 23
19 41 87 72-73 59 54-55 46-47 45-46 38 29 21-22
18 41 86 74 60 56 48 47 39-40 23 19-20
16 40 85 75-76 61 57-58 49-50 48 41 30 24 18
14 39 84 77 62-63 59-60 51 49-50 42 31 16-17
13 39 83 78-79 64 61-62 52-53 51 43 32 25 14-15
12 38 82 80-81 65 63-64 54-55 52-53 44 33 12-13
10 37 81 82-83 66-67 65-66 56-57 54 45-46 34 26 10-11
9 37 80 84-85 68 67-68 58 55-56 47 35 27 8-9
8 36 79 86 69-70 69-70 59-60 57 48 36 6-7
7 35 78 87-88 71 71-73 61-62 58-59 49-50 37 28 4-5
6 35 77 89-90 72-73 74-75 63-64 60-61 51 29 3
5 34 76 91-92 74 76-77 65-66 62-63 52-53 38 1-2
5 33 75 93-94 75-76 78-79 67-68 64 54 39 30 0
4 33 74 95-96 77 80-82 69-70 65-66 55-56 40-41 31
4 32 73 97-98 78-79 83-84 71-72 67-68 57 42
3 31 72 99-100 80 85-87 73-74 69-70 58-59 43 32
3 31 71 101-102 81-82 88-89 75-76 71 60 44 33
2 30 70 103-104 83-84 90-91 77-79 72-73 61-62 45 34
2 29 69 105 85 92-94 80-81 74-75 63 46 35
2 29 68 106-107 86-87 95-96 82-83 76-77 64-65 47
I 28 67 108-109 88-89 97-99 84-85 78-79 66-67 48 36
1 27 66 110-111 90 100-102 86-87 80-81 68 49 37
I 27 65 112-113 91-92 103-104 88-90 82-83 69-70 50 38
I 26 64 114-115 93-94 105-107 91-92 84-85 71-72 51 39
I 25 63 116-117 95 108-109 93-94 86 73 52-53 40
1 25 62 118-119 96-97 110-112 95-97 87-88 74-75 54 41
<1 24 61 120-121 98-99 113-114 98-99 89-90 76-77 55 42
<1 23 60 122-123 100 115-117 100 91-92 78 56
<I 23 59 124-125 118-119 93-94 79-80 57 43
<1 22 58 126-127 120-122 81-82 58 44
<I 21 57 128 123-124 83 59-60 45
<1 21 56 125-126 84-85 61 46
<1 20 55 86-87 62 47
<1 <20 <55 88-100 63-128 48-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
% ile Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %ile

>16 1-6 10-95 0-2 ~-14.80 >16 trJ

11-16 0 96-129 3 -14.81 to-15.90 11-16 ~
6-10 -15.91 to -17.20 6-10 = >
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2-5 2-5 e. CJQ
~I 4-21 ~-17.21 ~I 0 ~

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Age: 80 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 84 Years 11 Months 30 Days o c
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Education: 16 Years Through 17 Years =
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent ..,en

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Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-21 0-18 0-13 0-9 0-12 0-9 0-7 0-6 77-100
>99 80 145 19
>99 79 144
>99 79 143 22 76
>99 78 142 13 7
>99 77 141 20 8
>99 77 140 14 10 75
>99 76 139 23
99 75 138 10
99 75 137 21 74
99 74 136 24
99 73 135 14 73
99 73 134 15 II
99 72 133 25 22 II 72
98 71 132 9 8
98 71 131 23 71
98 70 130 26
97 69 129 16 12 15 70
97 69 128 27 24 12
96 68 127 69
96 67 126 28 10 9
95 67 125 25 17 13 16 68
95 66 124 29 13 67
94 65 123 26
93 65 122 30 18 14 66
92 64 121 31 27 17 14 II 65
91 63 120 19 15 10
90 63 119 32 28 64
88 62 118 18 15 63
87 61 117 33 29 20 16 12 62
86 61 116 34 19
84 60 115 35 30 21 17 16 II 61
82 59 114 31 60
81 59 113 36 22 18 20 17 13 59
79 58 112 37 32 23 58
77 57 111 38 19 21 18 12 57
75 57 110 39 33 24 20 14 56
73 56 109 40 34 25 22 19 55
70 55 108 41 35 21 23 15 13 54
68 55 107 26 22 20 53
66 54 106 42 36 27 23 24 52
63 53 105 43-44 37 28 25 21 16 51
61 53 104 45 38 29 24 14 50
58 52 103 46 39 25 26 22 17 49
55 51 102 47 30 26 27 23 48
53 51 101 48 40 31 27 28 18 15 46-47
50 50 100 49 41 32 28 24 45
47 49 99 50 42 33-34 29 29 25 19 16 44
45 49 98 51-52 43 35 30 30 26 42-43
42 48 97 53 44 36 31 31 20 41
39 47 96 54 45 37 32 32 27 17 40
37 47 95 55 46 38 33 33 28 21 38-39
34 46 94 56-57 47 39-40 34 34 29 22 18 37
32 45 93 58 48 41 35 35 30 35-36
30 45 92 59-60 49 42-43 36-37 36 31 23 19 34
27 44 91 61 50-51 44 38 37 32 24 32-33
25 43 90 62-63 52 45-46 39 38-39 33 20 31
23 43 89 64 53 47 40-41 40 34 25 29-30
21 42 88 65-66 54 48-49 42 41 35 26 21 27-28
19 41 87 67 55 50-51 43-44 42 36 27 26
18 41 86 68-69 56-57 52 45 43-44 37 22 24-25
16 40 85 70-71 58 53-54 46-47 45 38-39 28 22-23
14 39 84 72 59 55-56 48-49 46-47 40 29 23 21
13 39 83 73-74 60-61 57-58 50 48 41 30 19-20
12 38 82 75-76 62 59-60 51-52 49-50 42 31 24 17-18
10 37 81 77-78 63 61-62 53-54 51 43-44 32 25 15-16
9 37 80 79 64-65 63-64 55-56 52-53 45 33 13-14
8 36 79 80-81 66 65-66 57 54 46 34 26 11-12
7 35 78 82-83 67-68 67-69 58-59 55-56 47-48 35 27 9-10
6 35 77 84-85 69 70-71 60-61 57-58 49 36 7-8
5 34 76 86-87 70-71 72-73 62-63 59 50-51 28 5-6
5 33 75 88-89 72 74-76 64-65 60-61 52 37-38 29 3-4
4 33 74 90-91 73-74 77-78 66-67 62-63 53 39 1-2
4 32 73 92-93 75 79-80 68-69 64-65 54-55 40 30 0
3 31 72 94 76-77 81-83 70-72 66 56-57 41 31
3 31 71 95-96 78 84-85 73-74 67-68 58 42 32
2 30 70 97-98 79-80 86-88 75-76 69-70 59-60 43
2 29 69 99-100 81-82 89-90 77-78 71-72 61 44 33
2 29 68 101-102 83 91-93 79-80 73-74 62-63 45 34
1 28 67 103-104 84-85 94-95 81-83 75-76 64-65 46 35
1 27 66 105-106 86-87 96-98 84-85 77-78 66 47 36
1 27 65 107-108 88 99-100 86-87 79-80 67-68 48 37
1 26 64 109-110 89-90 101-103 88-89 81 69-70 49
1 25 63 111-112 91-92 104-105 90-92 82-83 71 50-51 38
1 25 62 113-114 93-94 106-108 93-94 84-85 72-73 52 39
<1 24 61 115-116 95 109-110 95-96 86-87 74-75 53 40
<1 23 60 117-118 96-97 111-113 97-98 88-89 76 54 41
<1 23 59 119-120 98-99 114-115 99-100 90-91 77-78 55 42
<1 22 58 121-122 100 116-118 92-93 79-80 56 43
<1 21 57 123-124 119-120 94 81 57-58 44
<1 21 56 125-126 121-122 82-83 59 45
<1 20 55 127-128 123-125 84-85 60 46
<1 <20 <55 126 86-100 61-128 47-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 1-6 10-95 0-2 ~-14.80 >16 t'-"J

