Nepal Telecom History Book 1973-2072

6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] ztjflif{sLsf pknIodf k|sflzt
g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] Oltxf;

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k':ts M g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] Oltxf; -lj=;+= !(&#@)&@_
n]vs M ;'/]z s'df/ k'8f;}gL, /3'j/nfn >]i7, ks xfNbf/

/fd]Zj/ sdf{rfo{, afa'/fd kf]v/]n, lji0f' k|;fb s;h'
lbg]z s'df/ /]UdL, nId0f clwsf/L
;Dkfbs M k|fWofks 8f= ej]Zj/ k+u]gL
k|sfzs M g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8 -g]kfn 6]lnsd_
k|sfzg ldlt M @)&@ df3
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ISBN M 978-9937-0-0472-5
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d'n'sdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|f/De ePsf] !)) jif{ k"/f eP5 . 6]lnsd ;]jf ;~rfngkZrft\ o;
If]qdf ePsf ultljlw / ljsf;qmdsf] ljifodf ;+ul7t ;+u|xsf] kdf k':ts k|sfzg ePsf] kfOFb}g .
d'n'sdf 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;]jf ;~rfngsf] ;o jif{sf] cjlwdf ;du| b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf; / k|ult s'g
kdf s]s;/L eof] < ljsf;sf] ult a9fpg :jb]zL jf ljb]zL ;+:yf jf ljb]zL d'n'sxsf s]s:tf
of]ubfg /x] < ljZjdf ePsf] b"/;~rf/ k|ljlw b]zleq leq\ofO{ g]kfndf k|ljlwsf] dL7f] kmn pkef]Qmf;dIf
k'ofpg s]s:tf] cg'ej /x\of], ljleGg sfnv08df s'gs'g k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t k|0ffnL lelqP < tL
;a}sf] ;Gbe{df k':ts k|sfzg u/L ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf]
;o jif{sf] Oltxf; emNsfpg] k':tssf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L k':ts n]vg tyf ;Dkfbgsf] k|of; ul/of] .
oxL qmddf sDkgLn]] ljleGg r/0fdf n]vs tyf ;Dkfbssf] ;xof]u lnO{ of] P]ltxfl;s u|Gy k|sfzg
ug{] hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] Oltxf;;DaGwL P]ltxfl;s tYonfO{ k':tssf] kdf
;j{;fwf/0f;dIf Nofpg kfpg' g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] nflu Pp6f uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] .
b"/;~rf/;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{, ;]jfsf] lgodg ug]]{, ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ / ;]jf pkef]u ug]{ Pp6}
ljGb'h:tf] b]lvg] ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] cj:yfaf6 cfh cfP/ gLlt lgdf{tfsf] kdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dGqfno,
lgofds ;+:yfsf] kdf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f, ;]jfk|bfossf] kdf ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf]
sDkgLsf] kdf g]kfn 6]lnsd, cGo lghL If]qsf sDkgLx / pkef]Qmf rt'isf]0fsf rf/ sf]0fdf /xL ;du|
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf; tyf ;~rfng ug]{ rf/ j6f ;+oGq ePsf] cj:yfdf cfOk'Ubfsf] cjlwsf] ljsf;
tyf k|ult emlNsg] of] P]ltxfl;s u|Gyn] of] If]qsf] Pp6f 7"nf] vfFrf]sf] k"lt{ ug]{5 / yk vf]hcg';GwfgnfO{
;xh agfpg]5 eGg] cfzf u/]sf] 5' .
k|:t't k':tssf hDdf ( kl/R5]bsf ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ qmddf n]vsxn] u/]sf] d]xgt, cys\
k|of; / tTk/tf lgs} k|;+zgLo 5 . n]vsxn] b"/;~rf/ If]qdf sfd ubf{ a6'n]sf cg'ejsf] cfwf/df
ljj/0f ;+sngd} of] u|Gy lgdf{0f x'g ;s]sf] eg]/ eGg klg cTo'lQmgxf]nf . n]vsxsf] cys\ k|of; tyf
;lqmo of]ubfgaf6 tof/ ePsf] d:of}bfdf ;Dkfbsaf6 tYok/s ljifoj:t' km/s gkg]{ u/L kf7sju{nfO{
k9\g / a'em\g ;lhnf] x'g] u/L ljleGg kl/R5]b kl/:s[t ug{ v]n]sf] e"ldsf klg lgs} ;/fxgLo 5 .
g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg] bfloTjnfO{ sDkgLn] s'g} g s'g} dfWodaf6 lgjf{x ub}{ cfO/x]sf]
/ cfufdL lbgdf klg of] st{Jok|lt sDkgL lgi7fk"j{s nflukg]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5' . k|:t't k':tsn]
xfd|f u|fxs dxfg'efjxnufot z'e]R5'sx;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ cem 3lge"t agfpg sf];]9'f ;flat x'g]
z'e]R5f;lxt ztjflif{sLsf] o; cj;/df d k':ts n]vg sfo{df k|f]T;flxt ug]{ k"j{dxfk|aGwsHo", k|aGw
lgb]{zsHo", g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] tkm{af6 o:tf] u|Gy k|sfzg ug'{kb{5 eGg] cfjfhnfO{ sfof{Gjogtkm{ k|f]T;flxt
ug]{ ;~rfns ;ldltsf kbflwsf/LHo"xaf6 k|fKt ;xof]uk|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . k|:t't k':tssf n]vsx
>L ;'/]z s'df/ k'8f;}gL, >L /3'j/nfn >]i7, >L ks xfNbf/, >L /fd]Zj/ sdf{rfo{, >L afa'/fd kf]v/]n,
>L lji0f' k|;fb s;h', >L lbg]z s'df/ /]UdL, >L nId0f clwsf/Lsf] cd"No of]ubfgsf] nflu wGojfb 1fkg
ug{ rfxG5' . k':ts ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{ u/L k':tsnfO{ :t/Lo u/fpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ul/lbg'ePsf]df
k|fWofks 8f= ej]Zj/ k+u]gLHo"k|lt xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' . k|:t't k':ts k|sfzgkl5 k|fKt x'g] ;'emfj
/ P]ltxfl;s tYoxnfO{ :jfut ub}{ yk tYox k|fKt ePdf cfufdL lbgdf kl/dfh{g / kl/:s[t u/L
oxfFx;dIf k'gM Nofpg] k|of; x'g]5 . k':ts k|sfzgdf ;xof]u k'ofpg'xg' ] ;a}df xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5' .
a'l4 k|;fb cfrfo{
k|aGw lgb]{zs
e"ldsf
jt{dfgdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf hLjgsf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostfsf] j:t' ;fljt ePtf klg g]kfnsf]
Oltxf;sf ljljw kIfdf snd rnfpg] ljfgxn] of] ;]jfsf If]qdf b[li6 k'ofPsf] kfOFb}g . g]kfndf
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] yfngL lj=;+= !(&) ;fnlt/ ePsf] eGg] s'/f ljleGg n]v, k|ltj]bg / cfjlws
of]hgfxdf pNn]v ul/Ptf klg jf:tjdf ;DalGwt uf]/vfkq, v8\ulgzfgf, sdf08/L lstfavfgf Pjd\
lghfdtL ;]jfsf tTsfnLg l;6/f]nsf cltl/Qm ;/sf/L ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] k|f/De !(&#
;fndf ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] Ps jif{kl5 !(&$ ;fn h]i7 ! b]lv ;f] ;]jf ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLsf] k|of]udf ;d]t
cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr ;j{;'ne x'g' kg{] jt{dfgdf Ps ztfAbLb]lv ;~rfngdf /x]sf] b"/;~rf/
;]jfsf] oyfy{k/s Oltxf; gn]lvg' la8Dagf g} dfGg' kb{5 . k|ljlw, kl/df0f tyf ljljwLs/0fsf b[li6af6
xfn d'nsdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ljsl;t b]zsf ;/x g} /x]sf 5g\ . Ps ztfAbL klxn]b]lv
;~rfngdf /x]sf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf jt{dfg;Dd cfpg] qmddf s'g s'g bzsdf s] s:tf k|of; ul/P, s] s:tf
cfof]hgfx ;~rfngdf cfP, b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;sf nflu s'g /fi6 / cGt/f{li6o ;+3;+:yfsf] s]
s:tf] of]ubfg /Xof], s'g s'g k|ljlw leq\ofpg ss;n] kl/0ffdL e"ldsf lgjf{x u/], /fHosf] ;lqmotf s:tf]
/Xof] eGg] h:tf dxjk"0f{ ljutsf af/]df ;d]t lj:t[t Pjd\ oyfy{k/s hfgsf/L lbg] ;fdu|L k|sfzgdf
cfPsf] kfOFb}g .
cfly{s b[li6af6 cToGt sdhf]/, ljifd ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, e"kl/j]li7t tyf clt sd ljsl;t
/fi6sf kdf /x]sf] g]kfnn] 5f]6f] cjlwdf ljsf;zLn d'n'sxsf] bfFhf]df b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/
ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . pRr k|ljlw, 7"nf] k"FhL / bIf hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf kg{] b"/;~rf/ If]qn] g]kfndf
u/]sf] ljsf;nfO{ cg's/0fLo pbfx/0fsf kdf xb[o\ud ug{' kg{] b]vG5 . cem b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ePsf]
of] ljsf;nfO{ d'n'ssf cGo If]qn] b[9tfsf ;fy cg's/0f u/]sf v08df ;d[4 d'n'ssf] sNkgf ;fsf/
u/fpg ;lsg] s'/fdf b'ljwf gxf]nf . oxfF :d/0fLo ;Gbe{ s] klg 5 eg] ;]jf k|f/De ePsf] kfFr bzs;Dd
guGo kdf b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf; ePsf]df ljZja}+saf6 C0f ;xof]u k|fKt x'g yfn]kl5 ljsf;sf]
ultn] tLj|tf kfPsf] lyof] .
;dfhdf cfly{s ultljlwsf] Go"gtf, Joj;flos sf/f]af/ sd x'g' / lzIffsf] cefjdf b"/;~rf/
If]qn] @))& ;fnk"j{ sd dxj kfpg'n] ;]jfsf] ljsf;qmd lg/fzfhgs /x]sf] b]lvG5 . /f0ffzf;gsf]
;dflKt / k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf kZrft klg /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, cg'ej, ;f]+r / ;'b[9 ;\u7gsf] cefj
h:tf sf/0faf6 @)!^ ;fn;Ddsf] cjlw klg Tolt ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]g . 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefu :yfkgfkl5
eg] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsfdf /x]sf JolQmxsf] b"/blz{tf, k|lta4tf Pjd\ ;'ema'emsf sf/0f ;kmntfsf] af6f]
klxNofpg] sfo{sf] ;'?cft ePsf] b]lvG5 .
l5d]sL b'O{ d'n'sn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;sf nflu 7"nf] wg/flz ;xof]usf] k|:tfj /fv]tf klg
g]kfnn] ljZja}+ssf] ;xof]u Pjd\ e"ldsfnfO{ g} pko'Qm 7x/fPsf] lyof] . kmn:jk ljZja}+ssf] ;xof]uaf6
b"/;~rf/ cfof]hgfx ;~rfng Pjd\ ;DkGg x'Fb} uP eg] of] sfo{ g]kfnsf] s'6gLlts ;DaGwdf pNn]Vo
klg /xg uof] .
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;df ljZja}+ssf] C0f ;xof]uaf6 5 j6f k~rjifL{o cfof]hgfx sfof{Gjog
eO;s]sf 5g\ . klxnf] r/0fsf] C0f cfof]hgfdf a]nfot / ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;+nUgtf /Xof] eg] cGo
cfof]hgfxdf a]nfot, lkmgNofG8, 8]gdfs{, a]lNhod, k|mfG; tyf hfkfgsf] ;xof]u g} b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
lj:tf/sf] k|d'v cfwf/ aGg uPsf] xf] . ljZja}+ssf] ;xof]usf] ;xL / pko'Qm pkof]u of] If]qsf] ljsf;sf
nflu cg'kd pbfx/0f /xsf] b]lvG5 .
ljZj cy{tGqdf cfPsf] kl/jtg{nfO{ ;do ;fk]If cfTd;ft\ ub{} b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;sf
nflu ljefu, ;ldlt, ;+:yfg / sDkgLdf kfGt/0f ug{] k|lqmofn] d"t{k lng' g} b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;
/ lj:tf/df ;/sf/n] b]vfPsf] clwstd rf;f] / ;'ema'emsf] pbfx/0f ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 .
plNnlvt oyfy{tfnfO{ x[bo\ud u/]/ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|f/De ePsf] !))
jif{sf] cjlwdf d'n'ssf] ;jf{\uL0f ljsf;df lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsf, o; cjlwdf ePsf k|ult, cjnDag
ul/Psf k|ljlw, ;]jfsf] ljsf;qmd, dxjk"0f{ 36gfqmd ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L d'ns
' sf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;
emNsg] u|Gy cyf{t g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] Oltxf;M lj=;+= !(&#@)&@ n]vg tyf k|sfzg ug{]
of]hgf agfPsf] lyof] . o; qmddf @)^()$@( sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ k':ts n]vg ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf]
lyof] . ;ldltsf ;b:oxsf] uxg cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgaf6 k|:t't s[lt tof/ x'g uPsf] xf] .
k|:t't u|GynfO{ gf} kl/R5]bdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] kl/R5]bnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf]
yfngLb]lv @))& ;fn;Dd o; If]qdf ePsf k|of;nfO{ ;d]6]/ g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] yfngL /
;+:yfut ljsf; k|f/De -lj=;+= !(&#@))&_ zLif{s lbOPsf] 5 . d'n'sdf cfPsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g
Pjd\ of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] yfngL;Fu} b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] If]qnfO{ klg ;d]l6Psfn] bf];|f] kl/R5]bnfO{
of]hgfa4 ljsf;df b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] k|j]z -lj=;+= @))*@)!^_ zLif{sdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . b"/;~rf/sf
dfWodaf6 klg g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6o If]qdf ;]jf lj:tf/ u/]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ kl/R5]b tLgdf :jrflnt 6]lnkmf]g
;]jfsf] yfngL / cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/sf] ;'?cft -lj=;+= @)!&@)@^_ zLif{sdf rrf{ ul/Psf]
5 . ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgfsf ;fy} b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf ePsf ultljlwnfO{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf / of]
hgfj4 sfo{sf] yfngL -lj=;+= @)@&@)#@_ zLif{s lbP/ rf}yf] kl/R5]bdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ljBdfg
k|ljlwnfO{ l8lh6n k|ljlwdf kfGt/0f ul/Psf] ;Gbe{nfO{ kfFrf} kl/R5]bdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fM
l8lh6n PS;r]~hsf] yfngL -lj=;+= @)## @)$)_ zLif{s lbOPsf] 5 . kl5Nnf bzsdf b"/;~rf/
If]qnfO{ /fli6o ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/sf kdf ljsl;t ug{] qmd /x]sfn] 5}6f}F kl/R5]bdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ /fli6o
ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/sf kdf ljsf; ug{] k|of; -lj=;+=@)$!@)%)_ zLif{s lbOPsf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{
cem cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm u/fpg] qmddf clK6sn kmfOa/af6 ;]jf ;~rfng ug'{sf cltl/Qm jt{dfgdf df]afOn
kmf]g ;]jf ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] k|;\nfO{ kl/R5]b ;ftf}F / cf7f}Fdf qmdzM b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwdf clK6sn
kmfOa/b]lv df]afOn kmf]g;Ddsf] km8\sf] -lj=;+= @)%!@)^)_ / g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] u7g
/ d'ns' e/ cTofw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ -lj=;+= @)^!@)&!_ df lj:t[t rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}
pk;+xf/ nfO{ kl/R5]b gf} lbOPsf] 5 . k':tsdf ;+nUg ul/Psf k|d'v ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L eg] ;Gbe{ u|Gy;"rL
zLif{sdf lbOPsf] 5 . k':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf dxjk"0f{ ;gb, P]g, lgodfjnL tyf lj1xsf] n]vnfO{
;d]t cflwsfl/s b:tfj]hsf kdf cg';"rL df lbOPsf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf If]qdf dxj /fVg] s]xL
tl:a/nfO{ k|ltlglw tl:a/sf kdf cGTodf lbOPsf] 5 .
a8f] d]xgtsf ;fy tof/ ul/Psf] k|:t't u|Gy gLlt lgdf{0f ug,{] lgodg ug,{] ;]jf ;~rfng ug{] /
;]jfsf] k|of]u ug{] lgsfo Pp6} ePsf] kl/j]zaf6 cfh gLlt lgdf{0f ug{] g]kfn ;/sf/, lgodg ug{] lgofds
lgsfo g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f, ;]jf ;~rfng / k|bfg ug{] k|lt:kwL{ ;]jf k|bfosx / ;]jf k|of]ustf{
cyf{t pkef]QmnfO{ ;Gt'ng ug{' kg{] jftfj/0fdf sDkgLsf] pkl:ylt / r'gf}tLxsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu klg
;xof]uL x'g] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 . To:t} b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;df g]kfn s;/L km8\sf] dfg{ ;kmn eof]
eg]/ gofF k':tfdf ;"rgf x:tfGt/0f ug{' klg TolQs} cfjZos b]lvG5 .
k':tssf nflu cfjZos ljj/0f ;\sng ug{] ;DaGwdf ;ldltn] ;'?df sfdsf] hl6ntf af/]
k|i6 n]vfhf]vf ug{ g;Sg', ;+:yfgdf ljj/0f / tYof\s /fVg] Joj:yf Jojl:yt gx'g', b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf
ljleGg kIfsf af/]df tYof\s, ljj/0f tyf lnvtx 5l/P/ /xg' h:tf sf/0f tf]lsPsf] ;dodf sfo{
;Dkfbg ug{ ;Dej ePg . tyflk P]ltxfl;s / ljZj;gLo ;fdu|L Pjd\ b:tfj]hsf cfwf/df g} k|:t't
s[ltsf] n]vg ePsf] xf] . ;fy} ;+:yfn] dxjk"0f{ lqmofsnfk Pjd\ of]hgfcfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf]
lnvtsf ;fy} ;DalGwt tl:a/ ;d]t Jojl:yt kaf6 clen]vg ug{ ;s]sf v08df cfufdL k|sfzgsf
nflu lgs} ;xof]u k'Ug] lyof] .
xfdL k|lt ljZjf; / e/f];f /fvL k':ts n]vgb]lv ;Dkfbg;Ddsf] uxg Pjd\ r'gf}tLk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L
k|bfg ug{' ePsf]df tTsfnLg k|aGw lgb{]zs >L cd/gfy l;+x / jt{dfg k|aGw lgb]{zs >L a'l4 k|;fb
cfrfo{k|lt xflb{stfsf ;fy cfef/ JoQm ub{5fF} .
xfdLnfO{ P]ltxfl;s tYo pknJw u/fpg ;xof]u k'ofpg] /fli6o clen]vfnosf k|d'v tyf
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf k|d'v nufot cGo sd{rf/L ;fyLx ljz]if wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 . To:t} k':ts
n]vgsf qmddf ljleGg dxfg'efjn] cfjZos ;fdu|L, ljj/0f tyf tl:a/x pknJw u/fpg' ePsf] 5 .
o;} qmddf b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb| kl/jf/n] cfjZos ;'ljwf tyf ef}lts ;fdfu|L h'6fOlbPsf] xf] . o;sf
lglDt ;d:t ;xof]uL ldqx k|lt ;d]t s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5f} . kf08'lnlknfO{ k':tsfsf/ lbg]qmddf 6fOkdf
;xof]u k'ofpg' x'g] >LdtL nIdL nfld5fg] / >LdtL zfGtL zdf{nfO{ klg ljz]if wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}+ .
k|:t't k':ts k|sfzgsf qmddf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)&))@@^ df cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5nkmn
sfo{qmddf ;lqmotfk"j{s ;xefuL tyf 6]lnsdsf] cfu|xdf g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] yfngL zLif{ssf]
cg';Gwfgd"ns k|ltj]bgsf] cg';Gwftf 8f= ej]Zj/ k+u]gLsf] k|fl1s k|fljlws ;Nnfx Pjd\ ;Dkfbg
;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] xf] . To; lglDt lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, Oltxf; s]Gb|Lo ljefusf k|fWofks Oltxf;ljb\
8f= k+u]gLk|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5f}{+ .
cg';Gwfg Pjd\ n]vg sfo{ lgoldt tyf lg/Gt/ k|lqmof klg xf] . d'n'sdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf]
yfngLb]lv jt{dfg;Dd o; If]qdf lelqPsf k|ljlw Pjd\ ljsf;sf af/]df o; k|sf/ n]lvPsf] k|:t't s[lt
g} klxnf] xf] . o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf ;"rgf Pjd\ ljj/0fx oyfzSo j:t'k/s Pjd\ oyfy{k/s xf];\ eGg]df
xfdLn] ljz]if Wofg lbPsf 5f} . oBlk k|:t't k':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf ;"rgf ;\sng Pjd\ n]vgsf
qmddf sxLF st} ;'wf/ ug{' kg{] b]lvPdf kf7saf6 k|fKt k|fl1s ;'emfjsf cfwf/df cfufdL ;+:s/0fdf
kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
n]vs
s
ABBREVITION
AM Transmission Amplitude Modulation Transmission

CB System Central Battery System
VHF Very High Frequency
UHF Ultra High Frequency
SSB Single Side Band
ITU International Telecommunication Union
IFRB International Frequency Registration Board
PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange
CTO Central Telegraph Oce
SITA Societe International de Telecommunication Aeronautics
HF High Frequency
ICM Indian Cooperation Mission
PCO Public Call Oce
DOT Department Of Telecommunication
SPC Stored Programmed Controlled
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
APT Asia Pacific Telecommunity
MCC Maintenance Control Centre
UNDP United Nation Development programme
MARTS Multi Access Radio Telephone System
STD Subscriber Trunk Dialing
ISD International Subscriber Dialing
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
PCB Printed Circuit Board
GIS Geographical Information System
CDB Corporate Data Base
MIS Management Information System
VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
GSM Global System Mobile
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
WLL Wireless Local Loop
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Link
SMS Short Message Service
CRBT Caller Ring Back Tone
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
MMS Multi Media Message Service
VAS Value added Service
IN Intelligent Network
AFS Advance Free Phone Service
HCD Home Country Direct
IVR Interactive Voice Response
VMS Voice Mail Service
VOIP Voice over Internet Protocal
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
STM Synchronous Transport Module
OPGW Optical fiber on Ground Wire
OYT Own your Telephone
RTDF Rural Telephone Development Fund
ljifo ;"rL
kl/R5]b M Ps
g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] yfngL / ;+:yfut ljsf; k|f/De
-lj=;+= !(&#@))&_ !%$
kl/R5]b M b'O{
of]hgfa4 ljsf;df b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] k|j]z
-lj=;+= @))*@)!^_ %%&@
kl/R5]b M tLg
:jrflnt 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] yfngL / cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/
;]jf lj:tf/sf] ;'?cft -lj=;+= @)!&@)@^_ &#($
kl/R5]b M rf/
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf / of]hgfj4 sfo{sf] yfngL
-lj=;+= @)@&@)#@_ (%!)*
kl/R5]b M kfFr
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fM l8lh6n PS;r]~hsf] yfngL
-lj=;+= @)## @)$)_ !)(!@@
kl/R5]b M 5
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ /fli6o ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/sf kdf ljsf; ug{] k|of;
-lj=;+=@)$!@)%)_ !@#!$^
kl/R5]b M ;ft
b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwdf clK6sn kmfOa/b]lv df]afOn kmf]g;Ddsf] km8\sf]
-lj=;+= @)%!@)^)_ !$&!^^
kl/R5]b M cf7
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] u7g / d'n'se/ cTofw'lgs
k|ljlwo'Qm ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ -lj=;+= @)^!@)&!_ !^&@)^
kl/R5]b M gf}
pk;+xf/ @)&@!)
;Gbe{ u|Gy;"rL @!!@!^
cg';"rL @!&#&)
tl:a/df Oltxf; #&!#(#
s
kl/R5]b M Ps
g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] yfngL / ;+:yfut

