1. Express each of the following waveforms as positive sine-wave functions.

Determine their
peak amplitude, frequency, period, and phase.
a) v(t) = 50 cos (314t) V
b) v(t) = -100 sin (5000t 450) V
c) v(t) = -70.7 cos (1000t + 300) V
d) i(t) = -1.414 sin (400t + 600) A
e) i(t) = 0.5 cos (377t + 450) A.

Solution
a) v(t) = 50 cos (314t) V
v(t) = 50 sin (314t + 900) V
Peak amplitude, Vm = 50 V

Frequency, f = = 50 Hz
2
1
Period, T = = 20 ms
f
Phase, = 900

b) v(t) = -100 sin (5000t 450) V

v(t) = 100 sin (5000t 450 + 1800) = 100 sin (5000t +1350) V
Peak amplitude, Vm = 100 V

Frequency, f = = 796.19 Hz
2
1
Period, T = = 1.26 ms
f
Phase, = 1350

c) v(t) = -70.7 cos (1000t + 300) V

v(t) = 70.7 sin (1000t + 300 + 900 + 1800) V = 70.7 sin (1000t + 3000 - 3600) V
v(t) = 70.7 sin (1000t - 600) V
Peak amplitude, Vm = 70.7 V

Frequency, f = = 159.15 Hz
2
1
Period, T = = 6.28 ms
f
Phase, = -600 or 3000

d) i(t) = -1.414 sin (400t + 600) A

i(t) = 1.414 sin (400t + 600 + 1800) A = 1.414 sin (400t + 2400) A
i(t) = 1.414 sin (400t + 2400 - 3600) A = 1.414 sin (400t - 1200) A
Peak amplitude, Im = 1.414 A

Frequency, f = = 63.66 Hz
2
1
Period, T = = 15.71 ms
f
 Phase, = -1200 or 2400

e) i(t) = 0.5 cos (377t + 450) A

i(t) = 0.5 sin (377t + 450 + 900) A = 0.5 sin (377t + 1350) A
Peak amplitude, Im = 0.5 A

Frequency, f = = 60 Hz
2
1
Period, T = = 16.67 ms
f
Phase, = 1350

2. Determine r.m.s. (effective) value of each of the waveform for the above problem. Write
the corresponding phasor representation.

Solution
a) Effective (or r.m.s.) value = 50 x 0.707 = 35.35 V
Phasor Value, V = 35.35900 V
b) Effective (or r.m.s.) value = 100 x 0.707 = 70.7 V
Phasor Value, V = 70.71350 V
c) Effective (or r.m.s.) value = 70.7 x 0.707 = 49.98 V
Phasor Value, V = 49.98-600 V
d) Effective (or r.m.s.) value = 1.414 x 0.707 = 1.0 A
Phasor Value, I = 1.0-1200 A
e) Effective (or r.m.s.) value = 0.5 x 0.707 = 35.35 A
Phasor Value, I = 35.351350 A

3. Determine the instantaneous values of each of the waveforms in Problem 1 at

a) t = 0 s
b) t = 0.5 ms
c) t = 1 ms
Solution
a) v(t) = 50 cos (314t) V

v(t) = 50 sin (314t + 900) = 50 sin (314t + )
2

a) v(t) = 50 sin (314 0 + ) = 50 V
2

b) v(t) = 50 sin (314 0.5 10-3 + ) = 49.385 V
2

c) v(t) = 50 sin (314 1 10-3 + ) = 47.555 V
2
b) v(t) = -100 sin (5000t 450) V
3
v(t) = 100 sin (5000t +1350) = v(t) = 100 sin (5000t + )V
4
3
a) v(t) = 100 sin (5000 0 + ) = 70.711 V
4
 3
b) v(t) = 100 sin (5000 0.5 10-3 + ) = -98.967 V
4
3
c) v(t) = 100 sin (5000 1 10-3 + ) = 87.864 V
4
c) v(t) = -70.7 cos (1000t + 300) V

