Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
References This article cites 51 articles, 19 of which you can access for free at:
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/9/5927.full#ref-list-1
Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at:
http://jimmunol.org/subscription
Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at:
http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html
Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at:
http://jimmunol.org/alerts
S ystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)3 is an autoimmune disease, signaling pathways that regulate expression of the Ifi202
disease that predominantly affects women of childbearing gene in immune cells remain to be elucidated. Moreover, it re-
age (13). The disease is characterized by the production mains unclear how increased expression of Ifi202 in certain strains
of pathogenic autoantibodies, particularly IgG Abs, to nuclear Ags of mice contributes to lupus susceptibility.
and development of lupus nephritis (13). Based on genetic studies The E2F family of transcription factors comprises at least six
in human SLE patients and in mouse models of SLE, there is structurally-related E2Fs (E2F1 6) (10 12). Based on their ability
considerable evidence that SLE is a polygenic disease (1, 4, 5). to complex with the pocket family proteins (pRb, p107, and p130)
Interestingly, studies have revealed that PBMC from lupus patients and their expression patterns, these transcription factors have been
exhibit an IFN signature: expression levels of mRNAs that are grouped into three groups. E2F1, E2F2, and E2F3 have been
encoded by the IFN-inducible genes are up-regulated (6). Consis- grouped together, whereas E2F4 and E2F5 are grouped together.
tent with a role for IFN-inducible genes in human lupus patients, The E2F6 is grouped separately. These E2F factors heterodimerize
generation of congenic mice, such as B6.Nba2 (7) and with members of the DP family (DP1 and DP2) (10) of proteins to
B10.Yaa.Bxs2/3 (8), coupled with gene expression analyses have form an active transcription factor. The E2F and DP protein het-
identified the IFN-inducible Ifi202 gene as a lupus susceptibility erodimer is kept transcriptionally silent and acts as a repressor by
gene. Furthermore, a study has revealed that increased expression binding to a pocket protein. Cyclin/Cdk-mediated phosphorylation
of Ifi202 in spleen and kidney cells of MRL/lpr mice is associated of pocket proteins results in the release of free E2F/DP dimer,
with development of lupus disease (9). Although these studies allowing transcriptional activation of E2F target genes (10 12).
have suggested that increased expression of Ifi202 in certain strains Transcriptional activation of genes by E2F in response to mito-
of mice is associated with the development of lupus or lupus-like genic stimulation and the identification of E2F DNA-binding sites
in a number of genes critical to the regulation of DNA synthesis
implicate E2F regulation as an important step in mammalian cell
*Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH cycle progression (10 12). Consistent with this idea, the E2F fam-
45267; and Loyola University, Maywood, IL 60153 ily of transcription factors contributes to the regulation of G1-to-S
Received for publication December 11, 2007. Accepted for publication February phase transition of T and B cells in response to mitogenic stimulus
27, 2008.
(11, 12). Importantly, cell growth-inhibitory cytokines, such as
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page
charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance
IFNs, inhibit cell cycle progression in part by inhibiting the E2F-
with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. mediated transcription of genes (13, 14).
1
This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant AI066261 (to D.C.). Interestingly, the E2F1 transcription factor autoregulates expres-
2
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Divaker Choubey, Department sion of the E2F1 gene (15), and the lack of E2F1 expression is
of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 3223 Eden Avenue, P.O. Box associated with defects in apoptosis of cells (16). The E2F1 tran-
670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267. E-mail address: Divaker.choubey@uc.edu
scriptional target genes encode proteins with functions in cell cycle
3
Abbreviations used in this paper: SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; MEF, mouse progression and apoptosis (10 12). The E2F1 target genes encode
embryonic fibroblast; Rb, retinoblastoma.
proteins, such as cyclin E, DHFR, and E2F1, that function in the
Copyright 2008 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/08/$2.00 G1-to-S phase transition during the cell cycle progression (10, 11,
www.jimmunol.org
5928 REGULATION AND ROLE OF p202 IN LUPUS SUSCEPTIBILITY
15). Moreover, E2F1 target genes also encode proteins, such as binding site (indicated as 202-E2F-BS) in the 202-luc-reporter plasmid
p73, PUMA, Noxa, and Bim, that are known to have proapoptotic were introduced using the QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis kit (from
functions in immune cells (12, 17). Stratagene) as suggested by the supplier. The sequencing of the mutant
reporter plasmid confirmed that the nucleotide sequence in the 202-luc-
IFN-inducible Ifi202 gene encodes a 52-kDa phosphoprotein reporter plasmid was changed from AAAGGGCGCGAAA to
p202 (18 21). Overexpression of p202 protein in a variety of AAAGGTTTCGAAA.
mouse fibroblasts retards cell proliferation and increases cell sur-
Reporter assays
vival, in part by inhibiting E2F-mediated transcription (20, 21).
Furthermore, increased expression of p202 in splenic cells of the For reporter assays, subconfluent cultures of cells (in 6-well plates) were
B6.Nba2 congenic mice (congenic for Nba2 locus derived from transfected with the reporter plasmids 202-luc (2.5 g) and pRL-TK (0.5
g) using a calcium phosphate transfection kit (from Invitrogen), as sug-
New Zealand Black (NZB) lupus-prone mice) is associated with gested by the supplier. Unless otherwise indicated, cells were harvested
increased production of IgG Abs, splenomegaly, and defects in between 43 and 48 h after transfections. Cells were lysed, and the firefly and
apoptosis of B cells in vitro (7, 21). Importantly, generation of Renilla luciferase activities were determined as described previously (28).