ljsf; k|f/De
-lj=;+= !(&#@))&_
k[i7e"ld
k|f/Desf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
h+uaxfb'/sf] a]nfot e|d0f / To;kl5sf] cj:yf
cGo ;~rf/ ;]jf
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/sf] yfngL
cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
;+:yfut ljsf; / lj:tf/
dx;'n Joj:yf
sfg'gL tyf k|zf;sLo Joj:yf
g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] yfngL / ;+:yfut ljsf; k|f/De
-lj=;+= !(&#@))&_
!= k[i7e"ld
dfgj hfltsf] pTklQ;Fu} s'g} g s'g} kdf ;~rf/sf] klg ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;\s]tx
-Symbols_, u'kmfdf sf]l/Psf lrqx -Cave Paintings_, rfgdf sf]l/Psf a'fx -Petro Glyphs_,
lkS6f]u|fd -Pictogram_ cflb x'Fb} lnlksf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lnlksf] ljsf; x'g xhf/f}F jif{
nfu]sf] lyof] .
O;fk"j{ 5}7f}F zftfAbLlt/b]lv lrLsf dfWodaf6 va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{] ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . Pp6f
8fF8faf6 csf{] 8fF8fdf k|sfzsf] k/fjt{g u/L ;\st] sf kdf ;Gb]z lbg] -Heliograph_ sf] ljsf; eg] O;fk"j{
$() df ePsf] lyof] . O;fk"j{ rf}yf] zftfAbLdf xfO8f]lns ;]dfkmf]/ -Hydraulic Semaphore_ af6 ;~rf/
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . b"/;~rf/sf ;fwgsf] ljsf;sf qmddf j}1flgs :ofd'cn df];{n] ;g\ !*#*
-lj=;+= !*(%_ df ljB'tLo zlQmdf cfwfl/t 6]lnu|fkm -Telegraph_ sf] cfljisf/ u/] . kmn:jk ljB't
zlQmsf] dfWodaf6 Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf ;lhn}l;t sf]8af6 va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{] ;'ljwf ldNg uof] .
j}1flgs df];{n] cfljisf/ u/]sf] sf]8n] df];{ sf]8 -Morse Code_ sf gfdaf6 k|l;l4 kfof] . b"/;~rf/;Fu
;DalGwt gjLg k|ljlwsf] cg';Gwfgsf qmddf ljZj k|l;4 j}1flgs cn]Sh]G8/ u|fxda]nn] ;g\ !*&^
-lj=;+= !(##_ df 6]lnkmf]gsf] cfljisf/ u/]sf lyP . u|fxda]nsf] of] cfljisf/kl5 b"/;~rf/sf If]qdf
gofFgofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'Fb} jt{dfgsf] df]afOn kmf]g;Ddsf] ;]jf ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\ .
g]kfndf cfw'lgs b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] yfngL k"j{ ;/sf/af6 k|foM /g/, 3f]8r9Lf/f va/ cfbfg
k|bfg ul/GYof] . To:t} cfuf], w'jfF, lgzfg, ktsf cflbaf6 ;\s]t ug{'sf cltl/Qm df}nf] uf8\g], z\v
k'mSg], 9\of\u|f] 7f]Sg], k/]jfafhsf] ;xof]udf va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{], lj/fnf]s's'/sf] 3fF6Ldf lrL afFw]/
Nofpg]n}hfg] h:tf k|lqmofaf6 ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . hxfF;Dd hg:t/sf] ;Gbe{ xf], g]kfnsf
upF3/df ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ s6'jfn -ufpF3/df pbL{k'bL{ ;'gfpg] sfdsf nflu /flvPsf] JolQm_ /fVg] ul/GYof] .
srx/L -;ef, ;Dd]ng cflb_ ug{ tyf ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs u/fpgsf nflu s6'jfn r'Gg] ul/GYof] . s'g}
;fj{hlgs sfdsf nflu dflg;xnfO{ e]nf u/fpg' kg{] ePdf ufpFsf d'lvof, lhDjfn, k6jf/L, h]7fa'9f
cflb h:tf :yflgo clwsf/Ln] s6'jfn dfk{mt ;"rgf hf/L ub{y] . s6'jfnn] klg ;DalGwt If]qdf 9\of\u|f]
7f]Sg], ;\v ahfpg], xfFs xfNg] h:tf sfo{af6 ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|jfx ub{y] . o;} ;"rgfsf cfwf/df
dflg;x tf]lsPsf] :yfg / ;dodf hDdf x'g] ub{y] . of] k|yf g]kfnsf sltko b'u{d kxf8L If]qdf jt{dfgdf
klg b]Vg kfOG5 .
hxfF;Dd gofF k|ljlw k|of]usf] ;Gbe{ xf], lj=;+= !(!!!(!@ df k|wfgdGqL h\uaxfb'/ /f0ffsf]
;dodf ePsf] ef]6;Fusf] o'4sf qmddf ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{ g]kfndf ;j{k|yd x]lnof] k|ljlw k|of]u
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To;f] t ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfgsf nflu k/Dk/fut ksf /g/ Pjd\ 3f]8r9Lsf] klg k|of]u
ul/Psf] lyof] . kl5Nnf ;dodf ljZjdf ljsl;t b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ g]kfnn] klg qmdzM k|of]udf NofpFb}
4 g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] Oltxf;
cfPsf] 5 . o;}qmddf k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/sf] zf;gsfnsf] k"jf{4{df b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] yfngL x'guof] .
k|:t't kl/R5]bdf g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] yfngL tyf lj=;+= @))& ;Dd o; If]qdf ePsf ljsf;sf
af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
@= k|f/Desf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
ljZjdf 6]lnu|fkm ;]jf (Telegraph) k|f/De ePsf] sl/a &% jif{ / 6]lnkmf]g cfljisf/ ePsf]
sl/a #& jif{kl5 lj=;+= !(&) lt/ g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;'?cft ePsf] dflgFb} cfPsf] 5, / o;nfO{
cflwsfl/s kdf klg :jLsf/ ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;}sf cfwf/df g]kfn 6]lnsdn] lj=;+= @)&) nfO{
g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf nflu k"jf{wf/ / ;]jf cf/De ePsf] !)) jif{ k'u]sf] cg'dfg u/]/ ;f]xL jif{
ztjflif{sL ;df/f]x dgfpg' kg]{ ljrf/ u/]sf] lyof] . x'gtM lj=;+= !(&) cl3 g} g]kfndf ;Lldt zf;sxn]
s'g} g s'g} kdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|of]u u/]sf s]xL tYox kfOPtf klg lj=;+= !(&) df g} of] ;]jf ;'?
ePsf] tYo k'li6 ug{] 7f]; cfwf/ eg] km]nf k/]sf 5}gg\ .
;"o{ gc:tfpg] d'n'ssf kdf kl/ro agfPsf] la|l6; ;fd|fHon] ljZjsf w]/} d'n'sxnfO{ cfgf]
sAhfdf kfb}{ nu]sf] ePtf klg g]kfn eg] :jtGq g} /Xof] . la|l6; ;fd|fHo lj:tf/sf qmddf c+u|]hn]
g]kfndf cfqmd0fsf k|of; u/]sf lyP . c+u|]h;Fusf] o'4df g]kfnLn] cbDo ;fx; b]vfPtf klg cfw'lgs
k|ljlw o'Qm xftxltof/af6 ;lHht c++u]h| ;]gf;Fu al9 Iflt Joxf]g{' k/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnc+u]|h o'4df g]kfnn]]
xfg'{'kgf{sf] Pp6f d'Vo sf/0f ;~rf/sf ;fwgsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf gx'g' klg dflgPsf] 5 . g]kfn kxf8} kxf8,
3gf h+un / vf]nf gfnfn] el/Psf] b]z ePsfn] oxfF Ps 7fpFdf a:g] dflg;sf] csf{] 7fpFsf dflg;;Fusf]
;Dks{ k|foM z"Go x'g] ub{Yof] . o'4sf ;dodf klg ljleGg lsNnfsf] o'4 cj:yf, xftxltof/, /;bkfgL
/ ;}lgs cfk"lt{ nufot o'4 ;+of]hgsf nflu k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ ;fwg cfjZos x'G5 . o'4sf ;dodf
k|foM o:tf ;~rf/ ;Dks{sf] cefj x'g' cToGt b'ef{Uok"0f{ dflgG5 . cfw'lgs xltof/ / ;~rf/ ;fwgsf]
cefjsf sf/0f k/fho ef]Ug afWo g]kfn / c+u]|h aLr lj=;+= !*&@ df lkIfLo ;lGw ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
hg/n eLd;]g yfkfsf] sfo{sfndf ;DkGg of] ;lGw g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ;'uf}nL ;lGw sf gfdn] k|Voft
5 . lj=;+= !*&@ d+l;/ -;g\ !*!% gf]e]Da/_ df of] ;lGwkqdf g]kfnsf tk{maf6 /fhu'? uh/fh ld>n]
tyf c+u|]hsf tk{maf6 n]l6g]G6 s0f{]n a|f8zfn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . ;'uf}nL ;lGwsf] wf/f * cg';f/
la|l6; ;/sf/n] sf7df8f}Fsf] n}grf}/df cfgf] /]lh8]G;L :yfkgf u/]sf] lyof] . o; k|sf/ ldqtf / zflGtk"0f{
;DaGwnfO{ ;'/lIft / ljsl;t ug{ b'O{ b]zxn] Ps csf{sf b]zdf /]lh8]G6jlsn /fVg yfn]sf x'g\ .
n}grf}/df /]lh8]G;L :yfkgf ul/Psf] s]xLkl5 a]nfotn] cfgf] b]zdf va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{sf
nflu 6]lnu|fd ;]jfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . la|l6; /]lh8]G;Ldf 6]lnu|fd ;]jf ;~rfngdf cfPsf] lyof]
eGg] s'/f ljleGg ;fdu|Ldf pNn]v kfOPtf klg of] ;]jfsf nflu s] s:tf k|ljlw tyf pks/0f h8fg ul/Psf
lyP eGg] hfgsf/L eg] k]mnfk/]sf 5}gg\ . kl5Nnf] ;do ;j{;fwf/0fn] klg ef/tdf s'g} h?/L ;"rgf jf
va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{'kbf{ lglZrt lgodsf] kfngf u/L la|l6; /]lh8]G;L dfkm{t va/ k7fpg] ;'ljwf kfPsf]
b]lvG5 . pQm sfof{no n}g gfdn] kl/lrt lyof] . ;g\ !($& -lj=;+= @))$_ df ef/t :jtGq ePkl5
la|l6; /]lh8]G;L /fhb"tfjf; df kl/0ft eof] .
g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] yfngL=== 5
g]kfnsf] ;dLIffTds Oltxf; -8f >L/fdk|;fb pkfWofo_ sf cg';f/ lj=;+= !(^* kf}if # -;g\
!(!!, l8;]Da/_ df g]kfnsf /fhfsf] lgdGq0ffdf a]nfotsf ;d|f6 hh{ k~rd lrtjgsf] 7f]/L
h+undf lzsf/ v]Ng cfPsf lyP . g]kfnsf] /fhfsf tkm{af6 k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/n] /fhsLo
cltlyxsf] :jfut u/]sf lyP . a]nfotsf ;d|f6sf] :jfutsf lglDt 7f]/Lsf] h+undf ljz]if
tof/L ul/Psf] lyof] . lzsf/sf lglDt ljleGg xfQL;f/xaf6 ^ ;o xfQLx hDdf kfl/Psf] lyof] .
h+unleq df]6/ af6f] / 6]lnkmf]gsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] eGg] pNn]v kfOG5 . hh{ k~rd / pgsf
!* hgf ;xof]uLxnfO{ cfw'lgs ;'ljwfo'Qm a+unfdf /flvPsf] / pQm ejgdf ljh'nL aQLsf]
klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ejg aflx/ kfndf ;d|f6sf 8fS6/, kfb/L tyf cGo JolQmxnfO{
/flvPsf] lyof] . 7f]/Lsf] h+undf lzsf/sf] sfo{qmd !) lbg;Dd rn]sf] lyof] . lzsf/ sfo{qmd
;DkGg ePkl5 ;d|f6sf] 6f]nL /fhwfgL sf7df8f}F gcfO lzsf/ SofDkaf6 g} :jb]z kmls{Psf] lyof] .
lj=;+= !(&) -;g\ !(!#_ df k|sflzt lrqsfJo rGb|do"v -k+= huGgfy, a}hgfy ;]9f`L_ sf
cg';f/ lj=;+= !(^* ;fn k'; dlxgf -;g\ !(!!, l8;]Da/_ df a]nfotsf afbzfx hh{ k~rd
g]kfnsf] 7f]/L h+undf lzsf/ v]Ng ;kl/jf/ ef/tsf] af6f] eO{ cfPsf lyP . lzsf/ v]Ngsf
nflu g]kfn cfpg'eGbf cl3 hh{ k~rdn] rGb|zdz]/nfO{ lr6\7L n]v]sf lyP . rGb|zdz]/n]
7f]/Lsf] h+undf cltlyxsf nflu dxn g} agfPsf lyP . s]xL lbg lzsf/ v]n]/ hh{ k~rd
ef/tsf] af6f] x'Fb} kmls{P . o;} qmddf 7f]/L glhs ef/tsf] g/sl6ofu~hdf pgsf] SofDk /x]sf]
lyof] . hh{ k~rdn] ToxFfaf6 lzsf/ tyf cfltYotfsf] tfl/km ub}{ ;g\ !(!! l8;]Da/ @* -lj=;+=
!(^* k'if !#_ df rGb|zdz]/nfO{ tf/ va/ (Telegram) k7fPsf lyP . pgn] 7f]/Ldf agfPsf]
cltly u[xsf] ;d]t k|z+;f u/]sf lyP . afbzfx snsQf uj/d]G6xfp; k'u]kl5 % hgj/Ldf pgn]
k'gM lj:t[t ljj/0f ;lxtsf] lr6\7L rGb|zdz]/nfO{ k7fPsf lyP .
>L # xsf tYo j[QfGt -k'?iff]Qdzdz]/ /f0ff_ sf cg';f/ lj=;+= !(^* -;g\ !(!!_ df
k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/ / a]nfotL ;d|f6 hh{ k~rd lzsf/ v]Ngsf nflu 7f]/Lsf] SoDkdf /x]sf
avt eLdzdz]/ sfo{afxs k|wfgdGqL lyP . o;} avt /fhf k[YjLjL/ljqmd ;fx|} la/fdL k/] .
la/fdL /fhfn] snsQf cf}ifwL ug{ uPsf cfgf ljZjfl;nf Pjd\ lk|okfq sdflG8 hg/n
?b|zdz]/nfO{ e]6\g] OR5f JoQm ub}{ pgnfO{ pkl:yt u/fpg sfo{afxs k|wfgdGqL eLdzdz]/nfO{
cfu|x u/] . eLdzdz]/n] of] s'/f lrtjgsf] 7f]/Ldf /x]sf k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/nfO{ t'?Gt
hfx]/ ug'{kg]{ eof] . pgn] of] ;Gb]z x]lnof]u|fkm dfkm{t lzsf/ SofDk 7f]/Ldf hfx]/ u/L k7fP .
ToxfFaf6 rGb|zdz]/n] 6]lnu|fdaf6 snsQf ;Gb]z k7fP . ;Gb]zdf dxf/fhflw/fh ;fx|f] ePsf]
/ snsQfaf6 hftjfnf g;{ lnP/ cfpg' eGg] va/ cfPsf]n] hftjfnf g;{ kfOPg eGg' eGg]
pNn]v ub}{ ?b|zd]/nfO{ 6]lnu|fd k7fOPsf] lyof] . ?b|zdz]/ k|wfgdGqLsf] cfb]z adf]lhd g;{
glnO{ ;f]xL lbg snsQfaf6 g]kfn /jfgf ePsf lyP .
dflysf ;fdu|Ldf lj=;+= !(&) cufl8 g} kmf6k'm6 kdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] k|of]u ePsf] pNn]v
ePtf klg ;/sf/n] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}F nufot d'ns ' sf s'g} klg If]qdf 6]lnkmf]g jf 6]lnu|fd ;]jf ;~rfng
u/]sf] hfgsf/L lbg] ;fdu|L eg] k]mnf k/]sf] 5}g .
#= h+uaxfb'/sf] a]nfot e|d0f / To;kl5sf] cj:yf
g]kfnsf k|yd /f0ff k|wfgdGqL h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] lj=;+= !()^ df a]nfot nufot o'/f]ksf
s]xL d'n'ssf] e|d0f u/]sf lyP . @% ;b:oLo 6f]nLsf] g]t[Tj ub}{ pgL sf7df8f}Faf6 snsQf eP/ kfgL
hxfhf/f a]nfotsf] ;fpy PDk6g k'u]sf lyP h+uaxfb'/sf] a]nfot ofqf -sd0f bLlIft_ . pgn] lj=;+=
!()& c;f/ & ut] -;g\ !*%) h'g_ df a]nfotsL dxf/fgL leS6f]l/of;Fu e]6 u/] . a]nfotdf *& lbg
a;]/ cfgf bnan;fy h+uaxfb'/ k|mfG; k'u]sf lyP . $) lbgsf] e|d0fkl5 pgL ef/tsf] aDa} x'Fb} g]kfn
kmls{Psf x'g\ . ! jif{ @( lbg nfdf] pgsf] o'/f]k e|d0f cToGt nfebfos / pknlAwk"0f{ dflgG5 . pgsf]
of] e|d0f g]kfndf ;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu sf];]9'\uf] ;fljt ePsf] eflgG5 . vf; u/L o'/f]kdf
ePsf] cfw'lgs lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / To;sf] pkof]u ;DaGwL sltko ljifodf g]kfnL e|d0f bnn]
;fIffTsf/ x'g] cj;/ kfof] .
a]nfot tyf k|mfG;sf] ljsf;af6 h+uaxfb'/ cToGt k|efljt ePsf lyP . ToxfFsf] cfw'lgs k|ljlw,
jf:t'snf cflb g]kfndf leq\ofpg pgL nfnflot lyP . Toltdfq geP/ lj=;+= !()* -;g\ !*%! _ df
a]nfotaf6 kms{Fbf pgn] 5kfO ;DaGwL sfdsf nflu eL=PG8 h] lkmlHhG; d]s;{ n]lvPsf] tyf cufl8kL
Pp6f lu2sf] cfsf/ ePsf] 5kfO d]l;g NofPsf lyP -8f= ej]Zj/ k+u]gL, b]jzdz]/sf] uf]vf{kq / uf]vf{kq
5fkfvfgf, uf]/vfkqsf] Oltxf;, lj=;+= @)^&, k[= &&*)_ . g]kfnsf] ;~rf/ vf;u/L 5fkfvfgfsf]
ljsf;sf nflu of] Pp6f dxjk"0f{ yfngL lyof] . yfkfynL b/af/df :yflkt o; 5fkfvfgfnfO{ lu4]
k|]; klg elgGYof] . To;a]nf of] k|];df lnkmf, l6s6, ;/sf/L ;"rgf cflb 5flkGy] . g]kfnL k|];hutsf]
Oltxf;df o;sf] a]Un} dxj /x]sf] 5, t/ b"/;~rf/sf cGo ;fwgsf] ljsf; tyf k|ljlw cfoft ;DaGwdf
eg] To;a]nf vf;} k|ult ePsf] kfOFb}g .
k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/n] lj=;+= !(^$ r}q @% ut]b]lv a]nfotsf] e|d0f u/]sf lyP . g]kfnsf nflu
la|l6; /]lh8]G6 h]= Dofg;{ l:dy ;d]t e|d0f 6f]lndf $% hgf ePsf] kfOG5 -ej]Zj/ k+u]gL, k|wfgdGqL
rGb|zdz]/ a]nfot hfFbf g]kfndf ul/Psf] ;'/Iff Joj:yf,EjfO; ckm lxl:6, ef]nd@!@&, g+= !, lj=;+=
@)^(, k[= %&&^_ . e|d0fsf l;nl;nfdf pgn] ToxfF oftfoft, ;~rf/, ljB't nufotsf ljifodf klg
hfgsf/L xfl;n u/]sf lyP . a]nfotdf ePsf] lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af6 rGb|zdz]/ k|efljt gx'g]
s'/} lyPg . % dlxgf hltsf] e|d0fkl5 rGb|zdz]/ g]kfn kmls{Psf lyP . a]nfotaf6 kmls{Pkl5 pgn]
dxjsf ;fy ;g\ !(!! -lj=;+=!(^*_ df kmlk{df ljB't pTkfbg u/L ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ klg pkef]u ug]{
cj;/ lbPsf lyP -ej]Zj/ k+u]gL, clen]vdf ;Lldt rGb|aQL,uf]/vfkq -zlgjf/_, lj=;+= @)^! c;f]h
!^_ . ;fy} pgsf] ;dodf g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;'?cft klg x'g uof] .
$= cGo ;~rf/ ;]jf
$=! x'nfs ;]jf
hg/n eLd;]g yfkfn] g]kfndf #! jif{ -;g\ !*)^!*#&lj=;+= !*^#-!*($_ ;Dd zf;g
u/]sf lyP . pgsf]] sfo{sfndf /fi6sf] ljleGg If]qdf pNn]vgLo ;'wf/x ePsf lyP . ljleGg If]qsf]
;'wf/ ug]{ qmddf pgn] x'nfs ;]jfdf klg ;'wf/ u/] . pgn] To; ;dosf] x'nfs Joj:yfnfO{ a9L e/kbf{]
/ ljZj;gLo agfpg] k|of; u/]sf lyP . o;af6 lj=;+= !*^# eGbf cl3b]lv g} d'n'sdf x'nfs ;]jf
;~rfngdf /x]sf] a'lemG5 .
eLd;]g yfkfsf] ;dodf x'nfs rnfpg] lhDdf ufpF lkR5] @$ 3/nfO{ lbOPsf] x'GYof] . tL
3/sf dflg;xn] cfkm"nfO{ tf]s]sf] 7fpFdf lr7\7Lkq cfbfgk|bfg ug{'kb{Yof] . o;/L x'nfsLsf] sfd ug{]
JolQmxnfO{ Hofnf :jk hUuf lbOPsf] x'GYof] . eLd;]g yfkfn] x'nfs Joj:yf /fd|f];Fu rn]sf] 5 ls
5}g eGg] s'/f hfFra'em ug{ hfFrsLsf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf lyP . o:tf hfFrsLxn] x'nfs Joj:yf /fd|f];Fu
rn]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/f ;/sf/nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpFy] . sltko hldGbf/xn] x'nfsLxsf] hUufdf
lvrf]nf] p7fO x'nfs ;~rfngdf afwf k'ofpFy] . hfFrsLn] To:tf] ;d:ofsf] klg ;dfwfg ub{y] .
lj=;+= !*(! -;g\ !*#$_ df lji0f'dtL klZrd dxfsfnL k"j{klsf] ;Dk"0f{ Onfsfsf] x'nfs
Joj:yfsf] hfFrsf lglDt ;'j]bf/ hos[i0f / hdfbf/ sfn' nfdfnfO{ v6fOPsf] lyof] . pgLxnfO{ lbOPsf]
clVtof/Lsf] nfndf]x/df x'nfsLxsf] hfFr ubf{ cJoj:yf, a]OdfgL / 5nsk6 b]lvPdf 7fpFd} lg0f{o u/]/
/fd|f] Joj:yf sfod ug{ lgb{]zg lbOPsf] lyof] -lrQ/~hg g]kfnL, hg/n eLd;]g yfkf / tTsfnLg g]kfn,
sf7df8f}FM /Tgk':ts e08f/, lj=;+= @)#%, k[= !%&!%*_ . To; avt yfKn] / sfut] u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf
x'nfssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'GYof] . yfKn] x'nfscGtu{t lhG;L ;fdfg / sfut] x'nfs cGtu{t lr6\7L kq
cfbfgk|bfg ul/GYof] -ej]Zj/ k+u]gL, /f0ffsfnLg g]kfnsf] cfly{s Oltxf;M ;/sf/L sf/f]af/df ;'Aaf
u0f]zbf; /Tgbf;, sf7df8f}FM wd{gf/fg cWoog k|lti7fg, lj=;+= @)&!, k[=&%*!_ . g]kfne/ x'nfs ;]jf
k|bfg ug{ lj=;+= !(#% df g]kfn x'nfs 3/sf] :yfkgf eO x'nfs ;]jf k|f/De ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= !(#*
b]lv ;j{k|yd Ps, b'O{ / rf/ cfgf b/sf x'nfs l6s6x k|rngdf NofOP . lj=;+= !($$ b]lv b'O{ k};f
b/sf x'nfs kq ;d]t k|rngdf NofP/ x'nfs ;]jfdf ljz]if ;'wf/ ug]{ qmd ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 .
$=@ 5fkfvfgf tyf cvaf/ k|sfzg
eLd;]g yfkfsf] sfo{sfn;Dd x'nfs ;]jf afx]s cGo ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf ;fwgxdf vf;}
ljsf; ePsf] kfOFb}g . h+uaxfb'/ o'/f]k e|d0faf6 kms{Fbf NofOPsf] 5kfO d]l;gaf6 g]kfndf 5fkfvfgfsf]
;'?cft ePsf] ;Gbe{ dfly kl/;s]sf] 5 .
jL/zdz]/sf] k|wfgdGqLTj sfn -lj=;+= !($@-!(%*, ;g\ !**%-!()!_ df la|l6; sdfG8/
Og= rLkm g]kfnsf] e|d0fdf cfpFbf cvaf/ gfdsf] ;dfrf/kq k|sflzt ePsf] eGg] sltko ;fdu|Ldf
pNn]v kfOG5 . oBlk ;f] cvaf/ eg] km]nf kfg{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . cvaf/ eGbf kl5 k|sflzt ;'wf;fu/
klqsfnfO{ g} g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt klxnf] ;flxlTos klqsf dflgG5 .
lj=;+= !(%& kmfNu'0f dlxgfsf] dWolt/ ;g\ !()! dfr{_ df jL/zdz]/sf] d[To' ePkl5 wL/zdz]/sf
5f]/f -jL/zdz]/sf efO_ b]jzdz]/ k|wfgdGqL eP . klZrdL b]zdf cfPsf kl/jt{gsf] /fd|f] 1fg lnPsf pbf/
:jefjsf b]jzdz]/n] cfgf] sfo{sfndf d'n'sdf k|hftflGqs tyf cfly{s kl/jt{gx Nofpg rfxGy] .
z}lIfs tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf] ;'wf/sf b[li6n] of] ;do dxjk"0f{ /Xof] . pgn] hgtfnfO{ b]zljb]zsf] ;dfrf/
cjut u/fpg klxnf] k6s lj=;+= !(%* ;fn h]i7 @$ ut] ;f]daf/sf lbg ;fKtflxs kdf uf]vf{kq
k|sflzt u/fP . of] g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] ;dfrf/kq lyof], h;nfO{ h'4zdz]/sf] k|wfgdGqLTj sfndf
xKtfsf] @ k6s / kb\dzdz]/sf] sfo{sfnb]lv xKtfsf] # k6s k|sflzt ul/of] . @)!& ;fn kmfNu'0f &
ut]b]lv o;nfO{ b}lgs kdf k|sflzt ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . b]jzdz]/n] lj=;+= !(%* df uf]vf{kqsf] k|sfzg
;'? u/]kl5 ;"rgf If]qdf Pp6f gofF sbdsf] yfngL t eof] t/ uf]vf{kqnfO{ tTsfnLg zf;s ju{nfO{
;xof]u k'ofpg] dfWod agfOPsf] lyof] . b]jzdz]/n] !!$ lbg dfq zf;g ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf lyP . @))&
;fnsf] qmflGtkl5 /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTo eP klg ;dfrf/d"ns klqsfsf] vf;} ljsf; ePsf] kfOFb}g . @)$^
;fneGbf klxn] g]kfndf uf]/vfkq afx]s ;dfrf/d"ns b}lgs, ;fKtflxs klqsf gu0o dfqfdf k|sfzg
ul/P eg] @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng kl5 dfq o:tf kqklqsfsf] ljsf;sf] qmd a9\b} uPsf] xf] .
$=# /]l8of] k|;f/0f ;]jf
g]kfndf /]l8of] k|;f/0f ;]jfsf] ;'?cft eg] k|hftGqkl5 dfq ePsf] b]lvG5 . @))& ;fn r}q
@) ut]b]lv /]l8of] g]kfnn] cfgf] k|;f/0f ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 ;dfrf/ / dgf]/~hgfTds
sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ;'? x'g'eGbf klxn] g]kfnLxdfem ;dfrf/sf nflu la=la=l;=, dgf]/~hgsf nflu l;nf]g
/ cnOlG8of /]l8of] lgs} nf]slk|o lyP . /]l8of] /fVgsf nflu klg /f0ffzf;saf6 :jLs[lt lng' kb{Yof] .
lj=;+= !((@(# lt/ On]lS6sn PG8 d]sflgsn OlGhlgo/ sfzL/fh kf08]n] la=la=l;=, cnOlG8of
/]l8of], /]l8of] d:sf], /]l8of] aln{g, /]l8of] l;nf]g h:tf ljleGg /]l8of] ;]jfaf6 k|;f/0f ul/Psf ljZjsf
va/xnfO{ ;\sn u/L ltgnfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf kfGt/0f u/]/ Go"hl/n tof/ ub{y] . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf]
;dfrf/nfO{ >L % / >L # df hfx]/L ePkl5 dfq ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/Lsf nflu uf]vf{kqnfO{ pknJw
u/fOGYof] . g]kfndf Go"h Ph]G;Lsf] ;'?cft ;DaGwdf Tolt hfgsf/L gkfOPtf klg OlGhlgo/ kf08]af6
Go"hl/n tof/ u/L k|sfzgsf nflu uf]vf{kqnfO{ pknJw u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ Go"h P]h]G;Lsf] ;'?cftsf kdf
lng ;lsG5 . ;dfrf/ ;\sng, ljZn]if0f / ;dfrf/ tof/ ug{sf nflu kf08]nfO{ ljh'nL aQLsf] ;'ljwf
kflg pknJw u/fOPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L ;dfrf/ ;\sng ug]{ sfo{df ljh'nLsf] ;'ljwf ;d]t k|bfg ug{'n]
plNnlvt sfo{ u/fpg k|f]T;flxt g} u/]sf] dflgG5 .
k|wfgdGqL kb\dzdz]/sf] cfb]zdf @))# ;fn df3 !$ ut]b]lv g} lah'nL c8\8f -xfnsf] g]kfn
laB't k|flws/0f_ df OlGhlgo/ sflz/fh kf08]n] 6fG;ld6/ h8fg u/L /]l8of]af6 ehg / k|fy{gf u/fpFby]
eGg] s'/f sltko lnvtdf pNn]v ePtf klg g]kfndf cflwsfl/s kdf /]l8of] k|;f/0f ;]jfsf] yfngL
eg] @))& ;fn r}q @) ut] -clk|n @, !(%@_ af6 ePsf] xf] .
lj=;+= @))& d+l;/ @* ut] tfl/0fLk|;fb sf]O/fnf nufotsf] kxndf lj/f6gu/df g]kfn k|hftGq
/]l8of] :6];g :yfkgf u/L PstGqLo hxflgofF /f0ffzf;g lj/f]wL ultljlwsf] k|;f/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
hgtfnfO{ cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;flxt ug]{ / k|hftGq :yfkgfsf nflu qmflGtsf] nx/ l;h{gf u/fpg]
p2]Zosf ;fy /]l8of] :6];g :yfkgf / ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . d'n'sdf k|hftGq :yfkgf kl5 ;f]xL /]l8of]
:6];gnfO{ g} l;+xb/af/df :yfkgf u/L /]l8of] g]kfn ;~rfng ul/Psf] xf] .
%= 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/sf] yfngL
dfgj ;[li6sf] k|f/Deb]lv g} 6f9f /x]sf cfkmGt tyf ;d'bfodf va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ljleGg
dfWodx ckgfOFb} cfOPsf] ePtf klg lj=;+= !*(% ;fndf 6]lnu|fkm / !(## df 6]lnkmf]gsf] cfljisf/
ePkl5 dfq} cfw'lgs b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/df tLa|tf cfof] . o;sf] dxj / k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ cfTd;ft\
ub}{ sltko ljsl;t b]zn] klxnf] ljZjo'4 tfsf g} cfw'lgs b"/;~rf/ k|ljlw / ;]jfx Jofks kdf
k|of]u ul/;s]sf lyP . l5d]sL ef/tdf klg ;g\ !*%#%$ df g} b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] yfngL ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfndf eg] lj=;+= !(&) lt/ dfq b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;'?cft ePsf] dflgG5 .
lj=;+= !(&) b]lv @))& ;fn;Ddsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ o; cWoogdf g]kfndf
cfPsf] dxfe"sDk -lj=;+= !(()_ cfpg' k"j{ / kZrft u/L b'O{ rf/0fdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
%=! dxfe"sDk k"j{
k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/sf] a]nfot e|d0f g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;'?cftsf] k|]/stj ePtf klg
ef/tdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] yfngLn] o;tkm{ clek|]l/t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . rGb|zdz]/sf ;dodf lj=;+= !(&)
sf] ;'?cftdf DofUg]6f] k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf yfngL ul/Psf] a'lemG5 . o;sf nflu sf7df8f}F hdnl:yt
/fgLkf]v/Lsf] pQ/tkm{ tTsfnLg g]kfn OlGhlgol/ P;f]l;o;gsf] sfof{no k5f8L /x]sf] ejgdf DofUg]6f]
af]8{ h8fg u/L gf/fo0flx6L b/af/, l;+xb/af/ / sdfG8/ Og=rLkmsf] lgjf;df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknJw u/fOPsf]
lyof] . To; avt >L % dxf/fhflw/fh, >L # dxf/fh / d'lVtof/ -sdfG8/ Og= rLkm_ aLr dfq s'/fsfgL
x'g] u/L 6]lnkmf]gnfO{ ;Lldt ul/Psf] a'lemG5 . o;/L k|f/Dedf ;Lldt kbflwsf/sf lglDt dfq pknJw
6]lnkmf]g ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ eg] ;]jf lbg] ;f]+r gePsf] b]lvG5 . ;~rf/ ;'ljwfnfO{ v'nf ubf{ /f0ffzf;g
lj/fwL efjgf km}nfpg ;xof]u k'Ug] ePsfn] g} of] ;]jfnfO{ ;Lldt ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . k|f/Dedf 6]lnkmf]g
;]jf ;Lldt zf;s ju{df dfq pknJw ePsfn] o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t hfgsf/L klg kfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
;do qmd;Fu} d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{ k/Dk/fut x'nfs ;]jf eGbf cfw'lgs
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df zf;sn] d'n'sdf km}lnFb} u/]sf]
/f0ffzf;g lj/f]wL efjgfsf] hfgsf/L lng / pko'Qm ;dfwfgsf nflu klg cfw'lgs ;~rf/ dfWodsf]
cfjZostf b]v]sf] a'lemG5 . lj=;+= !(&@ df ljZjo'4 ;'? ePkl5 t ;+;f/e/ g} b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] dxj
lgs} a9\g uof] . To; avt la|6]g;Fu /f0ffzf;ssf] ;';DaGw lyof] . la|l6; ;/sf/sf] cg'/f]wdf g]kfnL
;]gfn] ljZjo'4df pgLxnfO{ ;3fPsf lyP . o'4 ;DaGwL va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{, yk ;}lgs ;xof]u
pknJw u/fpg] h:tf sfo{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu klg b"/;~rf/ ;]jf x'g' ckl/xfo{ b]lvof] . c+u|]hx
cfw'lgs ;~rf/ ;fwgsf] k|of]udf cEo:t e} ;s]sfn] ef/tsf] /S;f}nb]lv sf7df8f}F;Dd k|efjsf/L
;~rf/ ;Dks{ :yfkgf ug{ rfxg' :jfefljs lyof] . csf{lt/ /f0ffzf;s nufot ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnL tLy{
ug{ ef/tsf ljleGg wfld{s :yndf hfg] tyf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf g]kfnL o'jfx ef/tLo ;]gfdf sfo{/t /x]sfn]
klg :jfefljs kdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] dxj / cfjZostf a9\g uPsf] lyof] . To:t} Jofkf/sf dfWodaf6
ef/tdf zf;g u/]sf c+u|]hn] g]kfn / o;sf] pQ/L l5d]sL d'n'stkm{ klg k|efj hdfpgsf nflu ef/t /
g]kfn aLr b"/;~rf/ ;]jf :yfkgf ePsf] x]g{ rfxGy] . log} sf/0faf6 cGttM lj=;+= !(&@ df sf7df8f}Faf6
jL/u~h;Dd k'ofpg] nIo /fv]/ Openwire Magneto Trunk Telephone nfOg lgdf{0f yfngL e} !(&#
;fndf ;]jf ;~rfngdf cfPsf] kfOG5 . oBlk &@ dfOn -!!% ls=dL=_ nfdf] of] 6\s nfOg of]hgf
;~rfng ug{ ?6 ;e]{, kf]n, tf/ nufot ;dfgxsf] Oli6d]6 cflb ug{, sf] slt hgf vl6Psf lyP, ;dfgx
s;/L lemsfOof], h8fg sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ Plsg slt ;do nfUof] cflb s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kfOPsf] 5}g . ;f]
of]hgf ;DkGg ug{ la|l6; ljz]if1 ld:6/ agf8{ k06] vl6Psf lyP . 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf z'ef/De ePsf] ljifonfO{
lj=;+= !(&# cfiff9 @) ut]sf] uf]/vfkqn] dxjsf ;fy o; k|sf/ k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] .
b]z;dfrf/
6]lnkmf]g :yflkt
x]lk|o kf7s dxfzo xf] cfh tkfl`xsf
cufl8 cfgGbbfos va/ hfx]/ ug{ kfpg' xfd|f] 7"nf]
efUo /x]5 lxhf] xfdLxnfO{ lah'nL alQ eg]sf]
s:tf] xf]nf < s;/L aNbf]xf] < 6]lnu|fd\ eg]sf]
s:tf] x'G5 < bz ldg6\df xhf/g\ sf]z k/sf] va/
s;/L hflgG5 < 6]lnkmf]g eg]sf] s:tf] xf]nf <
xhf/g\ sf]zsf aLrdf kmf;nf /fvL, jNnf5]pdf
/ kNnf5]pdf a;L Ps} kn\df a;L aft\lrt\ u/]em}F
s;/L ubf{ x'g\ < eGg] nfUbYof], cfh k/d]Zj/sf
c;Ld cg'u|xn] / >L # dxf/fhsf k|v/ k|tfk
lah'nL alQ o:tf] x'Fbf] /x]5, o;/L aNbf] /x]5 eGg]
xfld g]kfnaf;LnfO{ k"/f af]w eofsf ;a}nfO{ hfx]/}5
xfndf >L # dxf/fhsf cgu|xn] ;a}nfO{ c;n xf];\,
;a}sf] pksf/ xf];\elg, ld:6/ jg]{8kG6]nfO{ nufO
of}6fsfd km]/L tof/ eof] 6'+l8v]nb]vL jL/u~h;Dd
sl/a &@ dfOn ==== s/La #^ sf]zsf] kmf;nf
5 t]:df !%).!%) kmL6\sf] km/s u/L sfi7do
prfvDaf v8fu/fO tL vDafsf lz/lzdf tfdfsf]
tf/nfO{ oGqflbsf] d]ng ;d]t u/L jL/u~hdf / oxfF
6'+l8v]nsf guLr klZrd kL 6]lnkmf]g clkm; v8fe}
#^ sf]zsf] xfn If0f e/d} ghLs} a;L aft\lrt\ u/]em}F
ul/gnfUof] xfd|f efUn] ubf{ % xhf/ sf]z k/sf]
xfnva/ klg % 306f leqdf ;'Gg kfpg] e~ff}+ .
o;af6 vfnL ;sf{/nfO{ dfq x}gls b'lg~ffbf/nfO{
;d]t kmfObf x'g] eof] lsgeg] x]g'{ xf];========
-;gftg wd{jfnf_ xfdLx lxGb':yfg tkm{sf] tLy{,
;km/ ug{ uofsf] a]nfdf b}a;+of]u sf]xL ljktdf kg{
uof] eg] d}Gxf;Dd 3/sf afnaRrfnfO{ s]xL va/
ldNb}gYof] sbflrt\ s;}n] /S;f}n;Dd tf/lbo kgL,
jL/u~haf6 lr7L ;/xd}, cfpg] x'gfn] sfnftLte}
b'lg~ffn] a8f ckzf]r dgfpg' kb{Yof], ;f] ca
pbf/fzo >L # dxf/fhsf b"/blz{tf ;lxtsf] s?0ff
k/+k/fn] ubf{ b"/ eof] sf7df8f}+ b]vL jL/u~h;Dd
a/fa/ 6]nLkmf]g rNgnfUof] &@ dfOnsf jl/kl/
a;L ;fd'Gg]df aft\lrt\ u/]em}F ug{ x'G5 oxfF h:tf]
af]Nof] jxfF To:t} ;'lgG5, jxfFh:tf] af]Nof] oxfF
p:t} ;'lgG5, Pshft\ km/s kb}{g o:tf o:tf cb\e't
sfvf{gfsf] cfljisf/ u/L, b]zf]Gglt / ;a}sf] pksf/
ug{df tTk/ xf]OaSofsf k|hfjT:n >L # dxf/fhsf]
bL{3fo' xf];\, sLlt{ rf/f]t/km km}lnof];\ /fHoj[l4sf
;fy ;fy lr/sfn;Dd c6n /xf];\eGg] k/d]Zj/l;t
;tt k|y{gf ub{5f}F .
;f] ;dfrf/df sf7df8f}Fsf] 6'Fl8v]nb]lv jL/u~h;Dd &@ dfOn -!!% ls=ld=_ sf7sf] vDafdf
tfdfsf] gf\uf] tf/ tfgL 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;'? ul/Psf] pNn]v 5 . To;sf nflu ld:6/ agf8{ kG6]nfO{ ljz]if1sf
kdf nufOPsf]
/ 6'Fl8v]n glhs
klZrdkl6\6
6] l nkmf] g clkm;
v8f ul/Psf]
lyof] . ef/tdf
tLyf{ 6 gdf hfF b f
tl:a/ ;f}hGoM O=hLjg zfSo