11-16 0 96-129 3 -14.81 to -15.90 11-16 Q.
6-10
2-5
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Age: 80 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 84 Years 11 Months 30 Days o c
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Education: Greater Than or Equal To 18 Years
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-17 0-16 0-10 0-7 0-10 0-7 0-6 0-5 80-100
>99 80 145 18 8
>99 79 144 11
>99 79 143 17
>99 78 142 6 79
>99 77 141 19 11
>99 77 140 8 78
>99 76 139 18
99 75 138 20 7
99 75 137 9 77
99 74 136 19 12
99 73 135 21 76
99 73 134 9 12
99 72 133 7 75
98 71 132 22 20
98 71 131 13 10
98 70 130 23 10 8 74
97 69 129 21 13 73
97 69 128
96 68 127 24 22 14 11 72
96 67 126 11 8
95 67 125 25 71
95 66 124 23 15 14 9
94 65 123 26 12 12 70
93 65 122 27 24 69
92 64 121 16 15
91 63 120 28 25 13 10 9 68
90 63 119 13 67
88 62 118 29 26 17 14 16 66
87 61 117 30 14
86 61 116 27 18 15 17 11 10 65
84 60 115 31 28 64
82 59 114 32 19 16 15 63
81 59 113 33 29 18 62
79 58 112 34 20 17 16 12 61
77 57 111 30 21 19 11 60
75 57 110 35 31 18 17 13 59
73 56 109 36 32 22 19 20 58
70 55 108 37 23 21 18 12 57
68 55 107 38 33 20 14 56
66 54 106 39 34 24 21 22 19 55
63 53 105 40 35 25 15 54
61 53 104 41 26 22 23 20 13 53
58 52 103 42 36 27 23 24 21 52
55 51 102 43 37 28 24 25 16 14 51
53 51 101 44-45 38 29 25 22 49-50
50 50 100 46 39 30 26 26 23 17 48
47 49 99 47 40 31 27 27 15 47
45 49 98 48 41 32 28 28 24 18 46
42 48 97 49 42 33 29 29 25 19 44-45
39 47 96 50-51 43 34-35 30 30 26 16 43
 37 47 95 52 44 36 31 31 27 20 41-42
34 46 94 53 45 37 32 32 28 17 40
32 45 93 54-55 46 38-39 33-34 33 29 21 39
30 45 92 56 47 40 35 34 30 22 18 37-38
27 44 91 57-58 48 41-42 36 35 31 35-36
25 43 90 59 49 43 37-38 36-37 32 23 19 34
23 43 89 60-61 50-51 44-45 39 38 33 24 32-33
21 42 88 62 52 46 40-41 39 34 25 20 31
19 41 87 63-64 53 47-48 42 40 35 29-30
18 41 86 65-66 54 49-50 43-44 41-42 36 26 21 27-28
16 40 85 67 55-56 51-52 45 43 37 27 25-26
14 39 84 68-69 57 53-54 46-47 44-45 38 28 22 24
13 39 83 70-71 58 55-56 48 46 39-40 29 22-23
12 38 82 72 59-60 57-58 49-50 47 41 30 23 20-21
10 37 81 73-74 61 59-60 51-52 48-49 42 24 18-19
9 37 80 75-76 62 61-62 53-54 50-51 43 31 16-17
8 36 79 77-78 63-64 63-64 55-56 52 44-45 32 25 14-15
7 35 78 79-80 65 65-66 57-58 53-54 46 33 26 12-13
6 35 77 81-82 66-67 67-68 59-60 55-56 47-48 34 10-11
5 34 76 83 68 69-71 61 57 49 35 27 8-9
5 33 75 84-85 69-70 72-73 62-64 58-59 50-51 36 28 6-7
4 33 74 86-87 71 74-75 65-66 60-61 52 37 4-5
4 32 73 88-89 72-73 76-78 67-68 62-63 53-54 38 29 2-3
3 31 72 90-91 74 79-80 69-70 64 55 39 30 0-1
3 31 71 92-93 75-76 81-83 71-72 65-66 56-57 40 31
2 30 70 94-95 77-78 84-85 73-74 67-68 58 41
2 29 69 96-97 79 86-88 75-76 69-70 59-60 42-43 32
2 29 68 98-99 80-81 89-90 77-78 71-72 61-62 44 33
1 28 67 100-101 82-83 91-93 79-81 73-74 63 45 34
1 27 66 102-103 84 94-95 82-83 75-76 64-65 46 35
I 27 65 104-105 85-86 96-98 84-85 77 66 47 36
I 26 64 106-107 87-88 99-100 86-87 78-79 67-68 48
I 25 63 108-109 89 101-103 88-90 80-81 69-70 49 37
1 25 62 110-111 90-91 104-105 91-92 82-83 71 50 38
<1 24 61 112-113 92-93 106-108 93-94 84-85 72-73 51-52 39
<1 23 60 114-115 94-95 109-110 95-97 86-87 74-75 53 40
<1 23 59 116-117 96 111-113 98-99 88-89 76-77 54 41
<I 22 58 118-119 97-98 114-115 100 90-91 78 55 42
<I 21 57 120 99-100 116-118 92 79-80 56 43
<1 21 56 121-122 119-120 93-94 81-82 57 44
<1 20 55 123-124 121-122 83 58-59 45
<1 <20 <55 125-128 123-126 84-100 60-128 46-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 1-6 10-95 0-2 ~-14.80 >16

11-16 0 96-129 3 -14.81 to-15.90 11-16 l"'l
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Age: 85 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 89 Years 11 Months 30 Days e. til

Education: Less Than or Equal To 8 Years

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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-52 0-39 0-37 0-24 0-32 0-22 0-18 0-14 49-100
>99 80 145
>99 79 144 53 40 33 48
>99 79 143 25
>99 78 142
>99 77 141 38 47
>99 77 140 54
>99 76 139 41 23
99 75 138 46
99 75 137
99 74 136 55 42 26 19 15
99 73 135 34 45
99 73 134 39
99 72 133 56 24 44
98 71 132 43
98 71 131 27 43
98 70 130 57
97 69 129 44 35 20 16 42
97 69 128 58 40 25
96 68 127 45 28 41
96 67 126
95 67 125 59 40
95 66 124 46 41 29 36 26 21 39
94 65 123 60
93 65 122 47 17 38
92 64 121 61 42 30
91 63 120 62 48 37 27 37
90 63 119 31 22 36
88 62 118 63 49 43 35
87 61 117 38 28 18
86 61 116 64 50 44 32 23 34
84 60 115 65 33
82 59 114 51 45 33 39 29 32
81 59 113 66 19 31
79 58 112 67 52 46 34 40 30 24
77 57 III 68 53 35 30
75 57 110 47 31 29
73 56 109 69 54 36 41 25 20 28
70 55 108 70 55 48 37 32 27
68 55 107 71 56 49 42 26 26
66 54 106 72 38 43 33 21 25
63 53 105 73 57 50 39 27 24
61 53 104 74 58 51 40 44 34 23
58 52 103 75 59 52 35 22 21-22
55 51 102 76 53 41 45 28 20
53 51 101 77 60 42 46 36 19
50 50 100 78 61 54 43 37 29 23 18
47 49 99 79 62 55 44 47 17
45 49 98 80 63 56 45 48 38 30 15-16
42 48 97 81 64 57 46 49 39 31 24 14
39 47 96 82 65 58 47 50 40 13
37 47 95 83 66 59-60 48-49 41 32 25 11-12
34 46 94 84-85 67 61 50 51 10
32 45 93 86 68 62 51 52 42 33 8-9
30 45 92 87 69 63 52 53 43 34 26 7
27 44 91 88-89 70 64-65 53-54 54 44 35 6
25 43 90 90 71 66 55 55 45 27 4-5
23 43 89 91 72 67 56 56 46 36 2-3
21 42 88 92-93 73-74 68-69 57-58 57-58 47 37 28 1
19 41 87 94 75 70 59 59 48 38 0
18 41 86 95-96 76 71-72 60-61 60 49-50 29
16 40 85 97 77 73-74 62 61 51 39 30
14 39 84 98-99 78 75 63-64 62 52 40
13 39 83 100 79-80 76-77 65-66 63-64 53 41 31
12 38 82 101-102 81 78-79 67 65 54 42
10 37 81 103 82 80-81 68-69 66 55-56 43 32
9 37 80 104-105 83-84 82 70-71 67-68 57 44 33
8 36 79 106-107 85 83-84 72-73 69 58 45
7 35 78 108 86-87 85-86 74-75 70 59-60 46 34
6 35 77 109-110 88 87-88 76-77 71-72 61 47 35
5 34 76 111-112 89 89-90 78-79 73 62 48
5 33 75 113 90-91 91-92 80-81 74-75 63-64 49 36
4 33 74 114-115 92 93-94 82-83 76 65 50 37
4 32 73 116-117 93-94 95-97 84-85 77-78 66-67 51
3 31 72 118-119 95 98-99 86-87 79-80 68 52 38
3 31 71 120 96-97 100-101 88-89 81 69-70 53 39
2 30 70 121-122 98-99 102-103 90-91 82-83 71 54 40
2 29 69 123-124 100 104-105 92-93 84 72-73 55 41
2 29 68 125-126 106-108 94-95 85-86 74 56
1 28 67 127-128 109-110 96-98 87-88 75-76 57 42
1 27 66 111-112 99-100 89 77-78 58-59 43
1 27 65 113-114 90-91 79 60 44
1 26 64 115-116 92-93 80-81 61 45
1 25 63 117-119 94 82 62 46
1 25 62 120-121 83-84 63 47
<i 24 61 122-123 85-86 64
<i 23 60 124-125 87 65-66 48
<i 23 59 126 88-89 67 49
<i 22 58 90-91 68 50
<i 21 57 92 69 51
<i 21 56 93-94 70 52
<1 20 55 95-96 71 53
<i <20 <55 97-100 72-128 54-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 0-6 10-129 0-1 ~-8.70 >16