B6.Nba2 mice that are deficient for the IFN-/ receptor resulted Isolation of RNA from splenocytes and RT-PCR
in more than a 2-fold reduction in Ifi202 mRNA levels in splenic
cells (22). Consistent with this observation, others have reported Total single-cell splenocytes were isolated from female B6 or B6.Nba2
mice (8 10 wk of age). After lysis of RBC, splenocytes were resuspended
(23) that basal levels of Ifi202 mRNA are 3 4-fold higher in in RPMI 1640 with 10% FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin/glutamate, and
NZB/W (White) mice than BALB/c or MRL/lpr mice. Although 1 MEM, nonessential amino acids/sodium pyruvate. Splenocytes (5
these observations are consistent with the regulation of Ifi202 gene by 106 cells) were used to isolate total RNA using TRIzol (Invitrogen). Total
IFNs (IFN- or IFN-) in immune cells, our studies (24) revealed that RNA was digested with DNase I (to remove any DNA in the preparation),
type I IFN receptor deficiency reduced lupus-like disease in NZB and 0.5 g of RNA was used for RT-PCR reaction using a pair of the
Ifi202-specific primers (forward primer: 5-ggtcatctaccaactcagaat-3; re-
mice, but did not result in decreased levels of p202 protein. verse primer: 5-ctctaggatg ccactgctgttg-3). For RT-PCR, we used the
Our previous studies (2528) revealed that expression of Ifi202 SuperScript one-step RT-PCR system from Invitrogen. Primers for other
is also regulated by IFN-independent signaling pathways. For exam- genes were as follows: mE2F1 (118 bp), forward: 5-GATCGAAGCTT
ple, we found that IL-6 up-regulates expression of the Ifi202 gene in TAATGGAGCG-3, reverse: 5-CCCTTGCTTCA GAGAACAG-3;
PUMA (211 bp), forward: 5-AGCACTTAGAGT CGCCCGT-3, reverse:
mouse fibroblasts and B6.Nba2 splenocytes through activation of 5-GAGGAGT CCCATGAAGAGATTG-3; Bim (244 bp), forward: 5-
transcription factor STAT3 (28). Furthermore, we noted that serum TAAGTTCTGAG TGTGACAGAGA AGG-3, reverse: 5-CAGTTGTA
growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast AGATAACCATTTGA GGGTGG-3.
growth factor, and TGF-, negatively regulate the expression of
Immunoblotting
Ifi202 (25). However, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear.
Because the E2F family of transcription factors contributes to Splenocytes, MEFs, or NIH3T3 cells were collected in PBS and resus-
pended in a modified radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) lysis buffer
transition from G1-to-S phase of cell cycle in response to serum
(50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 250 mM NaCl, 1% Nonidet P-40, 0.5% sodium
growth factors (10, 11) and because certain E2F family members, deoxycholate, 0.1% SDS), supplemented with protease inhibitors (leupep-
such as E2F1 and E2F2, are implicated in the regulation of auto- tin, 50 g/ml; pepstatin A, 50 g/ml; and PMSF, 1 mM) and incubated at
immunity (29, 30), we investigated whether the E2F family mem- 4C for 30 min. Cell lysates were sonicated briefly before centrifugation at
bers regulate Ifi202 expression. Herein we report that the E2F fam- 14,000 rpm in a microcentrifuge for 10 min at 4C. The supernatants were
collected, and the protein concentration was measured by Bio-Rad protein
ily members differentially regulate expression of the Ifi202 gene. assay kit. Equal amounts of protein were processed for immunoblotting as
described previously (28).
Materials and Methods EMSAs
Cells, cell culture, and reagents
Nuclear extract was prepared from mouse fibroblasts as described previ-
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from p53-null (p53/) and isogenic ously (34). The protein concentration was measured with the Bio-Rad pro-
wild-type mice (31) were generously provided by Dr. L. Donehower (Bay- tein assay reagents. An oligonucleotide (25 nucleotides long) containing
lor College of Medicine, Houston, TX). Rb-null (Rb/) and isogenic the potential E2F DNA-binding site (202-E2F-BS) present in the 5-regu-
wild-type (Rb/) MEFs (32) were generously provided by Dr. Ed Harlow latory region of Ifi202, or containing an E2F DNA-binding site consensus
(Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA). MEFs from E2F1-null (E2F1/) sequence (purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology), was end-labeled
and wild-type (E2F1/) mice (16) were generously provided by Dr. L. with [-32P]ATP and polynucleotide kinase. Gel-purified labeled oligonu-
Yamasaki (Columbia University, New York, NY). MEFs and splenocytes cleotide (probe, 1 ng/assay) was incubated with nuclear extracts containing
from E2F1 and E2F2-double null (E2F1/E2F2/) and wild-type equal amounts of protein in binding buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 100
(E2F1/E2F2/) age-matched mice (30) were generously provided by mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol, 0.1% Nonidet P-40, 1 mM DTT,
Dr. J. DeGregori (University of Colorado, Denver, CO). MEFs and spleno- and 100 g of BSA) for 20 min at room temperature in the presence of 0.5
cytes from age-matched C57BL/6 (B6) and B6.Nba2 congenic mice (7) g of poly(dI:dC). Nuclear extracts were treated with detergent sodium
were generously provided by Drs. S. J. Rozzo and B. L. Kotzin (University deoxycholate as described previously (34). In the competition assays, the
of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO). NIH3T3 fibroblasts nuclear extracts were preincubated with excess unlabeled oligonucleotides
stably overexpressing E2F1 (3T3/E2F1 cl3, Ref. 33) were generously pro- at room temperature for 15 min. Samples were analyzed on a 5% native gel
vided by Dr. H. Tanaka (Osaka University, Osaka, Japan). Mouse NIH3T3 in 1 TBE (90 mM Tris-borate, 2 mM EDTA (pH 8.0)) buffer. Gel was
fibroblasts were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection. dried and exposed to x-ray film at 80C.