s]xL u/L d[To' ePdf
3/df va/ k7fpg
sl7gfO eO/x]sf]df
6] l nkmf] g ;] j fn]
;lhnf] kfl/lbPsf] lqk'/Z] j/l:yt k'/fgf] DofUg]6f] k|0ffnLsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;~rfng ePsf] ejg
eGb} ;f] va/df
6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dxj klg bzf{OPsf] lyof] . ;dfrf/ cg';f/ sf7df8f}F aflx/ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/
ul/Psf] of] g} klxnf] lyof] .
sf7df8f}Faf6 klxnf] k6s cGo zx/df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/ ubf{ jL/u~hnfO{ /f]Hg'df klg
s]xL dxjk"0f{ sf/0fx
b]lvG5g\ . jL/u~h Ps b]z ;dfrf/
6]lnkmf]g v'Nof]
k|dv
' eG;f/ gfsf ePsf], j8f] xif{sf] s'/f 5 ls, k/d ljj]
sf7df8f}F cfpg] dflg; k|hflxt]R5' >L # dxf/fhaf6
tyf j:t'x ;a} x]6f+}8f, ;sn====== ;a\s/' fsf] ;'lj:tf
e};], eLdk]mbL, lrTnf\, xf]; eGgf lg==== g]kfndf cg]s
kfn' , yfgsf] 6 eP/ sfd lgsfnL j===== 5 . s]lx
lbg eof] 6]nLkmf]gsf] ===== kgL
cfpg' kg]{ x'gfn] klg klxn] z'? u/fO alS;o]sf] lyof] .
Operwire Magneto sf] ;"rgf *.!) dlxgf klxn]
Trunk Telephone nfOg kgL kf7sdxfzodf hfx]/u/L
zs] s f5f} + F . === km] / L hfx] /
o;} ?6 eP/ :yfkgf ul/G5 ls cfh Ho]i7 ! ut]
ePsf] x'g ;S5 . cf]kg ;f]daf/b]lv ;f/f b'lg`fbf/sf]
jfo/ DofUg]6f] k|ljlwdf lgldQ kgL 6]nLkmf]g v'Nof .
cfwfl/t kmf] g ;] j fsf o;sf] dx;"nsf] b/ oxfFb]lv
nflu sf7df8f}Faf6 oxfF ; Ddsf] eGg] s' / f] kl5
lbOg]5 .
yfgsf]6, rL;fkfgLu9L,
eLdkm]bL, e}+;], x]6f+}8f, cdn]vu~h x'Fb} jL/u~h;Dd tf/ tflgPsf] lyof] . o; k|ljlwdf vDaf vDafdf
gf\uf] tf/ tfgL 7fpF 7fpFdf 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ul/Psf] lyof]] / 3G6Lsf] ;+Vofsf cfwf/df 6]lnkmf]gsf] l/l;e/
p7fpg' kb{Yof] .
lj=;+= !(&# df sf7df8f}Fb]lv jL/u~h;Dd 6]lnkmf]g tf/ tfgL ;]jf ;~rfng ul/Ptf klg
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;'?d} of] ;]jf lbOPg . ;]jf ;~rfng ePsf] Ps jif{kl5 dfq ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf pknAw
u/fPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= !(&$ h]i7 ! ut] uf]vf{kqdf k|sflzt 6]lnkmf]g v'Nof] zLif{ssf] ;dfrf/df !(&$
h]i7 Ps ut] ;f]daf/b]lv b'lgofFbf/sf lglDt klg 6]lnkmf]g v'n]sf] / To;sf] dx;'n b/ s]xL lbgkl5
;fj{hlgs ul/g] s'/f pNn]v ul/of] . o;af6 ;Lldt kdf eP klg lj=;+= !(&$ h]i7 Ps ut]b]lv
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pkef]u ug{ lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .
k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/sf] sfo{sfndf yfngL ul/Psf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfnfO{ >L rGb| 6]lnkmf]g
gfds/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . oxfF;Dd ls 6]lnkmf]gsf] dxz'n a'em]sf] lnvt -/l;b_ klg ;f]xL gfdaf6 o;
k|sf/ lbOg] u/]sf] kfOG5
lj=;+= !(*# / !(*& ;fndf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf jfkt dxz'n lnOPsf] ekf{O
-oL ;fdu|Lx k|fWofks 8f= ej]Zj/ k+u]gLsf] ;\sngaf6 lnOPsf] xf]_
%=@ dxfe"sDk kZrft
g]kfnsf] dxfe"sDk !(() -a|Dxzdz]/ /f0ff_, df pNn]v eP cg';f/ lj=;+= !(() df3 @ ut]
g]kfndf dxfe"sDk hfFbf tTsfnLg >L # h'4zDz]/ h=j=/f= ;'b"/klZrd dxfsfnLdf lzsf/ v]Ng uPsf
lyP . e"sDkn] /fhwfgL Wj:t ePsf] lyof] . ljh'nL, ;8s, ejg nufot ef}lts k"jf{wf/df 7"nf] Iflt
k'u]sf] lyof] . sl/a &) k|ltzt 3/xdf Iflt k'u]sf] lyof] . jL/u~h;Ddsf] PSnf] 6]lnkmf]gsf] nfOg klg
6'6\g uPsf] / rf/}lt/ gf]S;fg kg{ uPsf]n] aflx/ sf] s] eof] eGg] vj/ kfpg / k7fpg klg ;lsPsf] lyPg .
e"sDk kl5 Ifltsf] ljj/0f hfgsf/L u/fpgsf nflu ;'b"/klZrddf /x]sf >L # sxfF va/ lnO{ 3f]8r9L
uP . af6f] eTs]sf]n] efbufpF / jl/kl/sf] ufpFsf] vj/ kfpg klg sl7g eof] .
sf7df8f}Fb]lv jL/u~h;Ddsf] PSnf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg 6'6\g uPsf] o; egfOn] lj=;+= !(() ;fn
df3;Dd d'n'ssf cGo efudf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfng x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} eQmk'/df klg 6]lnkmf]g
nfOg lj:tf/ ePsf] b]lvFb}g eg] ;'b"/klZrdf of] ;]jf k'Ug] s'/} lyPg .
jL/u~h;Ddsf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg klg # ut] v'Nof] . k/Gt' /S;f}neGbf k/sf] va/ s]xL kfOPg .
jL/u~h :jfxf ePsf] 5 . /S;f}nb]lv dfly;Dd /]nsf] nfOg 6'6]sf] 5 . kxf8tkm{sf] gf]S;fgLsf] va/
cfpg yfNof] t/ aflx/L b]zsf] va/ s]xL cfPg eGg] h:tf va/ uf]vf{kqn] 5fk]sf] lyof] .
e"sDk uPsf] ef]lnkN6 jL/u~h;Ddsf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ;~rfng x'g'n] To; avt dd{t sfo{
k|efjsf/L g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;tfsf sf7df8f}Fb]lv jL/u~h;Dd aLrsf ;a} clkm;xdf dd{t 6f]nLx
/flvPsf x'Gy] . x'gtM 6]lnkmf]g ;~hfn a:tLxdf lj:tf/ gu/L sf7df8f}Fb]lv jL/u~h;Dd l;wf nfOg
tflgPsfn] klg dd{t ug{ ;lhNff] ePsf] x'g;S5 . oBlk e"sDkaf6 Iflt klg a9L g} ePsf] cg'dfg ug{
;lsG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df uf]vf{kqdf o; k|sf/sf va/ 5flkPsf] lyof]
e"sDkaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] ljj/0f lng], p4f/, tyf dd{t ug]{ sfo{sf nflu h\uLnf7 kb\dzdz]/
h+unfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] lyof] . lah'nL / 6]lnkmf]g x]g]{ lhDdf h= s[i0f zdz]/ / pgnfO{ ;xof]u
ug{ s= r]tzdz]/ / ldi6/ lsNjg{ tf]lsPsf lyP .
aflx/kl6\6 -ljb]z_ sf] klxnf] va/ df3 & ut] /ftL a]tf/ snaf6 ;'lgof] . lah'nLsf] kfj/
xfp;df s]xL gePsf]n] ljh'nLsf] OlGhlgo/ cf/= lsNjg{n] s/]06 NofO{ cfgf] a]tf/ snaf6
aflx/ d'Unfg kl6sf] va/ lbP . of] va/af6 lxGb':yfgsf] k"jL{ pQ/ v08df Hofbf gf]S;fg ePsf]
yfxf eof] . To;af6 g]kfnsf] klZrd efu ar]sf] 5 eGg] cg'dfg ul/of] / ;f] vj/ kfpFbf w]/}
cfwf/ eof] . To; lbg b]lv lbg}lkR5] b'O{ tLga6f a]tf/ snaf6 vj/ l6lkof] . t/ oxfFaf6 va/
k7fpg] s]xL sn gePsf]n] w]/} lbg;Dd c aflxl/ofxnfO{ g]kfnsf] va/ k'ofpg ;lsPg .
kxf8tkm{sf] va/ klg rfF8f] cfpg ;s]g . dflg;f/f g} va/ Nofpg' kg]{ ePsf]n] s]xL lbg nfUof] .
tf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ePkl5 d'n's aflx/ lxGb':yfg, a]nfot ;/sf/ / cGo ljlzi6 JolQmxaf6
;xfotfsf] nflu tof/ /x]sf] cfzosf] tf/ cof] . g]kfnaf6 xfn ;xof]usf] b/sf/ 5}g eGg]
hjfkm klg tf/af6 g} uPsf] lyof] .
df3 !@ ut] cyf{t e"sDk uPsf] !) lbg kl5 dfq >L # sxfFaf6 a8f kq cfof] . jL/u~haf6
dflg;f/f k7fOPsf] sf7df8f}sf] klxnf] va/ df3 ^ ut] dfq >L # sxfF -;'b"/klZrd dxfsfnL_
k'u]5 . /]nsf] lnu klg elTsPsf]n] t'?Gt cfpg ;s]gg . df3 !% ut] kl5 dfq tf/vj/ ;fdfGo
kdf rNg yfNof] . ptfaf6 >L # kmls{bf jL/u~h k'u]kl5 b}lgs h;f] kmf]gaf6 p4f/ sfo{sf]
cg'udg eof], @@ ut] dfq >L # sf7fdf8f}F k'u] .
!(() ;fnsf] dxfe"sDk ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ n]vs a|Dxzdz]/ /f0ffn] ;f] e"sDksf]
k|efjnfO{ x]/L eljiodf ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgLsf af/]df pNn]v ubf{ 6]lnkmf]gsf af/]df klg o; k|sf/ s]xL
dxjk"0f{ s'/f n]v]sf 5g\
e"sDk cfpFbf 6]lnkmf]g tf/sf nfOg 6'6\g] ;Defjgf ePsf]n] va/sf] cfjt hfjtdf laz]if afwf
kg{ hfG5 . o;kfnLsf] e"sDk af/]sf] vj/ lxGb':yfgdf sl/a * lbg kl5 dfq k'Uof] . g]kfn
leqsf 6f9f 6f9f 7fpFsf va/ ;f] eGbf klg l9nf] k|fKt eP . o; cj:yfdf a]tf/sf] kmf]g oGq
lgs} kmfObfsf] b]lvof] . t/ o;sf nflu lah'nL rflxG5, h'g o:tf] cj;/df cS;/ 6'6\g] x'G5 .
o:tf] ePtf klg a]tf/ sn 6]lnkmf]geGbf rfF8} dd{t x'g ;Sg] oGq xf] . rlNtsf af6fx rfF8}
dd{t ug{ nufPdf c 7fpFsf] d2t lng / k7fpg ;lsG5 . t/ ;j{k|yd va/sf] cfjt hfjt
k6\6L Wofg lbg'k5{ . To;f] u/]df b/sf/ cg';f/ ;xfotf t'?Gt dufpg ;lsG5 . / cfk"maf6 klg
;xfotf k7fpg' kg]{ :yfg 7Ls;Fu yfxf x'G5 .
/f0ffn] cfgf] ;'emfjdf k|sf]ksf nflu 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf cToGt} dxjk"0f{ x'g] / To;sf nflu
jfo/n]; 6]lnkmf]g k|ljlwnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ pNn]v u/]/ b"/;~rf/ of]hgfsf/xnfO{ k|ljlw 5gf}6df
klg b"?bzL{tf k"0f{ ;'emfj lbPsf lyP .
;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cefjn] ubf{ lj=;+= !(() ;fnsf] dxfe"sDkn] sf7df8f}F pkTosf nufot b]zsf
ljleGg efudf ePsf] wghgsf] Ifltsf] ljj/0f k|fKt ug{ tyf p4f/ sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ sl7gfO ePsf]
lyof] . o; lsl;dsf] sl7gfOaf6 tTsfnLg k|zf;sxnfO{ ;~rf/ ;]jfsf] dxj af]w x'g uPsf] / To;
kl5 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] lj:tf/df pgLxsf] yk Wofg k'Ug uPsf] b]lvG5 .
%=# 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] lj:tf/
k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/n] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] k|f/De nufot z}lIfs / ;dflhs If]qdf klg lgs} ;'wf/
u/]sf lyP . pgsf] sfo{sfndf ;'? ePsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf h'4zdz]/sf] ;dodf klg lj:tf/ ul/Psf] lyof] .
lj=;+= !((@ df @% nfOg
Ifdtfsf] Strowger 6]lnkmf]gsf] gofF nfOg
System sf] :jrflnt xg'dfggu/ Ho]i7 ! ut] .
6 ] l n k m f ] g P S ; r ] ~ h cfh oxfFaf6 g]kfn;Dd
/ f g L k f ] v / L g l h s kmf]g v'n]sf] x'gfn]
>L=d=h= dfwjz+z]/
tTsfnLg g]kfn OlGhlgo;{ h a x f b ' / / f 0 f f a f 6
P;f]l;o;g ejg k5fl8 c8fxsf xfls sfl/Gbf
:yfkgf ul/of] . of] jhfl/of dxfhg hDaf
PS;r]~h :yfkgf ug{ tyf u/L pT;j egfO{ aS;]sf]
sf7df8fF}b]lv l;/fxf;Dd x'gfn] /}lt dxfhg ;d]t
6\s 6]lnkmf]g lj:tf/sf v'lz e} >L # dxf/fhsf]
nflu lj=;+= !(() df g} ho dgfP .
yk sd{rf/L egf{ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . /fgLkf]v/L glhs 6]lnkmf]g lj:tf/ ug{] sfo{ ;DkGg geP;Ddsf nflu
6]lnkmf]g c8\8fsf vl/bf/ e}/jk|;fb >]i7nfO{ jflif{s df]=?= @)). yk eQf pknJw u/fOPsf] lyof] .
o;af6 of]hgfsf] sfddf k|fyldstf / sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ffnfO{ klg Wofg lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . of] @% nfOg
Ifdtfsf] :jrflnt PS;r]~h d'ntM /f0ffzf;sxsf] lghL k|of]usf nflu h8fg ul/Psf] ePtf klg
o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] klxnf] PS;r]~hsf kdf lng ;lsG5 .
sf7df8f}bF l] v jL/u~h;Dd dfq ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 6s
\ 6]lnkmf]g nfOg lj=;+= !(($ df jL/u~hb]lv
sn} o f, uf} / , dn+ u jf,
h n ] Z j / , h g s k ' / , 6]lnkmf]g lj:tf/
l;/fxf, xg' d fggu/, 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf]
/fhlj/fh;Dd k'ofOof] . l j : t f / s f l j i f o d f
T o : t } c s f { ] j i f { h:tf] k"j{kl kxf8df
wgs' 6 f;Dd / t/fOdf
6] l nkmf] g nfOgnfO{ la/f6gu/;Dd 6]lnkmf]g
jL/u~hb]lv /S;f}n;Dd uPsf] lyof] p:t} klZrkl
lj:tf/ ul/of] . lj=;+= !((* k x f 8 d f k f N k f
df /fhlj/fhb]lv O6x/L, -tfg;]g_ ;Dd / t/fOdf
lj/f6gu/ / lj/f6gu/b]lv g]/fVg kfnu~h;Dd ;DaGw
nufpg] p2] Z on]
w/fg, wgs'6f;Dd 6\s ;f] sfdnfO{ hDdf kfFr
nfOg lj:tf/ eof] . 6\s nfv ;}lt; xhf/ ?lkofF
nfOgsf] d'Vo pks/0fx lgsf;f eO{;s]sf] 5 .
sf7df8f}Fsf] lqk'/]Zj/df ;f] bfddWoaf6 ljb]zaf6
cfpg] dfn;fdfg
/x]sf] sfof{nodf /flvPsf] l e m s f O ; l s P s f ]
lyof] . 6\s nfOg dd{t 5 . rflxg] nfx
;Def/sf nflu ljleGg sf6L 7fpF7fpFdf hDdf
7fFpdf 6f]nL u7g ul/Psf] eO;s]sf 5g\ . t/fOdf
sn} o f;Dd 6] l nkmf] g
lyof] . k|To]s 6f]nLdf nfOg h8fg eO{ 6]lnkmf]g
Ps hgf OG;k]S6/, Ps rfn" eO{ ;s]sf] va/ 5 .
hgf nfOgd]g / Ps hgf ca cfpg] jiff{ofd;Dddf
s'NnL /flvof] . 6\s klZrdtkm{ 6] l nkmf] g
nfOg ;a} 7fpFdf h8fg
nfOg Kof/fnn g]6js{df e O ; s ] s f ] v a / s f ]
; ~ r f n g e P s f n ] cfbfgk|bfg xf]nf eGg]
k|To]s 6f]nLnfO{ pgLx cfzf 5 .
vl6Psf] 7fFpsf] gfdn] geO 306Lsf] ;+Vofaf6 ;\s]t ul/GYof] . o;/L k|wfgdGqL h'4zdz]/sf] ;dodf
sf7df8f}F -g]kfn_ b]lv k"j{tkm{ l;/fxf, xg'dfggu/ ;Kt/L, lj/f6gu/, w/fg / wg's6f;Dd 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
lj:tf/ ul/of] .
bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] k|efj g]kfnL ;dfhdf k|ToIf kdf k/]sf sf/0f ;fdflhs If]qsf] ;'wf/ /
ljsf; sfo{ ;d]t k|efljt x'g uof] . la|l6; ;]gfdf g]kfnL o'jfnfO{ k7fpg g]kfndf g} elt{ s]Gb| vf]Ng'sf
;fy} 3f]8f, xfQLsf cltl/Qm xftxltof/ ;d]t k7fpg] tkm{ Jo:t /xg' kbf{ tTsfnLg zf;ssf] Wofg Divert
x'g uO 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{] sfo{ k|efljt x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 .
k|wfgdGqL df]xgzdz]/n] cfgf] l;Gb'/hfqfsf cj;/ /fhwfgL sf7df8f}Fb]lv klZrdtkm{ kfNkf
x'Fb} gofFd'n's -g]kfnu~h_ ;Dd 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sfn] o;sf nflu tTsfn cfjZos
of]hgf agfOPsf] lyof] . sf7df8f}F -g]kfn_ b]lv kfNkf;Dd 6]lnkmf]g nfOg k'ofpg cjfZos kg{] kf]n
yfg $^&! s6fgL / 9'jfgL ug{ tyf cfjZos cGo dfn;fdfg lemsfpg / nfOg tfGg] sfo{ ;'? u/fpg
DofbL sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] lyof] . o;/L sd{rf/L egf{ ug{sf nflu @))% ;fn sflt{s !@ ut]
k|wfgdGqLaf6 /sd lgsf;f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 -uf]vf{kq, @))% dfu{ & ;+Vof *&_ .
g]kfnu~h;Dd 6]lnkmf]g lj:tf/sf nflu To; avt df]=?= %#&))) -kfFr nfv ;}+tL; xhf/_
lgsf;f lbPsf] b]lvG5 -uf]vf{kq, @))^ ;fn dfu{ !$, k|rf/ ljefu lj1KtL g+= @$_ . @))& ;fn;Dd
lqz'nL, uf]vf{, s'~5f, kf]v/f, s':df, x'Fb} kfNkf;Dd nfOg h8fg of]hgf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . kfNkf eGbf
klZrdtkm{ h8fgsf nflu cfjZos kg{] ;fdfgsf] Joj:yf klg ldnfO;s]sf] ePtf klg /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn]
o; sfo{n] tTsfn lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] eg] b]lvPg .
%=$ df]xg cfsfzjf0fL -cf=jf=_ ;]jfsf] yfngL
@))$ ;fn kmfNu'0f !* -;g\ !($* km/a/L_ df kb\dzdz]/ ef/ttkm{ nfu]kl5 rGb|zdz]/sf h]7f
5f]/f ^# jif{sf df]xgzdz]/n] sfo{jfxs k|wfgdGqL tyf >L # dxf/fhsf kdf sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ yfn] .
@))% j}zfv !^ -;g\ !($*
clk|n_ df kb\dzdz]/sf] df]xgcfsfzjf0fL
/fhLgfdf k|fKt ePkl5 pgn] sf7df8f}+df
k"0f{ kdf k|wfgdGqL Pjd\ >L df] x gcfsfzjf0fL :yflkt
# dxf/fh kb tyf clwsf/ eO{ t/fOdf g]kfnuGh / e}/jf
u| x 0f u/] . df] x gzdz] / b'/fhwfgL;F
O{ 7fpFdf / kxf8df Onfddf
u a]tf/sf ;DaGw
@))& ;fn kmfNu' 0 f ^ :yflkt eO{ va/sf] cfbfgk|bfg
ut] ; Dd /f0ff zf;ssf eO/x]sf] 5 . lxGb':yfgdf
x}l;otdf k|wfgdGqL eP/ g]kfnL PDAof;L lbNnLl;t
sfd u/]sf lyP -u[idaxfb'/ klg ;DaGw ePsf] 5 . lgs6
b]jsf]6f,g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts eljiodf dxf8df wgs'6f 8f]8L
bk{0f -efu!_, sf7df8f}FM / t/fOdf lj/f6gu/ ljb]zdf
g]kfnL sG;n]6 snsQf g]kfnL
w|'jaxfb'/ b]jsf]6f, lj=;+= lnu] ; g Nxf;f / g] k fndf
@ ) # ^ - l t L o f j [ l Q _ , PDAof;L nG8g;Fu klg ;DaGw
k[= %@%&_ . hf]l8g] cof]hgf 5 .
k|wfgdGqL df]xgzdz]/n]
g]kfnL hgtfdf JofKt a]tf/sf] tf/sf] va/
/f0ffzf;g lj/f] w L efjgf l a / f 6 g u /
/ 3[ 0 ffnfO{ sd ug{ 5f] 6 f] ;/sf/af6 kxf8L Onfsf /
cjlwdf g} s]xL kfOnfx o; 7fpFdf -hxf kmf]g 5}g
/ x'nfssf] sfd l56f] x'g
rfn] s f lyP . ljsf;sf ;Sb}g_ cfsfz jf0fLaf6
k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug{ cfjZos kg{] va/ cfbfgk|bfgsf] ;'lj:tf
ljB't, oftfoft tyf ;~rf/sf] ePsf] x'gfn] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{
ljsf;df df]xgzdz]/sf] hf]8 eO/x] eGbf rf8f] ;'lj:tf /
l56f];Fu s'/f ug{ va/ k7fpg
/x] s f] b] l vG5 . ;' w f/sf kfOg] eof] .
sfddWo] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] df3 @& ut] b ] l v
lj:tf/ klg dxjk"0f{ lyof] . lj/f6gu/ df]xg cfsfzjf0fL
b] z sf] ef} u f] l ns ljs6tf klg klAns ;le{; ePaf6
v'zL / ;+tf]ifk|s6 ePsf]
/ oftfoftsf] c;' l jwfn] b] l vG5 . xfn ef/ttkm{
ubf{ 6 \ s 6] l nkmf] g ;] j f klg kmf]g 6]lnu|fkm nfO{gdf
tTsfn} ;a} 7fpFdf k'ofpg eL8 x'Fbf o; dfu{af6 va/
c;Dejk|foM 7fg]/ k|wfgdGqL rn]sf] a'lemG5 . of] g]kfnsf]
5}6f} df]xgcfsfzjf0fLsf]
d f ] x g z d z ] / n ] c G o :6]zg xf] . k|hfsf] ;'lj:tfsf]
k|ljlwaf6 klg b"/;~rf/sf d'Vo ;fwg va/ cfbfgk|bfg
;] j f ;' ? ug{ ] k| o f; u/] s f] ug{ kfpg ;f] ;d]t cflv/L
b]lvG5 . pgsf] zf;gsfndf l;dfdf k'ofOg;s]af6 k|hf
ho dgfOx]5g\ .
l;+xb/af/ xftfleq
cfsfzjf0fL -cf=jf=_ s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g'sf ;fy} b]zsf ljleGg efudf #) j6f cfsfzjf0fL sfof{no
:yfkgf ul/Psf lyP g]kfnsf] ;dLIffTds Oltxf; -8f= >L/fd k|;fb pkfWofo_ .
df]xgzdz]/sf] sfo{sfndf b"/;~rf/sf] If]qdf ePsf sfo{nfO{ uf]/vfkqn] @))^ ;fn df3 & / @^
ut] k|fyldstfsf ;fy o; k|sf/ ;DkfbsLo df ;d]t k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof]
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] dxj a9\b} uPtf klg Psftk{m d'n'ssf] ljs6 ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf sf/0f
Jofks kdf 6\s 6]lnkmf]g nfOg lj:tf/ ug{ c;Dejk|foM Pjd\ vlr{nf] lyof] eg] csf{tk{m k|zf;lgs
sfdsf nflu b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ klg TolQs} cfjZos lyof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf l56f], 5l/tf] tyf
e/kbf]{ ;]jfsf nflu pko'Qm k|ljlw 5gf]6 ug'{ kg]{ eof] . To;}n] o;sf nflu a}slNks k|ljlwsf kdf
/]l8of]df cfwfl/t cfsfzjf0fL ;]jf ;~rfngtkm{ ;DalGwt lj1sf] Wofg uPsf] b]lvG5 . oftfoftsf]
sl7gfO ePtf klg lj=;+= @))^ ;fndf cfsfzjf0fL ;]jfsf] yfngL ul/of] . o; jif{ d'n'ssf ljleGg ^
7fpF -sf7df8f}F, g]kfnu~h, e}/xjf, Onfd, lj/f6gu/ / wgs'f_ df yfngL ul/Psf] cfsfzjf0fL ;]jfnfO{
@))& df yk # 7fpF kf]v/f, ef]hk'/ / jL/u~h;d]t hDdf ( 7fpFdf ;~rfng ul/of] . cfsfzjf0fL
a]tf/sf] tf/n] v'zL

Onfd, kmfu'g @ ut] . O{nfddf
;/sf/af6 df] = cf= jf0fL v' N gfn]
Oi6ldq;Fu aft ug{ / b'Mv bb{ k/]sf]
s'/fsf] hfx]/ ubf{ t'?Gt lgsf;L kfpFbf
;/sf/sf] ho @ dgfO{ cfsfzjf0fL
clkm;tkm{ cfO/x]5g\ .
;]jfsf nflu ;'?df ljZjo'4df k|of]u ul/Psf] A M Transmission df cfwfl/t ;]6 k|of]udf NofOPsf]
lyof] . tTsfnLg cj:yfdf of] k|ljlwsf] ;]jf lgs} k|efjsf/L /x]tf klg o;/L ;+k]|if0f ul/Psf va/x
;j{;fwf/0fsf] /]l8of]af6 klg ;'lgg] ePsfn] cK7]/f] klg x'g uof] .
k|To]s cfsfzjf0fL :6];gsf nflu :6];g klxrfg ug{ o; k|sf/ cfcfgf] af]Ng] ;+s]t (Call
Sign) k|of]u ul/GYof]
sf7df8f}F :6];gsf nflu George King
g]kfnu~h :6];gsf nflu George 3
e}/xjf :6];gsf nflu George 4
Onfd :6];gsf nflu George 5
lj/f6gu/ :6];gsf nflu George 6
wgs'6f :6];gsf nflu George 7
kf]v/f :6];gsf nflu George 8
ef]hk'/ :6];gsf nflu George 9
jL/u~h :6];gsf nflu George 10
;a} cfsfzjf0fL :6];gdf u|fxsaf6 k|fKt lnlvt ;Gb]z ck/]6/n] cfjfhaf]nL dfkm{t csf]{
:6];gsf ck/]6/nfO{ l6kfpg] ul/GYof] . o;/L Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf cf=jf= k7fpg] ul/GYof] . To;
avt d]l;g dfkm{t va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf eg] eO;s]sf] lyPg .
@))& ;fn j}zfv !( sf lbg k|wfdGqL df]xgzdz]/n] l/l;e/ p7fP/ g'jfsf]6, uf]/vf, s'G5f,
kf]v/f, :of\hf / kfNkfdf h8fg ul/Psf 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] pb\3f6g u/]sf lyP . ;f] ;DaGwL lj:t[t
ljj/0f @))& ;fn j}zfv !( ut]sf] uf]/vfkqn] o; k|sf/ 5fk]sf] lyof]
cf=jf= ;]jfn]
@))& ;fnsf] qmflGt
;kmn kfg{ lgs} d2t
k' ofPsf] lyof] .
/f0ff k|wfgdGqL
df]xgzdxz]/sf]
;dodf ;'? ul/Psf]
cf=jf= ;]jf, df]xg
cfsfzjf0fL gfdaf6
:yfkgf Pjd\
;~rfng ul/Psf]
lyof] . cfsfzjf0fL;Fu lqk'/]Zj/ huGgfy b]jnl:yt k'/fgf] df]xg cfsfzjf0fL sfof{no
;DalGwt sfof{nosf
gfd klg df]xg cfsfzjf0fL /flvPsf] lyof] . :yfkgfsfndf cfsfzjf0fLsf] sfof{no sf7df8f}Fsf]
lqk'/]Zj/ l:yt huGgfy b]jn;Fu} /x]sf] lyof] .
^= cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
@))^ ;fndf lbNnLl:yt g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf;df Pr= Pkm= /]l8of] sDo'lgs]zg (HF Radio
Communication) pks/0f h8fg u/L b}lgs ;Dks{ ug{] sfo{ ePsf] lyof] . o;af6 cTofjZos ;/sf/L
sfd dfq ul/Gy] . klxn] la|l6; /]lh8]G;L / kl5 ef/tLo b"tfjf; dfkm{t ;j{;fwf/0fn] ljb]zdf va/ k7fpg
;Sg];Dd ;'ljwf k|fKt lyof] . ljleGg sfd, tLy{ ofqf cflbsf l;nl;nfdf ef/t uPsf g]kfnLxn] tf/
(Telegram) k7fpg' kof] eg] ef/tsf] /S;f}nsf] 6]lnu|fkm clkm; (Telegraph Oce) df k7fpg' kb{Yof] .
ToxfFaf6 ;f] 6]lnu|fd (Telegram) a'emL lj/u~h If]qsf] lj/u~hdf g} / lj/u~h sfof{noaf6 sf7df8f}F
cflb 7fpFdf x'nfs dfkm{t ;DalGwt JolQm sxfF k'ofOGYof] . 6]lnu|fd kfpg klg w]/} lbg s'g'{ kg]{ cj:yf
lyof] . o; k|sf/ /f0ffsfnsf] cGTolt/;Dd klg :yfgLo b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] t'ngfdf cGt/f{li6o ;]jf tkm{
vf;} sfd ePsf] kfOFb}g . oBlk n}grf}/l:yt ef/tLo b"tfjf;sf] kf]i6 clkm;df lk=l;=cf]= :yfkgf u/L
@))^ df3 !# ut]b]lv g]kfn aflx/ s'/f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . sf7df8f}Faf6 s'/f ug{sf nflu
klxn] g} va/ ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ s'g k|ljlw k|of]u u/L s'/f u/fOGYof] eGg] s'/fsf] lg?k0f
x'g eg] ;s]sf] 5}g . xfO kfj/ 6fG;ld6/sf cf=jf=;]6af6 ;f] ;]jf pknAw ePsf] x'g' kb{5 eGg] cg'dfg
ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnaf6 aflx/ hxfF;'s} s'/f ug{ x'g] eof]

hgj/L @^, !(%) b]lv OlG8og PDAof;L kf]i6 cflkm; g]kfndf klAns 6]lnkmf]g sncflkm;sf] :yfkgf
ePsf] 5 . 6sn ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ dx;"n lt/]df ;+;f/e/ h'g;'s} 7fpFdf klg sn af]nfO s'/f ug{ ;lsG5 egL
OlG8og PDAof;Lsf] !$! gDa/sf] lddf]df n]lvO{ cfPsf] 5 eGg] ;b/ d'G;Lvfgfsf] ;"rgf 5 .
n}grf}/ l:yt ef/tLo b"tfjf; dfkm{t ljb]zdf 6]lnu|fd k7fpg] sfo{ lj=;+= @)@! ;fn c;f]h;Dd
sfod /x]sf] lyof] . ef/tLo b"tfjf; dfkm{t @))^ df3 !# ut]b]lv ljb]zdf s'/f x'GYof] eGg] va/ ldlt
@))^. !!. !^ sf] uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt ePsf] ePtf klg s;/L s'/f u/fOGYof] eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 ljj/0f
k|fKt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
&= ;+:yfut ljsf; / lj:tf/
&=! 6]lnkmf]g c8\8fsf] :yfkgf
&=!=! sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg
/f0ff zf;gdf zf;gsf] s]Gb|ljGb', /fHo ;~rfngsf] ;|f]t / k|zf;g ;~rfngsf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/
lgsfo k|wfgdGqL g} x'g] ePsfn] sfof{noxsf] :yfkgf, yk36, lj:tf/, sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, avf{;L,
Dofbyk h:tf sfo{x lghsf] cfb]z adf]lhd ul/Gy] . k|wfgdGqLsf] cfb]z / lgufxdf /fHo ;~rfng
x'GYof] . j}1flgs k4ltsf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jfh:tf ljifodf g]kfndf klZrdL
;+:s[ltsf] k|efj kl/;s]sf] lyPg . ;flnGbf sd{rf/Lsf] Dofb yksf] Joj:yf lyof] . Dofb yk gePdf
;]jfaf6 :jtM jvf{;L ePsf] dflgGYof] . ;dfhdf lzlIft, of]Uo / ;Lko'Qm hgzlQmsf] pTkfbg klg lyPg .
t;y{ ;\u7gdf Jojl:yt k|0ffnLsf] ck]Iff klg :jefljs gx'g ;S5 . tyfkL ;]jf k|f/De eO;s]kl5
;]jfsf] lj:tf/, ;~rfng, dd{t, ;Def/ cflbsf] k|aGwsf nflu cf}krfl/s kdf sfof{nosf] Joj:yf,
sd{rf/Lsf] k|aGw, tna, eQf, lhDd]jf/Lsf] afF8kmfF8 cflb eg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;} k|;\udf 6]lnkmf]g
clkm;, nfOg Pjd\ 6f]nLsf kdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LxnfO{ k[ysk[ys lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .
c8\8fsf xflsd tyf k|zf;lgs sfd ug]{ vl/bf/, gf}l;Gbf, ck/]6/, OlGhlgo/ h:tf kbdf sfd
ug{] sd{rf/L egf{ ul/Fbf >L # -k|wfgdGqL_ nfO{ bz{g e]6 u/fpg' kg{] Pjd\ ;nfdL a'emfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf
lyof] . nfOg dd{t ug{] sfddf vl6Psf nfOG;d]g, nfOg OG;k]S6/ nufot s'NnL, lkog, xNsf/fnfO{ eg]
bz{ge]6 ug{] / ;nfdL ltg'{kg]{ lyPg . o:tf sd{rf/LnfO{ tfn'sjfnfsf b:tvt adf]lhd ug{] cfb]z hf/L
ePsf] kfOG5 . sd{rf/L eg] tna vfg], afnL vfg] tyf vfGuL vfg] lsl;daf6 lgo'Qm ul/GYof] . sd{rf/L
egf{sf ;DaGwdf sKtfg d's'Gbaxfb'/ a:g]t -If]qkf6L_ nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g c8\8fsf] xflsdsf] clVtof/L lbFbf
afnL vfg] u/L v6fOPsf] kfOG5 . of] Pp6f pbfx/0f dfq xf] -lghfdlt l;6/f]n, lj=;+= !(*!, k[= !)!_ .
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt pks/0f dd{tsf nflu ef/tLo k|fljlws /fVg] ul/Psf] s'/f ljleGg
ldltsf 6]lnkmf]g c8\8fsf sd{rf/Lsf] l;6/f]naf6 :ki6 x'G5 . !(&$ ;fndf nfnaxfb'/ 5]t -gfuk'/_
nfO{ yfgsf]6df a;L sfd ug]{ u/L nfOG;d]g kbdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} wg/fh 5]t -gfuk'/_ nfO{
eLdkm]bLdf a;L sfd ug]{ u/L nfOG;d]gsf] sfd nufOPsf] b]lvG5 . 6]lnkmf]g h8fgsf nflu 6]lnkmf]g
uf]Zjf/fdf l87\7f s[i0faxfb'/ dxt nufot gf}l;Gbf, gfoa /fO6/ / s'NnL ;d]t & hjfg, lr;fkfgL u9Ldf
@ hjfg, jL/u~h ;jclkm;df @ hjfg, yfgsf]6df & hjfg, eLdkm]bLdf & hjfg / r'/]df & hjfg
sd{rf/LnfO{ o; k|sf/ v6fOPsf] kfOG5 . -lghfdlt l;6/f]n !(&$, of] lnvt kl/lzi6df lbOPsf] 5_
lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ sf}l;tf];fvfgfaf6 / g]kfn -sf7df8f}F_ aflx/sf sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf]
dfn c8\8faf6 tna, eQf pknAw u/fOGYof] . sd{rf/LnfO{ sDkgL -ef=?=_ tyf df]=?= df tna Pjd\ eQf
lbg] ul/GYof] . s'g sd{rf/LnfO{ s:tf] lsl;dsf] /sd lbg] xf] ;f] tfn'sjfnfaf6 lgwf{/0f ul/GYof] . 6]lnkmf]g
c8\8fsf sd{rf/LnfO{ h'g 7fpFdf v6fOPsf] 5 ;f]xL 7fpFdf a;]/ sfd ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] kfOG5 .
o;af6 6]lnkmf]gsf] dd{t Pjd\ ;~rfng sfo{ k|efljt x'g gkfcf];\ eGg] ;/sf/sf] p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
v8\ulgzfg c8\8faf6 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf lgodlgb{]zg cg';f/ sf}l;tf];fvfgn] ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{
tna, eQfsf] Joj:yf ub{Yof] . o;} ;Gbe{df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfaf6 ePsf ;a} sfd sf/afxLx v8\u lgzfgfdf
pNn]v ul/Psf] x'Fbf kl5Nnf] ;dodf klg 6]lnkmf]g c8\8f;d]t v8\ulgzfg c8\8f cGt{ut /x]5 eGg] :ki6
x'G5 -6]lnkmf]g tf/ ;DaGwL v8\ulgzfgf, kf]sf g+ @)&, /fli6o clen]vfno_ .
6]lnkmf]g c8\8fsf sd{rf/LdWo] c8\8fdf a;]/ sfd ug]{ / lkmN8df sfd ug]{ -nfOgsf] sfd ug]{_
:ki6 kdf pNn]v u/]/ sd{rf/L egf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . nfOgsf] sfdsf nflu nfOg OG;k]S6/, OG:6'd]G6
OG:k]S6/, nfOG;d]g, s'NnL cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf yfngL ul/Fbf sf7df8f}F ;/xbleq
Pjd\ aflx/ ljb]zL k|fljlwsnfO{ cfslif{t u/fpgsf nflu vfGuL -tna_ sf cltl/Qm eQf ;d]t pknAw
u/fOPsf] kfOG5 . h:tf] lr;fkfgL u9Lsf] clkm;df nfOgsf] sfd ug]{ nfOG;d]gnfO{ vfGuL / eQf afkt
sDkgL ?= %$$ -jflif{s_, r'/]df nfOgsf] sfd ug]{ nfOG;d]g dxfjL/ l;+ 5]t -gfuk'/_ nfO{ vfGuL afkt
sDkgL ?= $@) / eQf afkt sDkgL ?= *$ ;d]t hDdf jflif{s sDkgL ?= %)$ pknAw u/fOPsf]
kfOG5 -lghfdlt l;6/f]n !(&%, k[= !&&_ .
;]jfnfO{ k|efj gkg{] lsl;daf6 sd{rf/LnfO{ labfsf] Joj:yf klg ldnfOPsf] b]lvG5 . 6]lnkmf]gsf]
sddf nfOg OG:k]S6/, s'NnL, lkog h:t sd{rf/Lx x/avt ?h' /xg' kg{] lyof] . vf;u/L c avt
labf gkfpg] x'gfn] s'NnL, lkogxnfO{ k6s k6s u/L lnPsf v08df xKtfsf] ! lbg / jif{ lbg kl5 Ps}
k6s lnPsf v08df ! jif{sf] ! dlxgf tnaL labf kfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] kfOG5 . nfOG;d]g tyf
OG:k]S6/xnfO{ eg] ! jif{df ! dlxgf cfnf]kfnf] u/L tnaL labf lbg] ul/GYof] . To:tf] labf lngsf nflu
x]8\clkm;df klxn] g} labfsf] dfu ug{' kb{Yof] . sfdbf/, sd{rf/Lx labfdf a;]sf] / xflh/ x'g cfPsf]
;"rgf x]8\clkm;nfO{ t'?Gtft'?Gt} lbg' kb{Yof{] . nfOG;d]gx labfdf hfFbf Pjd\ ;?jf ePsf 7fpFdf hfFbf
;fdf sd{rf/L cfOk'u] kl5 cfgf] lhDdfdf /x]sf dfn;dfg a'ema'emf/y u/]/ dfq hfg' kg{] Joj:yf ul/of] .
sy\sbflrt\ ;fdf cfpg' kg{] sd{rf/L gcfpFb} vl6Psf] 7fpFdf hfg' kg{] ePdf eg] cfgf] lhDdfsf
;fdfg dftxtsf sd{rf/LnfO{ a'emfP/ hfg' kb{Yof] .
lj=;+= !((! Kff}if % df hf/L ;gb;jfn cg';f/ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{ agfpg sd{rf/Lsf]
lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] tyf lhDd]jf/L k|lt hjfkmb]xL u/fpg] k|of; ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o; qmddf plrt kfl/>lds
pknJw u/fpg'sf ;fy} sd{rf/Lsf] ;fdflhs cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L labf pknJw u/fpg] k|aGw
ul/Paf6 sfof{no Joj:yfkgdf klg tTsfnLg zf;sxsf] Wofg k'u]sf] :ki6 x'G5 -lj=;+= !((! kf}if %
df hf/L ul/Psf] ;gb_ lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu of] ;gb cg';"lr ! df lbOPsf] 5 .
&=!=@ ;f\u7lgs ;+/rgf / kb
@))& ;fn k"j{ ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg] ;]jf Pjd\ ;/sf/L /fh:j ;\sng nufot k|zf;lgs
sfo{sf nflu v8\ulgzfgf c8\8f, lalGtkq lgS;f/L c8\8f, lah'nL c8\8f, 6]lnkmf]g c8\8f, ;|]:tf
kf7zfnf, hg:jf:Yo c8\8f, 3/sfh c8\8f, pBf]u / s[lif kl/ifb, eG;f/ c8\8f, g]kfn vfgL ljefu,
vfg]kfgL c8\8f, sf}l;tf];fvfgf, d'lG;vfgf, af6f] lgdf{0f, /]n c8\8f, xjfO{ c8\8f, dfn c8\8f, uf]vf{kq
k|rf/ ljefu cflb :yfkgf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
To; avt :yfkgf ul/Psf ;f\u7lgs ;+/rgf cWoog ubf{ cfw'lgs Aoj:yfkgsf ;f\u7lgs
Model ;Fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsFb}g . oBlk @))& ;fn j}zfv !( ut]sf lbg uf]vf{kqdf k|sflzt 6]lnkmf]g
ljefusf Director General n]l6g]G6 hg/n Ps/fhzdz]/n] >L # dxf/fh ;dIf r9fPsf] hfx]/Laf6
8fO/]S6/ hg/n g} ;f] ljefusf] ljefuLo k|d'v /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] a'lemG5 .
k|f/Dedf sf7df8f}+Fb]lv jL/u~h;Dd dfq 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfng ul/Psfn] !(&$ ;fndf lgDg
:yfgdf sfof{nox v8f ul/Psf lyP
-!_ sf7df8f}+ 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;
-@_ yfgsf]6 d]g -dd{t s]Gb|_ -yfgsf]6df a;L sfd ug]{ pNn]v ePsf]_
-#_ lr;fkfgL u9L clkm; -clkm;df sfd ug]{ / nfOgsf] sfd ug]{ pNn]v ePsf]_
-$_ r'/]6f]nL dd{t s]Gb| -r'/] a;L sfd ug]{ pNn]v ePsf]_
-%_ jL/u~h ;j clkm; -clkm;_
6]lnkmf]g c8\8f
g]kfn jL/u~h cdn]vu~h eLdkm]bL lr;fkfgLu9L