11-16 11-16 t"J
6-10 6-10 Q..
2-5
:<;1 :<;-8.71
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Age: 85 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 89 Years 11 Months 30 Days o 'f'
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Education: 9 Years Through 11 Years I
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent CIJ

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-45 0-34 0-32 0-21 0-28 0-19 0-15 0-12 55-100
>99 80 145 46 35
>99 79 144
>99 79 143
>99 78 142 29 54
>99 77 141 36
>99 77 140 47 33 20 16 53
>99 76 139 22
99 75 138 13
99 75 137 48 37 52
99 74 136
99 73 135
99 73 134 49 21 51
99 72 133 38 34 23 30
98 71 132 17 50
98 71 131 50
98 70 130 39 14 49
97 69 129 24
97 69 128 51 35 22 48
96 68 127 40 31
96 67 126 52 18 47
95 67 125 41 25 46
95 66 124 53 36 23
94 65 123 42 32 15 45
93 65 122 54 26
92 64 121 37 24 19 44
91 63 120 55 43 27 43
90 63 119 33 42
88 62 118 56 44 38 16
87 61 117 57 28 25 20 41
86 61 ll6 45 39 34 40
84 60 115 58 46 29 26 39
82 59 114 59 35
81 59 113 47 40 30 21 17 38
79 58 112 60 27 37
77 57 111 61 48 41 31 36 36
75 57 110 62 49 42 32 28 22 18 35
73 56 109 37 34
70 55 108 63 50 43 33 29 23 33
68 55 107 64 51 44 34 38 32
66 54 106 65 52 30 19 31
63 53 105 66 45 35 39 24 30
61 53 104 67 53 46 36 40 31 29
58 52 103 68 54 47 37 32 25 20 28
55 51 102 69 55 38 41 27
53 51 101 70 56 48 39 42 33 26 25-26
50 50 100 71 49 40 34 21 24
47 49 99 72 57 50 41 43 35 27 23
45 49 98 73 58 51 42 44 22 22
42 48 97 74 59 52 43 45 36 28 20-21
39 47 96 75 60 53 44 37 29 19
 37 47 95 76-77 61 54 45 46 38 23 18
34 46 94 78 62 55-56 46 47 39 30 16-17
32 45 93 79 63 57 47 48 31 24 15
30 45 92 80 64 58 48-49 49 40 13-14
27 44 91 81-82 65 59-60 50 50 41 32 25 12
25 43 90 83 66-67 61 51 51 42 33 10-11
23 43 89 84-85 68 62 52-53 52 43 26 9
21 42 88 86 69 63-64 54 53 44 34 7-8
19 41 87 87 70 65 55-56 54 45-46 35 27 6
18 41 86 88-89 71 66-67 57 55-56 47 36 4-5
16 40 85 90 72 68-69 58-59 57 48 37 28 2-3
14 39 84 91-92 73-74 70 60 58 49 0-1
13 39 83 93 75 71-72 61-62 59 50 38 29
12 38 82 94-95 76 73-74 63-64 60-61 51 39
10 37 81 96-97 77-78 75 65-66 62 52-53 40 30
9 37 80 98 79 76-77 67 63 54 41 31
8 36 79 99-100 80 78-79 68-69 64-65 55 42
7 35 78 101-102 81-82 80-81 70-71 66 56-57 43 32
6 35 77 103 83 82-83 72-73 67-68 58 44 33
5 34 76 104-105 84-85 84-85 74-75 69 59 45
5 33 75 106-107 86 86-87 76-77 70-71 60-61 46 34
4 33 74 108 87-88 88-89 78-79 72 62 47 35
4 32 73 109-110 89 90-91 80-81 73-74 63-64 48 36
3 31 72 111-112 90-91 92-94 82-83 75 65 49
3 31 71 113-114 92 95-96 84-85 76-77 66-67 50 37
2 30 70 115 93-94 97-98 86-87 78-79 68 51 38
2 29 69 116-117 95 99-100 88-90 80 69-70 52 39
2 29 68 118-119 96-97 101-102 91-92 81-82 71-72 53-54
1 28 67 120-121 98-99 103-105 93-94 83 73 55 40
1 27 66 122-123 100 106-107 95-96 84-85 74-75 56 41
I 27 65 124 108-109 97-99 86-87 76 57 42
I 26 64 125-126 110-111 100 88 77-78 58 43
I 25 63 127-128 112-114 89-90 79-80 59 44
1 25 62 115-116 91-92 81 60-61 45
<1 24 61 117-118 93 82-83 62 46
<1 23 60 119-120 94 84-85 63 47
<1 23 59 121-122 86 64
<1 22 58 123-125 87-88 65 48
<I 21 57 126 89 66 49
<1 21 56 90-91 67-68 50
<1 20 55 92-93 69 51
<1 <20 <55 94-100 70-128 52-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 0-6 10-129 0-1 2:-8.70 >16

11-16 11-16 t"'i
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6-10
2-5
6-10
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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%i1e score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-41 0-31 0-29 0-18 0-26 0-17 0-13 0-11 59-100
>99 80 145 32
>99 79 144 42 19 14
>99 79 143 58
>99 78 142 18
>99 77 141 33
>99 77 140 57
>99 76 139 43
99 75 138 30
99 75 137 34 20 56
99 74 136 44 27 12
99 73 135 19 55
99 73 134 15
99 72 133 45 35
98 71 132 31 21 54
98 71 131
98 70 130 46 36 53
97 69 129 28 20
97 69 128 47 37 22 16 13 52
96 68 127 32
96 67 126 51
95 67 125 48 38 29 21 50
95 66 124 23
94 65 123 49 39 33 49
93 65 122 24 17 14
92 64 121 50 30 22 48
91 63 120 40 34 47
90 63 119 51 25 46
88 62 118 52 41 23 18
87 61 117 42 35 26 31 15 45
86 61 116 53 44
84 60 115 54 43 36 27 32 24 19 43
82 59 114
81 59 113 55 44 37 28 25 16 42
79 58 112 56 33 41
77 57 111 45 38 29 26 20 40
75 57 110 57 46 34 39
73 56 109 58 39 30 27 21 17 38
70 55 108 59 47 40 31 35 37
68 55 107 60 48 28 36
66 54 106 61 49 41 32 36 22 18 35
63 53 105 62 42 33 29 34
61 53 104 63 50 43 34 37 23 33
58 52 103 64 51 35 38 30 19 32
55 51 102 65 52 44 31 24 31
53 51 101 66 53 45 36 39 29-30
50 50 100 67 46 37 40 32 25 20 28
47 49 99 68 54 47 38 33 27
45 49 98 69 55 48 39 41 26 26
42 48 97 70 56 49 40 42 34 21 24-25
39 47 96 71 57 50 41-42 43 35 27 23
37 47 95 72 58 51 43 44 36 28 22 22
34 46 94 73-74 59 52 44 45 37 20-21
32 45 93 75 60 53-54 45 38 29 19
30 45 92 76 61 55 46 46 39 30 23 17-18
27 44 91 77-78 62 56 47-48 47 40 16
25 43 90 79 63-64 57-58 49 48-49 41 31 24 14-15
23 43 89 80 65 59 50 50 42 32 13
21 42 88 81-82 66 60-61 51-52 51 43 25 11-12
19 41 87 83 67 62 53 52 44 33 9-10
18 41 86 84-85 68 63-64 54-55 53 45 34 26 8
16 40 85 86 69-70 65 56-57 54 46 35 27 6-7
14 39 84 87-88 71 66-67 58 55 47 36 4-5
13 39 83 89 72 68-69 59-60 56-57 48 37 28 3
12 38 82 90-91 73 70 61-62 58 49-50 38 1-2
10 37 81 92 74-75 71-72 63 59 51 29 0
9 37 80 93-94 76 73-74 64-65 60-61 52 39 30
8 36 79 95-96 77-78 75-76 66-67 62 53-54 40
7 35 78 97 79 77-78 68-69 63-64 55 41 31
6 35 77 98-99 80 79-80 70-71 65 56 42 32
5 34 76 100-101 81-82 81-82 72-73 66-67 57-58 43
5 33 75 102 83 83-84 74-75 68 59 44 33
4 33 74 103-104 84-85 85-86 76-77 69-70 60-61 45 34
4 32 73 105-106 86 87-88 78-79 71 62 46
3 31 72 107-108 87-88 89-90 80-81 72-73 63-64 47-48 35
3 31 71 109 89 91-93 82-83 74 65 49 36
2 30 70 110-111 90-91 94-95 84-85 75-76 66-67 50 37
2 29 69 112-113 92 96-97 86-87 77 68 51 38
2 29 68 114-115 93-94 98-99 88-90 78-79 69-70 52
1 28 67 116 95-96 100-101 91-92 80-81 71 53 39
1 27 66 117-118 97 102-104 93-94 82 72-73 54 40
1 27 65 119-120 98-99 105-106 95-96 83-84 74-75 55 41
1 26 64 121-122 100 107-108 97-99 85-86 76 56-57 42
1 25 63 123-124 109-110 100 87 77-78 58 43
1 25 62 125 111-113 88-89 79 59 44
<1 24 61 126-127 114-115 90-91 80-81 60
<1 23 60 128 116-117 92 82-83 61 45
<1 23 59 118-119 93-94 84 62 46
<1 22 58 120-121 85-86 63-64 47
<1 21 57 122-123 87-88 65 48
<1 21 56 124-126 89 66 49
<1 20 55 90-91 67 50
<1 <20 <55 92-100 68-128 51-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 0-6 10-129 0-1 ~-8.70 >16

11-16 11-16
6-10 6-10 trJ
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2-5 2-5
:0;1 2-21 :0;-8.71 :0;1
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Age: 85 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 89 Years 11 Months 30 Days o '!'
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Education: 13 Years Through 15 Years =
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Raw scores ......