MEFs (between passages 3 and 5) and NIH3T3 fibroblasts were maintained
at low density in DMEM containing high glucose, supplemented with 10% Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays
calf serum and antibiotics in an incubator with 5% CO2. Antiserum to p202
has been described previously (19). National Institutes of Health 3T3 or NIH3T3-E2F1 cells (8 106) were
cross-linked for 10 min at room temperature by directly adding 1/10th
Plasmids and expression vectors medium volume of cross-linking reagent (11% formaldehyde, 100 mM
NaCl, 0.5 mM EGTA, 50 mM HEPES (pH 8.0)) to the plate. The cross-
Dr. Peggy Farnham (University of CaliforniaDavis, Davis, CA) gener- linking reaction was quenched by adding 1/10th volume of 1.25 M glycine
ously provided pCMV-mE2F1 expression vector. Dr. J. Nevins (Duke Uni- and incubating cells at room temperature for 5 min. Cells were centrifuged
versity, Durham, NC) generously provided plasmids encoding various mu- and washed (twice) with PBS. Cells were resuspended in 500 l of lysis
tants of E2F1 (E2F1 (E132), E2F1 206 220, E2F1 1 88, and E2F1 buffer (1% SDS, 10 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), supplemented
(411/421)). The 202-luc-reporter plasmid (202-luc), containing the 5-reg- with the protease inhibitors) and tubes were incubated on ice for 10 min
ulatory sequence (0.8 kb) of the Ifi202 gene (derived from the EAT with occasional mixing. The cell lysates were sonicated (2 times, 15 s each)
cells), has been described previously (28). Mutations in the E2F1 DNA- to break chromatin and processed for the reversal of cross-linking. The cell
The Journal of Immunology 5929
A B
p53+/+ p53-/- p53-/- MEFs
Relative Luc Act
1.2 1.2
Relative Luc Act
1 202-luc 1
1.4
1.2
1.2
202-luc
1 202-luc 1
0.8 0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0 0.2
11 22 33 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
E2F-1 -
0)
2)
)
)
88
21
t)
V
22
13
(w
M
1-
/4
6-
(E
pC
11
(d
1
20
F-
(4
1
F-
E2
(d
F-
1
E2
E2
F-
1
F-
E2
E2
FIGURE 2. E2F1-mediated transcriptional repression of Ifi202 is independent of p53 and pRb expression, but it is dependent on DNA-binding domain
of E2F1. A, Subconfluent cultures of wild-type or p53-null MEFs were transfected with 202-luc-reporter plasmid (2.5 g) and pRL-TK plasmid (0.5 g)
along with pCMV (2.5 g, column 1) or increasing amounts (1 or 2 g, columns 2 and 3, respectively) of pCMV-mE2F1 plasmid using a calcium phosphate
transfection kit as described in Materials and Methods. Cells were harvested after 44 h to assay for the firefly and Renilla luciferase activities as described
in Materials and Methods. Normalized relative luciferase activity is shown. Results from a representative experiment are shown. B, Subconfluent cultures
of p53-null MEFs were transfected with 202-luc-reporter plasmid (2.5 g) and pRL-TK plasmid (0.5 g) along with pCMV (2.5 g, column 1) or
increasing amounts (1, 2, or 3 g, columns 2, 3, and 4, respectively) of pCMV-mE2F1 plasmid using a calcium phosphate transfection kit. Cells were
harvested after 44 h to assay for dual luciferase activities as described in A. Normalized relative luciferase activity is shown. Results from a representative
experiment are shown. C, Subconfluent cultures of Rb-null MEFs were transfected with 202-luc-reporter plasmid (2.5 g) and pRL-TK plasmid (0.5 g)
along with pCMV (2.5 g, column 1) or increasing amounts (1 or 2 g, columns 2 and 3, respectively) of pCMV-mE2F1 plasmid using a calcium phosphate
transfection kit. Cells were harvested after 44 h to assay for dual luciferase activities as described in A. Normalized relative luciferase activity is shown.
Results from a representative experiment are shown. D, Subconfluent cultures of p53-null MEFs were transfected with 202-luc-reporter plasmid (2.5 g)
and pRL-TK plasmid (0.5 g) along with pCMV plasmid (2.5 g, column 1) or plasmid (2.5 g, column 2) encoding wild type mE2F1 (pCMV-mE2F1),
or plasmid (2.5 g) encoding various mutants of E2F1 (E2F1 (E132), column 3; E2F1 206 220, column 4; E2F1 1 88, column 5; and E2F1 (411/421)
column 6) using a calcium phosphate transfection kit. Cells were harvested after 46 h to assay for dual luciferase activities as described in A. Normalized
relative luciferase activity is shown. Results from a representative experiment are shown.