x]8 clkm; ;a clkm; clkm; a|f~r clkm; 6f]nL
yfgsf]6 dd{t 6f]nL k/jfgLk'/

r'/] dd{t 6f]nL dd{t 6f]nL
e};] dd{t 6f]nL
lj=;+= !(&% b]lv 6]lnkmf]g c8\8fdf sd{rf/Lsf] lx;fadf k|d'vsf] kdf n]= d's'Gbaxfb'/
a:GoftnfO{ lgo'Qm u/sf] kfOG5 . ;f]xL jif{b]lv k/jfgLk'/df ;d]t dd{t 6f]nL vl6Psf] / xhdflgoftkm{
nfOg x]g{] u/L s]xL sd{rf/L v6fOPsf] kfOG5 . @))& ;fnk"j{ d'n'sdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf ^)) dfOnsf]
6\s 6]lnkmf]g nfOg dd{t, ;Def/ tyf ;~rfng ug{ 6]lnkmf]g ;DaGwL k|fljlwsx pknJw g/x]sfn]
kmlk{ hnljB't\ x]g]{ lhDdf kfPsf rLkm OlGhlgo/ R. G. Kilburn nfO{ g} 6]lnkmf]gsf] lhDdf klg lbOPsf]
lyof] eg] ef/tsf] gfuk'/af6 dd{t sfo{sf nflu s]xL k|fljlwsxnfO{ lemsfOPsf] lyof] .
lj=;+= !(&% sf] 6]lnkmf]g c8\8fsf] ;+/rgf
lj=;+= !(&% b]lv !(() ;Dd 6]lnkmf]gsf] k"jf{wf/ yk lj:tf/ ePsf] kfOFb}g eg] !(() ;fndf
eLdkm]bL / cdn]vu~h ;d]t va/ lng] u/L sfof{no yk ePsf] / e+};]df dd{t 6f]nL /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 .
lj=;+= @))& k"j{ 6]lnkmf]g clkm;df lgDg cg';f/sf kbx l;h{gf ul/Psf] kfOG5
8fO/]S6/ hg/n alxbf/ nfOG; OG;k]S6/ EjfO; d]g
rLkm OlGhlgo/ e08f/] OG:6'd]G6 OG;k]S6/ 6fG;n]6/
OlGhlgo/ gf}l;Gbf x]8 nfOG;d]g xNsf/f
cl;:6]G6 OlGhlgo/ x]8 ck|]6/ nfOG;d]g s'NnL
l87\7f ck|]6/ c= nfOG;d]g k]6f]n s'NnL
vl/bf/ c= ck|]6/ OG;k]S6/ :6f]/lsk/ lkog
d'lvof /fO6/ ld:qL rk|f;L
gfoa d'lvof gfoa /fO6/ EjfO; OG;k]S6/ x'2f
&=!=# hgzlQm
/f0ffsfnsf] dWolt/;Dd pRr lzIff cWoogsf nflu g]kfndf sn]hsf] pknJwtf lyPg .
lqrGb| sn]h :yfkgf ePkl5 /f0ffzf;ssf] lgufxaf6 dfq cWoogsf] cj;/ ldNYof] . o:tf] l:yltdf
;j{;fwf/0fn] cWoogsf] cj;/ kfpg] ;Defjgf g} lyPg . sltkon] zf;ssf] :jLs[ltdf ef/tdf pRr
lzIff xfl;n ug{] df}sf klg kfpFby] . ;fdfGotof ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ of] df}sf klg h'b{}gYof] . To;f] t To;
avt rf/eGHof aflx/ hfg / leq cfpgsf nflu klg /fxbfgL lng'kg]{ ePsfn] zf;ssf] cg'dlt gkfO
/fhwfgL aflx/ k9\g hfg' sNkgf aflx/s} ljifo lyof] . o:tf] kl/j]zdf d'n'sdf lzlIft Pjd\ bIf hgzlQm
pknJw x'g ;Sg] s'/} ePg . g]kfndf cf}krfl/s lzIff ;d]t ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ pknAw gePsf] cj:yfdf
k|fljlws lzIff lng] s'/f sNkgf dfq x'GYof] .
lj=;+= !(^) lt/ g]kfnL bIf k|fljlws hgzlQmsf kdf s'df/g/l;+ /f0ff / lszf]/g/l;+ /f0ff
cfls{6]Sr/ OlGhlgo/ lyP . pgLx ljleGg ejg l8hfOg Pjd\ lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sf lyP . oBlk
On]lS6sn / On]S6f]lgS; OlGhlgo/x a]nfot / cd]l/sfaf6 lemsfOPsf] lyof] . sf7df8fF}df ljB'lts/0fsf
nflu o'/f]lkog d'ns
' sf gful/s OlGhlgo/ agf8{ kG6]nfO{ lemsfOPsf] lyof] . pg} OlGhlgo/n] sf7df8fF}b]lv
jL/u~h;Dd 6]lnkmf]g lj:tf/ sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf lyP . ljB'lts/0fsf nflu cd]l/sL OlGhlgo/ l6=O=ofS5]
/ a]nfotL cf/=hL= lsnjg{nfO{ lemsfOPsf] lyof] g]kfnsf] ;dLIffTds Oltxf; ->L/fdk|;fb pkfWofo_ .
@))& ;fn lt/ cf/=hL= lsnjg{nfO{ g} 6]lnkmf]g c8\8fdf rLkm OlGhlgo/ agfOPsf] lyof] .
6]lnkmf]g nfOg dd{t ug{ nfOG;d]g / nfOg OG:k]S6/sf kdf ef/tsf] gfuk'/af6 lemsfOPsf k|fljlwsx
d'Ggf rf}w/L, e'kfnl;+x 5]t, dxfjL/ l;+x 5]t, uDeL/Whj 5]t, wg/fh l;+x 5]t, nfn axfb'/ 5]t, /fd]Zj/
5]t, x:tjL/ l;+xnfO{ ljleGg 7fpFdf /x]sf dd{t s]Gb|sf] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] lyof] .
To;f] t @))) ;fndf On]lS6sn OlGhlgol/ ljifo cWoog/t pbo axfb'/ gsdL{nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g
c8\8fdf egf{ ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . On]lS6sn PG8 d]sflgsn OlGhlgo/ sfzL/fh kf08]nfO{ ;f]xL jif{
lah'nL c8\8faf6 6]lnkmf]g c8\8ftkm{sf] sfddf nufOPsf] b]lvG5 -lghfdlt l;6/f]n, lj=;+= @)))_ .
k|zf;lgs / ck/]6/sf] sfdsf nflu eg] g]kfnL hgzlQmnfO{ g} pkof]u ul/Psf] lyof] . !(&# b]lv @))&
;fn;Dd l87\7f s[i0faxfb'/ dxt / d's'Gbaxfb'/ a:Goft, ck/]6/ df]xgbf; /fhe08f/L, vl/bf/ e}/jk|;fb
>]i7, vl/bf/ d3';'bg kfWof cflbn] 6]lnkmf]g c8\8fdf c8\8f k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
*= dx;'n Joj:yf
*=! dx;'n b/
!(&# ;fn cfiff9 @) g} sf7df8fF-} jL/u~h aLr klxnf] Openwire Magneto Trunk Telephone
g]6js{ ;~rfngdf cfPtf klg To; avt 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;/sf/L lgsfodf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] lyof] .
/f0ffzf;ssf] k|of]udf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] ;]jfsf] dx;'n b/ tTsfn lgwf{/0f ul/Pg . !(&$ ;fn h]i7
! ut] kl5 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu v'nf ul/Ptf klg o; afkt dx;'nsf] b/ kl5 lbOg] s'/f
;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs kdf ;"rgf hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . o;/L hg;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf lbOPtf klg To;sf] 8]9
bzs eGbf a9L ;do;Dd dx;'n b/ s] s:tf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] eGg] hfgsf/L lbg] ;fdu|L k|sfzdf
cfPsf] kfOFb}g . !((! ;fn kf}if @ df cfP/ dfq dx;'n b/ ;DaGwdf 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;sf] gfddf hf/L
ul/Psf] ;jfnsf] bf];|f] efu, bkmf ( df Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
*=!=! dx;'n b/ tyf /fhZj
-!_ !((! ;fn kf}if @ ut] 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;sf] gfddf ePsf] ;jfnsf] bf];|f] efu, bkmf ( df pNn]v
eP adf]lhd va/ k7fpFbf lgDgfg';f/ dx;'n tf]lsPsf] lyof]
s_ va/ cIf/ njhsf] b/df nfUg]
v_ Go"gtd dx;'n df]=?= @$ k};f nfUg]
u_ ;fFem $ ah]b]lv ef]lnkN6 laxfg !) ah];Dd labfsf] lbgdf n]6 kmL nfUg]
3_ ;fFem $ ah]b]lv ef]ln kN6 laxfg;Dd rnfpFbf %) k};f nfUg]
_ va/ lkR5] s'/f u/fpFbf &^ ldg]6sf] df]=?= %) k};fsf] b/n] yk n]6 kmL nfUg]
r_ ;/sf/L sfdsf] va/ cfbfg k|bfg ubf{ dx;'n gnfUg]
5_ nfOg dd{t ;Def/ tyf vfg] /;b Joj:yfsf] nflu k|mL d];]h ug]{ .
-@_ lj=;+=@))% ;fn r}q @^ ut] hf/L ePsf] v8\ulgzfgfdf o; k|sf/sf] dx;'n b/ tf]lsPsf] lyof]
l;=g+= ljj/0f ;x/ kxf8nfO{ df]=?= dw]; t/fO{nfO{ s+=?=
s_ va/ rnfpm+bf Ps cIf/sf] b'O{ k};f rf/ kfO{
v_ s'/f ug{ # ldg]6sf] b'O{ ?k}of b'O{ ?k}of
u_ c+u|]hLdf d];]h k7fpmbf ! njhsf] cf7 k};f ;f]x| kfO{
3_ n]6 kmL !) k};f * cfgf
_ va/ rnfpbf dfly n]lvP adf]lhdsf] b/aGbLaf6 %) k};f * cfgf
rNg]df yfg ! sf] 3l6df
r_ ;/sf/L c8\8faf6 kf; ePsf] sf]8af6 va/ # k};f ^ kfO{
rnfg ubf{ ! c+s jf Ps cIf/sf]
(= sfg'gL tyf k|zf;sLo Joj:yf

hgtfsf cfwf/e"t clwsf/ ;d]t s'lG7t /x]sf], ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nfe pkof]u ug]{ / hgtfsf
xsclwsf/ :yflkt x'g] s'g} ;Defjgf gePsf] tTsfnLg kl/j]zdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] Jofj;flos dxj
ePsf] kfOFb}g . ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;]jf k|of]u ug{ zf;sxsf] cfb]z s'g'{ kb{Yof] . ;]jf ;j{;'ne lyPg eg]
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ Jofj;flos kdf k|of]udf Nofpg] ;f]+r /f0ffzf;sxdf kfOFb}g . tyflk ljZjdf cfPsf
gofF k|ljlwnfO{ cjnDag ug]{ tkm{ ;f]+rsf] ljsf; ePsf] s'/fnfO{ >L # rGb|zdz]/sf s]xL ;'wf/fTds
sbdn] k'i6\ofpF5 .
rGb|zdz]/sf] o'/f]k e|d0f g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf nflu k|]/0ff ;|f]tsf] kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;} e|d0faf6
k|]/0ff lnP/ g} pgn] kmlk{df hnljB't lgdf{0f u/fO !(^* ;fn h]i7 dlxgfdf Pp6f eJo ;df/f]xsf aLr
/fhf k[YjLjL/ljqmdaf6 rGb|aQL sf] pb\3f6 u/fPsf lyP -ej]Zj/ k+u]gL, kmlk{;'Gb/Lhn lah'nL aQL /
rGb|k|sfz lah'nL cf, clen]v, jif{@@, k"0ff{\s@@, jif{@@, k[= %!^$_ . To:t} 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf]
yfngL klg zf;gdf cfgf] jr{:j dha't agfpg] dfWodsf kdf eP h:tf] b]lvG5 . 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwfsf]
dfWodaf6 g} cfgf lj?4 x'g;Sg] ;DefJo lqmofsnfksf af/]df ;dodf g} hfgsf/L xfl;n u/L lg:t]h
kfg{ ;lsg] s'/f klg rnfv zf;s rGb|zdz]/n] a'e]msf] x'g' kb{5 .
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|f/Desf] ldltsf ;DaGwdf cfjlws of]hgfdf lj=;+= !(&) df :yfkgf eO >L
# dxf/fh sdflG8\ hg/n nufot l;+xb/af/leq dfq 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] ;~rfng ul/Psf] s'/f pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5 . o; ;DaGwdf 7f]; hfgsf/L lbg] ;fdu|L eg] k]mnf k/]sf] 5}g . sf7df8f}+b]lv jL/u~h;Dd
6]lnkmf]gsf] tf/ h8fg u/L k|lalwsf] dfWodaf6 cnu cnu ef}uf]lns If]qsf] ;+jfbnfO{ Ps} :yfgdf
Nofpg] sfo{ lj=;+= !(&# cfiff9 @) ut]af6 k|f/De ePsf] lyof] .
To; avt oftfoftsf] Joj:yf ;xh gx'g', d'n'sdf k|fljlws hgzlQm pknAw gx'g' tyf ef}lts
k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug{ a9L ;do nfUg] ePsfn] plNnlvt ldltdf ;]jf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu @# jif{ cufl8af6
sfd ug{ yflnPsf] s'/f cg'dfg nufpg s'g} sl7gfO xF'b}g .
lj=;+= !(&# cfiff9 @) b]lv sf7df8f}+af6 jL/u~h;Dd b"/;~rf/ ;]jf Openwire Magneto
System k|f/De ePkl5 b'lgofFbf/nfO{ ;]jf pkof]usf] cj;/ !(&$ h]i7 ! ut]b]lv k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pkof]usf] cj;/ ldNg'nfO{ b'lgofFbf/ /}tLsf] cxf]efUo / >L # sf] k/d
s[kfsf kdf hf]8]/ ;/sf/n] a9f] dxjsf;fy ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f u/]sf] lyof] . / g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
h8fgsf nflu ldi6/ af]gf{8 kG6] gfdsf ljb]zL k|fljlwsnfO{ k|of]u ul/Psf] k|;\u ;d]t uf]vf{kqdf
k|sflzt ;dfrf/df pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
lj=;+= !(&# cfiff9 @) b]lv ;]jf k|f/De ePsf] ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f x'g' / ;]jf k|f/De;Fu} 6]lnkmf]g
c8\8fsf xflsd Pjd\ sfdbf/, s'NnLsf kdf !(&# efb|b]lv tna eQfsf] k|aGw x'gn ' ] 6]lnkmf]g c8\8fsf]
:yfkgf lj=;+= !(&# df g} ePsf] k'li6 x'G5 .
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu ljleGg sfg'gL Joj:yfx ePsf]
b]lvG5 . 6]lnkmf]g, 6\s, cf=jf= cflbnfO{ /f0ffsfndf klg ;+j]bgzLn dflgPsf] kfOG5 . 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf
sltko dflyNnf bhf{sf sd{rf/L /f0ffsf ljZjf; kfq Pjd\ ;]gfaf6 v6fOPsf klg x'Gy] . ;lhnf]sf nflu
sf7df8f}F aflx/sf ;j{;fwf/0fn] >L # dxf/fh ;dIf cfgf] lkm/fb cf=jf= dfkm{t\ k|]lift ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf
klg ldnfOPsf] kfOG5 . oBlk o:tf cf=jf= eg] sltko ck/]6/sf] OR5f cg';f/ dfq k7fpg] u/]sf] klg
kfOG5 . To;} sf/0f ;dfhdf 6]lnkmf]g ck/]6/xsf] lgs} dxj x'GYof] . To:t} pgLxnfO{ sltkon] sf];]nL
klg lbg r'Sb}gy] . kfl/>ldssf b[li6n] ck/]6/sf] tna klg /fd|} x'GYof] . 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefusf] :yfkgf
kl5 ck/]6/nfO{ ;xfos t[tLo >]0fLsf] :t/ sfod ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
(=! dd{t, ;Def/ tyf ;~rfng ;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yf
;j{;fwf/0fsf] k|of]udf cfPtf klg x'sd' k|df\uL cg';f/ g} ;a} sfd ug{' kg{] s'/f 6]lnkmf]g c8\8fsf]
gfddf hf/L ul/Psf] ;jfndf pNn]v kfOG5 . 6]lnkmf]g nfOg sf7df8f}Fb]lv jL/u~h;Dd bf]xf]/f] tf/ xfnL
b'j} tf/sf] vDafdf a|fs]6 / 7fpF 7fpFdf ;]S;g afs; /fv]/ k'ofOPsf] lyof] . o:tf ;]S;g afs;x
yfgsf]6df Ps, e}+;]df tLg, k/jfgLk'/df kfFr, lr;fkfgLu9Ldf b'O{, r'l/ofdf rf/ /flvPsf lyP . To;/L
/flvPsf nfOgsf] dd{t / ;Def/sf nflu ljleGg Onfsf Pjd\ vG8 5'6\ofP/ ltgdf sfd ug{ k|ljlws
;d]tsf] 6f]nL agfpg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o:tf 6f]nLdf nfOG;d]g, OG:k]S6/ / s'NnLx /xGy] . 6]lnkmf]gsf]
tf/ Pjd\ pks/0fx lah'nLaf6 gf]S;fg xg gkfcf];\ eGgfsf nflu tf/x bfofFafofF ldnfP/ tflgGYof] .
To; avt sf7df8f}Fdf x]8 clkm;, eLdkm]bLdf a|fGr clkm;, cdn]vu~hdf clkm; / jL/u~hdf
;a clkm; :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . sf7df8f}Fb]lv yfgsf]6, yfgsf]6b]lv lr;fkfgLu9L, lr;fkfgLu9Lb]lv
r'l/of, r'l/ofb]lv k/jfgLk'/ / k/jfgLk'/b]lv jL/u~h;Ddsf nflu cnucnu 6f]nLx v6fOPsf x'Gy] .
o:tf 6f]nLnfO{ 7fpFsf] gfdn] geO gDa/n] klg af]nfpg ;lsGYof] . 6f]nLsf] x]/km]/ ug{' k/]df nfOg OG:k]S6/
dfkm{t\ x]8 clkm;df hfx]/ u/L lgsf;f eP adf]lhd ug{' kb{Yof] . 6f]nLsf nfOg OG;k]S6/ Pjd\ s'NnLxnfO{
axfn ltg{' gkg{] u/L ;/sf/L 3/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnL nfOg OG:k]S6/x hfFr ug{ jf nfOg
agfpg cfpFbfhfFbf af6f]df ePsf 3/df af; a:g tyf ;fdfgx /fVg kfpg] ;'ljwf ldnfOPsf] lyof] .
o;af6 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf ;+nUg sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'ljwf pknJw u/fO ;]jf ;'rf? ug{] p2]Zo /flvPsf] b]lvG5 .
nfOg ;e{] OG:k]S6/, s'NnL, lkogx 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfddf x/avt ?h' /xg' kg{] / OR5f cg';f/ tf]lsP
adf]lhd ljbfsf] ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] lyof] . nfOG;d]gn] sd;]sd dlxgfsf] Ps
k6s ;a} 6]lnkmf]g nfOg /fd|f];Fu hfFr ug{' kb{Yof] tyf dd{t ug{' kg{] b]lvPdf ;DalGwt Onfsf 6f]nLaf6
u/fpg' kb{Yof] .
6]lnkmf]g dd{t, ;Def/ tyf ;~rfng ;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yf pNn]v ul/Psf] ;jfndf
sf7df8f}FnfO{ g]kfn elgPsf] tyf g]kfn x]8 clkm; Onfsf eGgfn] sf7df8f}F zx/, l;+xb/af/, xfF8LufpF,
ljzfngu/, hfpnfv]n, kf6g, l8NnLahf/, gS;fn / dxf/fhu~hnfO{ elgg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] .
6]lnkmf]g clkm;sf] klxnf] gfd 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm; lyof] . c zfvf sfof{noxnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g kmfF6
elgGYof] . To:tf kmfF6x kl5 uP/ lhNnfdf :yfkgf ul/P . va/ lng] / lbg] sfdsf nflu ck/]6/ Pjd\
dd{tsf nflu sfnLu9x /xGy] . ;j{;fwf/0fn] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pkof]u ug]{ qmddf l;sfot sd xf];\ eg]/
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug'{ eGbf klxn] g} dd{t, ;Def/ tyf ;~rfngsf] :ki6 vfsf tof/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
To; avt g]kfndf 6]lnsd ;DaGwL OlGhlgo/ gePsfn] ;/sf/n] R.G. Kilburn nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g
tyf 6\s nfOg h8fg, dd{t tyf ;~rfngsf] lhDdf lbPsf] lyof] . To;} sf/0f pgL s'g} avt 6]lnkmf]g
tyf lah'nL ;DaGwL xflsd lyP .
g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{df R.G. Kilburn sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . pgn] nfdf]
;do;Dd g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng Pjd\ dd{t sfo{df of]ubfg lbPsf lyP . @))& ;fnkl5
R.G. Kilburn a]nfot kmls{P kl5 pboaxfb'/ gsdL{nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;sf] k|d'vdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . To:t} R.G. Kilburn cGtu{tsf] 6f]lnn]] ul/cfPsf] 6]lnkmf]g tyf 6\s nfOg h8fg, dd{t tyf
;~rfngsf] sfd ug{] u/L z+s/dfg l;+x a:g]tnfO{ g]kfn /]nj]af6 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf ;fl/Psf] lyof] . t;y{
g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] d/dt, ;+ef/ tyf ;~rfngdf R.G. Kilburn kl5 pboaxfb'/ gsdL{, d's'Gb axfb'/
a:g]t, ;Togf/fo0f axfb'/ dfgGw/ / z/dfg l;+x a:g]tsf] klg of]ubfg /x]sf] kfOG5 .
(=@ sfof{no Joj:yfkg Pjd\ sd{rf/L ;DaGwL Joj:yf
6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] dd{t, ;Def/, lj:tf/ / ;~rfng ug]{ lhDdf kfPsf] 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;sf
gfddf lj=;+= !((! ;fn kf}if @ ut] /f]h % df Pp6f ;jfn hf/L ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;f] ;jfndf To;
avtsf] k|ljlw / k|0ffnLnfO{ ;a}n] a'g] lsl;daf6 k|i6 JofVof ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t} ;jfndf 6]lnkmf]g
dd{t, ;Def/ Pjd\ ;~rfng ug]{ tf}/tl/sf, sd{rf/Lsf] st{Joclwsf/ Pjd\ lhDd]jf/Ldf lljwf gx'g]
lsl;daf6 pNn]v ul/of] . 6]lnkmf]gaf6 va/ lng] / va/ ljt/0f ug]{ sfof{nox, va/ lbP/ dfq s'/f
ug{ cfpg] Joj:yf, >]:tf lstfa /fVg] tl/sf / ltgdf Ps k sfod ug{ sfof{noxn] kfngf ug'{ kg]{
lgod, ck/]6/ tyf cGo sd{rf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L cGo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] eGbf a9L x'g] h:tf ljifonfO{ klg
;jfnn] ;d]6]sf] lyof] . To:t} ! jif{nfO{ k'Ug] kmf/fd / d;nGb ;fdfgsf] nfut Oli6d]6 u/L ljt/0f ug]{ tyf
sd{rf/Lsf] lhDdfsf ;fdfgsf] a'ema'emf/y ug]{ Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ klg ;jfndf k|i6 kl/Psf]
lyof] . ;jfnaf6 To; avt sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nfuL cfjZos kg{] Joj:yf kl/kSj 9\uaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g]
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;jfndf k/]sf s]xL ;Gbe{ pbfx/0fsf nflu oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5
sd{rf/L egf{ ;DaGwdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu k|sflzt ;/sf/L ;"rgf
uf]/vfkq, @))% ;fn dfu{ *
ck/]6/sf] 7fp+ vfnL 5
tkl;nsf 6]lnkmf]g clkm;sf] ck/]6/ vfnLdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] Nofstjfnfxn] of]
k|sflzt ePsf & lbgleq o; clkm;df b/vf:t lbg cfpg' eGg] 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;sf]
dfu{ !$ ut]sf] ;"rgf 5
tkl;n
cdn]vu~h 6]lnkmf]g clkm;sf] ;fn a;fnL jif{ ! sf] s+= ?= #)) wfgsf] efp dg !
sf] ? % gk'u];Dd d+xuL jfkt yk s+=?= !)* ;d]t hDdf jif{ ! sf] s+=?= $)* vfg] s+=?=
%)) ;Ddsf] wghdfgL lbg'kg]{ jxL a'emfpg] ck/]6/ vfnL !
aL/u~h 6]lnkmf]g clkm;sf] ;fn a;fnL jif{ ! sf] tnj s+=?= @$) wfgsf] efp dg !
sf] ? % gk'u];Dd dx+uL jfkt yk s+=? ^) ;d]t u/L hDdf jif{ ! sf] tnj s+= ?= #))
vfg] k'u]sf ck/]6/ vfnL !
l/Qm kbdf egf{sf nflu ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] dflysf] ;"rgf cg';f/ tf]lsPsf kbdf
lgo'lQm ug{ ;j{;fwf/0faf6 5gf}6 ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To:t} sd{rf/LnfO{ dxFuL jfkt yk /sd
pknJw u/fpg] s'/f klg ;"rgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnLsf] k|dv
' vfgsf kdf /x]sf] rfdn pTkfbg
ug]{ wfgsf] d"No;Fu tnanfO{ t'ngf u/]/ wfgsf] d"No a9]df tna yk x'g ;Sg] u/L tna tf]lsPsf] b]lvG5 .
;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu @))^ ;fndf 6]lnkmf]g lj:tf/ ;DaGwL k|ult ljj/0f k|sfzg
ul/Psf] lyof] .
@))^ dfu{ !% ut]sf] uf]vf{kqdf k|sflzt 6]lnkmf]g nfOg h8fg ;'? ;dfrf/sf ;Gbe{
uf]/vf, dfu{ (, 6]lnkmf]g nfOg h8fg ug{ cfPsf sd{rf/Lx To; lhNnfdf cfOk'u] . /;b
/ s'NnLxsf] aGbf]a:t x'g nflu/x]sf] 5 . xfn cf/De ug]{ 7fp+ cf?3f6 ahf/ d'sfd
ePsf] 5 .
uf]/vfkq, lj=;+= @))^ ;fn kf}if @#
6]lnkmf]gsf] sfd wdfwd
g]kfnb]lv kfNkf;Dd 6]lnkmf]g ug]{ sfd # 7fp+af6 v8f eO{ ! g+= kmf+6n] g]kfnb]lv
cf?3f6;Dd / @ g+= kmf6n] cf?3f6b]lv dfbLvf]nf;Dd # g= kmf+6n] dfbLvf]nfb]lv
kfNkf;Dd agfpg] kmf+6 7]lsPsf]df tLg} kmf+6n] sfd ;'? u/L ! g+= km+f6n] g]kfnb]lv
dfnsf]6;Dd aLrdf #* nf h8fg u/L c nf tf/;d]t h8fg ul/;Sof] . @ g+= kmf+6n]
@!( nf / # g+= kmf+6n] %( nf / O:kl/6n ;d]t h8fg ul/;Sof] eGg] >L # df]xg 6]lnkmf]g
uf]Zjf/fsf] va/ 5 .
uf]/vfkq, lj=;+= @))^ kf}if @^
6]lnkmf]g bf}8fxf
hgsk'/, kf}if !* 6]lnkmf]g nfOgx Hf+fRgsf lgldQ ;b/af6 bf}8fxfdf cfPsf xflsd n]=s=
o1 axfb'/ a:g]t / cGo sd{rf/Lx ;d]t ;nf{xLb]lv hgsk'/ cfOk'u] .
plNnlvt ;dfrf/ cg';f/ sfdsf] k|ult / 6]lnkmf]g nfOg nufog dd{t Pjd\ ;Def/ / ;~rfng
lgoldt eP gePsf] cg'udg ;d]t x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dfly plNnlvt ;jfndf kl5 yk36 e} cfPsf ug]{
sfd, d'n'sL ;jfndf gv'n]sf] sfd s'/f kl/ cfPdf ug]{ sfd, lhG;Ldfnsf] >]:tf /fVg] v8\u lg;fgf,
>]:tf /fVg] / alx a'emfpg] ljj/0f klg pNn]v x'g' ;'zf;gsf nflu dxjk"0f{ sbd x'g\ .
lj=;+= !(&) lt/ cf/De ePsf] g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L agfpgsf
nflu ljleGg sfg'gL Joj:yfx klg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwL kfP;Ddsf lg0f{o, cfb]z tyf sfg'gL
b:tfj]hx g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf af/]df rf;f] /fVg] ;a}sf nflu dxjk"0f{ x'g] 7fg]/ oxfF k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
kl/lzi6
kl/lzi6 !
jL/u~hb]lv g]kfn -sf7df8f}+_ ;Dd 6]lnkmf]g Nofpg] sfdnfO{ !(&# ;fn efb| ! ut]b]lv
( dlxgf;Dd Dofb yk ul/Psf 6]lnkmf]g uf]Zjf/f nufotdf sfo{/t
sfdbf/ ;DaGwL lghfdlt lstfa vfgfsf] lnvt
-;|f]tM /fli6o clen]vfno, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn_

kl/lzi6 @
6]lnkmf]g c8\8fsf xflsd tyf sfl/Gbfxsf] kb, bhf{, gfd tyf tnj ljj/0f
pNn]lv ul/Psf] lj=;+= !(&* ;fnsf] lghfdlt lstfa vfgfsf] lnvt

kl/lzi6 #
6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;sf xflsd, sfdbf/ tyf sfl/Gbf ;DaGwL
lj=;+= !((# ;fnsf] lghfdlt lstfa vfgfsf] lnvt

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
lj=;+= !((! kf}if % df hf/L ul/Psf] ;gb -lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu of] ;gb cg';"lr ! df lbOPsf] 5_
v8\ulgzfgf, kf]sf g+ @)&, /fli6o clen]vfno
lghfdtL l;6/f]n, !(&$
lghfdtL l;6/f]n, !(&%, k[= !&&
lghfdtL l;6/f]n, lj=;= !(*!, k[= !)!
sd0f bLlIft -;Dkf=_, h+uaxfb'/sf] a]nfot ofqf, sf7df8f}FM ;femf k|sfzg, lj=;+= @)$& -kfFrf}+ ;+:s/0f_ .
u[idaxfb'/ b]jsf]6f,g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts bk{0f -efu!_, sf7df8f}FM w|'jaxfb'/ b]jsf]6f, lj=;+= @)#^
-ltLofj[lQ_, k[= %@%&_ .
lrQ/~hg g]kfnL, hg/n eLd;]g yfkf / tTsfnLg g]kfn, sf7df8f}FM /Tgk':ts e08f/, lj=;+= @)#%,
k[= !%&!%* .
huGgfy, a}hgfy ;]9f`L, lrqsfJo rGb|do"v ;+jt\ !(&) -;g\ !(!#_ .
kfGrfog k|sfzg k|f=ln=,s'Fj/ /f0ffhLxsf] a[xt\ a+zfjnL, sf7df8f}FM kf~rfog k|sfzg k|f=ln=, @)%^ .
k'?iff]Qdzdz]/ /f0ff, >L # xsf tYo j[QfGt, lj=;+= !(^*
a|Dxzdz]/ /f0ff, g]kfnsf] dxfe"sDk, !(()
ej]Zj/ k+u]gL, /f0ffsfnLg g]kfnsf] cfly{s Oltxf;M ;/sf/L sf/f]af/df ;'Aaf u0f]zbf; /Tgbf;, sf7df8f}FM
wd{gf/fg cWoog k|lti7fg, lj=;+= @)&!, k[=&%*! .
====================, k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/ a]nfot hfFbf g]kfndf ul/Psf] ;'/Iff Joj:yf,EjfO; ckm
lxl:6, ef]nd@!@&, g+= !, lj=;+= @)^(, k[= %&&^ .
====================, b]jzdz]/sf] uf]vf{kq / uf]vf{kq 5fkfvfgf, uf]/vfkqsf] Oltxf;, lj=;+= @)^&,
k[= &&*) .
====================, kmlk{;'Gb/Lhn lah'nL aQL / rGb|k|sfz lah'nL cf, clen]v, jif{@@,
k"0ff{\s@@, jif{@@, lj=;+= @)^!, k[= %!^$_ .
====================, clen]vdf ;Lldt rGb|aQL, uf]/vfkq -zlgjf/_, @)^! c;f]h !^ ut], k[= s .
====================, g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] yfngL,uf]/vfkq -zlgjf/_, @)&! c;f/, !, k[= u .
>L/fdk|;fb pkfWofo, g]kfnsf] ;dLIffTds Oltxf;
eLdaxfb'/ kfF8], To; avtsf] g]kfn -efu@,#_, k|sfzg :yfg cg'lNnlvt, n]vs, lj=;+= @)$$ .
eLdaxfb'/ kfF8], To; avtsf] g]kfn -efu$_, k|sfzg :yfg cg'lNnlvt, n]vs, lj=;+= @)$% .
of]uL g/xl/gfy, Oltxf;k|sfzdf ;lGwkq;+u|x -efu!_, bfM @)@@ .
uf]vf{kq, !((# ;fn cfif9 @) ut] ;f]daf/
uf]vf{kq, @))% dfu{ & ;+Vof *&
uf]vf{kq, @))% ;fn dfu{ *
uf]vf{kq, @))^ ;fn dfu{ !$
uf]vf{kq, @))^ dfu{ !% ut]
uf]vf{kq, @))^ ;fn kf}if @#
uf]vf{kq, @))^ ;fn kf}if @^
***
kl/R5]b M b'O{