v(t) = 70.7 sin (1000t - )V
3

a) v(t) = 70.7 sin (1000 0 - ) = -61.228 V
3

b) v(t) = 70.7 sin (1000 0.5 10-3 - ) = -36.785 V
3

c) v(t) = 70.7 sin (1000 1 10-3 - ) = -3.336 V
3
d) i(t) = -1.414 sin (400t + 600) A
2
i(t) = 1.414 sin (400t - )A
3
2
a) i(t) = 1.414 sin (400 0 - ) = -1.225 A
3
2
b) i(t) = 1.414 sin (400 0.5 10-3 - ) = -1.341 A
3
2
c) i(t) = 1.414 sin (400 1 10-3 - ) = -1.403 A
3
e) i(t) = 0.5 cos (377t + 450) A.
3
i(t) = 0.5 sin (377t + )A
4
3
a) i(t) = 0.5 sin (377 0 + ) = 0.3536 A
4
3
b) i(t) = 0.5 sin (377 0.5 10-3 + ) = 0.281 A
4
3
c) i(t) = 0.5 sin (377 1 10-3 + ) = 0.1986 A
4
4. If the waveforms in Problem 1 represent the waveforms of the sources applied to a 100
resistor (either voltage or current sources), find the corresponding waveforms of the current
or voltage responses in this resistor. For each case calculate the average power dissipated
in this resistor.
a) v(t) = 50 cos (314t) V
b) v(t) = -100 sin (5000t 450) V
c) v(t) = -70.7 cos (1000t + 300) V
d) i(t) = -1.414 sin (400t + 600) A
e) i(t) = 0.5 cos (377t + 450) A.
Solution
a) v(t) = 50 cos (314t) V
v(t) = 50 sin (314t + 900) V
 50
i (t ) sin (314t + 900) = 0.5 sin (314t + 900) A
100
b) v(t) = -100 sin (5000t 450) V
v(t) = 100 sin (5000t +1350) V
100
i (t ) sin (5000t +1350) = 1 sin (5000t +1350) A
100
c) v(t) = -70.7 cos (1000t + 300) V
v(t) = 70.7 sin (1000t - 600) V
70.7
i (t ) sin (1000t - 600) = 0.707 sin (1000t - 600) A
100
d) i(t) = -1.414 sin (400t + 600) A
i(t) = 1.414 sin (400t - 1200) A
v(t) = i(t) R = 1.414 100 sin (400t - 1200) = 141.4 sin (400t - 1200) V
e) i(t) = 0.5 cos (377t + 450) A.
i(t) = 0.5 sin (377t + 1350) A
v(t) = i(t) R = 0.5 100 sin (377t + 1350) = 50 sin (377t + 1350) V

5. Find the average value of the voltage waveforms shown in Fig. 1.1
v1(t) v2(t)

10V
10V

t t
T 2T T 2T
(a)
(b)
Solution Fig. 1.1
a) Average value for the voltage waveform in Fig. 1.1(a)
Area under one complete cycle
Average value
period
1
Area under one complete cycle = T 10 =5T
2
5T
Average value = = 5V
T
b) Area under one complete cycle
6. Find the average and effective values of the voltage waveform shown in Fig. 1.2.
v(t)

t(s)
0 T T 3T
2 2
-E 0.8
Fig. 1.2
7. Convert the following waveforms into phasors and draw the corresponding phasor diagram.
Based on the time-domain waveforms, calculate the starting point of each waveform in
time, then determine the lead and lag relationships between these waveforms from the
time domain and phasor diagram.
a) v1(t) = 200 cos (400t) V
b) v2(t) = -100 sin (400t 450) V
c) v3(t) = 141.4 sin (400t 300) V
Solution

a) 1 () = 200 cos(400) = 200 sin(400 + 900 ) 1 = 141.4900
Starting point


= = 2 = 3.927

400
b) 2 () = 100 sin(400 450 ) = 100 sin(400 450 + 1800 )

2 () = 100 sin(400 + 1350 ) 2 = 70.71350
Starting point
V1

V2

V3
 3

= = 4 = 5.89

400

c) 3 () = 141.4 sin(400 300 ) 3 = 99.97300
Starting point


= = 6 = 1.309

400
From above,
2 () 1 () 450 , 3 () 1650

8. Convert the following phasors into the time-domain waveforms if f is 120 Hz. Find the time-
domain starting point of each waveform and its instantaneous value at t = 0s.
a) I1 = 2-600 A.
b) I2 = 7.07450 A
c) I3 = 10-900 A
Solution
= 2 = 2 120 = 240 /
2
a) 1 = 2600 1 () = sin(240 600 )
0.707
1 () = 2.829 sin(240 600 )
Starting point