5930 REGULATION AND ROLE OF p202 IN LUPUS SUSCEPTIBILITY
0.8
Results
Transcription factor E2F1 negatively regulates expression of 0.6
Ifi202
0.4
Our previous studies (25) revealed that serum growth factors, such
as platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, or 0.2
TGF-, negatively regulate expression of Ifi202 in mouse fibro-
0
blasts. Moreover, we found (35) that levels of Ifi202 mRNA and 1 2 3 4 5
protein decrease in mouse fibroblasts when cells exit from quies- E2F-1 - +
cence (the G0/G1 phase of cell cycle) to enter into S phase of cell E2F-2 - +
cycle after serum stimulation. Because serum growth factors stim- E2F-3 - +
ulate transition of cells from G0/G1 phase of cell cycle to S phase, E2F-4 - +
in part by activating the E2F1-mediated transcription of S-phase
genes (10, 11), we explored whether E2F1 could negatively reg- FIGURE 3. E2Fs differentially regulate expression of Ifi202. Subcon-
ulate expression of the Ifi202. For this purpose, we compared basal fluent cultures of NIH3T3 cells were transfected with 202-luc-reporter
levels of Ifi202 mRNA and protein between E2F1-null (E2F1/) plasmid (2.5 g) and pRL-TK plasmid (0.5 g) along with equal amounts
(2.5 g) of pCMV (column 1), pCMV-E2F1 (column 2), pCMV-E2F2
and isogenic wild-type (E2F/) MEFs. As shown in Fig. 1A,
(column 3), pCMV-E2F3 (column 4), or pCMV-E2F4 (column 5) using a
basal levels of Ifi202 mRNA were not detectable in the wild-type calcium phosphate transfection kit as described in Materials and Methods.
MEFs. However, the mRNA levels were readily detectable in E2F- Cells were harvested after 44 h to assay for the firefly and Renilla luciferase
null MEFs. Consistent with detectable mRNA levels in E2F1-null activities as described in Materials and Methods. Normalized relative lu-
MEFs, p202 protein levels were detectable in E2F1-null MEFs, but ciferase activity is shown.
not in isogenic wild-type cells (Fig. 1B). Furthermore, overexpression
of E2F1 in NIH3T3 cells resulted in reduced levels of p202 protein
(Fig. 1C). Taken together, these observations suggested that expres-
sion of E2F1 in MEFs negatively regulated expression of the Ifi202. activity of 202-luc-reporter (compare column 2 with column 1).
Interestingly, transfection of cells with a deletion mutant of E2F1
E2F1-mediated transcriptional repression of Ifi202 is p53 and (E132) in which the DNA-binding domain is deleted stimulated
pRb independent the activity of the reporter (compare column 3 with column 2).
Our previous studies revealed that p53 transcriptionally represses However, expression of deletion mutants of E2F1 in which either
expression of Ifi202 (26). This observation made it conceivable the N terminus (1 88 amino acids) or the leucine zipper (206
that E2F1 represses the expression of Ifi202 through stabilization 220) region was deleted repressed the activity of 202-luc-reporter.
of p53 (through transcriptional activation of the alternative reading Moreover, expression of the E2F1 double-point mutant 411/421,
frame of p19; see Ref. 36). Therefore, we tested whether E2F1- which has previously been shown (37) to be selectively defective in
mediated negative regulation of Ifi202 expression is p53 depen- overcoming p107 while maintaining wild-type pRb repressor func-
dent. For this purpose, we performed promoter-reporter assays. As tion, inhibited the activity of 202-luc, suggesting that the p107 repres-
shown in Fig. 2A, expression of mouse E2F1 (mE2F1) in p53-null sor function is not required for E2F1-medaited repression of Ifi202.
(p53/) or wild-type (p53/) MEFs reproducibly decreased the Taken together, these observations suggested that the DNA-binding
activity of the 202-luc-reporter 50 60% in three independent domain in E2F1 is required for transcriptional repression of Ifi202.
experiments. This observation suggested that the E2F1-mediated
transcriptional repression of 202-luc-reporter activity was indepen- Differential regulation of Ifi202 expression by the E2F family
dent of p53 expression. Furthermore, we noted that transfection of members
p53-null MEFs with increasing amounts of mE2F1 encoding plas- Because the E2F family of transcription factors, such as E2F1,
mid decreased the activity of the 202-luc-reporter in a dose-de- E2F2, or E2F3, but not E2F4, is thought to participate in the G1-
pendent manner, and the decrease in the activity of the reporter to-S phase transition of cells (10, 11), we compared the ability of
was 70% (Fig. 2B). these transcription factors to repress transcription of Ifi202 gene.
Because E2F transcription factors in complex with the pRb (or As shown in Fig. 3, transfection of NIH3T3 cells with a plasmid
other pocket proteins, such as p107 and p130) repress transcription encoding either E2F1 or E2F2 transcription factor repressed the ac-
of their target genes (10, 11), we also tested whether E2F1-medi- tivity of the 202-luc-reporter to a similar extent. Interestingly, trans-
ated transcriptional repression of Ifi202 gene is pRb dependent. fection of plasmid that encodes the E2F3 transcription factor only
Our promoter-reporter assays using pRb-null MEFs revealed that partially (40%) inhibited the activity of the reporter. However, ex-
E2F1 repressed the activity of 202-luc-reporter in pRb-null MEFs pression of the E2F4 transcription factor did not repress transcription
(Fig. 2C). These observations suggested that E2F1-mediated tran- of 202-luc-reporter in several independent experiments.
scriptional repression of Ifi202 is pRb independent. Furthermore, consistent with our above observations that both
E2F1 and E2F2 repressed transcription of the Ifi202 gene, we
E2F1 DNA-binding activity is required for transcriptional found that basal levels of p202 protein were detectable in spleno-
repression of Ifi202 cytes from E2F1/E2F2/ double knockout mice, but not in
The E2F1-mediated transcriptional repression of genes is known to age-matched wild type (E2F1/E2F2/) mice (data not shown).
require DNA-binding activity (10, 11). Therefore, we tested Moreover, the basal activity of 202-luc-reporter was consistently
whether E2F1-mediated transcriptional repression of Ifi202 gene 2-fold higher in MEFs from the double knockout mice than from
requires the DNA-binding domain in E2F1. As shown in Fig. 2D, the wild-type mice in two independent experiments (data not
expression of the wild-type E2F1 in p53-null cells decreased the shown). These observations suggested that structurally related
The Journal of Immunology 5931
C
202-E2F1-BS T T T C C C T G
N
202-E2F-BS mutant T T T C C T T T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
a
Boldface letters indicate nucleotides that appear in 90% of recovered E2F1/ 32-cycles
DP1 DNA-binding sites (38). Underlined letters indicate variations in the nucleotides
from the E2F DNA-binding consensus sequence.