-lj=;+= @))*@)!^_
k[i7e"ld
k|ljlw tyf ;]jf lj:tf/
;+:yfut ;+/rgf
6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefusf] :yfkgf
;/sf/L k|fyldstf / ah]6
pRr hgzlQm
cfO=l6=o'=(International Telecommunication Union) sf] ;b:otf
sfg'gL Joj:yf
-lj=;+= @))*@)!^_
!= k[i7e"ld
@))& ;fndf k|hftGq :yfkgf ePkl5 d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf nflu k"jf{wf/x lj:tf/ ug]{ k|of;
;'? eof] . k|fs[lts k|sf]k Pjd\ dxfdf/L cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L s]Gb|Lo k|zf;g;Dd k'ofpg] / hgtfdf
kl/jt{gsf] af]w u/fpg] dfWod g} ;~rf/ ePsfn] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;n] dxj
kfpFb} uof] . ;fy} ljZjJofkL kdf b"/;~rf/ If]qdf eO/x]sf ljsf; / bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf qmddf cfw'lgs
b"/;~rf/ ;fwgxsf] clwstd pkof]un] g]kfndf klg of] ;]jfsf] yk ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostfdf hf]8
lbg yflnof] . o;} k[i7e"lddf lj=;+= @))*-@)!^ sf aLr g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ If]qdf t'nfgfTds kdf
s]xL pGglt x'g uof], t/ 7"nf] km8\sf] g} df/]sf] eGg] l:ylt /x]g . o; cjlwdf k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf]
yfngL ePsfn] b]zsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf;df b"/;~rf/ ;]jfn] klg :yfg kfof] . b"/;~rf/ ljefusf] :yfkgf,
cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;+3 -cfO=l6=o"=_ sf] ;b:otf k|flKt, b"/;~rf/ If]qdf j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] ;'?cft,
Dofg'on 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hsf] :yfkgf / :jrflnt 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h :yfkgfsf nflu cfjZos of]hgf
th'{df, of]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu /sdsf] Joj:yf, hgzlQm, tflnd cflb h:tf s]xL dxjk"0f{ sfo{x
o; cjlwdf ;DkGg eP . log} ;Gbe{nfO{ of]hgfa4 ljsf;df b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] k|j]z zLif{sdf k|:t't
kl/R5]bdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
@= k|ljlw tyf ;]jf lj:tf/
@)!^ ;fn;Dd cfOk'Ubf b"/;~rf/ k|ljlw tyf ;]jf lj:tf/sf b[li6n] ljZjdf lgs} 7"nf] k|ult
eO;s]sf] lyof] . Morse Code af6 va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{] k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ eO 6]lnlk|G6/ dfkm{t va/x
cfbfgk|bfg ug{] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] lyof] eg] w]/} d'n'sn] Telex :yfkgf u/L ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f
ub}{} cfPsf lyP . DofUg]6f] tyf l;=la= l;:6d sf] Dofg'cn 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h (Manual Telephone
Exchange) af6 :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|bfg ub{} cfPsf d'ns ' xn] klg qmlds kdf gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t
:6fph/ l;:6d (Strowger System) / sdg sG6f]n (Common Control) k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t qm;af/
l;:6d (Cross-bar System) sf] c6f]d]l6s 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h (Automatic Telephone Exchange)
af6 ;]jf lbg yflns]sf lyP . dfsf]{gL (Marconi) n] /]l8of] (Radio) sf] cljisf/ u/]kl5 ;'? ePsf]
Pr= Pkm= sDo'lgs];g (HF Communication) k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ u/L le= Pr= Pkm=, (VHF), o'= Pr= Pkm=
(UHF) / dfOqmf]j]e l;:6d (Microwave System) af6 nfdf] b"/Lsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug{] sfo{ klg w]/}
b]zxdf eO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ g]kfndf eg] ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ oL ljsl;t k|ljlw / k|0ffnL leqg ;s]sf]
lyPg . d'n'sdf @))& ;fn cufl8 k|of]udf NofOPsf] DofUg]6f] (Magneto) k|ljlw / cfsfzjf0fL ;]jfsf
nflu ckgfpFb} cfPsf] k4lt (AM or Single side band HF Communication) nfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf]
lyof] . :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf nflu ck/]6/sf] ;xfotfn] ;~rfng x'g] ;]G6n Aof6L l;:6d (Central
Battery System) sf] Dofg'cn 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h (Manual Telephone Exchange) ;~rfngdf lyof] .
t/ c6f]d]l6s 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h (Automatic Telephone Exchange) sf] :yfkgfsf nflu eg] u[xsfo{
dfq ePsf] b]lvG5 . Dofg'on 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hsf] cfp6 ;fO8 KnfG6 g]6js{df eg] lh= cfO= jfo/
(G.I.wire) g} k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
@=! 6\s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
lj=;+= !(&# lt/ h8fg ul/Psf] DofUg]6f] k|ljlwsf] 6\s 6]lnkmf]g (Magneto Trunk Telephone)
af6 ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;Lldt 7fpFdf 6\s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pkef]u ub{} cfPsf] ePtf klg
b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ljs6tf / ;fwg;|f]tsf] sdLsf sf/0f b]zJofkL kdf ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ ;Dej klg
lyPg . @))& ;fn cufl8 g} kfNkf / g]kfnu~h;Dd 6\s 6]lnkmf]g nfOg lj:tf/ ug{ kf]n, tf/ nufot
;Dk"0f{ ;fdfgx lemsfO sfd ;'? eO;s]sf] ePtf klg @))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gn] ubf{ 6]lnkmf]g
;]jfsf] lj:tf/ klg k|efljt x'g k'Uof] . To:t} 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu k|of]u ePsf tfdfsf] tf/
rf]/Lsf 36gfx j[l4 ePsf] ;dfrf/x k|sflzt x'g] u/]sf lyP . zf;g Joj:yfsf] kl/jt{g / 6]lnkmf]g
nfOg lj:tf/ ug{] sfo{n] lg/Gt/tf gkfpFbf g]kfnu~h;Dd nfOg lj:tf/ ug]{ of]hgf cw'/} /Xof] . pR5[\vn
JolQmxn] 6\s 6]lnkmf]g nfOgdf hl8t OG;'n]6/x km'6fO lbgfn] ;]jfdf af/Daf/ cj/f]w cfPsf] ljj/0f
;d]t ;dfrf/kqdf k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . oL nufotsf sf/0fn] ubf{ 6\s nfOg lj:tf/df pbf;Lgtf
cfPsf]] x'g ;S5 . t/ @)!) ;fndf sf7df8fF}b]lv w'lnv]n;Dd / kfNkfb]lv e}/xjf;Dd 6\s 6]lnkmf]g
nfOg lj:tf/ ug{] sfd ePsf] lyof] .
@)!) ;fn;Dd cf]k]g jfP/sf] dfWodaf6 d]Ug]6f] k|ljlw dfkm{t lgDg :yfgxdf 6\s 6]lnkmf]g
;]jf pknAw ePsf] lyof] .
!= sf7df8f}F @= yfgsf]6 #= lr;fkfgLu9L $= eLdkm]bL
%= x]6f}+8f ^= cdn]vu~h &= k/jfgLk'/ *= jL/u~h
(= sNf}of !)= uf}/ !!= dn+ujf !@= hgsk'/
!#= hn]Zj/ !$= l;/fxf !%= /fhlj/fh !^= xg'dfggu/
!&= jL/f6gu/ !*= O6x/L !(= w/fg @)= wgs'6f
@!= s~rgk'/ -/fhlj/fh_ @@= lqz'nL @#= uf]vf{ @$= kfn'6f/
@%= s'G5f -ndh'_ @^= kf]v/f @&= :ofhf @*=kfNkf
@(=a'6jn #)=e}/xjf
-gf]6 M kfn'6f/df nfOg uPtf klg ToxfFaf6 sn ug]{ ;'ljwf gePsf] cg'dfg 5_
@))& ;fnsf] qmflGt kZrft zf;g Joj:yfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] d'ns' df kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf nflu
bafa l;h{gf u/]sf] lyof] . b"/;~rf/sf If]qdf ePsf] k|ultnfO{ cjnDag u/L d'n'sdf ;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{
;xh, ;/n / ;'ne t'Nofpg' / cGo If]qdf klg o:tf ;fwgxsf] pkof]usf dfWodaf6 nfe lngsf nflu
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/nfO{ lgs} dxj lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .
of]hgfa4 ljsf;df b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] k|j]z 59
@=@ cf=jf= ;]jf lj:tf/
@))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 a]nfot ;/sf/n] bf];f| ] ljZjo'4df k|of]u u/]sf s]xL b"/;~rf/
pks/0f -cf=jf= ;]6x_ BC 191 6fG;l/l;e/x g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ pkxf/ :jk k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] .
o;af6 cfsfzjf0fL ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ lgs} d2t k'Ug uof] . oL ;]6x @))& ;fn cufl8 h8fg ul/Psf
k'/fgf ;]6x k|lt:yfkg ug{ / gofF 7fpFdf h8fg ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf lyP . @))* ;fndf 8f]6L, bf, h'Dnf,
b}n]v, ;Nofg, cf]vn9'\uf / /fhlj/fhdf cf=jf= ;]6x h8fg ul/P . To;}u/L @))( ;fndf hn]Zj/,
/fd]5fk, alGbk'/, t]x|y'd, tfKn]h', lkmlbd, tf}lnxjf, 88]nw'/f, a}t8L, afUn'8, kfNkf / wgu9Ldf cf=jf=
:6];g :yfkgf ul/P . o;/L lj=;+= @)!@ ;Dddf b]xfosf @* :yfgdf cf=jf= :6];g :yfkgf ul/Psf] b]lvG5
!=Onfd @= t]x|y'd #= tfKn]h' $= ef]hk'/
%= w/fg ^= wgs'6f &= lj/f6gu/ -df]/_ *= cf]vn9'\uf
(= /fhlj/fh !)= hn]Zj/ !!= /fd]5fk !@= jL/u~h
!#= sf7df8f}F !$= alGbk'/ -tgx'F_ !%= kf]v/f !^= afUn'
!&= tfg;]g -kfNkf_ !*=e}/xjf -?kGb]xL_ !(= tf}lnxjf @)=g]kfnu~h -afFs]_
@!= bf @@= ;Nofg @#= h'Dnf @$= b}n]v
@%= 88]nw'/f @^= 8f]6L @&= a}t8L @*= wgu9L
sf7df8f}+ / lj/f6gu/ afx]s cGo @^ 7fpFdf lah'nL gePsfn] h]g]/]6/ h8fg u/L ;]jf ;~rfngdf
NofOPsf] lyof] . oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf gePsf] ;f] ;dodf cf=jf= ;]6, h]g]/]6/ / h]g]/]6/sf nflu OGwg
9'jfgL ug]{ sfo{ klg sl7g ePsfn] ;]jf ;~rfngdf Tolt ;xhtf lyPg .
sf7df8fF} l:yt
lqk' / ] Z j/sf] huGgfy
b]jndf /x]sf] cfsfzjf0fL
x]8 clkm;sf] sfof{noaf6
g} ;] j fu| f xLxsf] va/
k7fpg] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{
ul/GYof] . To; avt Ps}
7fpFaf6 ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg
-l/l;le\ / 6fG;ldl6\_
sfo{ x' g ] ub{ Y of] . o;f]
ug'{ pko'Tfm gx'g] ePsfn]
cfsfzjf0fL ;]jfsf]
cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf lgld{t 5fpgLl:yt l/l;le :6];g ejg
lj:tf/df cd] l /sL
;/sf/sf] ;xof]u k|fKt eP kl5 @)!^ ;fndf l;+xb/af/df 6fG;ldl6 :6];g / 5fpgLdf l/l;le
:6];g /fVg] lg0f{o eof] . ;f]cg'k cnu cnu :yfgdf Transmitting / Receiving Centre
/fVg] sfo{ @)@! ;fndf sfof{Gjog klg ul/of] . cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf 5fpgLdf l/l;le :6];g
:yfkgfsf nflu lgdf{0f ePsf] ejg clxn];Dd klg df}h'b /x]sf] 5 .
@=# :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf cf/De
k|hftGq :yfkgfkl5 d'n'sdf cfPsf] v'nfkg Pjd\ r]tgf tyf ;fj{hlgs lqmofsnfksf] j[l4;Fu}
;j{;fwf/0faf6 :yfgLo :t/df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dfu klg x'g yfNof] . ;j{;fwf/0fdf ;~rf/ ;fwgsf]
pkof]lutf / dfu a9\g yfn]kl5 @))* ;fndf !)) nfOg Ifdtfsf] d]Ug]6f] 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h (Magneto
Telephone Exchnge) l;+xb/af/ xftf leq -xfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dGqfno ePsf] :yfg_ df :yfkgf ul/of] .
o; PS;r]~hsf k|foM ;a} nfOgx l;+xb/af/ leq /x]sf sfof{no / ;lrjfnodf ljt/0f ul/Psf lyP .
s]xL nfOg 8fO/]S6/sf] tx;Dd afFl8Psf] lyof] .
uf]/vfkq, @)!@ Ho]i7 *
6]lnkmf]g af/]sf] ;"rgf
sf7df8f} s f hgtf dWo]
dfl;s z'Ns lt/L cfkm\g' 3/df
6]lnkmf]g /fVg rfxg]xnfO{ cufl8
Ps k6s ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L b/vf:t
k/] cg';f/ s]xL 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g
u/L lbg] sfd ePsf] xf] . xfn
6]lnkmf]g af/] hgtfsf] w]/} dfu ePsf]
/ b/vf:tjfnfx dWo]df klg s;}n]
kfO s;n] gkfO{/x]sf] a'lemPsf]n]
/ cfw'lgs o'udf aGbJofkf/ c?
;a} sfd sf/jfO{ ug{ 6]lnkmf]g Ps
cfjZos j}1flgs ;fwg hgtfsf]
dfu cg' ; f/ k' ofpg] ;/sf/sf]
clek|fo x'gfn] of] ;"rgf k|sflzt
ul/Psf] 5 . cufl8 b/vf:t lbP
tfklg 6] l nkmf] g sg] S ;g gkfpg'
ePsfn] / c? 6] l nkmf] g /fVg
rfxg]x ;a}n] @)!@ ;fn cfiff9
!% ut];Dddf cfkm\gf] gfd / k"/f
7]ufgf :ki6 vf]nL o; ljefudf
/Ltk"j{ssf] b/vf:t lbg cg'/f]w
ul/Psf] 5 . cl3 /Ltk"j{s b/vf:t
ug]{xn] ldlt vf]nL ======b/vf:t
lbg'eP x'G5 .
To; avt d'n'sdf ;8s oftfoftsf] vf;} ljsf; ePsf] lyPg . ;8s ;~hfn / oftfoftsf]
cefjdf k}bn ofqf / 3f]8fsf] ;xf/faf6 lrLkq cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ cj:yfdf cfw'lgs b"/;~rf/sf ;fwgsf]
lj:tf/n] b]zsf] ljsf;, cfGtl/s ;'/Iff, zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng, Jofkf/ nufotsf va/ cfbfgk|bfgdf
lgs} ;'ljwf k'Ug uPsf] lyof] .
@))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 cfly{s of]hgfsf] ljifodf klg 5nkmn ;'? eof] . o;n]
d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu k~rjifL{o of]hgf c\uLsf/ uof] . lj=;+= @)!@ cflZjg @$ ut] zfxL
3f]if0ffsf ;fy} k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf] d:of}bf hg;dIf cfof] . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cfjZostf Jofkf/,
jfl0fHo Pjd\ pBf]uwGbfsf nflu Hofb} dxjk"0f{ x'g ;Sb5 / o;n] ltgsf] ljsf; / k|j4{gdf 6]jf k'ofpg
;lsG5 eGg] p2]Zon] k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf o;sf] lj:tf/nfO{ lgs} dxj lbOPsf] kfOG5 .
@)!@ ;fndf #)) nfOg Ifdtfsf] -;'?df @)) / kl5 !)) nfOg yk u/L_ l;=la= Dofg'cn 6]lnkmf]g
PS;r]~h :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . pQm PS;r]~haf6 ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ JolQmut kdf 6]lnkmf]g nfOg h8fg
ePsf] s'/f @)!@ ;fn h]i7 * ut] ;j{;fwf/f0fnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ljt/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf k|sflzt ;"rgfaf6
a'g ;lsG5 . pQm 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hsf ;a} ;fdfgx g]kfn ;/sf/sf] vr{df Eff/taf6 NofOPsf lyP /
g]6js{ nufot ;Dk"0f{ h8fgsf] sfo{ ef/taf6 k|fljlwsx lemsfP/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;]G6n Aof6L l;:6d
(Central Battery System) sf] ;f]] Dofg'cn l;=la=PS;r]~h (Manual CB Exchange) l;+xb/af/
xftfleq h8fg ul/Psf] lyof] . o; PS;r]~haf6 l8NnLahf/, c;g, OGb|rf]s, kf6g cflb 7fpFdf cf]kg
jfo/sf] (G.I.Wire ) dfWodaf6 u|fxssf] 3/;Dd 6]lnkmf]g nfOg h8fg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] ;dodf 6]lnkmf]g
h8fg tyf dd{t ug{] k|fljlwssf x}l;otn] b"/;~rf/sf OlGhlgo/ ab|Ldfg >]i7sf] lgjf;df klg Ps nfOg
6]lnkmf]g h8fg ul/Psf] lyof] . To; avt h8fg ul/Psf] kf]n cfh klg pxfFsf] 3/ cufl8 b]Vg ;lsG5 .
/fgLkf]v/Lsf] 5]pdf h8fg ul/Psf] klxnf] @% nfOg Ifdtfsf] :6fph/ 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h (Strowger
Telephone Exchange) lgsfn]/ l;+xb/af/ xftfleq h8fg k|of]hgsf nflu ab|Ldfg >]i7 nufot s]xL
k|fljlwsxnfO{ kfls:tfgsf] /fjnlk08Ldf tflndsf nflu k7fOPsf] lyof] . t/ sf/0fa; o;n] d"t{?k
lng ;s]g . To;kl5 l;=lj= d]g'cn PS;r]~h :yfkgfdf g} Wofg uPsf] b]lvG5 .
#= ;+:yfut ;+/rgf
/fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft d'n'ssf] zf;g ;~rfng k|lqmof cf}krfl/s, ;fd"lxs lhDd]jf/L /
;xeflutfd"ns x'Fb} cfof] . zf;g ;~rfngdf hxflgofF /f0ffxsf] Psflwsf/ ;dfKt eO bnLo k|ltlglwsf]
;xeflutfdf ;/sf/ u7g ug{] qmd ;' eof] . >L # -/f0ff k|wfgdGqL_ df lglxt zf;sLo ;|f]t qmdzM >L
% df k'Uof] .
@))& ;fn & kmfNu'0fdf df]xgzdz]/sf] k|wfgdlGqTjdf dlGqd08n u7g u/L dGqfnoxsf] sfo{
ljefhg / If]q ;d]t tf]lsof] . eb|sfnL ld>nfO{ oftfoft dGqL lgo'Qm ul/of] . o;/L dGqfnosf] cf}krfl/s
:yfkgf, dGqLsf] lhDd]jf/L / sfo{ If]q, k|zf;lgs k|lqmof cflbsf] Joj:yfkg ul/of] . oftfoft dGqfno
cGtu{t ;~rf/ ljefu u7g ul/of] . ;f]xL ljefu cGtu{t 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;, cfsfzjf0fL x]8 clkm;
/ x'nfs ;]jf sfof{no /xg] u/L ;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ Pp6} ljefusf] dftxtdf NofOof] .
/fhgLlts kl/jt{gaf6 ljz]iftM gful/s ;/sf/sf] lgdf{0ftkm{ 36gfqmd ljsl;t x'g'sf ;fy} /fHon]
cfoJoosf] ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug]{ k/Dk/fsf] ;'?cft klg eof] . h;sf nflu qmlds kdf ;+/rgfTds
Joj:yf klg x'+b} cfPsf] kfOG5 .
@))& ;fn;Dd cfsfzjf0fL ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{] qmddf :yfkgf ul/Psf] df]xg cfsfzjf0fLsf] gfd
kl/jt{g u/L cfsfzjf0fL x]8 clkm; /xg uof] . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf;Fu} ;/sf/sf] x]/km]/sf] qmd klg tLj|
kdf x'g yfNof] . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] tfn's dGqfnosf] gfd klg km/skm/s /flvP . h:tf] o;sf] gfd
@))& ;fndf oftfoft dGqfno /x]sf]df g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf lgdf{0f, lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
pko'Qm Joj:yfkg, P]glgod lgdf{0f cflbsf nflu ;'emfj lbg ef/taf6 cfPsf k/fdz{bftf Pg=Pd=a'r
sld6Lsf] l;kmfl/ ;adf]lhd zf;g ;~rfngnfO{ !! efudf ljefhg u/L oftfoft dGqfnonfO{ klAns
jS;{ / ;~rf/ dGqfno gfdfs/0f ul/of] -g]kfn /fhkq v08 b'O{ @))()%!) ;+Vof #_ . @)!$
;fndf ;fj{hlgs dGqfno / @)!% ;fndf k'gM oftfoft / ;~rf/ dGqfno gfds/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
oxfF pNn]Vo ;Gbe{ s] b]lvG5 eg] @))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 tTsfnLg gfd kl/jt{g
ul/Psf] ePtf klg cfsfzjf0fL afkt ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ lbOg] /l;bdf eg] klxn] h:t} >L df]xg cfsfzjf0fL
g} /flvPsf] s'/f @)!# ;fn cfiff9 & ut] a'waf/sf lbg hf/L ul/Psf] Pp6f /l;baf6 :ki6 x'G5 . oBlk
sltko /l;bdf eg] cufl8 g} g]kfn ;/sf/ 6]lnkmf]g pNn]v ePsf] klg kfOG5 . @)!) ;fn df3 !^
ut] z'qmaf/sf lbg n]lvPsf] Pp6f lnvtaf6 ;f] s'/f emlNsG5 . pQm b'j} /l;b o; k|sf/ lyP
-oL b'j} ;fdu|L k|fWofks 8f= ej]Zj/ k+u]gLsf] ;\sngaf6 lnOPsf] xf]_
oL ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df @))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 g]kfn ;/sf/ 6]lnkmf]g gfds/0f
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . oBkL >L df]xg cfsfzjf0fL gfdsf /l;b klg k|of]udf NofOPsf] x'g ;Sb5 .
@))* b]lv @)!^ ;fnsf] cjlwdf tfn's -b"/;~rf/ ;DaGwL_ dGqfnosf] :jk, ;/sf/ k|d'v,
dGqL / ljefuLo ;]qm]6/Lsf] ljj/0f o; k|sf/ /x]sf] lyof]
cjlw ;/sf/ k|d'v dGqfno dGqL ljefu ljefuLo ;]qm]6/L
@))&!!!& b]lv df]xg zdz]/ oftfoft eb|sfnL ld> oftfoftf / ===
@))*)&#) h=j=/f= ;~rf/
@))*)*)! b]lv dft[sf k|;fb oftfoft / h+un eb|sfnL ld> oftfoftf / ===
@))()$#) sf]O/fnf -@))()@@$_ ;~rf/
@))()%)! klAns jS;{ sfhL dlgsnfn klAns jS;{ / k|]d g/l;+x
@)!))#)@ / ;~rf/ /fhe08f/L ;~rf/
@)!))#)@ dft[sfk|;fb klAns jS;{ lqk'Zj/l;+x klAns jS;{ k|]d g/l;+x
sf]O/fnf / ;~rf/ / ;~rf/
@)!)!))& b]lv dft[sfk|;fb klAns jS;{ eb|sfnL ld> klAns jS;{ 6+sk|;fb clwsf/L
@)!)!!!( sf]O/fnf / ;~rf/ -@)!!!!)@(_ / ;~rf/ -@)!!)$@! b]lv
s]z/ zdz]/ h=j=/f= sf=d'= j]bk|;fb nf]xgL
-@)!@)!!%_
;'/]Gb| zdz]/
h=j=/f= b]=;]=
j]b k|;fb nf]xgL
-@)!@)&@#_
cjlw ;/sf/ k|d'v dGqfno dGqL ljefu ljefuLo ;]qm]6/L

@)!@!)!# b]lv 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{ klAns jS;{ kz'kltgfy 3f]if
@)!$)##! / ;~rf/
@)!$)##! b]lv 8f= s]=cfO= l;+x kb\dg/l;+x /f0ff
@)!$)&@(
@)!%)@@ ;'j0f{ zdz]/ oftfoft tyf rGb|e'if0f kf08]
h=j=/f= -kl/ifbsf] ;~rf/
cWoIf_
@)!^)#!^ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb oftfoft tyf u0f]zdfg l;+x
sf]O/fnf ;~rf/
@))* ;fnb]lv @)!^ ;fn;Dd ljefuLo k|d'v / 6]lnkmf]g c8\8f k|d'vsf kdf lgDgfg';f/
JolQmxn] sfd ug'{ ePsf] kfOG5
rLkm OlGhlgo/ ;'o{h+u yfkf If]qL klAns jS;{ tyf ;~rf/ ljefu
8fO/]S6/ 6+sk|;fb clwsf/L ;~rf/ ljefu
#=! sd{rf/L egf{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf
/f0ffsfnsf] cGTolt/;Dd >L # sf] thlahaf6 sd{rf/L egf{ ug{] tyf lgsfNg] k|rng /x]sf]df
@))% lt/ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L lj1fkg dfkm{t egf{ lng] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k|hftGq :yfkgfkl5
o;df oyf]lrt ;'wf/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf sd{rf/L egf{sf nflu o; k|sf/sf]
gLlt clVtof/ ul/of]
sd{rf/L egf{ gLlt M @))* b]lv @)!^ ;fn;Dd b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;DaGwL ;a} sfo{x oftfoft / ;~rf/
dGqfno cGtu{t g} x'GYof] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Laf6 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] lhDd]jf/L axg x'GYof] . @)!#
;fndf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnL hf/L ePkl5 ;f]xL P]gcg'k sd{rf/Lxsf] egf{, 5gf}6, ;?jf,
a9'jf, kb:yfkg ePsf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g hf/L x'g'k"j{ sd{rf/Lsf] cfjZostfcg'k / hgzlQmsf]
ahf/cg'k lj1fkgsf] dfWodaf6 OR5's / of]Uotf k'u]sf pDd]bjf/af6 bvf{:t cfXjfg u/L 5gf}6 ul/GYof] .
6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;nfO{ ld:qL kb egf{ ug'{ kbf{ @)!@ ;fn h]i7 !) ut] o; k|sf/ ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs
ul/Psf] lyof]
kbM l;lgo/ ld:qL -:yfoL tyf k]G;g kfOg]_
of]Uotf M 6]lnkmf]g sfddf ljz]if of]Uotf x'g' kb{5 .
ljz]if of]Uotf M Dofl6s kf; eO{ ef/t hjnk'/df 6]lnkmf]g d]sflgS;df k"/f tflnd k|fKt JolQmnfO{
ljz]if u|fx\otf .
dfl;s tna M df] ?= &)!#) dxFuL eQf df]=?= !@.%)
sfd M 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 / PS;r]~h af]8{ agfpg] / c kl/cfPsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ .===
-/fhkq v08 $@)!@)@!^ ;+Vof $(_
tTsfnLg ;dodf h'g sfof{nodf sd{rf/L cfjZostf x'G5 ;f]xL sfof{nosf nflu g} lj1fkg
ul/GYof] . cfsfzjf0fL clkm; lj/f6gu/ dd{t s]Gb| / g]kfnu~h dd{t s]Gb|nfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] cfjZostf
;DaGwL o; k|sf/ lj1fkg k|sfzg ul/Psf] lyof]
kb M ;j OlGhlgo/ gguh]6]8 -:yfoL tyf k]G;g kfOg]_
Go"gtd of]Uotf M ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ePsf] OlG:6Ro'6af6 /]l8of] jf jfo/n]; l8Knf]df k|fKt
ePsf] / sd;]sd @ jif{ ;f] nfOgdf sfd u/]sf] .
dfl;s tna M s+= ?= !$) @*)
dfl;s eQf M s+= ?= @)
-g]kfn /fhkq @)!@!!@(_
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)!# nfu" ePkl5 dfq sd{rf/L ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
#=@ kb juL{s/0f
;~rf/ ljefu cGtu{tsf] 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;, cfsfzjf0fL sfof{no nufot ljleGg :yfgdf /x]sf
sfof{noxdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LxnfO{ lhDd]jf/L, of]Uotf / sfdsf cfwf/df ljleGg kbdf juL{s/0f
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o:tf kbdf ;]qm]6/L, 8]k'6L ;]qm]6/L, cl:6]G6 ;]qm]6/L, 8fO/]S6/, rLkm OlGhlgo/, OlGhlgo/,
cl;:6]G6 OlGhlgo/ nufot kb l;h{gf ul/Psf] lyof] .
lj=;+= !(&# b]lv :yfkgf ePsf]] sf7df8f}FjL/u~h &@ dfOnsf] 6\s 6]lnkmf]g nfOgnfO{ klZrddf
a'6jn / k"j{df wgs'6f;Dd x]g{] u/L 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;cGtu{t 6]lnkmf]g kmfF6sf] JoJf:yf ul/Psf] lyof]
eg] lj=;+= @))( ;Dd cfOk'Ubf cfsfzjf0fL / 6]lnkmf]g x]8clkm;sf sd{rf/LxnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f
ul/Psf] kfOG5
l;=g+= bhf{ tna :s]n df]=?= s}lkmot
!= ck/]6/, cl;:6]G6 ck/]6/, $%*) :s]ndf dfl;s eQf ?= % / x]8 eO{
x]8 ck/]6/ sfd ug]{nfO{ dfl;s ?= * yk
@= x]8 nfOG;d]g, nfOG;d]g /
#= Go"h lsk/ #%^)
$= l;= c6]G8]G6, c6]G8]G6 #)$%
%= sfnLu9 @&#%
^= x]8 ld:qL, ld:qL, d]sflgS; $%*) ?= %) eGbf a9L vfg]nfO{ h'lgo/
h'lgo/ ld:qL ld:qL / ;f]eGbf a9L vfg]nfO{ l;lgo/
ld:qLsf] bhf{
&= sDkfpG8/ $%*)
*= 6fG;n]6/ &)!#)
(= 6]lSgsn OGrfh{, !@)@$)
!)= 6]lnkmf]g OGrfh{ -8fO/]S6/_ !*)#^)
b"/;~rf/ klg lah'nL, vfg]kfgL h:t} cTofjZos ;]jf ePsfn] of] ;]jf ;~rfng tyf lj:tf/
ug{ tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] klAns jS{; tyf ;~rf/ ljefucGtu{t b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;DaGwdf sfd ug{] b'O{
5'6\6f5'6\6} sfof{no :yfkgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
#=@=!= cf=jf= x]8 clkm; tyf 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;
6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;n] :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g / 6\s 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;~rfng tyf lJf:tf/sf] sfd ub{Yof] eg],
cfsfzjf0fL x]8 clkm;n] cfsfzjf0fL ;]jf ;~rfng / cf=jf= :6];gsf] lj:tf/sf] sfd ub{Yof] . To;
;do d'ns ' df b"/;~rf/ ljifodf bIf OlGhlgo/ pknAw lyPgg\ . To;}n ljB'tdf sfd ug{] OlGhlgo/xnfO{
g} 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm; / cfsfzjf0fL x]8 clkm;df sfd u/fPsf] kfOG5 . @))& ;fn;Dd ljB'tdf sfd
ug{] la|l6; OlGhlgo/ cf/=lh=lsnjg{nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;df rLkm OlGhlgo/sf kdf sfd u/fOPsf]
k|;\u dfly kl/;s]sf] 5 . pgL :jb]z kms{]kl5 pboaxfb'/ gsdL{nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;sf] k|dv ' agfOof] .
To:t} @))& ;fneGbf klxn] lah'nL c8\8fdf sfd ug{] OlGhlgo/ sfzL/fh pkfWofo kf08]nfO{ df]xg
cfsfzjf0fL sfof{nosf] k|d'v agfOPsf] lyof] eg] @))* ;fnkl5 lah'nL c8\8fdf g} sfd ug{] OlGhlgo/
/fdk|;fb g]kfn / kz'klt k|tfk zfxnfO{ cfsfzjf0fL sfof{nosf] k|d'vdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . @)!!
;fnkl5 OlGhlgo/ gj/fh a}BnfO{ cfsfzjf0fL sfof{nosf] k|d'vdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] .
$= 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefusf] :yfkgf
cfsfzjf0fL x]8 clkm; / 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm; :yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfnsf ufpF Pjd\ zx/ If]qaf6 6]lnkmf]g
/ cfsfzjf0fL ;]jfsf] dfu lbgk|ltlbg a9\g yfNof] . v'nf /fhgLlts kl/j]zdf dflg;x Ps :yfgaf6 csf]{
:yfgdf cfjthfjt, lhNnf / s]Gb| aLrsf] ;Dks{ Pjd\ :s'nsn]h cflb ;~rfngsf k|efjn] cfly{s
/ Joj;flos lqmofsnfkdf ;d]t lj:tf/ x'g uof] . o;} k[i7e"lddf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] dxj a9\b} uof] .
;fy} ldq /fi6 ef/t /
cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] klg
b" / ;~rf/sf If] q df
;xof] u ug{ ] OR5f
JoQm u/] . o;cg'k
b" / ;~rf/ ;] j fnfO{
PsLs[t kaf6
ljsf; / lj:tf/
ug{ ] p2] Z on] x' n fs
;] j fnfO{ 5' 6 \ o fP/
@)!^ ;fn efb| *
ut] cfsfzjf0fL x]8
clkm; / 6] l nkmf] g
x]8 clkm;nfO{ Ps} 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefusf] l;+xb/af/ k'tnL au}+rfl:yt
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ejg
7fpF ufleof] . of];Fu}
6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefusf] :yfkgf eof] . o; ljefunfO{ lgdf{0f tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnocGtu{t /flvPsf]
lyof] . ljefusf] :yfkgf kZrft 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;df sfo{/t OlGhlgo/ >L x]/Da k|;fb pkfWofonfO{
ljefuLo k|d'v cyf{t rLkm OlGhlgo/sf] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] lyof] . ljefusf] :yfkgfsf nflu x]/Da k|;fb
pkfWofosf] of]ubfg /x]sf] a'lemG5 .
6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefu u7g ePkl5sf] ;+u7g rf6{
6]lnsDo'lgs];g
ljefu
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm; cf=jf= x]8 clkm;
k|fzf;g OlGhlgol/ n]vf 6]lnkmf]g kmfF6 cf=jf= sfof{no
6]lnkmf]g sfof{ono
dflysf] ;f\u7lgs ;+/rgfnfO{ qmlds kdf ;'wf/ ub{} cfjZostf cg';f/ b/aGbL yk ug{] / gofF
sfof{nox vf]Ng] sfd rfn' g} /Xof] .
6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefu u7g ePkl5 b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt u7g x'g'eGbf klxn];Dd ljefusf] ;\u7g
;+/rgf o; k|sf/ /x]sf] lyof]
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$=! 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefu k|d'v
@)!^ ;fndf 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefu u7g eO o;sf] k|d'vdf rLkm OlGhlgo/ x]/Da k|;fb
pkfWofonfO{ lgo'Qm ul/Pkl5 gofF ;\u7gfTds :jk klg sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] lyof] . o;}cg'k
k|fljlwstkm{ of]hgf k|ult tyf k|fljlws zfvfdf pbo axfb'/ gsdL{, cfsfzjf0fL k|wfg sfof{nodf
OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{ gj/fh j}B / 6]lnkmf]g sfof{nodf OlGhlgo/ /fdk|;fb zdf{nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbOof] .
%= ;/sf/L k|fyldstf / ah]6
@))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 u7g ul/Psf] ;/sf/sf] k|efj lhNnf lhNnf;Dd k'ofpgsf
nflu ;~rf/ dfWodsf] lj:tf/ clt cfjZos dx;'; ul/of] . ;fy} ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/dWo] ;~rf/ dxjk"0f{
aGb} cfof] . ;j{;fwf/0fdf a9\bf] r]tgfn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] pkof]lutf j[l4 eof] / o;sf] dxj klg :yflkt
x'Fb} uof] . ;/sf/n] klg b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/sf] jflif{s cfoJoosf]
ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug{' kg{] Joj:yf;Fu} ;]jf If]qxaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfoJoosf] cg'dfg k|sflzt x'g yfn] .
;/sf/sf] cfoJoo ljj/0fdf ;~rf/tkm{sf] l:ylt o; k|sf/ b]lvG5
-?= )))_
cfotkm{ @))& @))* @))(!) @)!@!# @)!#!$
6]lnkmf]g !#^ !#^ !@) df]=?=&! ef=?= ^^ df]=?=&! ef=?=^^
cfsfzjf0fL #! ^) !!! @@ @& #^ ^$
hDdf !^& !(^ @#! (# #* !)@ &%
Jootkm{ -?= )))_
Jootkm{ @))& @))* @))(!) @)!@!# @)!#!$
6]lnkmf]g @^@ @#(%))&#( %#@ !%! !!! !%% !#)#^
-lgoldt_ gofF
of]hgf
cfsfzjf0fL (@@ !#%%))^#% #&$ ^! () &# !!&!@!@(
-lgoldt_ gofF
:6];g
hDdf @*# !#&$ ()^ @!@ @)! @@* #(%
@))& ;fndf d'n'ssf] s'n cg'dflgt cfosf] )=%&$ / s'n cg'dflgt vr{sf] !=!$^ k|ltzt
6]lnkmf]g / cfsfzjf0fL tkm{sf] /Xof] . To:t} lj=;+= @))* df s'n cg'dflgt cfosf] )=^$@ k|ltzt
/ s'n cg'dflgt vr{sf] @=^! k|ltzt 6]lnkmf]g / cfsfzjf0fLtkm{ 5'6\ofOg'n] ;]jfsf] lj:tf/df ;/sf/L
ah]6n] k|fyldstf k|bfg u/]sf] /x]5 eGg] b]lv -g]kfn /fhkq, @))(.)^.)& v08@ ;+Vof &_ .
^= cfO=l6=o'= (International Telecommunication Union) sf] ;b:otf
ljZjdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ ;dofg's"n Jojl:yt ub{} n}hfg b"/;~rf/ ;+:yf, /]l8of] / 6]lnlehg
:6];gnfO{ rflxg] lk|mSj]lG; k|bfg ug]{ k|d'v p2]Zo lnP/ ;g\ !*^% d] !& df k|mfG;sf] /fhwfgL k]l/;df
cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;+3sf] u7g eof] . ;+3df @) /fi6x ;lDdlnt lyP . o; ;+:yfnfO{ International
Telegraph Union elgof] . ;g\ !()^ df vf; u/L /]l8of] x]g{] u/L aln{gdf klg To:t} lsl;dsf] csf{]
;+3 u7g ul/of] . ;f] ;+:yfdf @& /fi6x ;b:o lyP . ljZjdf b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf; ub{} n}hfg cGt/f{li6o
:t/df Pp6f ;zQm cGt/f{li6o ;+:yf cfjZos 7fgL !()^ df aln{gdf u7g ul/Psf] OG6/g];gn /]l8of]
6]lnu|fkm o'lgog / k]l/;df u7g ul/Psf] OG6/g]zgn 6]lnu|fkm o'lgog Ps} k|s[ltsf] ePsfn] b'j}nfO{ Pp6f
;\u7g agfpg] p2]Zon] :k]gsf] /fhwfgL d]l88df ;g\ !(#@ df ePsf] ;Dd]ngaf6 cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/
;+3 (International Telecommunication Union) (ITU) gfdfs/0fsf ;fy ljlwjt gofF ;+:yf u7g
ul/of] . o; ;+:yfn] ;g\ !(#$ b]lv cfgf] sfd ;'? uof] .
of] ;+:yf ;g\ !($& df ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf] ljz]ifflwsf/ Ph]G;L cGtu{t /xg uof] . o;sf] k|wfg
sfof{no h]g]efdf ;fl/of] / ;g\ !(^@ df gofF ejgsf] klg lgdf{0f k"/f eof] . of] ;+:yfn] ljZjdf b"/;~rf/
;]jfsf] ljsf; ug{ dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ yfNof] . o;kl5 cfgf ;b:o /fi6xnfO{ cfly{s tyf
k|fljlws ;xof]u lbg yfNof] . cGo /fi6xn] klg cfgf] b]zdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug{ ITU sf]
;b:otf lng yfn] . g]kfnn] klg lj=;+=@)!$ d+l;/ @) ut] (Dec 5 1957) df ITU sf] ;b:otf xfl;n
u/]sf] lyof] . lj=;+=@)!^ -;g\ !(%(_ df :jL6\h/NofG8df ePsf] Kn]gL kf]6]lG;on/L sGkm/]G;df g]kfn
;/sf/sftkm{af6 a]nfot l:yt tTsfnLg zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"t em/]Gb| gf/fo0f l;+xn] klxnf] k6s efu
lnPsf lyP . ITU n] ;b:o /fi6sf b"/;~rf/ lgsfoxnfO{ k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]usf ;fy} a]tf/
(Wireless) k|0ffnLsf] Communication System nfO{ rflxg] Frequency sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg ub{}
cfPsf] kfOG5 . To;} sf/0f of] If]qsf] ljsf;df cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;+3sf] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .
ljleGg b]zx aLr :yflkt x'g] xfO lk|mSj]G;L /]l8of] ln\s / cGtb{]zLo Pr=Pkm= ln\ssf nflu k|of]u
x'g] lk|mSj]G;L cfO=l6=o'= cGtu{tsf] cfO=Pkm=cf/=la= (International Frequency Board) df btf{ u/]kl5
lt lk|mSj]G;Lxsf] k|of]u a}w dflgg] ePsfn] klg cfO=l6=o'=sf] ;b:o x'g' clgjfo{ x'G5 .
&= sfg'gL Joj:yf
@)!^ ;fn;Dddf 6]lnsDo'lgs];g P]g gag]sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|of]u u/L
:yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL ;j{k|yd @)!$ ;fndf agfP/, klAns jS;{ tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnon] @)!$
;fn efb| # ut] of] lgodfjnL hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] lgodfjnLn] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] lsl;d, 6]lnkmf]g
;]jf h8fgsf] w/f}6L Pjd\ h8fg vr{, ;]jf k|of]u jfktsf] ;]jf z'Ns cflbsf] ljifodf :ki6 Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . pQm lgodfjnLdf Dofg'cn DofUg]6f], l;=lj= Dofg'cn / c6f]d]l6s u/L tLg lsl;dsf nfOgsf]
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
&=! dx;'n Pjd\ /fh:j
&=!=! dx;'nb/df j[l4
lj=;+= @))% r}q @^ af6 nfu" ul/Psf] 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n b/ @)!! ;fn;Dd oyfjt\ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
klAns jS;{ tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] cfb]z adf]lhd 6]lnkmf]g / cfsfzjf0fLsf] dx;'n b/ ;f]xL ldlt
-@)!!_ af6 nfu" x'g] u/L %) k|ltzt j[l4 ul/Psf] lyof] cyf{t @))% ;fnkl5 ^ jif{df dx;'n b/df
%) n] j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
6]lnkmf]g dx;'n ;DaGwdf @)!$ ;fn efb| # ut] klAns jS;{ tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnoaf6 klxnf]
k6s 6]lnkmf]g dx;'ndf gofF b/ nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 . 6]lnkmf]g nfOgnfO{ # lsl;ddf ljefhg u/L ;f]
adf]lhdsf] dfl;s dx;'n / w/f}6Lsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . kfFr k[i7sf] ;f] lgoddf dfl;s dx;'n, w/f}6L,
dx;'n a'emfpg] cjlw, Knu, ;s]6 / PS;6]G;g nfOgsf] yk dx;'n, Dofg'on sg]S;gsf] dx;'n, c:yfoL
sg]S;gsf] dx;'n ;d]t pNn]v 5 -;f] lgod cg';"rLdf /flvPsf] 5_ .
lgodsf d'Vo a'Fbfx b]xfo cg';f/ lyP
s_ # lsl;dsf 6]lnkmf]g nfOg lgDgfg';f/ x'g]
!_ Dofg'on DofUg]6f]
@_ l;=la=
#_ c6f]d]l6s
v_ 6]lnkmf]g lng rfxg]n] ?= #)). w/f}6L /fVg'kg{]
u_ dfl;s dx;'n b/
DofUg]6f] nfOgsf] ?= @%
l;=la= nfOgsf] ?= @%
c6f]d]l6s nfOgsf] ?= #)
3_ dx;'n a'emfpg] cjlwM x/]s dlxgfsf] @@ ut]leq dfl;s dx;'n a'emfpg' kg{] / ;f] ldltdf ga'emfPdf
;f] dlxgfsf] cGTo;Dddf ?= !. / csf{] dlxgf a'emfPdf ?= % hl/jfgfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
_ c:yfoL tyf Dofg'on sg]S;gsf] Joj:yfM Ps dlxgfeGbf sd cjlwsf nflu nfOg lnPdf Dofg'on
sg]S;g x'g] eof] . Ps dlxgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L cjlwsf nflu c:yfoL sg]S;g lbg] Joj:yf ;d]t
o; lgodn] u/]sf] 5 . Dofg'on nfOgsf nflu b}lgs ?= @.@% / c:yfoL nfOgsf] dfl;s dx;'n
lgDdfg';f/ tf]lsPsf] lyof]
!_ Dofg'on DofUg]6f]sf] dfl;s ?= #%
@_ l;=la= sf] dfl;s ?= #%
#_ c6f]d]l6ssf] dfl;s ?= %)
r_ :yfgLo snM ;/sf/n] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L nf]sn Pl/of tf]Sg] / nf]snsf] dx;'n gnfUg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] lyof] .
5_ 6\ssnM nf]sn sn Pl/ofb]lv aflx/sf] snnfO{ 6\s sn dflgg] / 6\s snsf nflu ?= !))
w/f}6L /fVg'kg{] Joj:yf lyof] .
h_ ls:tfaGbLdf dx;'n a'emfpg] Joj:yfMlj=;+= @)!@ ;fnb]lv 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n c;'n pk/ x'g g;s]sfn]
Ps d':6 c;'n pk/ u/L lnFbf u|fxsnfO{ dsf{ kg{ hfg] x'Fbf of] lgod nfu" ePsf] -@)!$ efb| #_
ut]af6 Ps jif{leq ^ ls:tfdf dx;'n a'emfpg kfpg] Joj:yf ;d]t lgodsf] bkmf !^ df ul/Psf]
lyof] . o:tf] k|aGwn] ;]jfu|fxLsf] lxt ;'lglZrt u/L ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zo lnOPsf] b]lvG5 .
&=!=@ kqsf/xnfO{ ;x'lnot
kqsf/xnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;~rf/ ;'ljwf ;DaGwdf klJns jS;{ dGqfnosf] ldlt @)!%.%.#!.#
sf] cfb]zaf6 lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5
s_ kqsf/xsf] sfof{nodf h8fg ePsf] 6]lnkmf]gdf ;fwf/0f dx;'nsf] *) k|ltzt dfq lng] .
v_ %)) cIf/;Ddsf] va/df Ps ltxfO dx;'n lng] .
u_ %)!!))) cIf/;Ddsf] va/df cfwf dx;'n lng] .
3_ !))! b]lvsf] cIf/df @) k|ltzt 36fP/ dx;'n lng] .
kqsfl/tfnfO{ ;/sf/n] ;+/If0f lbP/ ;a} gful/s ;dIf va/, ;Gb]z / ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f ug'{ kg]{
s'/fnfO{ o; Joj:yfn] k|f]T;flxt u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
cGTodf o; cjlw -lj=;+= @))*@)!^_ df ef}lts k|ult ;DaGwdf Tolt ljsf; gb]lvPtf klg
of]hgf th'{df ;DaGwdf lgs} sfo{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . @)!^ ;fnsf] cGTo;Dd cfOk'Ubf :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g
;]jfsf nflu sf7df8f}Fdf #)) nfOg Ifdtfsf] Dofg'cn l;=la= PS;r]~h (Manual C.B. Exchange),
cfsfzjf0fL ;]jfsf nflu @* 7fFpdf cf=jf= :6];g / sf7df8f}Fb]lv aflx/sf @( j6f 7fpFdf 6\s
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ^)) eGbf a9L dfOnsf] 6\s nfOg :yfkgf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . cGt/f{li6o
6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 s'g} Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvFb}g . o;} cjlwdf cGt/f{li6o
b"/;~rf/ ;+3sf] ;b:otf Kf|fKt x'g uPsfn] b"/;~rf/sf If]qdf ljZjn] u/]]sf] k|ultsf] hfgsf/L cGt/f{li6o
b"/;~rf/ ;+3af6 k|fKt x'Fbf 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefun] P]g, lgod th'{df, ljb]zL ;xof]u k|fKt ug{] ljlw,
k/fdz{bftf lgo'Qm ug{] Joj:yf 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefu u7g eO ;f] ljefunfO{ g]t[Tj lbg] JolQmsf] 5gf}6
h:tf uxlsnf sfd u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
***
kl/R5]b M tLg
:jrflnt 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] yfngL / cGt/f{li6o

