Beruflich Dokumente
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Resource Materials
By
Sasidharan Sreedharan
(www.sasidharan.webs.com)
MODULE - I
Circuit Breakers
Module I
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Module IV Books
1. Sunil S Rao :Switch gear protections ; Khanna
Publishers(11th edition)
Introduction to SCADA systems - block
2. 2. Soni, Gupta & Bhatnagar :A course in Electrical Power ;
diagram -communication between various Dhanpat Rai & Sons.
control centers three level control systems - 3. A.R.Van.C.Warrington :Protective Relays Vol 1 & 2 ;
functions and features. . Introduction to HVDC Chappman & Hall
transmission kinds of DC links comparison 4. Ravindranath M. Chander:Power System Protection and
Switchgear.
with HVAC systems PQ problems -
5. G. T. Haydt :Electric Power Quality.
introduction to FACTS FACTS controllers 6. Badriram : D.N Viswakarma : Power system protection &
SVC - STATCOM - UPFC switchgear .Tata McGraw Hill
7. Narain .G. Hingorani: Understanding FACTS. IEEE PRESS.
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Thousands of Amps I
Wire
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Medium Voltage
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What is SCADA
Where and Why are SCADA systems used
What do SCADA systems Provide?
Evolution
After many decades of satisfactory performance, the steam Benefits
engines were to give way to more modern locomotives.
The year 1881 saw the birth of the first electric Railway run
by a German Engineer Werner Van Siemens using both
the rails to carry the current. Finding this a little too
dangerous, Siemens soon adopted the overhead electric
wires. Electric locomotives today raun on Rail roads in
many countries.
Field Bus
Difficult:
Field Bus-Integrator
Integration of various field bus components
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Field Bus
Control Programs
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SCADA functions
Kerala Load Dispatch
To alleviate OLL
Series Controllers Series P TCSC, SSSC, TCPAR
Increase TC
Compensate V
Shunt Controllers Shunt Q SVC, STATCOM
by injecting Q
Combined Series-Shunt Combination of series
Series P & Shut Q UPFC
Controllers & shunt controller
Thyristor Controlled
Compensator (TCSC)
Series Regards
Static VAR Compensator (SVC) etc
47
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Module I
Circuit Breakers : Principles of operation, different
types and their operations, ABCB, oil CB, SF6,vacuum
CB, circuit breaker ratings, cause of over voltages,
surges and traveling waves, voltage waves on
transmission line, reflection and attenuation,
protection against lightning, earth wires, lightning
diverters, surge absorbers, arcing ground, neutral
earthing , basic concepts of insulation levels and their
selection, BIL, coordination of insulation Distribution Board
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1.Contact.
3.Operating
2.Insulation.
Mechanism.
110 KV Isolator
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Arc Extinction
Types of Arc
Arcs in the circuit breakers are categorized as:
Arc Voltage: a) High-pressure arcs: with ambient pressures of 1
atm and above
The Voltage drop b) Vacuum arcs
across the arc is
called Arc Voltage.
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SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Based on Voltage
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Regards
sasidharan.webs.com
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SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Fixed Fixed
contact contact
ARC ARC IS QUENCHED
ARC
BY
MEDIUM
Moving Moving
contact contact
Introduction
Only SF6 and vacuum circuit breakers are
currently being installed, but some air-blast
and oil circuit breakers are still in place in
distribution substations
Vacuum CBs are used for distribution voltages
SF6 CBs with the puffer mechanism are used
for transmission voltages.
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1. Chemically inert
3. Non-
Non-corrosive
4. Non-
Non-flammable
5. High density
6.High electro-negativity
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1. Increased safety
2. Reduced size
3. Easy installation
4. Low maintenance
SF4 + 2F
H2O M
SiF4 + 2 H2O
SO2 + HF
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Advantages
Compact and Durable.
Low Operating energy since mechanism need to drive only small
masses at moderate speed for very short distances.
Because of the very low voltage across the metal vapor arc, energy
is very low.
(Arc voltage is between 50 and 100V.)
Metal vapor re-condenses on the contact and hence contact
erosion is extremely small.
No generation of gases during and after the circuit breaker
operation.
It can break any heavy fault current
They can successfully withstand lightning surges.