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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '1

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual '"

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%i1e score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-39 0-30 0-27 0-17 0-24 0-16 0-12 0-10 62-100
>99 80 145 61
>99 79 144 13
>99 79 143
>99 78 142 31 17
>99 77 141 40 18 60
>99 77 140 25
>99 76 139 28 11 59
99 75 138 32
99 75 137 41
99 74 136 58
99 73 135 19
99 73 134 42 33 18 14 57
99 72 133
98 71 132 29 26 56
98 71 131 43 34 12
98 70 130 20
97 69 129 44 19 55
97 69 128 35 15 54
96 68 127 30 21
96 67 126 45 36 27 53
95 67 125 20
95 66 124 46 13 52
94 65 123 37 31 22
93 65 122 47 28 16 51
92 64 121 38 23 21 50
91 63 120 48 32
90 63 119 39 29 14 49
88 62 118 49 33 24 22 17 48
87 61 117 50 40 47
86 61 116 25 30
84 60 115 51 41 34 23 18 46
82 59 114 52 26 15 45
81 59 113 42 35 31 24 44
79 58 112 53 43 27 19 43
77 57 111 54 36 32 42
75 57 110 55 44 28 25 16 41
73 56 109 56 45 37 29 33 20 40
70 55 108 38 26 39
68 55 107 57 46 30 34 17 38
66 54 106 58 47 39 31 27 21 37
63 53 105 59 48 40 32 35 28 36
61 53 104 60 41 22 35
58 52 103 61 49 33 36 29 18 34
55 51 102 62 50 42 34 37 30 23 33
53 51 101 63 51 43 35 19 32
50 50 100 64 52 44 36 38 31 24 31
47 49 99 65 53 45 37 39 32 29-30
45 49 98 66 54 46 38 40 25 20 28
42 48 97 67 47 39 33 27
39 47 96 68-69 55 48 40 41 34 26 25-26
37 47 95 70 56 49 41 42 35 27 21 24
34 46 94 71 57 50-51 42 43 36 23
32 45 93 72 58-59 52 43-44 44 37 28 22 21-22
30 45 92 73-74 60 53 45 45 38 29 20
27 44 91 75 61 54 46 46 39 23 18-19
25 43 90 76 62 55-56 47-48 47 40 30 17
23 43 89 77-78 63 57 49 48 41 31 24 15-16
21 42 88 79 64 58-59 50-51 49 42 14
19 41 87 80-81 65 60 52 50 43 32 25 12-13
18 41 86 82 66-67 61-62 53-54 51 44 33 10-11
16 40 85 83-84 68 63 55 52-53 45 34 26 9
14 39 84 85 69 64-65 56-57 54 46 35 7-8
13 39 83 86-87 70 66-67 58 55 47 36 27 5-6
12 38 82 88 71-72 68-69 59-60 56 48-49 37 28 3-4
10 37 81 89-90 73 70 61-62 57-58 50 1-2
9 37 80 91 74 71-72 63-64 59 51 38 29 0
8 36 79 92-93 75-76 73-74 65-66 60-61 52 39
7 35 78 94-95 77 75-76 67 62 53-54 40 30
6 35 77 96 78-79 77-78 68-69 63 55 41 31
5 34 76 97-98 80 79-80 70-71 64-65 56-57 42 32
5 33 75 99-100 81 81-82 72-73 66 58 43
4 33 74 101-102 82-83 83-84 74-75 67-68 59 44 33
4 32 73 103 84 85-86 76-77 69-70 60-61 45 34
3 31 72 104-105 85-86 87-88 78-80 71 62 46-47
3 31 71 106-107 87-88 89-91 81-82 72-73 63-64 48 35
2 30 70 108-109 89 92-93 83-84 74 65-66 49 36
2 29 69 110 90-91 94-95 85-86 75-76 67 50 37
2 29 68 111-112 92 96-97 87-88 77-78 68-69 51 38
1 28 67 113-114 93-94 98-99 89-90 79 70 52
1 27 66 115-116 95-96 100-102 91-93 80-81 71-72 53 39
1 27 65 117 97 103-104 94-95 82 73-74 54 40
1 26 64 118-119 98-99 105-106 96-97 83-84 75 55-56 41
1 25 63 120-121 100 107-108 98-99 85-86 76-77 57 42
1 25 62 122-123 109-111 100 87 78 58 43
<1 24 61 124-125 112-113 88-89 79-80 59 44
<1 23 60 126 114-115 90-91 81-82 60 45
<1 23 59 127-128 116-117 92 83 61 46
<1 22 58 118-119 93-94 84-85 62-63 47
<I 21 57 120-122 86-87 64 48
<1 21 56 123-124 88 65 49
<1 20 55 125-126 89-90 66
<1 <20 <55 91-100 67-128 50-100

Raw scores

Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 0-6 10-129 0-1 ~-8.70 >16 i:'"l

11-16 11-16 Q..
6-10 6-10 =
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2-5 2-5 :;:; IJCI
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Age: 85 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 89 Years 11 Months 30 Days c" Ul

Education: 16 Years Through 17 Years

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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent ""I

Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual '"

T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-33 0-26 0-23 0-14 0-21 0-14 0-10 0-9 67-100
>99 80 145 34 66
>99 79 144 27 11
>99 79 143 15
>99 78 142 65
>99 77 141 35
>99 77 140 24 15
>99 76 139 28 64
99 75 138 22
99 75 137 36 16 63
99 74 136 29
99 73 135 12 10
99 73 134 37 16 62
99 72 133 25
98 71 132 30 17 61
98 71 131 38 23
98 70 130 60
97 69 129 31
97 69 128 39 26 18 17 13 11 59
96 68 127 32
96 67 126 40 24 58
95 67 125
95 66 124 41 33 27 19 18 57
94 65 123 14 56
93 65 122 42 34 25 12
92 64 121 28 20 19 55
91 63 120 43 35 54
90 63 119 21
88 62 118 44 36 29 26 15 53
87. 61 117 45 22 20 13 52
86 61 116 37 30 51
84 60 115 46 27 21 16
82 59 114 47 38 23 50
81 59 113 31 24 28 49
79 58 112 48. 39 22 17 14 48
77 57 111 49 40 . 32 25 47
75 57 110 50 33 29 23 46
73 56 109 41 26 18 15 45
70 55 108 51 42 34 27 30 24 44
68 55 107 52 43 35 43
66 54 106 53 28 31 25 19 42
63 53 105 54 44 36 29 32 26 16 41
61 53 104 55 45 37 30 20 40
58 52 103 56 46 38 31 33 27 39
55 51 102 57 21 17 38
53 51 101 58 47 39 32 34 28 37
50 50 100 59 48 40 33. 35 29 22 35-36
47 49 99 60 49 41 34 36 30 18 34
45 49 98 61 50 42 35 23 33
42 48 97 62 51 43 36 37 31 19 31-32
39 47 96 63-64 52 44 37 38 32 24 30
37 47 95 65 53 45 38-39 39 33 25 29
34 46 94 66 54 46-47 40 40 34 20 27-28
32 45 93 67 55 48 41 41 26 26
30 45 92 68-69 56 49 42 42 35 27 21 24-25
27 44 91 70 57 50-51 43-44 43 36 23
25 43 90 71 58 52 45 44 37 28 22 21-22
23 43 89 72-73 59 53 46 45 38 29 20
21 42 88 74 60-61 54-55 47-48 46 39 30 23 18-19
19 41 87 75-76 62 56 49 47 40-41 17
18 41 86 77 63 57-58 50-51 48 42 31 24 15-16
16 40 85 78 64 59-60 52 49 43 32 13-14
14 39 84 79-80 65 61 53-54 50-51 44 33 25 12
13 39 83 81-82 66-67 62-63 55-56 52 45 34 26 10-11
12 38 82 83 68 64-65 57 53 46 35 8-9
10 37 81 84-85 69 66-67 58-59 54-55 47-48 27 6-7
9 37 80 86 70-71 68 60-61 56 49 36 4-5
8 36 79 87-88 72 69-70 62-63 57 50 37 28 3
7 35 78 89-90 73-74 71-72 64-65 58-59 51-52 38 29 1-2
6 35 77 91 75 73-74 66-67 60 53 39 0
5 34 76 92-93 76 75-76 68-69 61-62 54 40 30
5 33 75 94-95 77-78 77-78 70-71 63 55-56 41 31
4 33 74 96 79 79-80 72-73 64-65 57 42 32
4 32 73 97-98 80-81 81-82 74-75 66 58-59 43
3 31 72 99-100 82 83-85 76-77 67~68 60 44-45 33
3 31 71 101-102 83-84 86-87 78-79 69-70 61-62 46 34
2 30 70 103 85-86 88-89 80-81 71 63 47 35
2 29 69 104-105 87 90-91 82-83 72-73 64-65 48
2 29 68 106-107 88-89 92-93 84-86 74 66-67 49 36
1 28 67 108-109 90 94-96 87-88 75-76 68 50 37
1 27 66 110-111 91-92 97-98 89-90 77-78 69-70 51 38
1 27 65 112 93-94 99-100 91-92 79 71 52 39
1 26 64 113-114 95 101-102 93-94 80-81 72-73 53-54 40
1 25 63 115-116 96-97 103-105 95-97 82-83 74-75 55 41
1 25 62 117-118 98-99 106-107 98-99 84 76 56
<1 24 61 119 100 108-109 100 85-86 77-78 57 42
<1 23 60 120-121 110-111 87-88 79-80 . 58 43
<1 23 59 122-123 112-113 89 81 59 44
<1 22 58 124-125 114-116 90-91 82-83 60-61 45
<1 21 57 126 117-118 92 84 62 46
<1 21 56 127-128 119-120 93-94 85-86 63 47
<1 20 55 121-122 87-88 64 48
<1 <20 <55 123-126 89-100 65-128 49-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%ile Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %ile