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/sf] ;'?cft
-lj=;+= @)!&@)@^_
k[i7e"ld
Leased Circuit ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
;f\u7lgs ;+/rgfg]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] u7g
sfg'gL Joj:yfP]g, lgodfjnL
6]lnsDo'lgs];g -cGt/f{li6o_ lgodfjnL @)@$
dx;'n b/
:jrflnt 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] yfngL / cGt/f{li6o
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/sf] ;'?cft
-lj=;+= @)!&@)@^_
!= k[i7e"ld
b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;sf b[li6n] @)!^ ;fn kl5sf] ;donfO{ pNn]Vo dflgG5 . o; cufl8 Pp6}
dGqfnocGtu{t /x]tf klg k|foM km/s 9\un] ;~rfngdf /x]sf cfsfzjf0fL x]8 clkm; / 6]lnkmf]g x]8
clkm; @)!^ ;fn efb| * ut] b"/;~rf/ ljefusf] dftxtdf cfPkl5 /fli6o :t/df ;]jf k|bfg ug{] x]t'n]
Pp6f ;zQm ljefusf kdf cufl8 a9]sf] kfOG5 .
o; cjlwdf bIf hgzlQm / ljb]zL k'FhLsf] kl/rfng ;d]t ug]{ u/L ;]jf lj:tf/ tyf ;~rfng ug]{
sfo{nfO{ hf]8 lbOof] . ljZjdf b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwdf ePsf k|ult / k|of]unfO{ b[li6ut u/L o:tf k|ljlwnfO{
d'n'sdf leq\ofpgsf nflu bIf hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf x'g] dx;'; u/]/ gofF OlGhlgo/xsf] k|j]znfO{
k|fyldstf lbOPsf] kfOG5 . b"/;~rf/ h:tf] ;]jf /fi6 lgdf{0fsf nflu clt dxjk"0f{ x'g] dx;'; ul/Ptf
klg o;nfO{ d'n'ssf] b"/b/fhsf jfl;Gbfsf] kx'Frdf k'ofpgsf nflu :jb]zdf pknAw ;fwg, ;|f]t /
hgzlQm kof{Kt gx'g] ePsfn] ljb]zL ;xfotf / k/fdz{bftfxsf] ;]jfsf nflu sbd rflnP . o:tf
sbdaf6 b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df oy]i6 sfo{ ;d]t ePsf] kfOG5 . d"ntM b"/;~rf/ If]qsf]
lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu Jojl:yt of]hgf th{'df ug{] sfo{df ljb]zL k/fdz{bftfxsf] ;xof]u lgs} kmnbfoL
ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; cjlwdf oL dxjk"0f{ sfo{x ;DkGg ug{ b"/;~rf/ ljefusf tTsfnLg rLkm OlGhlgo/
:j= x]/Da k|;fb pkfWofosf] pNn]Vo of]ubfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . :j= pkfWofosf] k|]/0ffbfoL / b"/bzL{ ;f]+rsf
sf/0f g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;n] cu|ufdL km8\sf] dfg{ d2t k'u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . k|:t't kl/R5]bdf
plNnlvt ;Gbe{sf ;fy} cGt/f{li6o If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/sf] yfngLsf af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
@)!^ ;fndf b"/;~rf/ ljefu v8f eP nuQ} g]kfn, ef/t / cd]l/sL ;/sf/ aLr lqkIfLo ;xof]u
;Demf}tf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;Demf}tf cg';f/ cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf sf7df8f}Fsf] ;'Gwf/fdf PS;r]~h
ejg lgdf{0f ul/g'sf ;fy} ! xhf/ nfOg Ifdtfsf] c6f]d]l6s PS;r]~h, l;+xb/af/df !@) nfOgsf] lk=P=la=
PS;= (PABX) tyf d'n'ssf ljleGg 7fpFdf cf=jf= ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu %* j6f S.S.B. Mark IV ;]6x
k|fKt ePsf lyP . To:t} ef/t ;/sf/af6 of]hgfsf nflu cfjZos kg{] cGo ;fdfgx pknAw u/fpg]
/ ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu cfjZos x'g] hgzlQm tyf :yfgLo k|fljlwssf nflu ef/tdf tflndsf] Joj:yf
ug]{ ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] lyof] .
@=! c6f]d]l6s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] ;'?cft / lj:tf/
@=!=! PABX h8fg
dfly pNn]lvt lqkIfLo ;Demf}tfcGtu{t k|fKt ePsf] !@) nfOg Ifdtfsf] Ol/S;g (Ericsson)
sDkgL lgld{t lk=P=la=PS;= (PABX) l;+xb/af/ xftf leq h8fg u/L @)!& ;fnsf] ;'?df g} ;~rfngdf
NofOof] . o;sf] pb\3f6g tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnfaf6 ePsf] lyof] . of] lk=P=la=
PS;sf ;a} nfOg l;+xb/af/ xftf leq /x]sf sfof{no / kbflwsf/LxnfO{ dfq ljt/0f ul/of] .
@=!=@ :jrfnLt PS:r]~hsf] h8fg
o;} ;Demf}tfcGtu{t sf7df8f}Fsf] ;'Gwf/fdf gofF PS;r]~h ejgsf] lgdf{0f ul/of] . @)!& ;fndf
! xhf/ nfOg Ifdtfsf] Pn=Pd=Ol/S;g (LM Ericsson) sDkgLf/f lgld{t c6f]d]l6s s|; af/ 6]lnkmf]g
PS;r]~h (Automatic x-bar Telephone Exchange) sf ;fdfgx k|fKt eP/ h8fg sfo{ ;'? eof] . of]
h8fg sfo{ @)!* ;fnsf] cGTolt/ k"/f ul/of] . @)!( ;fn j}Zffv ! ut] tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|af6 o;sf]
pb\3f6g eO ;]jf klg z'ef/De eof] . ;f] PS;r]~hsf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ % c\ssf] x'g] Joj:yf lyof] / !! XXX
af6 ;'? ePsf] lyof] .
;f] PS;r]~h
(Exchange)
h8fgsf nflu
Ol/S;g sDkgLaf6
k|d'v lj1sf kdf
a 8 { l j s ( M r.
Burdwick) gfdsf
k| f ljlws / cGo
;xof]uL k|fljlwsx
ef/taf6 cfPsf
lyP . pg} k|fljlws
a8{ljsn]] Ps jif{;Dd
sf7df8f} F d f g] k fnL
k|fljlwsxnfO{
qm;af/ PS;r] ~ h sf7df8f}+ ;'Gwf/fl:yt ;]G6n ! PS;r]~h ejg
(x-bar Exchange) h8fg, dd{t / ;Def/ ;DaGwL tflnd (On the job training) lbPsf lyP . kl5 ;f]
PS;r]~hsf] dd{t / ;Def/sf] sfd tLg} tflnd lnPsf g]kfnL k|fljlwsxaf6 x'g] u/]sf] lyof] .
@=!=# s]an g]6js{sf] h8fg
o;} tfsf g]kfndf klxnf] k6s k]k/ OG;'n]6]8 cG8/ u|fpG8 s]an, ljleGg Ifdtfsf] Pl/on
s]an, 8kjfo/ tyf cf]kg jfo/ tfgL u|fxsnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] . To;}u/L o;}
;dob]lv k|fOd/L g]6js{, ;]s]G8/L g]6js{, l8l:6Ao';g g]6js{ (Primary Network, Secondary Network,
Distribution Network) sf] cjwf/0ffdf g]6js{ (Network) lj:tf/sf] sfd x'g yfn]sf] lyof] . ;fy}
Sofljg]6 aS;, l8=lk= aS; (Cabinet Box, DP Box) sf] k|of]u klg o;} tfsf x'g yfn]sf] xf] . pk/f]Qm
PS;r]~haf6 kf6g zx/sf ljleGg :yfg / eQmk'/df % nfOg hlt 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
@=!=$ klAns 6lnkmf]g a'y
To; avt sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf tLgj6} zx/sf nflu ! xhf/ nfOgsf] Pp6f PS;r]~haf6 dfq
;]jf k|bfg ul/Psfn] of] lgs} ckof{Kt lyof] . hg;fwf/0faf6 6]lnkmf]gsf] dfudf klg j[l4 ePsf] lyof] .
:jrflnt 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] yfngL / cGt/f{li6o=== 77
oLg} s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL tTsfnsf nflu s]xL ;'ljwf k'uf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] @)@!@@ lt/ zx/sf
d'Vod'Vo :yfgxdf !@ j6f 6]lnkmf]g a'yx ;~rfngdf NofOPsf lyP . t/ hgr]tgfsf] sdL nufotsf
sf/0fn] tL a'yx kmf]x/ kmfNg] :ynsf kdf k|of]u x'g yfn] . tLgsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu plrt Wofg klg
k'Ug g;s]sfn] ;fj{hlgs a'yxsf] cl:tTj d]l6g uPsf] kfOG5 .
@=!=% /fhwfgL aflx/ :yfgLo 6]lnkm]fg ;]jfsf] yfngL
sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf nflu ! xhf/ nfOg Ifdtfsf] c6f]d]l6s PS;r]~h (Automatic Exchange)
af6 ;]jf k|fKt ePkl5 l;+xb/af/df h8fg ul/Psf # ;o nfOg Ifdtfsf] l;=la=Dofg'cn PS;r]~h (CB
Manual Exchange) nfO{ lj/f6gu/df h8fg ul/of] . o;sf] h8fg sfo{ ;DkGg ePkl5 @)@@ ;fn
kmfNu'0f @ ut] tTsfnLg ;~rf/dGqL s]bf/dfg Jolytaf6 pb\3f6g ul/Psf] lyof] . of] g} sf7df8f}F aflx/
:yfkgf ul/Psf] klxnf] 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h lyof] .
@=!=^ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/
hg;+Vofsf] j[l4 / zx/Ls/0fsf] lj:tf/;Fu} ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yf / ;j{;fwf/0faf6 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dfu
j[l4 x'Fb} uPsfn] tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] cfg} ;|]ftaf6 sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf $ xhf/ nfOg 6]lnkmf]g lj:tf/
ug{] of]hgf cuf8L a9fof] . o; of]hgf cg';f/ k|fKt ePsf $ xhf/ nfOgsf PS;r]~h pks/0fx dWo]
k|yd r/0fdf kf6gdf ^ ;o nfOgsf] PS;r]~h / ;'Gwf/fdf yk $ ;o nfOGf lj:tf/ ug{ pks/0f h8fg
ul/of] . of] nfOg lj:tf/sf] sfo{ @)@% ;fn cflZjg (;]K6]Da/ !(^*) df ;DkGg eof] . @)@^ ;fn
cflZjg dlxgf (cS6f]j/ !(^() ;Dddf of]hgf cg';f/sf PS;r]~hxsf] ;a} nfOg lj:tf/ sfo{ ;DkGg
ul/of] . ;fy} ;f]xL ;dodf lj/f6gu/df klg ! ;o nfOg 6]lnkmf]g lj:tf/ ul/of] .
@=!=& s]jn g]6js{sf] lj:tf/
sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf $ xhf/ nfOg lj:tf/ ug{] sfo{sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ s]j'n g]6js{sf] sfo{
(Primary, Secondary, Distribution Network) lj:tf/ ug{] lhDdf l:j8]gsf] Ol/S;g (Ericsson)
sDkgLnfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] . o;sf nflu cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ vr{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Joxf]/]sf] lyof] . ;j{k|yd
o;} of]hgfdf s\lqm6 8S6 (Concrete duct) sf] k|of]u ug{], Dofgxf]n (Manhole) sf] lgdf{0f ug{], 8S6
s]j'n (Duct cable) k|of]u ug]{ sfo{sf] ;'?cft ul/Psf] lyof] . s]an, kf]n, Dofgxf]nsf se/ nufot
;Dk"0f{ g]6js{sf ;fdfgx Ol/S;g sDkgLaf6 dufOPsf] lyof] . o;/L Jojl:yt kn] s]an g]6js{sf]
of]hgf tyf sfof{Gjogsf] ;'?cft ePsf] lyof] . $ xhf/ nfOg Ifdtfsf] PS;r]~h lj:tf/ ug{] sfo{sf
nflu ;a} k|fljlwsx ef/taf6 cfPsf lyP .
@=!=* PABX h8fg
@)@^ ;fnsf] cGTolt/ g} l;+xb/af/ xftf leq #)) nfOg Ifdtfsf] Ericsson type x-bar
Exchange (PABX) h8fg sfo{ ;DkGg eP/ ;~rfngdf klg cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
@=@ cf=jf= ;]jf lj:tf/
@=@=!= dfs{ kmf]/ (Mark IV) cf=jf= :6];gsf] :yfkgf
cfsfzjf0fLn] ljleGg lhNnfxdf dxjk"0f{ ;]jf lbFb} cfPsfn] o; cjlwdf klg ;f] ;]jfsf]
lj:tf/, ;'b[9Ls/0f / ;~rfngdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5 . cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ! ;o jf6
(100 watt) Ifdtfsf %* yfg dfs{ kmf]/ (Mark IV) cf=jf= ;]6sf ;fy} h:tfkftfaf6 lgld{t ;]N6/ klg
k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . k|fKt ePsf ;]6xdWo]af6 ;~rfngdf /x]sf @* j6f k'/fgf cf=jf= ;]6 km]g{] sfd eof] .
afFsL ;]6x gofF 7fpFdf h8fg u/L @)@@ r}q d;fGt;Dd hDdf %& 7fpFdf :6];g :yfkgf u/]/ ltgaf6
cf=jf= ;]jf pknAw u/fOof] . o;/L d'n'ssf w]/}h;f] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd / k|d'v :yfgxdf cf=jf= :6];g
:yfkgf ul/of] . l6gsf] ;]8 / 8fOkf]n PG6]gf h8fg ePsf] :yfg ;f] ;dodf ;~rf/sf] dxjk"0f{ :6];gsf
kdf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf kl/lrt lyof] . tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] klg o;nfO{ Pp6f dxjk"0f{ ;~rf/sf]
;fwgsf kdf c\uLsf/ u/]sf] / cf=jf= ck/]6/nfO{ ;d]t Pp6f ;Ddflgt sd{rf/Lsf kdf lng] u/]sf]
lyof] . of] ;]jf ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ lah'nL w]/} 7fpFdf pknJw gePsfn] h]g]/]6/ ( ]Lister
sDkgLsf] 1.2 kw Ifdtfsf]) h8fg u/L ;]jf lbg' k/]sf] lyof] . cf=jf= :6];gx clt b'u{d 7fpFdf :yfkgf
ul/Psf]] / d'n'sdf oftfoftsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf gePsfn] :k]o/ kf6{;\ nufot l8h]n cflb ;dod} 9'jfgL ug{
7"nf] ;d:of x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . kxf8L lhNnfxdf 9'jfgLsf] ;d:of ePsfn] l8h]n :6sdf /fVg] Joj:yf
(Reserve Tank) ul/Psf] lyof] . hf8f] df};ddf l8h]n hDg uO h]g]/]6/ :6f6{ gx'g] x'Fbf kxf8L lhNnfxdf
;]jf ;~rfngdf slxn] sfxLF ;d:of cfpg] ub{Yof] .
@=@=@ Pl/of sG6f]n :6];g :yfkgf
d'n'ssf ljleGg :yfgdf /x]sf cf=jf= :6];gxsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, sf7df8f}Faf6 dfq /]vb]v
ug{ sl7gfO x'g] u/]sfn] Jol:yt kdf o;sf] dd{t, ;Def/ / ;~rfng ug{ lj/f6gu/, hn]Zj/, sf7df8f}F,
e}/xjf, kf]v/f, g]kfnu~h / wgu9Ldf Pl/of sG6f]n clkm; :yfkgf ul/P . o;/L ;ft Pl/of sG6f]n :6];g
/ %) cf=jf= :6];gx :yfkgf ug{] sfo{ @)@@ ;fndf g} ePsf] lyof] . k|To]s Pl/of sG6f]n clkm;nfO{
b'O{ c~rn x]g{], cfkm" cGtu{tsf cf=jf= ;]6xsf] ;dod} dd{t / ;Def/ ug{], btf{ ePsf va/x ;dodf
g} cfbfgk|bfg ug{] h:tf lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] lyof] .
plNnlvt & Pl/of sG6f]n :6];gcGtu{t lgDg %) :of6]nfO6 :6];g :yfkgf / ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof]
sf7df8f}F Pl/of sG6f]n tyf g];gn sG6f]n :6];gM o;cGtu{t kfn', eLdkm]bL, e/tk'/, w'lnv]n,
rf}tf/f, lqz'nL, x]6f}+8f / jL/u~h u/L * cf=jf= :6];gx lyP .
hn]Zj/ Pl/of sG6f]n :6];gM o;cGtu{t uf}/, /fd]5fk, rl/sf]6 cf]vn9'\uf, pbok'/, l;/fxf,
/fhlj/fh / hgsk'/ u/L * cf=jf= :6];gx lyP .
lj/f6gu/ Pl/of sG6f]n :6];gM o;cGtu{ut ef]hk'/, r}gk'/, wgs'6f, w/fg, tfKn]h', t]x|y'd,
Onfd / eb|k'/ u/L * cf=jf= :6];gx lyP .
kf]v/f Pl/of sG6f]n :6];gM o;cGtu{ut uf]/vf, alGbk'/, :ofhf, afUn' / d':tf u/L % cf=jf=
:6];gx lyP .
e}/xjf Pl/of sG6f]n :6];gM o;cGtu{t lqj]0fL, k/f;L, a'6jn, kfNkf, u'NdL, Ko'7fg, tf}lnxjf,
axfb'/u~h / sf]Onfaf; u/L ( cf=jf= :6];gx lyP .
g]kfnu~h Pl/of sG6f]n :6];gM o;cGtu{t bf, ;Nofg, x'Dnf, b}n]v, ;'v{]t / alb{of u/L ^
cf=jf= :6];gx lyP .
wgu9L Pl/of sG6fn] :6];gM o;cGtu{t /fhfk'/, l;nu9L 8f]6L, 88]Nw'/f, bfr{n ' f, a}t8L, a|db]jd08L
u/L ^ cf=jf= :6];gx lyP .
@=@=# yk Pl/of sG6f]n :6];gsf] :yfkgf
cf=jf= ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L t];f| ] k~rjlif{o of]hgf cjlwdf d'ns ' sf ;a} lhNnf
;b/d'sfddf cf=jf= :6];g :yfkgf ug{] of]hgf th'{df ul/of] . To; avt cf=jf= Pp6f l56f] :yfkgf ug{
;lsg] ;]jfsf kdf b]lvPsf] lyof] . o;sf nflu ;/sf/n] cfg} ;|f]taf6 # nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ vr{ ug{]
of]hgf agfPsf] lyof] . of]hgf cg';f/ ;a} cyf{t &% lhNNffsf ;b/d'sfddf s'g ldltdf cf=jf= :6];g
:yfkgf ul/of] eGg] Plsg hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g g;s]tf klg cfO=l6=o'= sf ;Nnfxsf/ jfN8d (ITU Advisor
Mr. A Waldram) n] gf]e]Da/ !(^* df tof/ u/]sf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df @)@^ ;fnsf] cGTo;Dddf !$
c~rndf Pl/of sG6f]n / &% lhNnfdf cf=jf= :6];g :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ k"/f eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
@=@=$ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] :yfkgf
@))^ ;fndf cf=jf= ;]jf ;'? x'g' eGbf klxn] g]kfndf s]xL ;Lldt :yfgxdf DofUg]6f] k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t 6\s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw /x]sf] lyof] . of] 6\s 6]lnkmf]g nfOg lqk'/]Zj/ l:yt xfn l;=l6=cf]=
ejgsf] glhssf] ejgdf 6ld{g]6 ul/Psf] lyof] / ;f]xL :yfgaf6 ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ 6\s ug{] ;'ljwf k|fKt lyof] .
cf=jf= ;]jf ;'? ug{ cf=jf= ;]6x huGggfy b]jn glhs ejgdf h8fg ul/Psf] lyof] / cf=jf= d];]h
cfbfgk|bfg ug{] sfo{ ;f]xL :yfgaf6 x'G' Yof] . t/kl5 ;]jf w]/} 7fpFdf lj:tf/ ePkl5 cf=jf= af6 va/ k7fpg]
/ cfjZos eP s'/f ug{] Joj:yf ;'Gwf/fl:yt ejgaf6 klg x'g yfNof] . @)!^ ;fn lt/ cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf]
;xof]udf Jofks kdf cf=jf= ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ePkl5 ;~rfngsf nflu l;+xb/af/ l:yt k'tnL au}Frfdf
6fG;ldl6 :6];g /
5fpgLdf l/;Lle
:6];g :yfkgf
u/L ;] j fnfO{ a9L
Jojl:yt / ;' b [ 9
agfOof] . cd] l /sL
;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf
lgld{t l/l;le :6];g
ejg xfn;Dd
klg /x]sf] 5 .
ef/t ;/sf/sf]
;xof]udf lqk'/]Zj/df
gofF s]Gb|Lo 6]nLu|fkm ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf lgld{t lqk'/]Zj/l:yt s]Gb|Lo 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no ejg
ejg (TO Building )
lgdf{0f ePkl5 ;Dk"0f{
6]lnu|fkmL pk/s/0fx cf=jf=;]6, 6]lnlk|G6/ nufot ck/]6/ dfkm{t lbOg] ;]jfx klg oxL gofF ejgdf
:yfgfGt/0f ul/of] . ;f] ;dodf pknAw clwsf+z ;]jfxsf] s]Gb| ljGb' olx CTO ejg lyof] / o;nfO{
Communication Hub sf kdf lnOGYof] .
@=@=% /fhf dx]Gb|af6 cGtb{]zLo tyf cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] pb\3f6g
g]kfndf @)@! ;fn;Dd b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfngdf cfzftLt k|ult ePsf] kfOG5 . sf7df8f}Fdf
DofUg]6f] tyf l;=la== PS;r]~h dfkm{t :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw u/fpFb} cfOPsf]df ca qm;jf/ (x-bar
uf]/vfkq, @)@! c;f]h !^
>L % sf afx'nLaf6 cGtb]{zLo tyf cGt/f{li6o 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ;]jfsf] pb\3f6g

df};"kmaf6 8f= /fwfs[i0fg\ / hf]G;gnfO{ ;Gb]zx k|]lift
sf7df8f}+ cflZjg !% ut] . cfh >L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/ tfxfrndf Ps ;df/f]xsf aLr cGtb]{lzo tyf
cGt/f{li6o 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ;]jfsf] pb\3f6g ul/aS:of] .
>L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/af6 o; z'e cj;/df ef/tsf /fi6klt 8f= /fwfs[i0fg\nfO{ Ps z'e sfdgf ;Gb]z
k7fOS;]sf] lyof] .
type) sf] c6f]d]l6s PS;r]~h (Automatic Exchange) af6 ;]jf lbg ;'? eof] . %& :yfgdf cf=jf= :6];g
:yfkgf ug{] sfo{ k|foM k"/f x'g'sf ;fy} cGt/f{li6o ;]jftkm{ lbNnL / snsQfdf /]l8of] ln\s :yfkgf u/L
6]lnkmf]g tyf 6]lnu|fkm b'j} ;]jfx ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . oL ;a} ;]jfx ;~rfngsf] v';LofnLdf @)@!
;fn c;f]h !% ut] 5fpgLdf Pp6f ljz]if sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;} sfo{qmdsf cj;/df
/fhf dx]Gb|af6 g]kfnsf] cGtb{]zLo tyf cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;d'b\3f6g ePsf] lyof] . To; avt
ef/tsf /fi6klt 8f= /fwfs[i0fg / cd]l/sfsf /fi6klt ln=lj= hf]G;gnfO{ g]kfnsf /fhfaf6 z'esfdgf
;Gb]z k7fOPsf] lyof] . hjfkmdf cd]l/sL tyf ef/tsf /fi6kltxaf6 klg g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u
ug{ kfPsf]df v';L JoQm ub}{ /fhf dx]Gb|nfO{ o; k|sf/sf] ;Gb]z lbPsf lyP -uf]/vfkq, @)@!)^!^_ .
@=# cGt/f{li6o ;]jfsf] yfngL
@=#=!= g]kfn / ef/t aLr cGt/f{li6o ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)@! ;fn c;f]h !% ut] b]lv cf}krfl/s kdf g]kfnaf6 ef/t / cGo d'n'sxdf 6]lnkmf]g ug{
! lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf] 6fG;ld6/ h8fg u/L sf7df8f}FlbNnL / sf7df8f}FsnsQf Pr=Pkm= /]l8of] ln\s
:yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;fy} 6]lnu|fd cfbfgk|bfg ug{] sfdsf nflu 5'6\6} ! lsnf]jf6sf] 6fG;ld6/ h8fg
u/L sf7df8f}F lbNnL Pr=Pkm ln\s klg :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
sf7df8f}FlbNnL 6\s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf nflu laxfg !) b]lv lbpF;f] % ah];Dd Ps ;ls{6 / sf7df8f}F
lbNnL 6]lnu|fkm ;]jfsf nflu rf}aL;} 306f ! ;ls{6 pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] . To:t} sf7df8f}FsnsQf
6\s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf nflu ! ;ls{6 @$ ;} 306f pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] .
@=#=@ g]kfn kfls:tfg aLr cGt/f{li6o ;]jfsf] ;?cft
@)@@ ;fndf g]kfn kfls:tfg aLr Pr=Pkm= /]l8of] ln\s :yfkgf eP/ sf7df8f}F/fjnlk08L /
sf7df8f}F9fsf 6]lnkmf]g / 6]lnu|fd ;]jf ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ kfls:tfgsf] ln\saf6 t];f| ] d'ns
' df
6]lnkmf]g ug{] jf 6]lnu|fd k7fpg] Joj:yf ePsf] lyPg . g]kfn / kfls:tfg aLr Jofkf/ lj:tf/ cfzftLt
kdf gePsf sf/0faf6 b'j} b]z aLr :yfkgf ePsf xfO lk|mSj]G;L /]l8of] ln\saf6 cfbfgk|bfg x'g]
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] 6flkms Tolt j[4L x'g ;s]g .
@=#=#= kfls:tfg;Fu dfOqmf]]j]e k|0ffnLsf] 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ;]jf :yfkgf ;DaGwL ;Ddmf}tf
g]kfnsf] e"efu k|of]u u/L k"jL{ kfls:tfg -xfnsf] a+unfb]z_ / klZrd kfls:tfg aLr 6fG;ldg
ln\s :yfkgf ug{ hfkfgsf] lgKkg On]lS6s sDkgLaf6 ;DefJotf cWoog ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] e"efu
k|of]u u/]afkt cGtb]{zLo b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf nflu cfjZos Rofgnx g]kfnnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] ;xdlt
ePsf] lyof] . o;} ;DaGwdf @)@@ ;fn >fj0f @* ut] kfls:tfgsf ;~rf/ dGqL vfF cAb'n ;j'/ vfFsf]
g]kfn e|d0fsf cj;/df g]kfn / kfls:tfg aLr dfOqmf]]j]e k|0ffnLsf] 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ;]jf :yfkgf ug{
b'j} ;/sf/ aLr ;Ddmf}tf eof] . ;f] ;Demf}tfdf g]kfnsf tkm{af6 cfly{s of]hgf dGqfnosf ;lrj e]if
axfb'/ yfkf / kfls:tfgsf tkm{af6 g]kfnsf nflu /fhb"t cf;{b x';]gn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . t/ kl5
ljleGg sf/0fn] ;f] ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf cfpg ;s]g .
@=#=$= sf7df8f}FsnsQf aLr Pr=Pkm= (HF) ln\s :yfkgf
@)@^ ;fndf sf7df8f}FsnsQf aLr Pr=Pkm= (HF) ln\s :yfkgf eP/ ef/t tyf t];|f] d'n'sdf
6]lnlk|G6/sf dfWodaf6 6]lnu|fd k7fpg] Joj:yf x'g'sf ;fy} t];|f] d'n'saf6 klg 6]lnu|fd cfpg] Joj:yf
ldnfOof] . o;/L 6]lnu|fd cfbfgk|bfg ug{] sfddf b'O{j6f cfp6n]6 -lbNnL / snsQf_ k|fKt ePsf lyP .
#= Leased Circuit ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
g]kfndf yfO Po/j]h, n'yfG;f Po/j]h h:tf cGt/f{li6o Wjhfjfxs Po/nfOG;xn] ;]jf k|bfg
ug{ yfn]kl5 SITA (Societe Internationale de Telecommunications Aeronautiques) ;+:yfsf] klg
:yfkgf x'g k'Uof] . o; ;+:Yffsf nflu Kn]gsf] l6s6 a'ls\u cflb sfd ug{ Travel Agency / Airlines
x ;Fu lg/Gt/ ;Dks{df /xgsf nfuL Leased Circuit sf] cfjZostf dx;'; eof] . ;j{ k|yd b"/;~rf/
ljefun] SITA sf nfuL (Physical pair) pknJw u/fpg] Joj:yf uof] . kl5 Metrology Department,
Radio Nepal, Nepal Television cflb nfO{ klg leased circuit pknAw u/fpg yflnof] . kl5 b]zdf
lghL If]qsf a+}sx v'Ng] qmd a9]kl5 Jofks kdf lnH8 ;ls{6xsf] k|of]u x'g yfNof] .
$ ljZja}+s;Fu ;xsfo{sf] ;'?cft
;Lldt 7fpFxdfdfq ;]jf pknAw eO/x]sf]df ca d'n'ssf ljleGg efudf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknJw
u/fpg dfOqmf]j]e ln+\s h:tf of]hgf sfof{Gjog u/L :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h ;~rfng ug{ 7"nf] k'FhLsf]
cfjZostf kg]{ ePsfn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;|f]taf6 dfq of] ;Dej lyPg . ljb]zL d'n's tyf cGt/f{li6o
;+:yfnfO{ ;xof]usf nflu cfu|x ug{ klg lj:t[t of]hgf agfpg' kg{] cfjZostf lyof] . l5d]sL d'n's
ef/taf6 ;~rf/sf If]qdf ;xof]u h'6fpg ;lhnf] xf];\ EfGg] p2]Zon] sf7df8f}F l:yt ef/tLo ;xof]u lgof]u
(I.C.M.) df x'nfs tyf b"/;~rf/ If]q x]g{] ljz]if1 (Member P and T) sf] Joj:yf klg ePsf] lyof] .
ef/t ;/sf/ g]kfndf k"j{klZrd dfOqmf]j]e ln\s :yfkgfsf nflu cfjZos ;+/rgf tof/ ug{
tTk/ ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} kfls:tfgn] klg k"j{ / klZrd kfls:tfg hf]8\g g]kfnsf] e"efu k|of]u u/L g]kfnsf]
cGtb{]zLo b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ k'Ug] Rofgnxsf] Joj:yf ug{ tyf dd{t;Def/ / ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{df k"0f{
;xof]u ug{] k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] lyof] . t/ kfls:tfg / ef/taf6 ;xof]u lng'eGbf ljZja}+saf6 ;x'lnot
b/sf] C0f lnP/ of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ pko'Qm x'g] 7x/ u/L o; ;DaGwdf ljZja}+s;Fu sf/afxL cufl8
a9fpg g]kfn ;/sf/af6 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefusf rLkm OlGhlgo/nfO{ lhDD]fjf/L lbOPsf] lyof] . of]hgf
th'{df x'g'eGbf klxn] lj=;+= @)@# sf] ;'?df ljZja}+snfO{ df}lvs cg'/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] . ljZja}Fssf]
/fo cg';f/ of]hgf th{'df ug{ ITU af6 ljz]if1 A.H.Waldram d] !(^* df sf7df8f}F cfPsf lyP .
ljZja}{ssf] cfzocg'k k/fdz{ bftfn] b"/;~rf/sf] of]hgf tof/ u/]kl5 g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ;xof]u
ug{ ljZja}+snfO{ lnlvt cg'/f]w rflxF @)@$ ;fndf ul/Psf] lyof] . ljz]if1sf] ;xof]udf tof/ ul/Psf]
of]hgf k|ltj]bg ;lxt cg'/f]w e} uPkl5 ljZja}ssf] ;xof]udf @)@% ;fndf k|yd r/0fsf] b"/;~rf/
of]hgfsf] sfo{qmd tof/ ePsf] lyof] .
ljZja}+saf6 cfPsf Appraisal Mission sf ljz]if1xn] cfO=l6=o'= / ef/tLo ;xof]u lgof]usf
ljz]if1xsf] ;xof]u ;d]t lnP/ b"/;~rf/ ljefu;Fu 5nkmn u/L klxnf] C0fsf nflu of]hgf tof/ u/L
!(^( dfr{ dlxgfdf k|ltj]bg lbPsf lyP . d'n'se/ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu sfo{qmd th{'df /
lj:tf/sf] sfdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg cfO=l6=o'=sf] ;Nnfxsf/n] agfPsf] of]hgfcg'k /sd pknAw u/fpg
ljZja}+s;Fu C0f ;xof]u dfluPsf] lyof] . o;} cg';f/ ljZja}+sn] ;g\ gf]e]Da/ %, !(^( df !& nfv
o'=P;= 8n/ pknAw u/fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . ljZja}+saf6 klxnf] k6s @)@% ;fndf C0f ;xof]u
k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . ;f] C0f ;xof]usf] sfof{Gjog km]a'|c/L @^, !(&) b]lv ;'? eof] . of] C0fsf] /sd
!& nfv cd]l/sL -!=& ldlnog_] 8n/ lyof] . b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu pQm ;xof]u /sd pknAw
u/fpg tTsfnLg cy{ ;lrj 8f= e]ifaxfb'/ yfkf, lgdf{0f oftfoft tyf ;~rf/ ;lrj e/taxfb'/ k|wfg
tyf b"/;~rf/ ljefusf rLkm OGhLlgo/ x]/Da k|;fb pkfWofosf] ljz]if k|of; /x]sf] lyof] .
o;/L b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ tyf ljsf;sf nflu k'FhL tyf ljz]if1tfsf] ;d]t yk cfjZostf
dx;'; u/L @)@) sf] bzsdf ljb]zL /fi6 tyf ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]u Pjd\ C0f
lng] k|rng ;'? eof] . ;fy} lj:tf/ x'g] ;]jf tyf ;+/rgfxsf] plrt ;+/If0fsf nflu ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfnfO{
klg ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; ul/of] . To;}cg'k ;+:yfsf] ;+/rgf klg kl/jt{g
x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . cfO=l6=o'= sf] k]NgL kf]6]lG;o/L sGk|m]G;df !(^% df 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefusf] rLkm
OlGhlgo/n] efu lnPkl5 cfO=l6=o'= / ljZja}+s;Fusf] ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{] ;DAfGwdf ljz]if k|ult x'g uof] .
% ;f\u7lgs ;+/rgf
%=! g]kfn b"/~rf/ ;ldltsf] u7g
%=@=!= g]kfn b"/~rf/ ;ldltsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
@)!^ ;fndf b"/;~rf/ ljefusf] u7g ePb]lv @)@^ ;fnsf] k|f/De;Dd of] ;+:yf k"0f{tM ;/sf/L
gLlt, P]g, lgodcGtu{t /xL sfd ug{' kg]{ cj:yfdf /x]sf] lyof] . o; cjlwdf ;Lldt If]qdf Go"gtd
dfqfdf dfq :yfgLo, cGtb{]zLo tyf cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknJw x'g ;s]sf] lyof] . lzIff, :jf:Yo,
vfg]kfgL, oftfoft h:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] Go"gtd cfk"lt{ x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf b"/;~rf/
If]qn] k|fyldstf kfpg] cj:yf klg Tolt lyPg . ljZjsf cGo d'n'sxn] b"/;~rf/ If]qdf b|'t ultdf
k|ult u/]sfn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf cfwf/e"t ;]jfsf kdf u0fgf eO;s]sf] lyof] . ljZjdf eO/x]sf] of] k|ult
/ ;j{;fwf/0faf6 eO/x]sf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ /fli6o ;|f]t ;fwgaf6 dfq klg ;Dej
lyPg . ;fy} ;Lldt j}b]lzs ;xof]uaf6 dfq klg ;]jfsf] a9\bf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf
gePsfn] o:tf] ;xof]usf] bfo/fnfO{ km/flsnf] agfpg' cfjZos lyof] .
g]kfnn] ljZja+}snfO{ ;xof]usf nflu cg'/f]w u/]cg'k b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu
;xof]u ug]{ ;xdlt hgfPsf] lyof] . To;cg'k ;xof]usf k|lqmofx klg cufl8 a9fOof] . t/ b"/;~rf/
ljefusf] sdhf]/ ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf, bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj, lkmtnf] n]vf k|0ffnL, 7"nf cfof]hgf
;~rfng ug{ cg'ejsf] sdL cflb sf/0faf6 ljZja}sn] ;lhn} C0f ;xof]usf nflu l:js[tL lbg ;Sg]
cj:yf klg lyPg . ljZja}sn] C0f ;xof]usf nflu df}h'bf ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g u/L :jfoQ
;+:yfdf kl/0ft ug]{ / qmdzM Jojl:yt of]hgf th{'df, bf]xf]/f] n]vf k|0ffnLsf] ;'?cft, tflnd cflbsf]
Joj:yf ub{} hfg] h:tf k|d'v zt{x /fv]sf] lyof] . o;} p2]Zocg'k ;ldlt u7g cfb]z @)!# sf] bkmf
-@_ cg';f/ ;/sf/n] @)@^ ;fn sflQs ! ut] b"/;~rf/ ljefunfO{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt df kl/0ft
uof] . ;ldltdf kl/0ft ug'{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ljZja}+s;Fu lnPsf] C0f /sd vr{ u/L of]hgfj4 9\uaf6
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/sf] sfdnfO{ cl3 a9fpg], sfddf l56f] 5l/tf]kgf NofP/ lgjf{w kdf sfd ;DkGg
ug]{, b"/;~rf/ If]qnfO{ cem Jofks agfpg] / :jfoQtf k|bfg u/L ;+:yfnfO{ ;';~rfng ug]{ /x]sf] lyof] .
;ldltsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no l;+xb/af/ k'tnL au}Frfdf /Xof] . ;ldltsf] k|yd d'Vo clws[tdf x]/Da k|;fb
pkfWofonfO{ lgo'Qm ul/of] .
%=@=@= sd{rf/Lxsf] kb:yfkg Joj:yf
;ldlt u7g ePkl5 k|fljlws sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] b/aGbL leq kbflwsf/ /xg] u/L
;ldltdf sfhdf k7fpg] tyf k|zf;lgs sd{rf/LnfO{ eg] b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] b/aGbLdf ldnfg ug{] Joj:yf
ul/of] . kmn:jk k|zf;g ;]jfdf sfo{/t sltko sd{rf/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf g} sfo{/t x'g rfx]sfn] b"/;~rf/
;]jfaf6 cGo sfof{noxdf :yfgfGt/ ePsf lyP .
%=@=# klxnf] ;~rfns ;ldlt
b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt u7g ePkl5 To;sf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfngsf nflu ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g
klg eof] .
klxnf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g o; k|sf/ ul/of]
!= e/taxfb'/ k|wfg cWoIf -lgdf{ 0 f oftfoft tyf ;~rf/