Regards
Sasisreedhar.webs.com
Construction
The vacuum circuit breaker consists of fixed contact,
moving contact and arc shield mounted inside the
vacuum chamber.
The movable member is connected to the control
mechanism by stainless steel bellows.
This enables the permanent sealing of the vacuum
chamber so as to eliminate the possibility of leak.
A glass vessel or ceramic vessel is used as the outer
insulating body.
The arc shield prevents the deterioration of the
internal dielectric strength by preventing metallic
vapors falling on the inside surface of the outer
insulating cover.
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SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
Introduction
High pressure air-blast is used as arc quenching medium.
The contacts are opened in a flow of air-blast established
by the opening of the blast valve.
The air-blast cools the arc and sweeps away the arcing
products.
Consequently, the arc is extinguished and flow of current is
interrupted.
Whenever current at high voltages needs to be interrupted,
more breaking units are used, in series.
EE 09 506 ELECTRICAL MATERIAL SCIENCE Dry and clean air supply is one of the most essential
EE04 704:
CLASS 1:POWER
MODULE SYSTEM
1 III requirements for the operation of the air-blast circuit
ABCB and Oil Circuit Breaker breakers.
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Conclusion
Other gases such as Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, and
Hydrogen can also be used. But air is preferred because
of the fact that the Carbon dioxide tends to freeze, and
the hydrogen gas is very expensive.
This type of circuit breaker has been used earlier for
open terminal HV applications, for voltages of 245 kV,
and 400 kV up to 765 kV, especially where faster
breaker operation was required.
The interrupting capability of air circuit breaker is
usually increased by increasing the normal pressure
range. Normally, the pressure level is around 30 to 35
bars.
In order to maintain the insulation level and reliability
AXIAL BLAST ABCB of operation, it is required that the air to be very dry.
Currently, ABCBs are replaced by SF6 circuit breakers
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Advantages
1. Oil absorbs the arc energy to produces
hydrogen gas during arcing.
2. The hydrogen has excellent cooling properties
and helps to extinguish the arc. (In addition to hydrogen gas, a small
proportion of methane, ethylene, and acetylene are also generated in oil decomposition.)
Minimum
Oil
Circuit Breaker
3. The oil provides insulation for the live exposed
contacts from the earthed portions of the
container.
4. Oil provides insulation between the contacts
after the arc has been extinguished.
5. The oil close to the arc region provides cooling
The arc extinction is facilitated by two processes: Types of Oil Circuit Breakers
1. Firstly, the hydrogen gas cools the arc, aiding Oil Circuit Breakers can be classified based on
the de-ionization of the medium between the
contacts. the quantity of oil used. The two popular types
are:
2. Secondly, the gas sets up turbulence in the oil
and forces it into the space between contacts, there
by eliminating the arcing products from the arc i. Bulk Oil Circuit Breakers
path. ii. Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers
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Regards
sasidharan.webs.com
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Breaking Capacity
Breaking capacity is defined as the r.m.s. current that a circuit breaker is
SUBJECT INTRODUCTION
capable of breaking at given recovery voltage and under specified
conditions (i.e. power factor, rate of rise of restriking voltage).
The breaking capacity is always stated at the r.m.s. value of fault current
at the instant of contact separation.
When the fault occurs, there is a considerable asymmetry in the fault
current due to the presence of a d.c. component.
(In the Britain, it is a usual practice to take breaking current equal to the symmetrical
breaking current. However, in America, the practice is to take breaking current equal
to asymmetrical breaking current. Therefore, the American rating given to a circuit
breaker is higher than the British rating.)
Breaking capacity in MVA in terms of the rated breaking current (I) and
EE 09 506 ELECTRICAL MATERIAL SCIENCE rated service voltage (V) in three-phase circuit is:
EE04 704:
CLASS 1:POWER
MODULE SYSTEM
1 III
Circuit Breaker Ratings Breaking Capacity = sqrt 3 x V x I x 10-6 MVA
However, the agreed international standard of specifying breaking
capacity is defined as the rated symmetrical breaking current at a rated
voltage.