= = 3 = 1.389
240
Instantaneous value at t = 0s
1 () = 2.829 sin(240 0 600 ) = 2.45

b) 2 = 7.07450 2 () = 100 sin(240 + 450 )
Starting point


= = 4 = 1.042

240
Instantaneous value at t =0s
2 () = 100 sin(240 0 + 450 ) = 70.71

c) 3 = 10900 3 () = 14.14 sin(240 900 )
Starting point


= = 2 = 2.083

240
Instantaneous value at t = 0s
3 () = 14.14 sin(240 0 900 ) = 14.14

9. Convert the following complex numbers into their polar form, and write the conjugate of
each.
a) 3 + j4
b) -6 + j8
c) 10 j17.32
d) -20 j20
e) -4 + j10
Solution
a) 3 + 4 = 553.130
 b) 6 + 8 = 10126.870
c) 10 17.32 = 20 600
d) 20 20 = 28.281350
e) 4 + 10 = 10.77111.80

10. Convert the following complex numbers into their rectangular form, and write the conjugate
of each.
a) 10-450
b) 6600
c) 14.14-1350
d) 20-300
e) 161500
Solution
a) 10450 = 7.07 7.07
b) 6600 = 3 + 5.196
c) 14.141350 = 10 10
d) 20300 = 17.32 10
e) 161500 = 13.856 + 8

11. Perform the following algebraic manipulations to find the resultant

a) 10-450 14.14-1350
b) 20-300 + 16-1500 - 6-600
c) (3 + j4)(-6 + j8)
10 j17.32
d)
20 j20
e) (-4 + j10) x 6600 - 20-300
Solution
a) 10450 14.141350 = 17.07 + 2.93 = 17.329.730
b) 20300 + 161500 6300 = 1.732 15 = 15.196.60
c) (3 + 4) (6 + 8) = 96 72 = 120143.10
1017.32
d) = 0.183 + 0.683 = 0.707750
2020
e) (4 + 10) 6600 20300 = 81.28 + 19.22 = 83.52166.70

12. Find the resultant of each of the following algebraic manipulations.

j8
a) j4
2 j2
b) (-3 + j4)(6 + j3) - 10900
1053.10
c) x1 j2
2 j4
10 j10
d) 13 j20
1 j1
14 j20 1090 0
e) + 12-600
3 j4
Solution
 8
a) 22
+ 4 = 2 + 6 = 6.325108.40
b) (3 + 4) (6 + 3) 10900 30 + 5 = 30170.50
1053.10
c) 2+4
(1 2) = 1.4 4.8 = 5 73.80
1010
d) (13 20) + 11
= 23 20 = 30.5410
14+2010900
e) + 12600 = 9.28 + 9.352 = 13.17545.20
3+4

13. If the current in a 0.2H inductor is i(t) = 4 sin (100t + 300) A, find the voltage across this
inductor in the time domain. Draw the phasor diagram for this circuit.
Solution
= 900 = 900 = 100 0.2 = 20900

() = 4 sin(100 + 300 ) = 4 0.707300 = 2.828300
= = 2.828300 20900 = 56.561200
56.56
() = sin(100 + 1200 ) = 80 sin(100 + 1200 )
0.707
Phasor Diagram
V

I
1200
300

14. If the voltage across a 0.1F capacitor is v(t) = 70.7 cos (5000t) V, find the current flowing in
this capacitor in the time domain. Draw the phasor diagram for this circuit.
Solution
1 1
= 900 = 900 = 900 = 2000 900
5000 0.1 106

() = 70.7 cos(5000) = 70.7 sin(5000 + 900 ) = 49.98900
49.98900
= = = 0.024991800
2000900
0.02499
() = sin(5000 + 1800 ) = 0.035 sin(5000 + 1800 )
0.707
Phasor Diagram V

900
0
180
I
15. Find the impedance of each of the following three single-element loads at f = 200Hz and f =
1.5kHz.
a) A resistor of value 1k
b) A capacitor of value 0.2F
c) An inductor of value 1.8mH
Solution
a) Resistance is independent of frequency. Therefore = 100000
b) i) f = 200 Hz
1 1
= 900 = 900 = 900
2 2 200 0.2 106
= 3978.87900
ii) f = 1.5 kHz
1 1
= 900 = 900 = 900
2 2 1500 0.2 106
= 530.52900
c) i) f = 200 Hz
= 900 = 2900 = 2 200 1.8 103 900
= 2.26900
ii) f = 1.5 kHz
= 900 = 2900 = 2 1500 1.8 103 900
= 16.96900