36-cycles
B C 202-E2F-BS
2.0 software program. The sequence analyses revealed a potential
E2F DNA-binding site (5-TTTCCCTG-3; 202-E2F-BS). A com-
Probe
Probe
+50X
DOC
100X
20X
50X
NE
FIGURE 7. Increased expression of Ifi202 in B6.Nba2 mice is associated with reduced expression levels of E2F1 and inhibition of E2F1-mediated
transcription of target genes. A, Subconfluent cultures of B6 or B6.Nba2 MEFs were transfected with E2F-luc-reporter plasmid (2.5 g) and pRL-TK
plasmid (0.5 g) using a calcium phosphate transfection kit as described in Materials and Methods. Cells were harvested after 44 h to assay for the firefly
and Renilla luciferase activities as described in Materials and Methods. Normalized relative luciferase activity is shown. B, Total RNA was isolated from
splenocytes from age-matched (10 wk) B6 (lane 1) or B6.Nba2 (lane 2) female mice, and steady-state levels of mRNAs were analyzed by semiquantitative
RT-PCR using a pair of primers specific for the indicated individual genes. C, Total cell extracts were prepared from splenocytes isolated from age-matched
(10 wk) B6 (lane 1) or B6.Nba2 (lane 2) female mice, and steady-state levels of proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting using Abs specific for the
indicated proteins. D, Total cell extracts were prepared from splenocytes isolated from age-matched (10 wk) B6 (lanes 1 and 2) or B6.Nba2 (lanes 3 and
4) female mice, and steady-state levels of p73 and actin proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting using specific Abs.
The Journal of Immunology 5933
p202 in B6.Nba2 mice contribute to lupus susceptibility by de- We found that E2F-mediated transcriptional repression of Ifi202
creasing the expression of E2F1 transcription factor and inhibition gene was independent of p53 or pRb expression (Fig. 2). Because
of E2F1-mediated transcription of target genes. the p53 protein family includes p63 and p73 proteins (48) and the
pRb protein family includes p107 and p130 proteins (11), our ob-
Discussion servations do not rule out the possibility that E2F1-mediated tran-
Studies involving SLE patients (6) and mouse models of lupus scriptional repression of Ifi202 gene depends on other p53 or pRb
disease (9, 23) have revealed a role for IFN-inducible genes in the family proteins. Further work will be needed to test these
development of lupus disease. Because IFN-inducible proteins that possibilities.
regulate cell proliferation and survival are likely to contribute to The IFN-inducible p202 protein binds to E2F1 and inhibits
the development of autoimmunity, identification of such IFN-in- E2F1-mediated transcription of target genes (34). Binding of p202
ducible proteins will allow us to elucidate their role in immune to E2F1 results in inhibition of specific DNA-binding activity of
regulation. Furthermore, it is important to understand how cellular E2F complexes in gel-mobility shift assays (34). Moreover, p202
levels of IFN-inducible proteins are regulated by other signaling inhibits E2F1-mediated apoptosis (49). Taken together, these ob-
pathways in immune cells. servations support the idea that increased levels of p202 in immune
Through regulation of a set of genes that regulate transition from cells (B and T cells) increase the threshold for apoptosis by inhib-
G1-to-S phase of cell cycle, the transcription factor E2F1 regulates iting E2F-mediated transcription of its target genes, which encode
cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of B and T cells proapoptotic proteins. Consistent with the above idea we found
(29, 30, 36, 40 47). Moreover, defects in cell cycle progression that increased expression of Ifi202 in B6.Nba2 was associated with
and apoptosis of immune cells that result from the lack of E2F1 or increases in the numbers of T and B cells and splenomegaly (7).
E2F1 and E2F2 function contribute to the development of lupus- Stimulation of the TCR on cycling peripheral T cells causes
like disease (29, 30). Consistent with this idea, the transcription their apoptosis by TCR activation-induced cell death (44). Fur-
factor E2F1 is important for activation-induced cell death in T thermore, E2F1-null or p73-null primary T cells do not undergo
cells (44). Furthermore, E2F1 and E2F2 transcription factors de- TCR-mediated apoptosis (44). Similarly, E2F1-mediated expres-
termine the threshold for Ag-induced T cell proliferation (30), and sion of proapoptotic proteins, such as Bim and Puma, contributes
the activity of E2F2 is needed for suppression of T cell prolifer- to apoptosis of cells (50). Therefore, our observations that in-
ation and immunologic self-tolerance (29). Consequently, disrup-
creased expression of p202 in B6.Nba2 splenic cells is associated
tion of the gene for the E2F1 transcription factor causes significant
with reduced expression of E2F1, Bim, and p73 provide support
increases in T cell number and splenomegaly (16). Similarly, mice
for the idea that inhibition of TCR activation-induced cell death by
that are null for E2F2 transcription factor develop a lupus-like
p202 contributes to accumulation of T cells.
disease (29). Importantly, the E2F2 transcription factor represses
Studies have suggested that E2F1 plays a role in the induction of
the transcription of the E2F1 gene, whose activity is required in
ARF, p53, and apoptosis during thymic negative selection (36).
cells for normal S phase entry during cell cycle progression (29).