During fault conditions, a circuit breaker must The capacity of a circuit breaker to make current depends upon
open the faulty circuit and break the fault its ability to withstand and close successfully against the effects of
current. electromagnetic forces.
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Recovery Voltage
Recovery voltage is defined as the normal (50 Hz) voltage that
appears across the contacts of the circuit breaker immediately after
the final arc extinction. It is approximately equal to the system
voltage.
[When the contacts of the circuit breaker are opened, current drops to
zero after every half cycle. At some current zero, the contacts are Regards
separated adequately apart and dielectric strength of the medium
between the contacts attains high value due to the elimination of
ionized particles. At such an instant, the medium between the contacts Sasisreedhar.webs.com
is strong enough to prevent the breakdown by restriking voltage.
Consequently, the final arc extinction takes place and circuit current is
interrupted. Immediately after the final current interruption, the
voltage that appears across the contacts has a transient part. However,
these transient oscillations cave in rapidly due to the damping effect of
the system resistance and normal circuit voltage appears across the
contacts. The voltage across the contacts is of normal frequency and is
identified as recovery voltage].
Restriking Voltage
Restriking voltage is the transient voltage that appears
across the contacts at or near current zero during the
arcing period.
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STREAMERS
Lightning Discharge
STEPPED LEADER The channel to earth is first established by a stepped
discharge called a leader stroke.
The leader is initiated by a breakdown between polarized
water droplets at the cloud base caused by the high electric
field, or a discharge between the negative charge mass in the
lower cloud and the positive charge pocket below it.
As the downward leader approaches the earth, an upward
leader begins to proceed from earth before the former
reaches earth.
The upward leader joins the downward one at a point
referred to as the striking point.
This is the start of the return stroke, which progresses upward
like a travelling wave on a transmission line.
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Lightning Phenomenon
At the earthing point a heavy impulse current
reaching the order of tens of kilo amperes
occurs, which is responsible for the known
damage of lightning.
The velocity of progression of the return stoke is
very high and may reach half the speed of light.
The corresponding current heats its path to
temperatures up to 20,000C, causing the
explosive air expansion that is heard as thunder.
The current pulse rises to its crest in a few micro
seconds and decays over a period of tens or
hundreds of microseconds.
2. Reenergization of a line.
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Load Rejection
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Ground Fault
A single line-to-ground fault will cause the voltages to
ground of the healthy phases to rise.
Regards
Sasisreedhar.webs.com
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CB, circuit breaker ratings, cause of over voltages, Less common types of disturbances Surge / Spike
88%
surges and traveling waves, voltage waves on are:
Swell An increase in the
transmission line, reflection and attenuation, power frequency AC voltage
with durations from one half
protection against lightning, earth wires, lightning cycle to a few seconds
diverters, surge absorbers, arcing ground, neutral Sw ell / Sag Outages
Sag A rms reduction in the
earthing , basic concepts of insulation levels and their power frequency AC voltage
11% 1%
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The Enemy
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Over Head Ground Wire Above Over head lines Provide effective protection
Above the sub station area against direct stroke on the
line conductors tower
substation equipment's
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Lightning
Rod
Over Head Shielding Screen
Earth rods are installed in tall building and are also connected to
earth
Positive charges accumulate on the sharp points of the lightning
rods there by lightning strokes are attracted to them
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LA
HV BUSHING
Horn Gap
BUCHHLOZ RELAY
RADIATORS
The gap between horns is less at the bottom and large at the top
An arc is produced at the bottom during high voltage surge TAP CHANGER
The arc commutes along the horn due to electromagnetic field action and
length increases
Impulse Ratio:
Impulse ratio of a protective device is the ratio of breakdown voltage MARSHALLING BOX
on specified impulse wave to break down voltage at power frequency 132/25 KV TRANSFORMER
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ARCING HORN
CB
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Surge Absorber
Comparison of Surge Arrestors
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Lightning Diverter
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Arcing grounds
A temporary fault caused by falling on a
branch, lightning surge etc. creates an arc
between an over head line and ground.
The arc extinguishes and restrikes in a
repeated regular manner .The phenomena is
called arcing ground.
EE 09 506 ELECTRICAL MATERIAL SCIENCE Arcing grounds are common in ungrounded
EE04 704:
1:POWER SYSTEM III
CLASS MODULE 1 systems.