16. The voltage source e(t) = 50 sin (2000t + 300)V results in a current flow of i(t) = 0.5 cos
(2000t) A. Find the phasors of these waveforms, hence obtain the impedance of this circuit
in polar and rectangular forms.
Solution

() = 50 sin(2000 + 300 ) = 35.35300

() = 0.5 cos(2000) = 0.5 sin(2000 + 900 ) = 0.3535900
35.35300
= = = 100600 = (50 86.6)
0.3535900

17. The voltage and current in a single-element load are, respectively, v(t) = 70.7 sin (1000t +
300) V and i(t) = 70.7 cos (1000t + 300) A. Find
a) the nature and magnitude of the element and draw the phasor diagram
b) the power dissipated by this element
c) the readings of ideal voltmeter and ammeter connected in this circuit.
Solution

() = 70.7 sin(1000 + 300 ) = 49.98300

() = 70.7 cos(1000 + 300 ) = 70.7(1000 + 1200 ) = 49.981200
a) The nature and magnitude of the element
49.98300
= = = 1900 = 1
49.981200
The nature of the element is a capacitor, and the magnitude
 1 1 1
= = = = 1
1000 1
Phasor Diagram
I

V
1200
300

b) Capacitors do not dissipate power. So the power is zero

c) Reading of the ideal voltmeter is the rms value, ie., 49.98 V
Reading of the ideal ammeter is 49.98 A

18. The voltage and current in a single element load are, respectively, v(t) = 800 sin (377t + 30 0)
V and i(t) = 5 cos (377t 600) A.
a) the nature and magnitude of the element and draw the phasor diagram
b) the power dissipated by this element
c) the frequency and period of these waveforms.
Solution
a) The nature and magnitude of the element

() = 800 sin(377 + 300 ) = 565.6300

() = 5 cos(377 600 ) = 5 sin(377 + 300 ) = 3.535300
565.6300
= = = 159.9700
3.535300
So the element is a resistor.
Phasor Diagram

V, I

300

b) The power dissipated

= 2 = 3.5352 159.97 = 1999
= = 565.6 3.535 = 1999
c) Frequency
377
= = = 60
2 2
Time period
1 1
= = = 16.67
60

19. Write the corresponding time-domain expression of each sinusoidal voltage waveform
shown in Fig. 1.3. Draw the corresponding phasor diagram.
Solution

Fig. 1.3
1 1
= 12, = = = 83.33
12 103
= 2 = 523.59 /
From Fig. 1.3, v1 starting point is 5ms
Using the equation

= 5 103 = = 2.61795
523.59
Converting radians to degrees
= 1500

1 () = 100 sin(523.59 1500 ) 1 = 70.71500
v2 lags v1 by 2ms, so the starting point of v2 is 7ms

= 7 103 = = 3.66513
523.59
Converting radians to degrees
= 2090 = 2090 + 3600 = 1500

2 () = 100 sin(523.59 + 1500 ) 1 = 70.71500
V1
1500

V2 1500

20. In the circuit shown in Fig. 1.4, e1(t) = 141.4 sin (2513t) V and i(t) = 50 2 sin (2513t 68.80)
A. Find
a) the voltage across the inductor in polar form
b) the value of the inductor and the power dissipated in it
c) e2(t), and draw the phasor diagram for this circuit.
XL

4
e1 e2
+ i +

Fig. 1.4
Solution

1 () = 141.4 sin(2513) 1 = 10000

() = 502 sin(2513 68.80 ) = 5068.80
a) Voltage across the inductor in polar form
= = 5068.80 4900 = 20021.20
b) The value of the inductor
4
= = = = 1.59
2513
Inductors do not dissipate power. So the power dissipation is zero
c) Applying KVL to the loop
1 + 2 = 02 = 1 +
2 = 10000 + 5068.80 4900 = 286.46 + 72.32 = 295.4514.20
2 () = 417.9 sin(2513 + 14.20 )
Phasor Diagram
E2

10.60
E1
68.80

I
21. In the circuit shown in Fig. 1.5, e1(t) = 165 sin (314t) V and e2(t) = 165 sin (314t 900) V.
a) Write the expression for i(t)
b) Find the power dissipated in the resistor
c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) for the case where the polarities of e2(t) are reversed.
R

+ i 10
e1 e2
+

Fig. 1.5
Solution

1 () = 165 sin(314) 1 = 116.65500

2 () = 165 sin(314 900 ) 2 = 116.655900
a) Applying KVL to the loop
1 + 2
1 + 2 = 01 + 2 = =