>16 0-6 10-129 0-1 2:-8.70 >16 t"i

11-16 11-16 Q..
6-10 6-10 =
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:0;1 2-21 :0;-8.71 :0;1 0 ~

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Table D73 t"l
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Age: 85 Years 0 Months 0 Days Through 89 Years 11 Months 30 Days s Ul
b
Education: Greater Than or Equal To 18 Years IV I
....00
00

Raw scores '<

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Total Percent Percent Percent Percent '"
Number Persev- Persev- Persev- Persev- Nonper- Nonper- Conceptual
T Standard of Percent erative erative erative erative severative severative Level
%ile score score Errors Errors Responses Responses Errors Errors Errors Errors Responses

>99 >80 >145 0-30 0-24 0-20 0-12 0-19 0-13 0-9 0-8 70-100
>99 80 145 13 69
>99 79 144 21
>99 79 143 31
>99 78 142 25 68
>99 77 141 10
>99 77 140
>99 76 139 32 67
99 75 138 26 14
99 75 137 20 14
99 74 136 33 22 9 66
99 73 135
99 73 134 27 65
99 72 133 34
98 71 132 15 II 64
98 71 131 28 15
98 70 130 35 23 21 63
97 69 129
97 69 128 29 16 10 62
96 68 127 36
96 67 126 30 24 16 12 61
95 67 125 37 17 22
95 66 124 60
94 65 123 38 31 17 59
93 65 122 25 18 11
92 64 121 39 32 23 13 58
91 63 120 57
90 63 119 40 33 26 19 18
88 62 118 41 24 56
87 61 117 34 27 20 14 12 55
86 61 116 42 19 54
84 60 115 43 35 21 25
82 59 114 36 28 20 15 53
81 59 113 44 22 13 52
79 58 112 45 37 29 26 51
77 57 111 23 21 16 50
75 57 110 46 38 30 24 27 49
73 56 109 47 39 31 22 14 48
70 55 108 48 25 28 17 47
68 55 107 49 40 32 26 23 46
66 54 106 50 41 33 29 18 45
63 53 105 51 42 27 24 15 44
61 53 104 34 28 30 25 43
58 52 103 52 43 35 29 31 19 42
55 51 102 53 44 36 30 26 16 41
53 51 101 54-55 45 37 31 32 27 20 40
50 50 100 56 46 38 33 17 38-39
47 49 99 57 47 39 32 34 28 21 37
45 49 98 58 48 40 33 29 36
42 48 97 59 49 41 34-35 35 30 22 18 35
39 47 96 60 50 42 36 36 23 33-34
37 47 95 61 51 43 37 37 31 19 32
34 46 94 62-63 52 44 38 38 32 24 31
32 45 93 64 53 45 39 39 33 25 29-30
30 45 92 65 54 46-47 40 40 34 20 28
27 44 91 66 55 48 41-42 41 35 26 26-27
25 43 90 67-68 56 49 43 42 36 27 21 25
23 43 89 69 57 50-51 44-45 43 37 23-24
21 42 88 70-71 58 52 46 44 38 28 22 21-22
19 41 87 72 59 53-54 47 45 39 29 20
18 41 86 73-74 60-61 55 48-49 46 40 30 23 18-19
16 40 85 75 62 56-57 50-51 47 41 31 24 16-17
14 39 84 76-77 63 58-59 52 48-49 42-43 15
13 39 83 78 64 60 53-54 50 44 32 25 13-14
12 38 82 79-80 65-66 61-62 55-56 51 45 33 11-12
10 37 81 81 67 63-64 57 52-53 46 34 26 9-10
9 37 80 82-83 68 65-66 58-59 54 47-48 35 27 8
8 36 79 84-85 69-70 67-68 60-61 55 49 36 6-7
7 35 78 86 71 69-70 62-63 56-57 50 37 28 4-5
6 35 77 87-88 72-73 71-72 64-65 58 51-52 38 29 2-3
5 34 76 89-90 74 73-74 66-67 59-60 53 39 0-1
5 33 75 91 75-76 75-76 68-69 61 54 40 30
4 33 74 92-93 77 77-78 70-71 62-63 55-56 41 31
4 32 73 94-95 78-79 79-80 72-73 64 57 42
3 31 72 96-97 80 81-82 74-75 65-66 58-59 43 32
3 31 71 98 81-82 83-84 76-77 67 60 44 33
2 30 70 99-100 83 85-86 78-79 68-69 61-62 45 34
2 29 69 101-102 84-85 87-89 80-82 70-71 63-64 46-47
2 29 68 103-104 86 90-91 83-84 72 65 48 35
1 28 67 105 87-88 92-93 85-86 73-74 66-67 49 36
1 27 66 106-107 89-90 94-95 87-88 75-76 68 50 37
1 27 65 108-109 91 96-98 89-90 77 69-70 51 38
1 26 64 110-11 I 92-93 99-100 91-93 78-79 71-72 52 39
I 25 63 112-113 94-95 101-102 94-95 80-81 73 53 40
1 25 62 114 96 103-104 96-97 82 74-75 54-55
<1 24 61 115-116 97-98 105-106 98-99 83-84 76 56 41
<I 23 60 117-118 99-100 107-109 100 85 77-78 57 42
<I 23 59 119-120 110-111 86-87 79-80 58 43
<I 22 58 121 112-113 88-89 81 59 44
<I 21 57 122-123 114-115 90 82-83 60 45
<1 21 56 124-125 116-117 91-92 84-85 61-62 46
<1 20 55 126 118-119 93 86 63 47
<1 <20 <55 127-128 120-126 94 87-100 64-128 48-100

Raw scores
Number of Trials to
Categories Complete Failure to Learning to
%i1e Completed First Category Maintain Set Learn %i1e

>16 0-6 10-129 0-1 2-8.70 >16

11-16 11-16 t"'i
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6-10 6-10
=
2-5
:<:;1 2-21 :<:;-8.71
2-5
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218
 Appendix E
Base Rate Data for Normal and Clinical Samples

219
tv
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Table El
Percentage of Adult Normative Subjects and Clinical Subjects
by Lesion Location Within Standardized Score Ranges
Range of performance
Impaired range Normal range

Total Moderate-to- Mild-to- Below Above

impaired Severe severe Moderate moderate Mild average Average average

Standard score range 0-84 0-54 55 - 61 62 - 69 70 -76 77 - 84 85 - 91 92 -106 107+