Arcing Grounds and Neutral Earthing
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Types of Grounding
1. Ungrounded System: The neutral is not connected to
earth. Also called insulated neutral system.
2. Solid Grounding or Effective Grounding: The neutral is
directly connected to ground with out intentional
impedance between neutral and ground.
3. Reactance grounding: Reactance is connected
between neutral and ground.
4. Resonant Grounding: Adjustable reactor of correctly
selected value to compensate the capacitive earth
currents is connected between neutral and earth.
The coil is called Petersen coil or Arc suppression coil
or Earth Fault Neutralizer.
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Earthing Transformer
Additional Concepts
Earth Mat: Mesh of steel pipes or rods laid at
depth of 0.5m in the entire substation area
(Excluding foundations)
Touch Potential: Touch potential is defined as the
potential between the figures of a raised hand
(2m from the ground) touching a sub-station
structure and the feet.
Step Potential: Step potential is defined as the
potential difference between two steps of a
person standing on the ground with feel apart
during the flow of earth fault current.
Regards
Sasisreedhar.webs.com
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Insulation Coordination
The protective level of the surge arresters are
selected such that these are below the impulse
withstand level of the protected apparatus.
The insulation level of the equipment or machine
is expressed in terms of curve value of the
specified impulse withstand level and rms value
of the one minute power frequency voltage
which is the apparatus can withstand and during
the tests made under specified conditions.
The rms value of this voltage is called power
frequency voltage withstand level
Explanation
Basic insulation level of 550 kV is chosen
The line insulation can withstand standard impulse
wave of 860kV Crest.
The breakdown voltage of line lightning arrester is
500kV
Transformer impulse voltage withstand level is 650kV
High voltage surge coming from transmission line will
Correlation of insulation characteristics P with characteristics Q of the protective
be discharged to earth by lightning arrester
device. The residual voltage being less than breakdown voltage
The lightning arrester will spark over at a voltage less than the insulation withstand
voltage of the equipment if curve Q lies below curve P.
, the transformer insulation is protected.
Protective device must have a lower protective level characteristics of the The surge arrestor should have the lowest spark over
protective equipment
voltage.
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Regards
Sasisreedhar.webs.com
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I(z,t) +
V(z,t) - z
Module I
Electric and magnetic fields around single-phase
transmission line
Transmission Lines
Properties of Transmission Lines
Transmission Line Equations for a Lossless Line
Two wires having a uniform cross-section in one
(z) dimension
Electrical quantities consist of voltage V(z,t) and
current I(z,t) that are functions of distance z along
the line and time t
Lines are characterized by distributed capacitance
C and inductance L between the wires
The transmission line consists of two parallel and uniform conductors, not
C and L depend on the shape and size of the
necessarily identical. conductors and the material between them
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II. Now suppose the wave is incident from the dielectric onto air so that medium 1
is the dielectric (1 = 0.5 ) and medium 2 is air (2 = ). Then going from
0.5 1 1 4
dielectic- to - air, da = = + and ad = 1+ =
+ 0.5 3 3 3
Note that :
1. da = ad
2. Since T is the ratio of fields,not power, it can be greater than 1.
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VIDYA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AN TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
EE04 704: POWER SYSTEM - III
ASSIGNMENT- 1
Essay Type:
20. Discuss the principle of arc interruption in a) Oil Circuit breaker b) SF6 circuit breaker and
compare between them.
21. Describe with near sketches the principle of medium voltage air blast circuit breaker by
incorporating resistance switching.
22. Describe the construction principle of operation of a) Rod Gap b) Explusion gap c) Value type
lightning arrestor.
23. What is neutral earthing? With the help of suitable diagrams explain the various neutral
earthing schemes.
24. Explain the phenomena of arcing ground on overhead transmission lines. How neutral earthing
does opposes arcing ground currents.
25. What are the basic requirements of lightning arrestor? Differentiate between
a) Lightning arrestor and lightning Conductor
b) Surge Arrestor and surge diverter
Note:
1. Each student has to answer 6 short answer type and 2 essay type question approximately
2. All the students are to discuss and study the questions from other groups so that no student
misses any question.
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