dGqfnosf ;lrj kb]g cWoIf x'g]
k|fjwfg cg';f/_
@= pBf]u jfl0fHo dGqfnosf k|ltlglw ;b:o
#= hn ljB't\ dGqfnosf k|ltlglw ;b:o
$=cy{ dGqfnosf k|ltlglw ;b:o
%= ;ldltsf d'Vo clws[t ;b:o ;lrj
;~rfns ;ldltsf] klxnf] a}7sdf lgDg dxfg'efjxsf] pkl:yltdf ljleGg dxjk"0f{ lg0f{ox ul/Psf
lyP
!= e/taxfb'/ k|wfg cWoIf ;lrj lgdf{0f, oftfoft tyf ;~rf/
dGqfno
@= g/sfGt clwsf/L ;b:o ;x ;lrj cy{ dGqfno
#= 8f= k'is/gfy kGt ;b:o ;x ;lrj pBf]u jfl0fHo dGqfno
$= zf/bk|;fb clwsf/L ;b:o pk lgb{]zshnljB't dGqfno
%= x]/Dak|;fb pkfWofo ;b:o;lrj d'Vo clws[tg]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt
;ldltsf] klxnf] a}7saf6 b"/;~rf/ ljefun] u/L cfPsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ug{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt u7g
ePsf]n] ;\u7g rf6{ tyf ;Dk"0f{ b/aGbL 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefucg'k g} sfod ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] .
%=@=$ ;ldltsf] k|yd d'Vo clws[t
x]/Da k|;fb pkfWofo Ps s'zn Joj:yfks x'g'x'GYof] / pxfFsf] sfo{sfndf g} ljefu b"/;~rf/
;ldltdf kl/0ft eO lg/Gt/ k|ult ub{} cfPsf] lyof] . pxfF lgoldt kdf pkTosf aflx/sf sfof{noxsf]
lg/LIf0fdf hfg'x'GYof] . o;} l;nl;nfdf pxfF k"jf{~rnsf s]xL sfof{noxsf] lg/LIf0f u/L kms{g] qmddf
lqe'jg /fhkysf] bfdgdf @)@^ ;fn df3df df]6/ b'3{6gfdf k/]/ Hofg u'dfpg' eof] . pxfFsf] lgwgn]
b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf;df 7"nf] Iflt k'Ug uof] . pxfFsf] lgwgkl5 b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] k|d'vdf gj/fh j}BnfO{
lgo'Qm ul/of] .
b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt u7g ePkl5sf] ;+u7g rf6{
NEPALTELECOMMUNICATIONS
BOARD ORGANIZATION
BOARD OF DIRECTORS CHAIRMAN

(SECRETARY FOR COMMUNICATIONS
AND FOUR MEMBERS
GENERAL MANAGER
BUSINESS, ADMINISTRATION FINANCE DEPARTMENT

AND FINANCIAL CONTROLLER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT (SECRETARY TO BOARD) CHIEF ENGINEER
BUSINESS MANAGER
PERSONNEL ACCOUNTS PLANNING AND WORKS
ADMINISTRATION MAINTENANCE AND

FIELD ORGANIZATION TRAININGS
BIRATNAGAR REGION REGIONAL KATHMANDU REGION REGIONAL BIRGUNJ REGION REGIONAL

MANAGER BIRATNAGAR MANAGER KATHMANDU MANAGER BIRGUNJ
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ENGINEERING ENGINEERING

& PERSONAL ACCOUNTS LONG DISTANCE
LOCAL SERVICES
TELEGRAPH SERVICES
^= sfg'gL Joj:yf
^=! 6]lnsDo'lgs];g P]g @)!(
@)!( ;fneGbf klxn] b"/~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ;DaGwdf 5'6\6} P]gsf] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOFb}g .
b"/;~rf/;Fu ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] ;"rgf / lbUbz{gsf cfwf/df g} b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] .
To:t} b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{], k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug{], hfnL va/ cfbfgk|bfg u/]df b08;hfo ug]{ /
6]lnu|fkm clws[tn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] b'?kof]u u/]df klg b08;hfo ug{] s'g} P]g sfg'g lyPg . o;af6
sfd ug{ cK7]/f] k/]sf] dx;'; u/L ;/sf/n] ldlt @)!(.!@.#) df klxnf] 6]lnsDo'lgs];g P]g @)!(
k|sflzt u/L ;f]xL ldltb]lv nfu" uof] .
zflGt, Joj:yf Pjd\ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;'ljwf sfod /fVg g]kfn clw/fHosf nflu 6]lnsDo'lgs];g
;DaGwL Pp6f 5'} P]gsf] Joj:yf ug{ jf~5gLo ePsfn] 6]lnsDo'lgs];g P]g @)!( nfu" ul/Psf] P]gsf]
k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ul/of] . P]gdf 6]lnsDo'lgs];gdf k|of]u x'g] ljleGg zAbfjnLxsf] JofVof, 6]lnu|fd
;DaGwdf ;/sf/sf] xs / ljz]if clwsf/x, 6]lnsdsf] ;~rfng /]vb]v, dd{t, ;Def/ tyf ;DklQsf]
b08 hl/jfgf af/]df ljleGg Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] P]gdf kl/R5]b * / #% wf/f /x]sf 5g\ .
kl/R5]b ! df 6]lnu|fkm, va/ cfbfg k|bfg, 6]lnu|fkm nfOg, rLkm OlGhlgo/, :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] sfd,
st{Jo clwsf/sf] af/]df pNn]v 5 .
kl/R5]b @ df 6]lnu|fd ;DaGwL ljz]if clwsf/ / nfO;]G; lbg] ;DaGwdf pNn]v 5 .
kl/R5]b # df 6]lnu|fkm nfOg / n6\7f h8fg ug{] clwsf/ jf/] pNn]v 5 .
kl/R5]b $ :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] lgoGq0f, /]vb]v cyjf clwsf/df ePsf] ;DklQdf 6]lnu|fkm nfOg,
n6\7f h8fg, n6\7f lemSg jf ;fg{ nufpg] clwsf/ jf/] nlvPsf] 5 .
kl/R5]b % df ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ afx]s cGo ;DklQdf clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{ / Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwdf e}memu8f
;DaGwdf pNNf]v ul/Psf] 5 .
kl/R5]b ^ df 6]lnu|fkm ;~rf/df afwf k'ofpg], ?v 9fNg] ;DaGwdf pNn]v 5 .
kl/R5]b & df b08 ;hfo /
kl/R5]b * df lgod, va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{] sfo{ ljlw agfpg] clwsf/, dx;'n lgwf{/0f ug{] clwsf/
cflb pNn]v 5 .
6]lnsd dx;'n cflb ;DaGwdf bkmf #$-@_ cg';f/ lgodx agfO Joj:yf ug{] pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
;f]xL P]gsf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd lgodfg';f/ lgodfjnL nfu" ePsf] 5
s_ :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL @)@@
v_ 6]lnsDo'lgs];g -cGtb{]zLo_ lgodfjnL @)@#
u_ 6]lnsDo'lgs];g -cGt/f{li6o_ lgodfjnL @)@$
^=@ :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL @)@@
:yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL @)@@ n] 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f / h8fg, 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n b/ / dx;'n a'emfpg]
ldlt tyf ;dodf dx;'n ga'emfPdf nfUg] hl/jfgfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . 6]lnkmf]g lng rfxg]n] :yfgLo
6]lnkmf]g sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg' kg{] / 6]lnkmf]g lbg] glbg] clwsf/ rLkm OlGhlgo/ jf lghn] tf]]s]sf]
clwsf/LnfO{ x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n lgDgfg';f/ tf]lsPsf] 5
s_ 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 afkt / nfOl6lg P/]:6/sf] lgldQ rflxg] /sd :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{nodf w/f}6L
/fVg'kg{] .
v_ h8fg vr{ ?= #). nfUg] .
u_ dfl;s dx;'n, 5'6 sn / sn rfh{
!_ Go"gtd dfl;s dx;'n ?= $).
@_ 5'6sn !)) / k|To]s yk snsf] .@) k};f
6]lnkmf]g dx;'n
l;= :yfoL 6]lnkmf]g c:yfoL 6]lnkmf]g k6s] 6]lnkmf]g
ljj/0f
g+= dx;'n -dfl;s_ ?= dx;'n -dfl;s_ ?= dx;'n -dfl;s_ ?=
! !)) sn ;Dd $) %$ *)
@ To;kl5sf] k|To]s sn )=@) )=@) )=@)
# leqL PS;6]G;gsf] @% #) %^
$ aflx/L PS;6]G;gsf] #) #@ ^!
% leqL ICF ;]6sf] @% #! ^)
^ aflx/L ICF ;]6sf] #@ #% ^%
& b'O{ ;s]6sf] $ % !#
* b'O{ eGbf a9L ;s]6 nufot @ @.%) ^.%)
k|To]s a9L ;s]6sf]
PABX ;DaGwdf
:yfgLo PS;r]~h nfOgnfO{ hS;g nfOg agfP/ PABX h8fg ubf{ nfUg] dfl;s dx;'n o; k|sf/
lgwf{/0f ul/of]
@% nfOg ;Ddsf] PABX h8fg u/]df ? @%.
@% b]lv %) nfOg ;Ddsf] PABX h8fg u/]df ? #%.
%) nfOgb]lv dfly hlt;'s} eP klg PABX h8fg u/]df ? %).
;/sf/L vr{df 6]lnkmf]g /fVg] ;'ljwf kfPsf JolQmnfO{ dx;'nsf] @% k|ltzt;Dd dfq nfUg] Joj:yf
lyof] . t/ 6]lnkmf]g clkm;df sfd ug{] sd{rf/Ln] ;le{; sg]S;g kfPdf s'g} lsl;dsf] dx;'n nfUb}gYof] .
Go"h Ph]G;Lxn] dx;'nsf] *) k|ltzt ltg'{ kb{Yof] .
klAns snsf] dx;'n Ps snsf] )=@) k};f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
3_ dx;'n a'emfpg] ldlt / hl/jfgf
!_ sn ePsf] dlxgfsf] t];|f] dlxgfsf] @@ ut]leq -j}zfv dlxgfsf] dx;'n cfiff9 @@ ut]leq_
dx;'n a'emfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . dx;'n a'emfpg dx;'n sf8{sf] Joj:yf ;d]t ug{'
kg{] eof]] . @@ ut]leq ga'emfPdf ;f] dlxgfsf] d;fGt;Dd b}lgs ?= !. sf b/n] hl/jfgf nfUg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] / d;fGt;Dd klg ga'emfPdf 6]lnkmf]g nfOg sf6\g] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] .
@_ dx;'n ga'emfO sfl6Psf] nfOg !% lbgleq nfUg] dx;'n hl/jfgf a'emfO{ sg]S;g yfdL kfpg
lgj]bg k/]df cj:yf ljrf/ u/L nfOg k'gM h8fg ul/lbg] ;f] ljlgodfjnLdf /x]sf] lyof] .
#_ dx;'n ga'emfO{ afFsL /fVg] u|fxsnfO{ ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;'n pk/ ug{] Joj:yf ;d]t ;f]
lgodfjnLdf pNn]v 5 .
^=# 6]lnsDo'lgs];G; -cGtb{]zLo_ lgodfjnL, @)@#
:jb]zleq 6]lnu|fkm va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{ jf 6\ssn dfkm{t\ s'/f ug{] Joj:yf ;DaGwL dx;'n
nufotsf] Joj:yf 6]lnsDo'lgs];G; -cGb{]lzo_ lgodfjnL, @)@# n] u/]sf] 5 . o; lgodfjnLdf va/sf]
cfbfgk|bfg / va/sf] lsl;d, clws 7]ufgf va/, k|]; va/, va/sf] dx;'n, 6\ssnsf] lsl;d /
dx;'n cflb af/]df Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . dx;'n lgDgfg';f/ sfod ul/Psf] lyof]
s_ 6]lnu|fkm va/sf] dx;'n b/
;fj{hlgs va/ ;fwf/0f h?/L
!_ b]jgful/df
klxnf] tL; cIf/sf] !.%) #.
k|To]s yk cIf/sf] .)% .!)
@_ c+u|]hLdf
klxnf] bz zAbsf] ?= !.&% #.%)
k|To]s yk zAbsf] ?= .!% .#)
k|]; va/
!_ b]jgful/df
klxnf] %) cIf/sf] .%) !.
k|To]s yk % zAbsf] .)% ).!)
@_ c+u|]hLdf
klxnf] krf; zAbsf] ?= !.&% #.%)
k|To]s yk krf; zAbsf] .!% .#)
v_ lgoldt va/ cfbfgk|bfg u/L va/sf] dx;'n a'emfpg OR5f ug{] JolQmn] ?= @)). w/f}6L /fvL va/
cfbfgk|bfg ug{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
u_ 6\ssnsf] qmd / dx;'n
!_ 6\ssn ug{ rfxg]n] ? @)). w/f}6L /fVg'kg{] .
@_ 6\ssnsf] lsl;d M lgDg # lsl;dsf sn x'g] .
s_ P;=le=Pr= sn
v_ ;le{; sn
u_ ;/sf/L sn / ;fj{hlgs sn
#_ 6\ssnsf] qmd lgDgfg';f/ sfod ul/of]
s_ P;=le=Pr= sn
v_ Odh{]g;L ;le{; sn
u_ h?/L ;/sf/L sn
3_ h?/L ;le{; sn
_ h?/L ;fj{hlgs sn
r_ ;fwf/0f ;/sf/L sn
5_ ;fwf/0f ;fj{hlgs sn
h_ ;fwf/0f ;le{; sn
$_ ;fwf/0ftof 6\s snsf] ;do ( ldg]6 sfod ul/Psf] lyof] .
%_ 6\s sn dx;'n b/
k|To]s # ldg]6;Ddsf]
!_ ;fwf/0f ?= %.
@_ h?/L ?= !).
^_ 6\s sn u/fpg rfxg]n] sd;]sd Ps 306f cufl8 sn a's u/fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] / a's u/]sf]
sn vf/]h u/]df nfUg] dx;'nsf] # v08sf] ! v08 vf/]h b:t'/ nfUg] ;d]t Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] .
&= 6]lnsDo'lgs];g -cGt/f{li6o_ lgodfjnL @)@$
ljb]zdf 6]lnu|flkms va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{] / ljb]zdf 6\s sn ug{] Joj:yfsf nflu 6]lnsDo'lgs];g
-cGt/f{li6o_ lgodfjnL @)@$ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o; lgodfjnLdf ljb]zL tf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf,
dx;'n lgwf{/0f / zAb u0fgf, dx;'n e'QmfgL, ;fdfGo tf/sf] Joj:yf, tf/ a'emfpg] Joj:yf, ljz]if tf/
;DaGwL Joj:yf, tf/sf] /]s8{ Joj:yf, /]l8of] tf/;DaGwL Joj:yf / ljb]zdf 6\s sn ug{] ;DaGwL Joj:yf
af/]df pNn]v 5 . ljz]iftM tf/ 6\s snsf] lsl;d, va/ tyf sn cfbfgk|bfg ug{] k|lqmofx / ljlwx
o; lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ul/Psf lyP . dx;'n b/ ;DaGwdf va/ tyf 6\s sn k7fpg] ljb]zL d'n's;Fu
ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf clwgdf /xL dx;'n b/ lgwf{/0f x'g] Joj:yf lgodfjnLn] u/]sf] lyof] .
lgodfjnLsf] lgod #^ n] ljb]zL tf/sf] dx;'n zAbsf cfwf/df ;do ;dodf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]
pNn]v ul/of] . lgodfjnLsf] kl/R5]b !! df ljb]zL 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n]
ljb]zL d'n's;Fu u/]sf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd ljb]zL 6]lnkmf]g ;~rfng x'g] lgod !!% df pNn]v 5 .
o;} lgodcGtu{t /xL ljb]zdf k7fpg] 6]lnu|fd tyf ljb]zdf x'g] 6\s snsf] dx;'n lgwf{/0f ePsf]
b]lvG5 . vf;u/L o; cjlwdf ljb]zdf x'g] tf/ tyf 6\s sn ef/t dfkm{t\ x'g] / ef/tnfO{ ;f] afkt
e'QmfgL ug{' kg{], dx;'ndf s]xL k|ltzt g]kfnsf] ;/rfh{ yk u/L dx;'n lgwf{/0f x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
*= dx;'n b/
*=! dfl;s dx;'n
6]lnsDo'lgs];g P]g @)!( kfl/t kZrft ag]sf] lgodfnjnL @)@@ cg'k dx;'n nfu" x'g' eGbf
klxn] @)!*.*.!# df lgdf{0f tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefusf] cfb]zaf6 6]lnsDo'lgs];g
of]hgfcGtu{t h8fg ul/g] sf7df8f}F pkTosfleqsf] c6f]d]l6s nf]sn 6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n b/ lgDgfg';f/
/x]sf] lyof]
s_ dfl;s dx;'n
!_ :yfoL nfOgsf] ?=@). -Ps jif{eGbf a9L cjlwsf]_
@_ c:yfoL nfOgsf] ? @%. -Ps dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{sf]_
#_ Sofh''on nfOgsf] ?= %). -Ps dlxgf;Ddsf]]_
$_ k|fOe]6 PS;6]G;gaf]8{
@% nfOgsf] ?= %., %) nfOgsf] ?= &.%) / ;f]eGbf dflysf] nflu ?= !).
v_ l;l6 rfh{M Ps 3/af6 csf{] 3/df ;fbf{ ?= !%. l;l6 rfh{ nufpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
u_ ;/sf/L vr{df nfOg /fVg kfpg] ;a}n] 6]lnkmf]g /fVg' kg{] / lj=;+= @)!* ;fnsf] cfly{s jif{b]lv
;DalGwt ;'ljwf kfpg]n] nfUg] dx;'nsf] !) k|ltzt cfkm}n] a'emfpg' kg{] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] .
*=@ Pay Station k};f v;fn]/ s'/f ug{] ;]jfsf] Joj:yf
klxnf] kN6 b; k};] 9\ofs v;fn]/ s'/f ug{ ;lsg] Pay Station sf] Joj:yf ;d]t lj=;+= @)!*
sf] cfb]zaf6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L k};f v;fn]/ 6]lnkmf]gsf] k|of]u ug{ @)!% ;fnsf] lqz'n rGb|, ;"o{,
lrXg ePsf] b; k};] 9\ofssf] k|of]u ug{' kg{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . of] k|of]hgsf nflu Ps gf; ;fOh,
cfsf/ / tf}n x'g] u/L pQm 9\ofs k|z:t /fVg] Joj:yf ug{ ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] .
*=# nf]sn sndf dx;'n nfUg] Joj:yf
lj=;+= @)!* sf] cfb]zaf6 g} sf7df8f}F pkTosfleqsf] s'g} Ps 6]lnkmf]gaf6 csf{] 6]lnkmf]gdf s'/f
u/]sf] snnfO{ nf]sn sn dflgg] / lgDgcg';f/ dx;'n nfUg] Joj:yf ul/of]
# ldg]6;Dd !) k};f
^ ldg]6;Dd @) k};f
( ldg]6;Dd #) k};f
!@ ldg]6;Dd $) k};f
*=$ pkTosf aflx/ u/]sf] snnfO{ 6\ssn dflgg] / 6\ssn dx;'n ;fljsadf]lhd g} oyfjt\ /flvPsf]
lyof] .
!(&# b]lv @)@^ ;fn;Dd d'n'se/df :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] vf;} lj:tf/ ePsf] kfOFb}g . @)@^
;fn;Dd :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] Ifdtf ^ xhf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
!(&# b]lv @)@^ ;fn;Dd h8fg ePsf PS;r]~hsf] ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5
lhNnf l;=g+= 7fpF Ifdtf 6fOk ;~rfng ldlt

sf7df8f}F} ! /fgLkf]v/L @%* c6f]d]l6s !((@
@ l;+xb/af/ !)) * d}Ug]6f] k|ljlw @))*
l;+xb/af/ #))* l; la d]g'cn @)!@
# l;+xb/af/ !@) c6f]d]l6s (PABX) @)!^
;'Gwf/f !)))XB ARF-100 c6f]d]l6s !!@)!(
;'Gwf/f @$))XB ARF-100 @)@%
;'Gwf/f !^))XB ARF-100 @)@^
nlntk'/ $ kf6g ^))XB ARF-100 @)@%
df]/ % lj/f6gu/ #)) l; la d]g'cn @)@@
lj/f6gu/ !)) l; la d]g'cn @)@%
-* oL Star sign ePsf PS;r]~hx lj:yflkt eO;s]sf 5g\ ._
cGTodf !(&) sf] bzsdf h8fg ePsf] DofUg]6f] 6\s 6]lnkmf]g nfOg dd{t / ;Def/sf sdLn] ubf{
w]/} h;f] 7fpFdf lj:yflkt e};s]sf lyP . @)@^ ;fnsf] cGTolt/ cfOk'Ubf sf7df8f}Fb]lv lqz'nL;Dd,
sf7df8f}Fb]lv ag]kf-w'lnv]n;Dd, jL/u~hb]lv sn}of;Dd / w/fgb]lv wgs'6f;Dd kmf6km'6 kdf DofUg]6f]
6\s 6]lnkmf]g nfOg rfn' lyP . g]kfnef/t aLr sf7df8f}FlbNnL / sf7df8f}FsnsQf aLr /]l8of] 6]lnkmf]g
b'O{ ;ls{6 / /]l8of] 6]lnu|fkm b'O{ ;ls{6 rfn' eP . To:t} g]kfn kfls:tfgsf] xsdf sf7df8f}F/fjnlk08L
/ sf7df8f}F9fsfsf] aLr 6]lnu|fkm / 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf l;ldt ;dosf nflu pknAw /Xof] .
***
kl/R5]b M rf/
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf /

of]hgfj4 sfo{sf] yfngL
-lj=;+= @)@&@)#@_
k[i7e"ld
;f\u7lgs ;+/rgf
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf
dx;'n b/ tyf /fh:j
:yfgLocGtb{]zLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf / of]hgfj4 sfo{sf] yfngL
-lj=;+= @)@&@)#@_
!= k[i7e"ld
@)@^ ;fn sflt{s ! ut] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt u7g ul/Pb]lv @)#@ ;fn cfiff9 ! ut]
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgdf kl/0ft ePsf] cjlw 5f]6f] ePtf klg o; cjlwdf s]xL dxjk"0f{ pknlAwx ePsf
lyP . j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pkof]u, gofF k|ljlw leq\ofpg], ;]jf lj:tf/ / ljZja}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf k|yd
b"/;~rf/ of]hgfsf] yfngL cflb o; cjlwdf ePsf s]xL pNn]Vo sfo{x x'g\ . o;} cjlwdf ef/t ;/sf/
/ ljZja}+ssf] ;xof]udf ljleGg of]hgfx ;~rfngdf cfPsf lyP . gofF k|ljlwsf] Penta-conta x-bar
Exchange sf] ;~rfng,VHF tyf Microwave system sf] ;~rfng tyf Photo Transmission sf]
;'?cft klg o;} ;dodf ul/Psf] lyof] . bL3{sfnLg lx;fan] d'n'sdf ;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug{ /fli6o
;~rf/ of]hgf @)@* nfu" x'g'sf ;fy} b"/;~rf/sf] ;\u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g u/L g]kfn b"/;~rf/
;+:yfgsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nocGtu{t ljleGg ljefu / If]qLo sfof{noxsf] u7g klg ul/Psf] lyof] . oL
nufot ;Gbe{nfO{ g]kfn b'/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf / sfo{sf] yfngL zLif{sdf k|:t't kl/R5]bdf rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 .
s'g} klg cfwf/e"t b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] kl/sNkgf, of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjogsf] p2]Zo ;dli6ut
lx;fan] hgtfnfO{ :yfgLo, cGtb{]zLo / cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lbg] p2]Zon] g} ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;'?sf]
;dodf g]kfndf b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf; o; p2]Zocg'k geP klg kl5 ljZja}ssf] C0f ;xof]udf b"/;~rf/
cfof]hgfx ;~rfng x'g yfn]kl5 PsLs[t kdf ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . kmn:jk cfof]hgf
sfof{Gjog x'Fbf Telephone Exchange, Trunk g]6js{ cflb klg Ps} ;fy lj:tf/ ePsf] kfOG5 . t/
k|yd b"/;~rf/ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog x'Fbf, PS;r]~h ;~rfngdf cfP klg ;dGjosf] sdL, cfof]hgf
sfof{Gjogdf cg'ejsf] sdL cflb ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ Trunk Network ;~rfngdf cfpg s]xL ;do
nfu]sf] b]lvG5 .
Automatic Telephone Exchange sf] :yfkgf @)!( ;fndf g} u/]/ :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw
u/fpFb} lj:tf/ ;d]t ul/ cfPsf]df k|yd b"/;~rf/ of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf ;dodf Manual CB Exchange
:yfkgf ug'{sf] d'Vo sf/0f pks/0fsf] d"No g} ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . sf7df8f}F / lj/f6gu/df dfq
;Lldt /x]sf] :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfnfO{ sd nfut kg{] Manual CB Exchange :yfkgf u/L a9L eGbf a9L
zx/xdf ;]jf lj:tf/ ug'{ To; avtsf] d'Vo dfu lyof] / ;f]xL cg';f/ sfof{Gjog klg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;fy} Ps k6sdf Ps hgfn] dfq s'/f ug{ ;Sg] Open wire magneto trunk line lj:tf/ ul/Psf If]qdf
a/fa/ klx/f] hfg] tyf tf/ rf]/L x'g] h:tf sf/0fn] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf lg/Gt/ cj/f]w x'g] ub{Yof] . o:tf]
cj:yfdf a9L ;ls{6 Ifdtfsf] Carrier System, Microwave system h8fg ug{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf]
lyof] . dfOqmf]j]e k|0ffnLsf] ;'?cft;Fu} g]kfn clw/fHoe/ cfw'lgs b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu hu
a:g uof] eg] of] k|0ffnLaf6 /f0ffzf;g sfndf :yflkt Magneto k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 6\s 6]lnkmf]g
nfOgsf] klg cj;fg x'Fb} uof] . o;/L lj=;+= !(&# lt/ h8fg k"/f eO sf7df8f}FjL/u~h 6\s nfOg /
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b"/;~rf/ ljefu @)@^ ;fndf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltdf kfGt/0f ePkl5 ;ldltn] ljZja}+ssf]
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of]hgfx ;~rfngdf cfPsf lyP
ljZja}+ssf] C0fcGtu{tsf of]hgfx
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ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt of]hgfx
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v= qm;af/ PS;r]~h tyf DofUg]6f] PS;r]~hx h8fg
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CTO ejgsf] lgdf{0f, jL/u~hdf PS;r]~h ejgsf] lgdf{0f, x]6f}+8f, cdn]vu~h / l;d/fdf PS;r]~h ejg
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cfpg' cufl8 g} sl/a #) hgf k|fljlwsxnfO{ ef/tsf] hjnk'/ / k6gfdf tflnd pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] .
ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf @)@( ;fndf sf7df8f}F pkTosf aflx/ jL/u~hdf #)) nfOg Ifdtfsf]
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u/fOof] . o;} of]hgfcGtu{t e}+;], cdn]vu~h / l;d/fdf !)!) nfOg Ifdtfsf] tyf x]6f}+8fdf @) nfOg
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sf] ;'?cft ul/Psf] lyof] . oL ;a} :yfgxaf6 PCO ;]jf klg pknJw u/fOPsf] lyof] .
@)#) ;fndf e}/xjfdf !)) nfOg Ifdtfsf], x]6f}+8fdf @)) nfOg Ifdtfsf] / g]kfnu~hdf @))
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf / === 99
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hgsk'/df @)) nfOg, /fhlj/fhdf !)) nfOg, w/fgdf $)) nfOg tyf eb|k'/df !)) nfOg Ifdtfsf] CB
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tf/ h8fg u/L carrier system ;~rfngdf NofOof] . o;af6 sf7df8f}Fb]lv jL/u~h;Dd ## j6f channel
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;j{k|yd Pgfnu dfOqmf]j]e ln\s :yfkgf ul/of] .
o; cg';f/ sf7df8f}Fb]lv k'mnrf]sL;Dd (^)
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;~rfngdf cfof] . o;/L #)) nfOg Ifdtf ePtf
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hgsk'/, l;/fxf, /fhlj/fh, w/fg, lj/f6gu/,
bds tyf eb|k'/df klg #)) Rofgn Ifdtfsf]
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dfOqmf]j]e ln\sx ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 pk/f]Qm
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/ nfdf] b'/Lsf] 6\s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfngdf klg
;'ljwf k'Uof] .
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;~rfngdf cfO;s]sf] t/ 6\ssf nflu dfOqmf]j]e ln\ssf] Joj:yf gePsfn] 1 kw sf] HF Radio
pks/0f h8fg u/L Link complex pks/0f dfkm{t 6\s ;ls{6sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
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;]jfsf nflu sf7df8f}Fb]lv k6gf / sf7df8f}Fb]lv d'hkm/k'/;Dd ** Rofgnsf] Sofl/o/ l;:6d h8fg
u/L snsQf, lbNnL, aDa}, tyf k6gfdf 6\s 6]lnkmf]g ;ls{6x pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] . dfly plNnlvt
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ul/Psf] lyof] .
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' x;F+u
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;f] ln\saf6 Tolt ;Gtf]ifhgs ;]jf k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . ctM @)#) ;fnkl5 aDa}, xs / 6f]lsof];Fu
;Lwf HF Radio Link :yfkgf u/L ljleGg d'n'sdf ;~rf/ ;Dks{ /fVg yk ;lhnf] u/fOPsf] lyof] .
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k|sf/sf] 6\s ;~rf/ ;]jfsf kdf lnOG5 . cGo 6\s ;~rf/ dfWod h:t} 6]lnkmf]g6]lnlk|G6/ cflb
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/ o;/L cfbfgk|bfg ul/Psf ;Gb]zx lg/Gt/ 5flkg ;Sb5g\ . ;fy} ;Gb]zx Ps kIfsf] cg'kl:yltdf
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pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] .
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CTO ejgdf Photo Transmitter tyf Receiver h8fg u/L lgoldt kdf Photo Transmission ug]{
Joj:yfsf] ;'?cft ul/Psf] lyof] . klxnf] k6s Photo Transmission ;]jf ;+o'Qm clw/fHo cd]l/sfsf
dxfdlxd pk/fi6kltsf] g]kfn e|d0fsf pknIodf lj=;+= @)@* df ;'? ePsf] lyof] .
@=* VHF dfkm{t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfng
sf7df8f}F / kf6gdf dfq 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h ;~rfngdf /x]sf] / l/\u/f]8 aflx/ s]an g]6js{sf]
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ltgnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknJw u/fpg ;'?df s]xL VHF(Very High Frequency) ;]6x dufOPsf lyP .
kmn:jk ;j{k|yd uf]bfj/L dfj{n pBf]u, a'9flgns07 :s'n h:tf s]xL ;+:yfxnfO{ VHF dfkm{t :yfgLo
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eof] . tTsfnLg /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 klg ljsf;sf nfuL ;~rf/ eGg] pb\3f]if eof] . kmn:jk @)@* ;fndf
;~rf/ dGqfnosf] u7g eof] / o;} jif{ /fli6o ;~rf/ of]hgf @)@* sf] efjgf cg'k cfjZos sfg'gL
Joj:yf ug{ ;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g @)@* df nfndf]x/ nfuL @)@* ;fn r}q @) ut]b]lv nfu" eof] . ;~rf/
;+:yfg P]g @)@* sf] k|:tfjgfdf /fli6o Pstfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] lglDt /fli6o ;~rf/
;]jf of]hgf cg'k ;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ ljleGg dfWodf/f ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ ;d]t ;se/ a9L dfqfdf
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;+:yfgsf] p2]ZonfO{ klg :ki6 kf/]sf] b]lvG5 .
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hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf lyof] . ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g ljlw o; k|sf/ lyof]
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;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ lgodfjnL @)## sf] bkmf ^ -s_ n] u/]sf] 5 . kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo
/ clwsf/, sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ cflb lgodfjnLn] tf]s]adf]lhd x'G5 . o;sf] u7g o; k|sf/ 5
;+:yfg k|dv
' kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] cWoIf, To;}u/L ;b:oxdf ;+:yfg;Fu ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] k|ltlglw
Ps hgf, afFsL @ hgf ;b:oxdf ;+:yfgdf sfd ug{] jl/i7 sd{rf/L dWo]af6 ;~rfns ;ldltn] dgf]gog
u/]sf] Ps hgf jl/i7 sd{rf/L / ;~rfns ;ldltn] dgf]gog u/]sf] Ps hgf cg'ejL ljz]if k|ltlglw /xg]
Joj:yf 5 .
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ORGZNIZATION CHART OF
NEPAL TELECOMMUNICATION CORPORATION
1986
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
GENERAL MANAGER
LEGAL ADVISOR CHIEF INTERNAL AUDITOR
DEPUTY GENERAL MANAGER DEPUTY GENERAL MANAGER DEPUTY GENERAL MANAGER

(Operation & Maintenance) (Planning & Development) (Administration & Finance)
HEADQUATER REGIONS FIELD OFFICES

Administration & Finance Dept. REGIONAL OFFICE, KATHMANDU TELECOM TRAINING CENTRE
(Regional Manager) (Director)
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION DEPT.
(Business Maneger) REGIONAL OFFICE, BIRATNAGAR (Manager) DEPARTMENT
(Regional Manager) CNG DISTANCE MAINTENANCE
PERSONAL/GENERAL ADMINSTRATION DEPT.
(Manager) REGIONAL OFFICE, BIRGUNJ INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
(Regional Manager) MANAGER'S OFFICE
FINANCE DEPARTMENT
(Financial Controller) PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION DEPT.
REGIONAL OFFICE, BUTWAL
(Regional Manager) (Project Manager)
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT & PLANNING DEPT.
(Manager)
REGIONAL OFFICE, NEPALGUNJ RURAL TELECOM PROJECT
(Executive Engineer) (Project Manager)
PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
PLANNING & DEPARTMENT

(Manager)
PROJECT CO-ORDINATION & DEVELOPMENT
(Material Admistration DEPT. (Manager)
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE DEPT.