T-score range 0-39 0-19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40-44 45 - 54 55+
Percentage predicted from
normal distribution 14.6 0.1 004 1.5 4.0 8.6 1404 38.2 32.8

weST score
Total Number of Errors
Normal group 14.2 0.3 0.8 1.6 4.2 7.3 904 47.9 28.6
Complete clinical group 57.8 4.4 9.9 11.1 15.2 17.2 8.7 22.2 11.4
Frontal 59.4 10.2 11.9 8.5 16.9 11.9 11.9 20.3 8.5
Frontal plus 62.2 1.9 11.3 11.3 15.1 22.6 9.4 15.1 13.2
Diffuse 61.1 4.5 10.2 11.9 14.7 19.8 9.0 20.9 9.0
Nonfrontal 40.8 0.0 5.6 11.1 14.8 9.3 3.7 35.2 20.4

Percent Errors
Normal group 12.4 0.5 1.0 1.0 3.1 6.8 11.2 4804 27.9
Complete clinical group 54.2 2.9 10.5 9.3 15.5 16.0 12.0 22.4 11.4
Frontal 57.8 6.8 15.3 5.1 15.3 15.3 8.5 20.3 13.6
Frontal plus 56.6 1.9 11.3 9.4 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 9.4
Diffuse 56.0 2.8 10.2 11.3 15.3 16.4 14.7 20.3 9.0
Nonfrontal 42.6 0.0 5.6 7.4 14.8 14.8 1.9 37.0 18.5

Perseverative Responses
Normal group 12.5 0.3 0.8 0.8 3.6 7.0 lOA 50.8 26.3
Complete clinical group 52.5 1304 4.7 8.2 9.3 16.9 14.0 23.3 10.2
Frontal 57.7 22.0 6.8 3.4 10.2 15.3 11.9 20.3 10.2
Frontal plus 58.5 11.3 1.9 15.1 13.2 17.0 17.0 13.2 11.3
Diffuse 53.7 13.6 5.6 6.8 6.8 20.9 15.8 22.0 8.5
Nonfrontal 37.2 5.6 1.9 11.1 13.0 5.6 704 40.7 14.8

Percent Perseverative Responses

Normal group 12.1 0.3 0.8 0.8 2.9 7.3 10.9 49.2 27.9
Complete clinical group 52.3 14.6 4.1 8.2 8.5 16.9 15.5 22.2 10.2
Frontal 57.6 23.7 5.1 304 8.5 16.9 13.6 16.9 11.9
Frontal plus 62.3 11.3 1.9 17.0 11.3 20.8 13.2 15.1 904
Diffuse 52.5 15.3 5.1 5.6 7.3 19.2 1604 23.7 7.3
Nonfrontal 35.4 5.6 1.9 13.0 9.3 5.6 16.7 29.6 18.5
Perseverative Errors
Normal group 12.2 0.5 0.5 1.0 3.4 6.8 11.5 49.5 26.8
Complete clinical group 52.9 12.8 5.2 8.7 9.6 16.6 14.9 22.2 9.9
Frontal 57.7 20.3 6.8 5.1 11.9 13.6 15.3 16.9 10.2
Frontal plus 60.4 11.3 3.8 17.0 11.3 17.0 13.2 17.0 9.4
Diffuse 53.7 13.0 6.2 6.8 8.5 19.2 18.1 20.3 7.9
Nonfrontal 39.0 5.6 1.9 Il.l 9.3 Il.l 5.6 38.9 16.7

Percent Perseverative Errors

Normal group 11.9 0.5 0.5 1.6 2.3 7.0 II.7 47.! 29.2
Complete clinical group 52.8 14.0 5.0 8.2 9.0 16.6 14.3 22.2 10.8
Frontal 56.0 23.7 3.4 5.1 11.9 11.9 13.6 18.6 11.9
Frontal plus 62.3 13.2 1.9 17.0 9.4 20.8 7.5 22.6 7.5
Diffuse 53.6 13.6 6.2 6.2 9.0 18.6 16.4 20.9 9.0
Nonfrontal 37.2 5.6 5.6 9.3 5.6 11.1 14.8 29.6 18.5

Nonperseverative Errors
Normal group 15.8 0.5 1.0 0.5 4.4 9.4 10.2 47.9 26.0
Complete clinical group 38.1 2.6 2.0 6.4 9.3 17.8 14.3 30.3 17.2
Frontal 37.3 3.4 0.0 8.5 5.1 20.3 13.6 27.1 22.0
Frontal plus 41.6 0.0 3.8 11.3 5.7 20.8 22.6 18.9 17.0
Diffuse 41.2 3.4 1.7 6.2 11.3 18.6 11.9 29.9 16.9
Nonfrontal 26.0 1.9 3.7 0.0 11.1 9.3 14.8 46.3 13.0

Percent Nonperseverative Errors

Normal group 13.9 0.8 1.3 0.3 2.6 8.9 11.2 51.8 23.2
Complete clinical group 30.6 1.7 2.0 3.8 7.6 15.5 16.6 32.7 20.1
Frontal 28.8 0.0 3.4 3.4 5.1 16.9 18.6 30.5 22.0
Frontal plus 33.9 0.0 1.9 7.5 9.4 15.1 18.9 34.0 13.2
Diffuse 33.3 2.8 l.l 4.0 9.6 15.8 15.8 28.8 22.0
Nonfrontal 20.5 1.9 3.7 0.0 1.9 13.0 14.8 46.3 18.5

Percent Conceptual Level Responses

Normal group 14.0 0.3 0.5 2.3 3.9 7.0 10.4 45.1 30.5
Complete clinical group 54.3 1.7 9.0 12.2 15.7 15.7 11.4 23.9 10.2
Frontal 56.1 5.1 13.6 10.2 15.3 11.9 8.5 23.7 11.9
Frontal plus 56.6 0.0 9.4 13.2 18.9 15.! 18.9 15.1 9.4
Diffuse 57.6 1.7 9.0 13.0 14.7 19.2 11.9 22.0 8.5
Nonfrontal 40.8 0.0 3.7 II.l 16.7 9.3 5.6 38.9 14.8
Note. Normal group sample size = 384. Frontal group sample size = 59. Frontal plus group sample size = 53. Diffuse group sample size = 177. Nonfrontal group sample size = 54.
 Table E2
Percentage of Adult Normative Subjects and Clinical Subjects
by Lesion Location Within Percentile Ranges
Percentile range
Total
weST score 0-16 0-1 2-5 6-10 11-16 >16

Number of Categories Completed

Normal group 13.5 0.8 2.1 7.0 3.6 86.5
Complete clinical group 58.1 14.0 16.9 15.5 I I.7 42.0
Frontal 64.5 22.0 13.6 15.3 13.6 35.6
Frontal plus 60.4 5.7 30.2 9.4 15.1 39.6
Diffuse 59.4 14.7 14.7 18.1 11.9 40.7
Nonfrontal 44.5 11.1 14.8 13.0 5.6 55.6

Trials to Complete First Category

Normal group 11.7 0.5 3.4 4.4 3.4 88.3
Complete clinical group 40.9 11.1 16.9 7.9 5.0 59.2
Frontal 34.0 15.3 10.2 6.8 I.7 66.1
Frontal plus 49.0 7.5 24.5 11.3 5.7 50.9
Diffuse 42.9 11.9 17.5 7.9 5.6 57.1
Nonfrontal 33.4 7.4 14.8 5.6 5.6 66.7
Failure to Maintain Set
Normal group 10.7 0.8 1.0 4.7 4.2 89.3
Complete clinical group 21.0 2.6 4.4 6.4 7.6 79.0
Frontal 22.1 3.4 5.1 5.1 8.5 78.0
Frontal plus 18.8 1.9 7.5 1.9 7.5 81.1
Diffuse 22.1 2.3 3.4 8.5 7.9 78.0
Nonfrontal 18.6 3.7 3.7 5.6 5.6 81.5
Learning to Learn a
Normal group 14.9 1.2 3.2 4.4 6.1 85.1
Complete clinical group 40.5 5.3 13.6 10.2 11.4 59.5
Frontal 46.5 9.3 18.6 9.3 9.3 53.5
Frontal plus 46.6 4.7 16.3 7.0 18.6 53.5
Diffuse 39.8 6.0 12.0 12.8 9.0 60.2
Nonfrontal 31.I 0.0 II.I 6.7 13.3 68.9
Note. Normal group sample size = 356. Frontal group sample size = 59. Frontal plus group sample size = 53. Diffuse group sample size = 177. Nonfrontal group sample size = 55.
aLearning to Learn percentages are based on 342 normal group subjects, 43 frontal group subjects, 43 frontal plus group subjects, 133 diffuse group subjects, and 45 nonfrontal group subjects for whom
Learning to Learn scores could be calculated (see Chapter 3).
N
N
-I'-
Table E3
Percentage of Child and Adolescent Normative Subjects and Clinical Subjects
by Lesion Location Within Standardized Score Ranges
Range of performance
Impaired range Normal range

Total Moderate-to- Mild-to- Below Above

impaired Severe severe Moderate moderate Mild average Average average

Standard score range 0-84 0-54 55 - 61 62 - 69 70 -76 77 - 84 85 - 91 92 -106 107+