Because increased expression of p202 in cells inhibits p53- and
Because serum growth factors down-regulate the expression of
E2F1-mediated transcription (20, 21), our observations are consis-
Ifi202 (25) and p202 inhibits the E2F (E2F1 and E2F4)-mediated
tent with the idea that increased levels of p202 in B6.Nba2 mice
transcription (34, 39), we tested whether E2F transcription factors
contribute to defects in apoptosis during thymic negative selection.
could regulate expression of the Ifi202.
Moreover, our observations suggest that transcriptional repression
Our experiments revealed that: 1) steady-sate levels of Ifi202
mRNA and protein were higher in E2F-null than in wild-type of Ifi202 gene by both p53 (26) and E2F1 (this study) may be
MEFs and overexpression of E2F1 decreased p202 levels (Fig. 1); required for normal thymic negative selection.
2) splenic cells from E2F1 and E2F2 double knockout mice ex- Increased expression of the p202 in cell lines inhibits the tran-
pressed higher levels of p202 than did isogenic wild-type cells scriptional activity of factors such as p53, NF-B, and AP-1 (20,
(Fig. 3); 3) in promoter-reporter assays, expression of E2F1, E2F2, 21). These transcription factors, by modulating transcription of
and E2F3, but not E2F4, repressed transcription of the 202-luc- target genes, are known to regulate cell proliferation and survival
reporter (Fig. 3); 4) the 5-regulatory region of the Ifi202 gene (20, 21). Consistent with inhibition of the transcriptional activity
contains a potential E2F DNA-binding site (202-E2F-BS) that of the above factors by p202, the increased expression of p202 in
bound to E2F protein complexes in gel-mobility shift assays (Fig. cell lines, depending on the cell context, either sensitizes cells to
4) and in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (Fig. 5), and a apoptosis or decrease the susceptibility to apoptosis (21). Impor-
point mutation in this E2F DNA-binding site decreased the E2F- tantly, we found that increased expression of p202 in splenic
mediated transcriptional repression of 202-luc-reporter (Fig. 6); B6.Nba2 cells was associated with inhibition of p53-mediated
and 5) increased expression of Ifi202 in splenic cells from B6.Nba2 transcription of proapoptotic genes and defects in apoptosis of
congenic mice was associated with reduced expression of E2F1 and cells (51). Therefore, our earlier observations that certain E2Fs,
its target genes (Fig. 7). Taken together, these observations demon- such as E2F1 and E2F2, repress the transcription of the Ifi202 gene
strated that: 1) E2Fs differentially regulate expression of the Ifi202 are consistent with our above observations.
gene, and 2) increased expression of p202 in splenic cells from In summary, our observations provide support for our model
B6.Nba2 mice negatively regulates E2F-medaited transcription. (Fig. 8). The model predicts that mitogenic signaling pathways that
The 202-luc-reporter construct that is used in our promoter-re- activate the E2F1-mediated transcription negatively regulate Ifi202
porter assays (Figs. 2 and 3) contains only 800 bp from the expression. In contrast, signaling pathways (and host factors) that
5-regulatory region of the Ifi202 gene. Therefore, it is conceivable contribute to increased expression of Ifi202 inhibit E2F1-mediated
that E2F-responsive elements upstream to this 800-bp region in transcription of proapoptotic genes in cells. Therefore, defects in
Ifi202 gene also contribute to the regulation of the gene. This could mutual regulation of Ifi202 and E2F1 expression and functions are
account for moderate decreases in the activity of the 202-luc-re- likely to contribute to defects in cell proliferation and/or apoptosis,
porter in our assays after expression of E2F (E2F1, E2F2, or E2F3) resulting in autoimmunity. Our observations will serve as a basis
transcription factors and significantly increased steady-state levels to identify signaling pathways and molecules that contribute to the
of Ifi202 mRNA and protein in E2F1-null cells. development of autoimmune diseases.
5934 REGULATION AND ROLE OF p202 IN LUPUS SUSCEPTIBILITY
Promoter polymorphisms 22. Jorgensesn, T. N., E. Roper, J. M. Thurman, P. Marrack, and B. L. Kotzin. 2007.
Host factors Type I interferon signaling is involved in the spontaneous development of lupus-like
Cellular stresses disease in B6.Nba2 and (B6.Nba2 NZW)F1 mice. Genes Immun. 8: 653 662.
Cytokines (e.g., IL-6) 23. Lu, Q., N. Shen, X. M. Li, and S. L. Chen. 2007. Genomic view of IFN- response
Viruses
Type I IFNs
in pre-autoimmune NZB/W and MRL/lpr mice. Genes Immun. 8: 590 603.
24. Santiago-Raber, M. L., R. Baccala, K. M. Haraldsson, D. Choubey, T. A. Stewart,
D. H. Kono, and A. N. Theofilopoulos. 2003. Type-I interferon receptor defi-
E2F-mediated
ciency reduces lupus-like disease in NZB mice. J. Exp. Med. 197: 777788.