116.655 116.655
= = 11.6655 11.6655 = 16.5450
10
() = 23.34 sin(314 450 )
b) The power dissipated in the resistor
= 2 = 16.52 10 = 2722.5
 c) 2 () polarity reveresed

1 2
1 2 = 01 2 = =

116.655 + 116.655
= = 11.6655 + 11.6655 = 16.5450
10
() = 23.34 sin(314 + 450 )
The power dissipated in the resistor
= 2 = 16.52 10 = 2722.5

22. In the circuit shown in Fig. 1.6, e1(t) = 14.14 sin (2513t) V, e2(t) = 28.28 sin (2513t + 450) V,
and e3(t) = 42.43 sin (2513t 600) V. Find
a) the reading of an ideal voltmeter connected across the 5 resistor.
b) the time-domain expression for i(t)
c) the power dissipated in the 5 resistor.
e2
+
+ +
e1 e3
5 i

Fig. 1.6
Solution

1 () = 14.14 sin(2513) 1 = 1000

2 () = 28.28 sin(2513 + 450 ) 2 = 20450

3 () = 42.43 sin(2513 600 ) 3 = 30600
a) Applying KVL to the loop
1 + 2 3 = 01 + 2 3 =
= 1000 + 20450 30600 = 41.1577.160
The reading of an ideal voltmeter connected across 5 is 41.15 V.
b) = 41.1577.160 = 500
41.1577.160
= = 8.2377.160
5 00
() = 11.64 sin(2513 + 77.160 )
c) The power dissipated in the resistor
= 2 = 8.232 5 = 338.6645

23. In the circuit shown in Fig. 1.7, e1(t) = 230 2 sin (120t) V and e2(t) = 230 2 sin (120t +
1200) V.
a) Find the impedance and admittance of C.
b) Write the time-domain expression for i(t) and draw the phasor diagram for the circuit.
What is the reading of the ammeter?
c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) if the capacitance and frequency are doubled simultaneously.
C
A
+ i 7F +
e1
e2

Fig. 1.7
Solution

1 () = 2302 sin(120) 1 = 23000
2 () = 2302 sin(120 + 1200 ) = 2 = 2301200
a) Impedance of C
1 1
= 900 = 900 = 900 = 378.94900
120 7 106
Admittance of C
1 1
= = = 2.639900
378.94900
b) Applying KVL to the loop
1 2
1 2 = 0 =

23000 2301200
= = 1.05600 = 0.527 + 0.91
378.94900
() = 1.485 sin(120 + 600 )
Reading of the ammeter is 1.05 A.
Phasor Diagram
E2

I
1200
600
E1

c) Capacitance and frequency doubled

120
= 2 = 120 = = 60
2
If frequency is doubled, then f= 2 60 = 120 Hz, and = 2f = 240 rad/s
Capacitance, C = 2 7 F = 14 F
Impedance of C
1 1
= 900 = 900 = 900 = 94.74900
240 14 106
Admittance of C
1 1
= = = 10.56900
94.74900
Applying KVL to the loop
1 2
1 2 = 0 =

 23000 2301200
= = 4.20600 = 2.10 + 3.64
94.74900
() = 5.94 sin(240 + 600 )
Reading of the ammeter is 4.20 A.
E2

1200
600
E1

24. In the circuit shown in Fig. 1.8, e1(t) = 80 cos (2000t) V, e2(t) = 80 sin (2000t) V, and i(t) = 10
sin (2000t + 450) A. Find
a) the nature, magnitude, and power dissipated in the element
b) the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter. Draw the phasor diagram for the circuit.
V

+ Single +
e1 element e2
i
A
Fig. 1.8
Solution

1 () = 80 cos(2000) = 80 sin(2000 + 900 ) 1 = 56.56900

2 () = 80 sin(2000) 2 = 56.5600

() = 10 sin(2000 + 450 ) = 7.07450
a) Applying KVL to the loop
1 2 = 0 = 1 2
= 56.56900 56.5600 = 801350 = (56.56 + 56.56)
801350
= = = 11.315900 = 900
7.07450
The nature of the element is an inductor.
11.315
= = = = 5.66
2000
Inductors do not dissipate power, so the power dissipation is zero
b) Reading of the voltmeter across the element = 80 V
Reading of the ammeter = 7.07 A
E1

I
900
450
E2