T-score range 0-39 0-19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 -44 45 - 54 55+
Percentage predicted from
normal distribution 14.6 0.1 0.4 1.5 4.0 8.6 14.4 38.2 32.8

weST score
Total Number of Errors
Normal group 22.4 0.0 0.4 0.7 5.0 16.3 13.5 25.7 3S.3
Complete clinical group 37.3 0.0 3.6 2.4 12.0 19.3 14.5 26.5 21.7
Frontal 55.5 0.0 22.2 11.1 0.0 22.2 33.3 ILl 0.0
Frontal plus 80.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 60.0 0.0 0.0 20.0
Diffuse 40.6 0.0 3.1 3.1 12.5 21.9 15.6 25.0 IS.S
Nonfrontal 24.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.5 10.S 10.S 35.1 29.7

Percent Errors
Normal group 20.5 0.2 0.2 1.1 5.7 13.3 13.9 30.9 34.6
Complete clinical group 33.7 0.0 3.6 3.6 9.6 16.9 IS.I 32.5 15.7
Frontal 44.4 0.0 22.2 11.1 0.0 ILl 33.3 22.2 0.0
Frontal plus SO.O 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 60.0 0.0 0.0 20.0
Diffuse 34.4 0.0 3.1 3.1 9.4 IS.S 2S.1 21.9 15.6
Nonfrontal 24.3 0.0 0.0 2.7 IO.S 10.S S.I 48.6 18.9

Perseverative Responses
Normal group 17.2 0.4 0.4 2.0 4.4 10.0 12.9 33.6 36.4
Complete clinical group 37.2 1.2 4.8 9.6 9.6 12.0 12.0 25.3 25.3
Frontal 66.6 11.1 II.I 11.1 22.2 11.1 11.1 22.2 0.0
Frontal plus SO.O 0.0 0.0 40.0 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 20.0
Diffuse 40.6 0.0 6.2 9.4 9.4 15.6 9.4 2S.1 21.9
Nonfrontal 21.6 0.0 2.7 5.4 5.4 S.I 16.2 27.0 35.1

Percent Perseverative Responses

Normal group 16.4 0.4 0.9 1.5 4.4 9.2 13.1 37.7 32.9
Complete clinical group 37.2 1.2 4.S 9.6 IO.S IO.S 10.S 30.1 21.7
Frontal 66.6 11.1 11.1 II.I 22.2 11.1 II.I 22.2 0.0
Frontal plus SO.O 0.0 0.0 40.0 20.0 20.0 0.0 20.0 0.0
Diffuse 40.6 0.0 6.2 9.4 9.4 15.6 9.4 2S.1 21.9
Nonfrontal 21.6 0.0 2.7 5.4 S.I 5.4 13.5 35.1 29.7
 Perseverati ve Error
Normal group 19.0 0.2 0.7 2.0 3.5 12.6 10.9 31.6 38.6
Complete clinical group 36.0 1.2 3.6 9.6 10.8 10.8 14.5 24.1 25.3
Frontal 66.6 II.I 11.1 11.1 22.2 11.1 11.1 22.2 0.0
Frontal plus 80.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 20.0
Diffuse 40.6 0.0 6.2 9.4 9.4 15.6 15.6 25.0 18.8
Nonfrontal 18.9 0.0 0.0 8.1 5.4 5.4 16.2 27.0 37.8

Percent Perseverative Errors

Normal group 16.6 0.2 0.9 2.2 3.1 10.2 12.0 36.8 34.6
Complete clinical group 36.0 1.2 6.0 7.2 10.8 10.8 12.0 30.1 21.7
Frontal 66.6 11.1 11.1 11.1 22.2 11.1 11.1 22.2 0.0
Frontal plus 80.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 20.0
Diffuse 37.5 0.0 9.4 6.2 9.4 12.5 12.5 34.4 15.6
Nonfrontal 21.6 0.0 2.7 5.4 5.4 8.1 13.5 32.4 32.4

Nonperseverative Errors
Normal group 15.0 0.7 0.4 1.7 4.1 8.1 15.7 34.9 34.4
Complete clinical group 19.2 0.0 1.2 6.0 2.4 9.6 16.9 43.4 20.5
Frontal 33.3 0.0 11.1 0.0 0.0 22.2 11.1 44.4 11.1
Frontal plus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.0 20.0
Diffuse 25.0 0.0 0.0 9.4 3.1 12.5 21.9 37.5 15.6
Nonfrontal 13.5 0.0 0.0 5.4 2.7 5.4 16.2 43.2 27.0

Percent Nonperseverative Errors

Normal group 13.9 0.7 0.4 1.7 4.1 7.0 15.0 39.4 31.6
Complete clinical group 15.6 0.0 0.0 7.2 1.2 7.2 16.9 47.0 20.5
Frontal 22.2 0.0 0.0 11.1 0.0 11.1 22.2 22.2 33.3
Frontal plus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.0 20.0
Diffuse 21.9 0.0 0.0 9.4 0.0 12.5 18.8 46.9 12.5
Nonfrontal 10.8 0.0 0.0 5.4 2.7 2.7 16.2 48.6 24.3

Percent Conceptual Level Responses

Normal group 21.4 0.0 0.2 1.1 6.8 13.3 11.3 32.7 34.6
Complete clinical group 36.1 0.0 3.6 3.6 9.6 19.3 13.3 32.5 18.1
Frontal 44.4 0.0 22.2 11.1 0.0 11.1 33.3 22.2 0.0
Frontal plus 60.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 20.0
Diffuse 43.7 0.0 3.1 6.2 9.4 25.0 18.8 21.9 15.6
Nonfrontal 24.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.8 13.5 2.7 48.6 24.3
Note. Normal group sample size = 459. Frontal group sample size = 9. Frontal plus group sample size = 5. Diffuse group sample size = 32. Nonfrontal group sample size = 37.

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 Table E4
Percentage of Child and Adolescent Normative Subjects and Clinical Subjects
by Lesion Location Within Percentile Ranges
Percentile range
Total
weST score 0-16 0-1 2-5 6-10 11-16 >16

Number of Categories Completed

Normal group 11.3 0.0 1.7 3.9 5.7 88.7
Complete clinical group 32.5 13.3 1.2 10.8 7.2 67.5
Frontal 44.4 33.3 0.0 0.0 11.1 55.6
Frontal plus 40.0 0.0 20.0 20.0 0.0 60.0
Diffuse 40.6 18.8 0.0 15.6 6.2 59.4
Nonfrontal 21.6 5.4 0.0 8.1 8.1 78.4

Trials to Complete First Category

Normal group 15.5 0.9 3.7 5.7 5.2 84.5
Complete clinical group 24.0 12.0 1.2 6.0 4.8 75.9
Frontal 55.5 44.4 11.1 0.0 0.0 44.4
Frontal plus 40.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 20.0 60.0
Diffuse 28.1 12.5 0.0 9.4 6.2 71.9
Nonfrontal 10.8 5.4 0.0 2.7 2.7 89.2

Failure to Maintain Set

Normal group 8.0 0.2 2.8 1.3 3.7 91.9
Complete clinical group 19.2 1.2 4.8 7.2 6.0 80.7
Frontal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
Frontal plus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
Diffuse 43.7 3.1 12.5 12.5 15.6 56.2
Nonfrontal 5.4 0.0 0.0 5.4 0.0 94.6

Learning to Learn a
Normal group 14.1 0.5 3.1 5.0 5.5 86.0
Complete clinical group 24.1 8.9 5.1 2.5 7.6 75.9
Frontal 11.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.1 88.9
Frontal plus 40.0 0.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 60.0
Diffuse 39.2 10.7 7.1 7.1 14.3 60.7
Nonfrontal 13.5 10.8 0.0 0.0 2.7 86.5
Note. Normal group sample size = 459. Frontal group sample size = 9. Frontal plus group sample size = 5. Diffuse group sample size = 33. Nonfrontal group sample size = 37.
aLearning to Learn percentages are based on 421 normal group subjects, 9 frontal group subjects, 5 frontal plus group subjects, 28 diffuse group subjects, and 37 nonfrontal group subjects for whom
Learning to Learn scores could be calculated (see Chapter 3).
N
N
00
Table E5
Percentage of Child and Adolescent Normative Subjects and Clinical Subjects
by Diagnostic Category Within Standardized Score Ranges
Range of performance
Impaired range Normal range

Total Moderate-to- Mild-to- Below Above

impaired Severe severe Moderate moderate Mild average Average average

Standard score range 0-84 0-54 55 - 61 62 - 69 70 -76 77 - 84 85 - 91 92 -106 107+