Expression transcriptional
Apoptosis 25. Geng, Y., S. DSouza, H. Xin, S. Walter, and D. Choubey. 2000. p202 levels are
of Ifi202 activation of
pro-apoptotic negatively regulated by serum growth factors. Cell Growth Differ. 11: 475 483.
genes 26. DSouza, S., H. Xin, S. Walter, and D. Choubey. 2001. The gene encoding p202,
an interferon-inducible negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor, is a target
Growth of p53-mediated transcriptional repression. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 298 305.
factors E2Fs
(E2F1 and E2F2) 27. Xin, H., Y. Geng, R. Pramanik, and D. Choubey. 2003. Induction of p202, a mod-
ulator of apoptosis, during oncogenic transformation of NIH 3T3 cells by activated
FIGURE 8. Regulation of Ifi202 gene by E2F1 transcription factor and H-Ras (Q61L) contributes to cell survival. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 191204.
the role of p202 in lupus susceptibility through inhibition of E2F-mediated 28. Pramanik, R., T. N. Jorgensen, H. Xin, B. L. Kotzin, and D. Choubey. 2004.
Interleukin-6 induces expression of Ifi202, an interferon-inducible candidate gene
transcription of target genes.
for lupus susceptibility. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 1612116127.
29. Murga, M., O. Fernandez,-Capetillo, S. J. Field, B. Moreno, L. R. Borlado,
Y. Fujiwara, D. Balomenos, A. Vicario, A. C. Carrera, S. H. Orkin, et al. 2001.
Mutation of E2F2 in mice causes enhanced T lymphocyte proliferation, leading
Acknowledgments to the development of autoimmunity. Immunity 15: 959 970.
We thank Drs. L. Donehower, Ed Harlow, L. Yamasaki, J. DeGregori, 30. Zhu, J. W., S. J. Field, L. Gore, M. Thomson, H. Yang, Y. Fujiwara,
S. J. Rozzo, B. L. Kotzin, H. Tanaka, P. Farnham, and J. Nevins for gen- R. D. Cardiff, M. Greenberg, S. H. Orkin, and J. DeGregori. 2001. E2F1 and
E2F2 determine thresholds for antigen-induced T-cell proliferation and suppress
erously providing cells and reagents. We also thank Drs. tumorigenesis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21: 8547 8564.
P. Lengyel and B. L. Kotzin for thoughtful suggestions. 31. Donehower, L. A., M. Harvey, B. L. Slagle, M. J. McArthur, C. A. Montgomery,
J. S. Butel, and A. Bradley. 1992. Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally
normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours. Nature 356: 215221.
Disclosures 32. Classon, M., S. Salama, C. Gorka, R. Mulloy, P. Braun, and E. Harlow. 2000.
The authors have no financial conflicts of interest. Combinatorial roles for pRB, p107, and p130 in E2F-mediated cell cycle control.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 10820 10825.
33. Tanaka, H., I. Matsumura, S. Ezoe, Y. Satoh, T. Sakamaki, C. Albanese,
References T. Machii, R. G. Pestell, and Y. Kanakura. 2002. E2F1 and c-Myc potentiate
1. Kotzin, B. L. 1996. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell 85: 303306. apoptosis through inhibition of NF-B activity that facilitates MnSOD-mediated
2. Tsokos, G. C., and G. M. Kammer. 2000. Molecular aberrations in human sys- ROS elimination. Mol. Cell. 9: 10171029.
temic lupus erythematosus. Mol. Med. Today 6: 418 424. 34. Choubey, D., S. J. Li, B. Datta, J. U. Gutterman, and P. Lengyel. 1996. Inhibition
3. Theofilopoulos, A. N., R. Baccala, B. Beutler, and D. H. Kono. 2005. Type I inter- of E2F-mediated transcription by p202. EMBO J. 15: 5688 5678.
feron (/) in immunity and autoimmunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23: 307336. 35. Xin, H., R. Pramanik, and D. Choubey. 2003. Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein up-
4. Jorgensen, T. N., M. R. Gubbels, and B. L. Kotzin. 2004. New insights into disease regulates expression of the Ifi202 gene encoding an interferon-inducible negative
pathogenesis from mouse lupus genetics. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 16: 787793. regulator of cell growth. Oncogene 22: 4775 4785.
5. Zhu, J., and C. Mohan. 2007. SLE 1, 2, 3. . . genetic dissection of lupus. Adv. Exp. 36. Zhu, J. W., D. DeRyckere, F. X. Li, Y. Y. Wan, and J. DeGregori. 1999. A role
Med. Biol. 601: 8595. for E2F1 in the induction of ARF, p53, and apoptosis during thymic negative
6. Banchereau, J., and V. Pascual. 2006. Type I interferon in systemic lupus ery- selection. Cell Growth Differ. 10: 829 838.
thematosus and other autoimmune diseases. Immunity 25: 383392. 37. Cress, W. D., D. G. Johnson, and J. R. Nevins. 1993. A genetic analysis of the
7. Rozzo, S. J., J. D. Allard, D. Choubey, T. J. Vyse, S. Izui, G. Peltz, and E2F1 gene distinguishes regulation by Rb, p107, and adenovirus E4. Mol. Cell.
B. L. Kotzin. 2001. Evidence for an interferon-inducible gene, Ifi202, in the Biol. 13: 6314 6325.
susceptibility to systemic lupus. Immunity 15: 435 443. 38. Tao, Y., R. F. Kassatly, W. D. Cress, and J. M. Horowitz. 1997. Subunit composition
8. Haywood, M. E. K., S. J. Rose, S. Horswell, M. J. Lees, G. Fu, M. J. Walport, determines E2F DNA-binding site specificity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 6994 7007.
and B. J. Morley. 2006. Overlapping BXSB congenic intervals, in combination 39. Choubey, D., and J. U. Gutterman. 1997. Inhibition of E2F-4/DP-1-stimulated
with microarray gene expression, reveal novel lupus candidate genes. Genes Im- transcription by p202. Oncogene 15: 291301.
mun. 7: 250 263. 40. Brennam, P., J. W. Babbage, B. M. Burgering, B. Groner, K. Reif, and
9. Liu, J., G. Karypis, A. L. Vegoe, P. Ruiz, G. S. Gilkeson, and T. W. Behrens. D. A. Cantrell. 1997. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase couples the interleukin-2 re-
2006. Genomic view of systemic autoimmunity in MRL/lpr mice. Genes Immun. ceptor to the cell cycle regulator E2F. Immunity 7: 679 689.
7: 156 168. 41. Lam, E. W., J. Glassford, J. van der Sman, L. Banerji, A. R. Pizzey, N. Shaun,
10. Slansky, J. E., and P. J. Farnham. 1996. Introduction to the E2F family: protein B. Thomas, and G. G. Klaus. 1999. Modulation of E2F activity in primary mouse
structure and gene regulation. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 208: 130. B cells following stimulation via surface IgM and CD40 receptors. Eur. J. Im-
11. Nevins, J. R. 1998. Toward an understanding of the functional complexity of the munol. 29: 3380 3389.
E2F and retinoblastoma families. Cell Growth Differ. 9: 585593. 42. van der Sman, J., N. S. Thomas, and E. W. Lam. 1999. Modulation of E2F
12. DeGregori, J. 2002. The genetics of the E2F family of transcription factors: complexes during G0 to S phase transition in human primary B-lymphocytes.
shared functions and unique roles. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1602: 131150. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 12009 12016.
13. Iwase, S., Y. Furukawa, J. Kikuchi, M. Nagai, Y. Terui, M. Nakamura, and 43. Lam, E. W., M. S. Choi, J. van der Sman, S. A. Burbidge, and G. G. Klaus. 1998.
H. Yamada. 1997. Modulation of E2F activity is linked to interferon-induced Modulation of E2F activity via signaling through surface IgM and CD40 recep-
growth suppression of hematopoietic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 12406 12414. tors in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 1005110057.
14. Thomas, N. S., A. R. Pizzey, S. Tiwari, C. D. Williams, and J. Yang. 1998. p130, 44. Lissy, N. A., P. K. Davis, M. Irwin, W. G. Kaelin, and S. F. Dowdy. 2000. A
p107, and pRb are differentially regulated in proliferating cells and during cell common E2F-1 and p73 pathway mediates cell death induced by TCR activation.
cycle arrest by -interferon. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 23659 23667. Nature 407: 642 645.
15. Johnson, D. G., K. Ohtani, and J. R. Nevins. 1994. Auto-regulatory control of 45. Garcia, I., M. Murga, A. Vicario, S. J. Field, and A. M. Zubiaga. 2000. A role for
E2F1 expression in response to positive and negative regulators of cell cycle E2F1 in the induction of apoptosis during thymic negative selection. Cell Growth
progression. Genes Dev. 8: 1514 1525. Differ. 11: 9198.
16. Yamasaki, L., T. Jacks, R. Bronson, E. Goillot, E. Harlow, and N. J. Dyson. 1996. 46. Cao, Q., Y. Xia, M. Azadniv, and I. N. Crispe. 2004. The E2F-1 transcription
Tumor induction and tissue atrophy in mice lacking E2F-1. Cell 85: 537548. factor promotes caspase-8 and bid expression, and enhances Fas signaling in T
17. Phillips, A. C., and K. H. Vousden. 2001. E2F-1 and apoptosis. Apoptosis 6: cells. J. Immunol. 173: 11111117.
173182. 47. DeRyckere, D., and J. DeGregori. 2005. E2F1 and E2F2 are differentially re-
18. Choubey, D., J. Snoddy, V. Chaturvedi, E. Toniato, G. Opdenakker, A. Thakur, quired for homeostasis-driven and antigen-induced T cell proliferation in vivo.
H. Samanta, D. A. Engel, and P. Lengyel. 1989. Interferons as gene activators. J. Immunol. 175: 647 655.
Indications for repeated gene duplication during the evolution of a cluster of 48. Urist, M., and C. Prives. 2002. p53 leans on its siblings. Cancer Cell. 1: 311313.
interferon-activatable genes on murine chromosome 1. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 49. Yan, D. H., A. Abramina, Z. Li, Y. Ding, Y. Wen, T. J. Liu, and K. Hunt. 2003.
1718217189. P202, an interferon-inducible protein, inhibits E2F1-mediated apoptosis in pros-
19. Choubey, D., and P. Lengyel. 1993. Interferon action: cytoplasmic and nuclear tate cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 303: 219 222.
localization of the interferon-inducible 52-kD protein that is encoded by the 50. Hershko, T., and D. Ginsberg. 2003. Up-regulation of Bcl-2 homology 3 (BH3)-
Ifi202 gene from the gene 200 cluster. J. Interferon Res. 13: 4352. only proteins by E2F1 mediates apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 8627 8634.
20. Choubey, D. 2000. p202: an interferon-inducible negative regulator of cell 51. Xin, H., S. DSouza, T. N. Jorgensen, A. T. Vaughan, P. Lengyel, B. L. Kotzin,
growth. J. Biol. Regul. Homeostatic Agents 14: 187192. and D. Choubey. 2006. Increased expression of Ifi202, an IFN-activatable gene,
21. Choubey, D., and B. L. Kotzin. 2002. Interferon-inducible p202 in the suscepti- in B6.Nba2 lupus susceptible mice inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis. J. Immunol.
bility to systemic lupus. Front. Biosci. 7: e252 e262. 176: 58635870.