T-score range 0-39 0- 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 -44 45 - 54 55+
Percentage predicted from
normal distribution 14.6 0.1 0.4 1.5 4.0 8.6 14.4 38.2 32.8

weST score
Total Number of Errors
Normal group 22.4 0.0 0.4 0.7 5.0 16.3 13.5 25.7 38.3
Complete clinical group 32.6 0.0 1.3 3.8 12.8 14.7 15.4 25.6 26.3
Traumatic brain injury 39.9 0.0 0.0 3.3 13.3 23.3 16.7 26.7 16.7
Seizure disorder 35.9 0.0 3.8 1.9 11.3 18.9 15.1 26.4 22.6
Attention deficit disorder 30.7 0.0 0.0 8.2 14.3 8.2 12.2 24.5 32.7
Learning disabled-reading 20.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5 8.3 20.8 25.0 33.3

Percent Errors
Normal group 20.5 0.2 0.2 1.1 5.7 13.3 13.9 30.9 34.6
Complete clinical group 30.8 0.0 1.9 5.8 10.3 12.8 17.9 28.2 23.1
Traumatic brain injury 33.3 0.0 0.0 3.3 10.0 20.0 30.0 23.3 13.3
Seizure disorder 34.0 0.0 3.8 3.8 9.4 17.0 15.1 34.0 17.0
Attention deficit disorder 30.6 0.0 2.0 10.2 10.2 8.2 14.3 24.5 30.6
Learning disabled-reading 20.9 0.0 0.0 4.2 12.5 4.2 16.7 29.2 33.3

Perseverative Responses
Normal group 17.2 0.4 0.4 2.0 4.4 10.0 12.9 33.6 36.4
Complete clinical group 28.8 3.2 3.2 5.1 5.1 12.2 15.4 30.8 25.0
Traumatic brain injury 40.1 0.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 20.0 10.0 30.0 20.0
Seizure disorder 35.8 3.8 0.0 9.4 7.5 15.1 13.2 22.6 28.3
Attention deficit disorder 22.5 6.1 4.1 0.0 4.1 8.2 18.4 30.6 28.6
Learning disabled-reading 12.6 0.0 4.2 4.2 0.0 4.2 20.8 50.0 16.7

Percent Perseverative Responses

Normal group 16.4 0.4 0.9 1.5 4.4 9.2 13.1 37.7 32.9
Complete clinical group 29.5 3.2 3.2 5.1 5.8 12.2 12.2 34.6 23.7
Traumatic brain injury 40.1 0.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 20.0 10.0 30.0 20.0
Seizure disorder 35.8 3.8 0.0 9.4 9.4 13.2 11.3 30.2 22.6
Attention deficit disorder 24.5 6.1 4.1 0.0 4.1 10.2 12.2 34.7 28.6
Learning disabled-reading 12.6 0.0 4.2 4.2 0.0 4.2 16.7 50.0 20.8
 ---'-----"" ... ---.-~'-------

Pcrseverative Errors
Normal group 19"0 0"2 0.7 2.0 3.5 12.6 10.9 31.6 38.6
Complete clinical group 30.1 3.2 3.2 5.1 5.1 13.5 14.7 30.1 25.0
Traumatic brain injury 40.0 0.0 3.3 10.0 6.7 20.0 16.7 26.7 16.7
Seizure disorder 35.8 3.8 1.9 7.5 9.4 13.2 11.3 24.5 28.3
Attention deficit disorder 24.4 6.1 4.1 0.0 2.0 12.2 12.2 32.7 30.6
Learning disabled-reading 16.7 0.0 4.2 4.2 0.0 8.3 25.0 41.7 16.7

Percent Perseverati ve Errors

Normal group 16.6 0.2 0.9 2"2 3.1 10.2 12.0 36.8 34.6
Complete clinical group 28.8 3.2 3.8 4.5 5.1 12.2 14.1 35.3 21.8
Traumatic brain injury 36.8 0.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 16.7 13.3 33.3 16.7
Seizure disorder 33.9 3.8 1.9 7.5 9.4 11.3 13.2 28.3 24.5
Attention deficit disorder 26.5 6.1 4.1 0.0 2.0 14.3 10.2 40.8 22.4
Learning disabled-reading 12.6 0.0 4.2 4.2 0.0 4.2 25.0 41.7 20.8

Nonperseverative Errors
Normal group 15.0 0.7 0.4 1.7 4.1 8.1 15.7 34.9 34.4
Complete clinical group 21.1 0.0 1.9 5.1 4.5 9.6 11.5 38.5 28.8
Traumatic brain injury 26.7 0.0 0.0 6.7 3.3 16.7 23.3 36.7 13.3
Seizure disorder 20.8 0.0 1.9 5.7 3.8 9.4 9.4 45.3 24.5
Attention deficit disorder 20.4 0.0 4.1 4.1 6.1 6.1 6.1 34.7 38.8
Learning disabled-reading 16.7 0.0 0.0 4.2 4.2 8.3 12.5 33.3 37.5

Percent Nonperseverative Errors

Normal group 13.9 0.7 0.4 1.7 4.1 7.0 15.0 39.4 31.6
Complete clinical group 18.0 0.0 1.3 6.4 2.6 7.7 11.5 42.3 28.2
Traumatic brain injury 23.4 00 00 6.7 0.0 16.7 20.0 46.7 10.0
Seizure disorder 15.2 0.0 0.0 5.7 3.8 5.7 9.4 49.1 26.4
Attention deficit disorder 20.4 0.0 4.1 6.1 4.1 6.1 6.1 36.7 36.7
Learning disabled-reading 12.5 0.0 0.0 8.3 0.0 4.2 16.7 33.3 37.5

Percent Conceptual Level Responses

Normal group 21.4 0.0 0.2 1.1 6.8 13.3 11.3 32.7 34.6
Complete clinical group 32.1 0.0 1.9 3.2 13.5 13.5 12.8 31.4 23.7
Traumatic brain injury 43.3 0.0 0.0 6.7 13.3 23.3 20.0 23.3 13.3
Seizure disorder 32.1 0.0 3.8 1.9 11.3 15.1 13.2 32.1 22.6
Attention deficit disorder 30.6 0.0 2.0 4.1 16.3 8.2 12.2 32.7 24.5
Learning disabled-reading 20.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5 8.3 4.2 37.5 37.5

Note. Normal group sample size = 459. Traumatic brain injury group sample size = 30. Seizure disorder group sample size = 53. Attention deficit disorder group sample size = 49. Learning disabled-
reading group sample size = 24.
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0
Table E6
Percentage of Child and Adolescent Normative Subjects and Clinical Subjects
by Diagnostic Category Within Percentile Ranges
Percentile range
Total
weST score 0-16 0-1 2-5 6-10 11-16 >16

Number of Categories Completed

Normal group 11.3 0.0 1.7 3.9 5.7 88.7
Complete clinical group 30.2 9.0 1.3 10.9 9.0 69.9
Traumatic brain injury 43.4 16.7 0.0 20.0 6.7 56.7
Seizure disorder 24.6 11.3 1.9 5.7 5.7 75.5
Attention deficit disorder 28.5 6.1 2.0 10.2 10.2 71.4
Learning disabled-reading 29.2 0.0 0.0 12.5 16.7 70.8

Trials to Complete First Category

Normal group 15.5 0.9 3.7 5.7 5.2 84.5
Complete clinical group 22.4 7.7 4.5 5.1 5.1 77.6
Traumatic brain injury 30.0 10.0 0.0 13.3 6.7 70.0
Seizure disorder 28.3 11.3 5.7 3.8 7.5 71.7
Attention deficit disorder 14.3 6.1 4.1 0.0 4.1 85.7
Learning disabled-reading 16.6 0.0 8.3 8.3 0.0 83.3

Failure to Maintain Set

Normal group 8.0 0.2 2.8 1.3 3.7 91.9
Complete clinical group 14.1 1.3 3.2 3.8 5.8 85.9
Traumatic brain injury 46.6 3.3 13.3 10.0 20.0 53.3
Seizure disorder 5.7 0.0 0.0 3.8 1.9 94.3
Attention deficit disorder 6.1 0.0 2.0 0.0 4.1 93.9
Learning disabled-reading 8.4 4.2 0.0 4.2 0.0 91.7

Learning to Learn a
Normal group 14.1 0.5 3.1 5.0 5.5 86.0
Complete clinical group 27.7 7.1 5.7 2.8 12.1 72.3
Traumatic brain injury 42.3 11.5 7.7 7.7 15.4 57.7
Seizure disorder 22.9 6.2 2.1 2.1 12.5 77.1
Attention deficit disorder 26.7 6.7 8.9 2.2 8.9 73.3
Learning disabled-reading 22.6 4.5 4.5 0.0 13.6 77.3

Note. Normal group sample size = 459. Traumatic brain injury group sample size = 30. Seizure disorder group sample size = 53. Attention deficit disorder group sample size = 49. Learning
disabled-reading group sample size = 24.
aLearning to Learn percentages are based on 421 normal group subjects, 26 traumatic brain injury group subjects, 48 seizure disorder group subjects, 45 attention deficit disorder group subjects, and 24
learning disabled-reading group subjects for whom Learning to Learn scores could be calculated (see Chapter 3).