(Manager)
#=@= If]qLo sfof{nosf] :yfkgf
@)@* ;fn cufl8;Dd g]kfn clw/fHodf :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hx sf7df8f}F, kf6g /
lj/f6gu/df dfq ;~rfng ePtf klg cf=jf= :6];gx clw/fHo e/ g} km}lnPsf lyP . c~rn :t/df
cf=jf= :6];gxsf] dd{t / ;Def/sf] /]vb]vsf nflu Pl/of sG6f]n clkm; v8f ul/Psf] ePtf klg
sd{rf/L Joj:yf, n]vf k|0ffNfL, of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog cflb ;Dk"0f{ sfdx s]Gb|af6 g} x'g] u/]sf]
lyof] . kmn:jk ;]jf lj:tf/df l9nfO{ dfq xf]Og lgoGq0f / ;'k/lehg k|0ffNfL g} lkmtnf] / cJojxfl/s
lyof] . ctM o;nfO{ ;'Jojl:yt ug{ @)@* ;fndf clwsf/ ;DkGg tLg If]qLo sfof{noxsf] u7g ul/of] .
jfudtL c~rn nufot sf7df8f}Fb]lv klZrdsf ;a} b"/;~rf/ sfof{noxsf] sfdsf] ;'k/lehg ug{] u/L
sf7df8f}Fdf If]qLo sfof{no sf7df8f}F :yfkgf eof] . o;sf] k|yd k|aGwsdf e"k/fh kf08] lgo'Qm x'g'eof] .
@)@* ;fndf g} hgsk'/ / gf/fo0fL c~rndf /x]sf b"/;~rf/ sfof{noxsf] sfdsf] ;'kl/lehg ug{] u/L
jL/u~h If]qLo sfof{no / k"jf{~rn If]qsf d]rL, sf]zL / ;u/dfyf c~rnsf ;a} b"/;~rf/ sfof{noxsf]
sfdsf] /]vb]v ug{] u/L lj/f6gu/ If]qLo sfof{no :yfkgf eof] . jL/u~h If]qLo sfof{nosf] k|yd k|aGws
/3'j/nfn >]i7 x'g'eof] eg] lj/f6gu/sf] r]tk|;fb e6\/fO{ x'g'eof] .
#=# ljz]if1sf] ;]jf
ljZja}+saf6 k|fKt C0f ;xof]ucGtu{t ;~rfng xg] b"/;~rf/ sfo{qmdxsf] sfof{Gjog tyf
dd{t, ;Def/sf nflu ;xof]u k'uf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] a]nfotsf] ODA (Overseas Development Agency)
dfkm{t ljZf]if1xsf] ;]jfsf nfuL cg'/f]w ul/Psf]df sf]nf]Daf] of]hgfcGtu{t $ hgf ljZf]if1xsf] ;]jf
k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljleGg If]qdf sfd ug{] u/L lgDg
ljz]if1x g]kfn cfO cfcfgf If]qdf sfd u/]sf lyP / pgLxnfO{ sfddf ;3fpg tn plNnlvt al/i7
clws[txn] sfpG6/ kf6{sf kdf sfd ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
rLkm OlGhlgo/df sfd ug{] ljz]if1 Mr. Ray sf] sfpG6/ kf6{df tTsfnLg al/i7 OlGhlgo/ ;'/]z
s'df/ k'8f;}gL .
If]qLo sfof{no sf7df8f}Fsf] 6]lnsd k|aGwsdf sfd ug{] ljz]if1 Mr. Chatwin sf] sfpG6/ kf6{df
al/i7 OlGhlgo/ e"k/fh kf08] .
Jofkf/ k|aGwsdf sfd ug{] Mr.Bates sf] sfpG6/ kf6{df al/i7 clws[t /d]z g]kfnL .
cy{ lgoGqsdf sfd ug{] ljz]if1 Mr. Stabbing sf] sfpG6/ kf6{df tTsfnLg rLkm PsfpG6]G6 lzn
axfb'/ ah|frfo{ .
dfly plNnlvt ljz]if1xn] ;g\ !(&@ April b]lv !(&$ April ;Dd sfd u/]sf lyP . kl5 !(&%
b]lv Chief Engineer Mr. Ray sf] 7fpFdf Mr.Crawshaw / Mr.Bates sf] 7fpFdf Mr. Miles cfPsf
lyP . pgLxn] !(&& ;Dd sfd u/]sf lyP .
#=$ g]kfn ef/t aLr b"/;~rf/ Coordination Meeting sf] ;'?cft
g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ If]]qsf] ljsf;sf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf ef/t ;/sf/n] ljQLo tyf k|fljlws ;xof]uaf6
dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg u/]sf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6o snsf] dxjk"0f{ lx:;f ef/t;Fu ePsf] / g]kfnaf6 ljleGg
b]zdf hfg] cGt/f{li6o snsf nflu klg ef/tn] cfjZos ?6x pknJw u/fO 6flGh6sf kdf sfd ug]{
u/]sf] h:tf sltko sf/0fn] ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt lgsfo;Fu b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] lgs6 ;DaGw /xFb}
cfPsf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6o snaf6 x'g] /fh:jsf] afF8kmfF8 af/], cGt/f{li6o snsf nflu cfjZos x'g]
;ls{6xsf] Joj:yfsf nflu, b'O{ b]z aLrsf] b"/;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] dd{t tyf ;Def/ cflbsf nflu ef/t
;/sf/sf tkm{af6 DOT (Department of Telecommunications) sf pRr clwsf/Lx / g]kfn ;/sf/sf
tkm{af6 b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf pRr clwsf/Lx aLr lgoldt Coordination Meeting sf] ;'?cft cf=j=
@)#!#@ b]lv x'g yfNof] . Coordination Meeting xaf6 b'O{ b]zsf b"/;~rf/ k|bfosx aLr ;'dw'/
;DaGw sfod /fVg 7"nf] d2t k'u]sf] lyof] .
#=% cGt/f{li6o ;]jfdf ljb]zL cfsif{0f
lj=;+= @)#) sf] bzs;Dd klg g]kfndf :yfgLo, cGtb]{zLo tyf cGt/f{li6o ;]jfxdf vf; j[l4
eO;s]sf] lyPg / oL ;]jfxaf6 x'g] cfDbfgL klg pNn]Vo lyPg . oBlk 6]n]S; ;]jfaf6 /fd|} cfDbfgL x'g]
u/]sfn] d'n'ssf] s'n /fh:jsf] c+zdf o;n] dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] lyof] . o;/L cGt/f{li6o ;]jfaf6
x'g] /fh:jn] Tolt k|efj hdfO g;s]sf] ePtf klg cGo b]zxsf] cg'ejn] x'g ;S5, cGt/f{li6o ;]jf
k|bfg ug{] a]nfotL ;+:yfsf] Cable and Wireless sDkgLn] g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfngdf
?lr b]vfPsf] lyof] . o;sf nflu cf}krfl/scgf}krfl/s kdf tTsfnLg Joj:yfkgdf lgs} bafa k/]sf]
lyof] . tfn's dGqfnodf klg lgs} 5nkmn ePsf lyP . cGo w]/} b]zxdf cGtb]{zLo b"/;~rf/ ;]jf /
cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;]jf 5'f 5'} ;]jf k|bfosxaf6 ;~rfng x'g] u/]tf klg g]kfndf eg] Pp6} b"/;~rf/
;]jf k|bfosaf6 ;f] ;]jf ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . To; avt b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] JoJf:yfkgdf o;nfO{ 5'6\ofpg]
rfxgf gcfPsf] klg x'g ;S5 . tTsfnLg Joj:yfksxn] hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ cfgf] cGt/f{l6o b"/;~rf/
;]jf ljb]zL sDkgLnfO{ ;'Dkg rfx]gg\ . cGttM of] Pp6f /fd|f] lg0f{o l;4 x'g uof] . lsgeg] kl5 g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] s'n /fh:jsf] lx:;fdf cGt/f{li6o ;]jfsf] of]ubfg s'g} ;dodf ^^ k|ltzt;Dd klg
k'Ug uPsf] lyof] .
$= dx;'n b/ tyf /fh:j
lj=;+= @)@^ sflQs ! ut] b"/;~rf/ ljefunfO{ lj36g u/L b"/;~rf/ ;DaGwL sfd k|efjsf/L
9\un] ;DkGg ug{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltaf6 k|fKt cfb]z @)@^ af6 g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltdf kl/jt{g
ul/of] . b"/;~rf/ ljefun] ub{} cfPsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sf cltl/Qm g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;DaGwdf ;]jf lj:tf/,
;~rfng cflb ;a} sfo{ o; ;ldltcGtu{t x'g] Joj:yf eof] . g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt u7g cfb]z @)@^
sf] bkmf % -#_ adf]lhd ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnP/ ;]jf ;~rfng tyf dx;'n b/ ;DaGwdf lgodfjnL
agfO nfu" ug{] Joj:yf eof] . lj=;+= @)#) ;Dd ;fljssf] lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd ;]jf ;~rfng
tyf dx;'n b/ sfod /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)#) >fj0f ! utb]lv :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL @)#)
/ b"/;~rf/ -cGtb{]zLo_ lgodfjnL @)#) hf/L u/L gofF b/ /]6 nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] .
$=! :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL @)#)

;fljsdf b"/;~rf/ ljefuaf6 hf/L ePsf] :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL @)@@ nfO{ k|lt:yfkg u/L
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltaf6 ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnO :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL @)#) hf/L ul/Psf]
lyof] . o; lgodfjnL cg';f/ @)@@ ;fnsf] lgodfjnLdf /x]sf] Joj:yfdf s]xL ;'wf/ u/]/ @)#) ;fn
>fj0f ! ut]af6 nfu" x'g] u/L :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n b/ o; k|sf/ sfod ul/of]
s_ 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 w/f}6L -;fwf/0f_ ?= %)).
cfO{=l;= Ps= ;]6df ?= !))).
v_ h8fg rfh{ ?= @)).
u_ 6]lnkmf]g ;fg{] -Ps 3/af6 csf{] 3/df_ ?= @)).
3_ dfl;s dx;'n 5'6 sn
!_ Go"gtd dx;'n ?= %).
@_ 5'6 sn ?= %).
#= k|To]s yk snsf] ?= .@%
_ /]l8of] 6]lnkmf]gsf] dfl;s dx;'n ?= ^)).
-# dlxgfsf] clu|d a'emfpg' kg{]_
r_ :yfgLo kqklqsfnfO{ k|sfzg sfod /x];Dd klAns sg]S;g nfUg] dx;'nsf] *) k|ltzt dfq
Pp6f 6]lnkmf]gdf ;'ljwf lbg] .
5_ klAns snsf] b/ M klAns sfof{nodf /x]sf 6]lnkmf]gaf6 Pp6} PS;r]~hsf] 6]lnkmf]gdf s'/f
u/]sf] Ps k6s s'/f ubf{ krf; k};fsf] b/n] dx;'n nfUg] .
h_ dx;'n a'emfpg] tyf ;dodf dx;'n gltg{] Joj:yf ;fljs lgodfjnL @)@@ sf] Joj:yf
oyfjt\\ /flvof] .
$=@ b"/;~rf/ -cGtb{]zLo_ lgodfjnL @)#)
6]lnsDo'lgs];g -cGtb{]zLo_ lgodfjnL @)@# df /x]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ ;ldltaf6 b"/;~rf/ -cGtb{]zLo_ lgodfjnL @)#) hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . of] lgodfjnL nfu"
ePkl5 cGtb{]zLo 6\ssndf b"/L cg';f/ dx;'n nfUg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . of] lgod @)#) >fj0f
! ut]af6 nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 . of] lgodaf6 nfu" ePsf] 6]lnu|fd va/sf] dx;'n jiff{}+ sfod /xL 6]lnu|fkm
va/ ;]jf lj:yfkg geP;Dd oyfjt\\ /x]sf] lyof] h'g o; k|sf/ 5
s_ 6]lnu|fkm va/sf] dx;'n b/
!_ b]jgfu/Ldf
klxnf] #) cIf/sf] ?= #. ?= ^.
k|To]s yk cIf/sf] ?=.)% ?= .!)
@_ c+u|]hLdf
k|To]s bz zAbsf] ?= #. ?= ^.
k|To]s yk zAbsf] ?= .@% ?= .%)
k|]; va/
!_ b]jgfu/Ldf
k|To]s krf; cIf/sf] ?= !. ?= @.
k|to]s yk kfFr cIf/sf] ?=.)% ?=.!)
@_ c+u|]hLdf
k|To]s krf; zAbsf] ?= #. ?= ^.
k|To]s yk kfFr zAbsf] ?=.@% ?=.@%
v_ w/f}6L ;fljs adf]lhd ?= @)). oyfjt\\ /flvPsf]
u_ 6\ssn dx;'n
6\s snsf] lsl;d tyf ;]jf ;fljs adf]lhd oyfjt\\ /x]sf] t/ lgodfjnLaf6 6\s sn dx;'ndf
Jofks kl/jt{g ul/Psf] lyof] . klxnf] k6s b"/L adf]lhd dx;'n nfUg] Joj:yf ul/of] . b"/LnfO{ % ;d"xdf
ljefhg u/L Go"gtd # ldg]6sf] dx;'n nfUg] Joj:yf eof] . of] 6\s sn b/ ;d]t g]kfndf w]/} ;do nfu"
/Xof] / b"/;~rf/ If]qdf k|lt:kwf{ ;'? geP;Dd oxL dx;'n b/ sfod /Xof] . k|lt:kwf{ x'g nfu]kl5 of] b/
36\g] qmd ;'? eO xfn;Dd 36\b} cfPsf] 5 .
!_ 6\s snafkt w/f}6L ?= %)). /fVg' kg{] . ;fljs ?= @)). /fVg' kg{] . ;fljs ?= @)).
af6 j[l4 ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
@_ 6]lnu|fkmaf6 klg 6\s sn ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf] .
#_ 6\s sn dx;'n
s_ PrPkm /]l8of] ;fwf/0f h?/L
klxnf] # ldg]6sf] ?= %. ?= !).
k|To]s yk ! ldg]6sf] ?= @. ?= $.
v_ Nof08 nfOg
b"/L lsld klxnf] # ldg]6sf] yk k|lt
dx;'n -?_ ldg]6 -?_
@% lsdL;Dd !.@).$)
@%%) lsdL;Dd @.$) .*)
%)!)) lsdL;Dd $.*) !.^)
!))@)) lsdL;Dd &.@) @.$)
@)) eGbf dfly h?/L b:t'/ (.)) #.))
nfUg] dx;'nsf] 8an rfh{
nfUg] .
cGt/f{li6o 6\s lgodfjnL @)@$ df ;+zf]wg ePg t/ cGt/f{li6o b/ ;DaGwL ;DalGwt

cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfos;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] b/df ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnP/ b/ /]6 nfu" ug{]
Joj:yf oyfjt\\ /flvof] .
***
kl/R5]b M kfFr
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f

l8lh6n PS;r]~hsf] yfngL
-lj=;+= @)## @)$)_
k[i7e"ld
k|ljlw / ;]jf lj:tf/
;f\u7lgs ;+/rgf
A.P.T. (Asia Pacific Telecommunity) sf] ;b:otf
Volunteers Service
dx;'n b/
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fM l8lh6n PS;r]~hsf] yfngL
-lj=;+= @)## @)$)_
!= k[i7e"ld
b"/;~rf/sf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf b[li6af6 of] bzs klg lgs} dxjk"0f{ /Xof] . o; bzssf] cGTolt/
sf7df8f}Fsf] anDa'df :of6]nfO6 cy{ :6];gsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] eg] gS;fndf k|yd, l8lh6n
PS;r]~h ;~rfngdf cfPsf] lyof] . oL b'O{ cTofw'lgs gofF k|ljlw leqg' g} g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ If]qsf]
cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] ;'?cft ePsf] dflgG5 . o;n] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgdf o; k|sf/sf cfw'lgs k|ljlw
;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] bIf k|fljlwsxsf] Ifdtfsf] klg k'li6 ePsf] lyof] . HF Radio dfkm{t cGt/f{li6o
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] ;+:yfgn] 5f]6f] cjlwdf g} :of6]nfO6 k|ljlwaf6 ;]jf ;~rfng uof] . To:t}
Manual Magneto Exchange af6 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] o; ;+:yfgn] ;f] ;dodf Pl;ofsf w]/} sd
d'n'sdf ;~rfngdf cfPsf] Digital Exchange df km8\sf] dfof] . o;nfO{ dxjk"0f{ sbdsf kdf lng
;lsG5 . pk/f]Qm k|ljlwsf] k|of]u;F+u} g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf ;]jfxdf Jofks ;'wf/
eof] . ;fy} cfly{s cj:yfdf klg ;'wf/ cfO Ps gfkmfd'vL ;+:yfsf kdf :yflkt x'g klg 7"nf] ;xof]u
k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . oL ;Gbe{nfO{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fM l8lh6n PS;r]~hsf] yfngL zLif{sdf
o; kl/R5]bdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
@= k|ljlw / ;]jf lj:tf/
@=! ;f}o{ phf{af6 rNg] cf=jf= ;]6 ;~rfngsf] ;'?cft
@)#) sf] bzsdf d'n'ssf ;a} lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf cf=jf= :6];g :yfkgf ePtf klg 6]lnkmf]gsf]
kx'Fr rflxF guGo kdf /x]sfn] cf=jf= ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf sfod} /x]sf] lyof] . t/ k|foM h;f] lhNNffdf
e/kbf]{ kdf ljB't pknAw gePsfn] cf=jf= ;~rfng ug{ h]g]/]6/df lge{/ x'g' kg]{ cj:yf lyof] . a]nf
a]nfdf l8h]ndf]lansf] cefjn] h]g]/]6/ grNbf, cfsfzjf0fL ;]jf cj?4 x'g] ePsfn] lah'nLaf6 rNg]
cfsfzjf0fL ;]6sf] 7fpFdf ;f}o{ phf{af6 rNg] Solid State k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cfsf;jf0fL ;]6 Nofpg]
of]hgf aGof] . hd{g ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf clw/fHosf b'u{d tyf clt b'u{d :yfgxdf ;f}o{ phf{af6 rNg]
cfsf;jf0fL ;]6x h8fg ul/of] . ;j{k|yd @)#$ ;fndf ;f}o{ phf{af6 rNg] cfsf;jf0fL ;]6 tgx"Fsf]
bdf}nLdf k/LIf0fsf kdf h8fg ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfndf ;j{k|yd ;f}o{ phf{sf] k|of]u oxLFaf6 ;'? ul/Psf]
xf] . ;f}o{ phf{af6 cfsfzjf0fL ;]6 /fd|f];Fu rn]sfn] kl5 kxf8L tyf b'u{dsf $^ :yfgxdf ;f]nf/af6
rNg] o:tf cfsf;jf0fL ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ul/Psf] lyof] .
@=@ pkTosf aflx/ 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hsf] :yfkgf
lj/f6gu/ g]kfnsf] bf];|f] k|d'v zx/ / cf}Bf]lus zx/ klg ePsfn] 6]lnkmf]gsf] dfu a9L g} lyof] .
;~rfngdf /x]sf $)) nfOg Ifdtfsf] Dofg'cn l;=la= PS;r]~haf6 kof{Kt ;]jf k|fKt gePsf] / ;]jf
klg Tolt k|efjsf/L gePsfn] ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ef/tdf lgld{t !#)) nfOg Ifdtfsf] Penta-
conta X-bar Exchange :yfkgf ul/of] . o;sf] pb\3f6g @)## ;fn d+l;/ @( ut] tTsfnLg ;~rf/dGqL
/ljGb|gfy zdf{af6 ePsf] lyof] . kl5 ;+:yfgsf] cfg} ;|f]taf6 @)#$ ;fndf yk &)) nfOg lj:tf/ u/L
PS;r]~hsf] Ifdtf @))) k'ofOof] .
o; cjlwdf b]zsf ljleGg k|d'v zx/xdf 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h :yfkgfsf] sfo{ lg/Gt/ eO/Xof] .
o;} qmddf sf7df8f}Fsf] ;'Gwf/f, kf]v/f, lj/f6gu/, w/fg, jL/u~h, g]kfnu~h, x]6f}+8f, /fhlj/fh, e}/xjf,
hgsk'/ / eb|k'/df PS;r]~hsf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} gofF :yfgx ag]kf, e/tk'/, tfg;]g, a'6jn,
wgs'6f, ;'v{]t, dx]Gb|gu/ / l;/fxfdf gofF PS;r]~h :yfkgf ug{] sfd eof] .
@=# dfOqmf]j]e ln\ssf] lj:tf/
dx]Gb|gu/, a'6jn tyf tfg;]gdf PS;r]~h h8fg ePtf klg 6\s ;ls{6sf nflu dfOqmf]j]e
ln\ssf] Joj:yf eOg;s]sfn] tTsfn tL :yfgxdf VHF ;]6 h8fg u/L 6\s ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
lyof] . ;'?df Link Complex k|of]u u/L HF Radio af6 6\s ;]jf pknJw u/fO cfPsf]df kl5 @)#$
;fndf g]kfnu~h / e}/xjfdf dfOqmf]j]e ln\saf6 6\s ;]jf ;~rfngdf NofOof]] . gofF l;=la=PS;r]~h
;~rfngdf cfPsf] e/tk'/df klg dfOqmf]j]e ln\saf6 g} 6\s ;]jf ;~rfng ul/of] .
Klxnf] r/0fdf h8fg ul/Psf Pgfnu dfOqmf]j]e k|0ffnLdf :6ofG8afO l;:6d h8fg gePsfn] s'g}
avt pks/0fdf v/faL cfP ;]jf g} cj/f]w x'g] cj:yf /x]sf]df ;]jfdf cj/f]w gxf];\ eGgsf nflu of]
ln\sdf kl5 @)#@ ;fndf g} :6ofG8afO l;:6d (1+1) klg h8fg ul/of] .
@=$ sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ kl/jt{g
;g\ !(&^ df b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgfkl5 g]kfndf b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu la|l6;
sG;N6\ofG6 Preece Cardew and Rider sf] ;xof]udf !(&* df Basic Plan For Telecommunication
Network in the Kingdom of Nepal tof/ u/fOPsf] lyof] . tL k/fdz{bftff/f tof/ ul/Psf] a]l;s Knfgdf
6fG;ld;g Knfg, :jLlr Knfg, gDal/ Knfg ;dfj]z lyP . ;f] a]l;s Knfgafx]s pQm Consultant n]
ljZja}+ssf] bf];f| ] r/0f sfo{qmdcGtu{tsf] :JfLlr PS;r]~hx / klZrdf~rfn If]qsf] dfOqmf]j]e ln\ssf
nflu af]nkq cfXjfg ug{ 6]lSgsn :k]l;lkms];g tof/ ug{'sf ;fy} Bidding Document klg tof/ u/]sf]
lyof] . b]zdf :jLlr tyf 6fG;ld;g g]6js{ lj:tf/ sfo{sf ;fy} 6]lnkmf]g gDal/ klg ;f]xL Knfg cg';f/
k|f/De eof] . ;fwf/0ftof :yfgLo 6]lnkmkmf]g gDa/ ) af6 ;'? gx'g] / ! / ( c\s cGo ;]jfxsf nflu
k|of]u ul/g] ePsfn] sG;N6\ofG6af6 tof/ ul/Psf] k|ltj]bgdf ljBdfg % Digit sf] Numbering Plan
ubf{ &), ))) u|fxs dfq ;d]6\g ;lsg] b]lvof] . g]kfndf lgs6 eljiodf x'g] b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf;nfO{
ljZn]if0f ubf{ % c\ssf] Numbering Plan n] tL u|fxsxsf] ;+VofnfO{ ;d]6\g g;Sg] ePsf]n] ^ Digit
sf] Numbering Plan ;'emfOPsf] lyof] .
;f]xL k|ltj]bgsf] ;'emfj cg';f/ @)#( ;fndf sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf 6]lnkmf]g u|fxsxsf nflu
eO/x]sf] % Digit sf] Telephone Number kl/jt{g u/L ^ Digit agfOPsf] lyof] . sf7df8f}F lhNnfsf
6]lnkmf]g u|fxsxsf nflu ljBdfg gDa/ cufl8 @ sf] c\s / kf6g lhNNffsf u|fxsxsf nflu ljBdfg
gDa/sf] cufl8 % sf] c\s ylkof] .
@=% anDa'df :of6]nfO6 cy{ :6];g :yfkgf
g]kfndf cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;]jftkm{ 6]n]S; ;]jfn] ;Gtf]ifhgs ;]jf lbg'sf ;fy} /fh:jdf klg
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fMl8lh6n=== 113
dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbFb} cfPsf] lyof] . ef/t;Fu Sofl/o/ k|0ffnLaf6 / cGo d'n'sxdf HF Radio af6
cGt/f{li6o 6\s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] ePtf klg ;]jfdf ck]lIft ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf sf/0f
6flkmsdf klg vf;} j[l4 x'g ;s]g . o;n] ubf{ cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ ug{ pko'Qm
k|ljlwsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/of] . ;fy} 6flkmsdf j[l4 ug{ pko'Qm uGtAosf] vf]hL klg eO/x]sf] lyof] .
;f]xL ;dodf ljZja}+ssf] C0f ;xof]ucGtu{t s]xL a]nfotL k/fdz{bftfx b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t lyP .
pgLxsf] k/fdz{df g} g]kfndf :of6]nfO6 cy{:6];g :yfkgf ug{ la|l6z ;/sf/;Fu cg'/f]w eof] . kmn:jk
la|6Lz ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu @^ nfv kfpG8 a/fa/sf] cg'bfg
lbg ;xdtL hgfof] . cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf cWoog ug{ Crown Agents Consultant nfO{ lgo'Qm ul/of] .
pgn] g]kfndf Satellite Communication Earth Station :yfkgf ug{ ;DefJotf cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L
;g\ !(&( df a'emfP . Satellite Earth Station Project gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] ;f] Project cGtu{t anDa'df
pks/0f h8fg ug{ ejg, Satellite Antenna, cGo pks/0fx, /]l8of] ln\ssf ;fy} lqk'/]Zj/ huGgfy
b]jn kl/;/df ITB ejgsf] lgdf{0f, Telex Exchange pks/0fx / 6]lnlk|G6/ ;]6x h8fg ul/Psf] lyof] .
pQm :of6]nfO6 cy{:6];gsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ k"/f eO{ lj=;+= @)#( df tTsfnLg clw/fhs'df/ 1fg]Gb|af6
a]nfotsf /fhs'df/ rfN;{;Fu s'/f u/L z'ef/De ePsf] lyof] . o;df ;'?df ^ j6f ;ls{6x dfq ;~rfngdf
NofOPsf] lyof] . o;dWo] @ j6f ;ls{6 a]nfotsf nflu, @ j6f ;ls{6 xssf nflu / @ j6f ;ls{6
6f]lsof]sf nflu k|of]udf NofOPsf] lyof] . :of6]nfO6 cy{:6];gsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/
;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df /
cGt/f{li6o
6] l nkmf] g 6 f lkms
klg lgs} j[l4 eof] .
ck/]6/xn] g]kfn
aflx/sf b] z df
8fO/]S6 8fon
ug{ ;Sg] eP .
cy{:6];g :yfkgf
ePkl5 g] k fnsf]
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
cfw' l gs o' u df
k|j]z uof] . ;fy}
;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ anDa'l:yt cy{ :6];g
x'g] qmd ;'? eof] .
@=^ c6f]d]l6s 6]n]S; PS;r]~hsf] :yfkgf
d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/s 3/fgf aLr 6]n]S; ;]jf Hofb} k|efjsf/L /x]sf] / /fh:jdf klg
dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbO cfPsfn] :of6]nfO6 sDo'lgs];g cy{:6];g k|f]h]S6cGtu{t k'/fgf] Dofg'on 6]n]S;
PS;r]~h lj:yflkt u/L @)#( ;fndf c6f]d]l6s 6]n]S; PS;r]~hsf] :yfkgf eof] . c6f]d]l6s 6]n]S;
PS;r]~hsf] cfk"lt{ tyf h8fg sfo{sf nflu ;g\ !(*! df ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] Crown Agents ;Fu
;Demf}tf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;'?df %!@ Ifdtf /x]sf] pQm 6]n]S; PS;r]~haf6 ^) j6f cGt/f{li6o 6\s
;ls{6 -!@ snsQf, !) xs, !) ;+o'Qm clw/fHo, ( aDa}, ^ cd]l/sf, % l;+ufk'/, % hfkfg / #
hd{gL_ ;~rfngdf NofOof] . ;'?df sf7df8f}Fdf dfq ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf]df kl5 lj/f6gu/, jL/u~h,
hgsk'/, kf]v/f, a'6jn, e}/xjf / g]kfnu~hsf u|fxsxnfO{ klg cGtb{]zLo tyf cGt/f{li6o 6]n]S; ;]jf
pknJw u/fOPsf] lyof] .
@=& g]kfndf k|yd l8lh6n PS;r]~hsf] :yfkgf
@)#) sf] bzskl5 sf7df8fF} pkTosfdf zx/Ls/0fn] Jofkstf lnPsf] ePtf klg 6]lnkmf]g s]an
g]6js{sf] lj:tf/ l/u/f]8 aflx/ Tolt x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . pkTosfs} Pp6f P]ltxfl;s zx/ eQmk'/df PS;r]~h
:yfkgfsf nflu hUuf pknAw x'g l9nfO ePsfn] PS;r]~h :yfkgf x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . hg;+Vofsf] d'Vo
rfk /x]sf] sf7df8f}F l//f]8b]lv aflx/ cjl:yt sLlt{k'/, a'9flgns07 / eQmk'/df ;d]t ;'Gwf/fl:yt
PS;r]~haf6 g} s]an tfgL 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lbOPsf] lyof] . To; avt Multiple Exchange sf] cjwf/0ff
cfO;s]sf] lyPg . sf7df8f}Fsf] ;'Gwf/f PS;r]~h ejgdf :yfgsf] sdL lyof] . eQmk'/, sLlt{k/' , a'9flgns07
h:tf !# lsnf]ld6/ eGbf 6f9f 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'ofpg 7"nf] u]hsf] Pl/Pn s]an tfGg' kg{], ;fwf/0f kf]nsf]
Ifdtfn] gEofpg] h:tf cg]sg afwf lyP . o:tf sf/0fn] Suburban Exchange sf] cjwf/0f cfof] .
sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf a9\bf] 6]lnkmf]gsf] dfunfO{ k"lt{ ug{ Trailor Exchange sf] cjwf/0f klg cfPsf] lyof]
t/ t/fOaf6 sf7df8f}F hf]8\g] /fhkyaf6 Trailor Exchange Nofpg ;Dej gePsfn] ;f] of]hgf sfof{Gjog x'g
;s]g . Suburban Exchange gS;fndf :yfkgf ug{] p2]Zon] PS;r]~h ejgsf] lgdf{0f eof] . g]kfn b"/;~rf/
;+:yfgn] ;fgf]ltgf] ejg lgdf{0f tyf cGo dd{t / ;Def/sf] sfo{ cfg} k|fljlwsxaf6 u/fpFb} cfPsf]
ePtf klg ;j{k|yd
gS;fn PS;r]~h
ejg lgdf{ 0 fsf]
l8hfOg, Ol:6d]6
/ ;'k/lehg sfo{
k/fdz{bftfsf]
;xof]udf ul/Psf]
lyof] . gS;fndf
#))) nfOg,
eQmk' / df $))
nfOg / tflnd
s]Gb|df $))
nfOg Ifdtfsf] gS;fnl:yt k|yd l8lh6n PS;r]~h ejg
:jLlr pks/0f tyf
;'Gwf/fdf h\s;g pks/0f ;d]tsf nflu af]nkq cfXjfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
ITU sf k/fdz{bftfaf6 af]nkqx d"Nof\sg u/fO Gold Star sf]l/og sDkgLf/f lgld{t
Electro - mechanical type sf] :jLlr pks/0f vl/b ug{] lg0f{o eof] / letter of Intent klg lbOof] .
oBlk sf]l/ofdf lgld{t :jLlr pks/0f k'/fgf] k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ePsfn] csf]{ k|0ffnL ylkFbf hgzlQm
Pjd\ kf6{k'hf{xsf] 5'6\6} Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ h:tf sf/0fn] of] :f+:yfgsf] bL3{sfnLg lxtdf gx'g] s'/fdf
ljZja}+ssf kbflwsf/L / ;+:yfgsf pRr kbflwsf/Lx aLr Ps dt eof] . kmn:jk kl5 ;f] 6]08/
/2 u/L ljZja}+ssf] k/fdz{bftfsf] ;xof]udf Digital k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t SPC Exchange sf] :yfkgf ug{]
dxjk"0f{ lg0f{o eof] .
l8hL6n PS;r]~hsf] :k]l;lkms];g / lal8 8s'd]G6;\ tof/ ug{sf nflu k|m]Gr ljz]if1 / 5f]6f]
cjlwsf nflu ef/tsf] b"/;~rf/ ljefusf ljz]if1 h]=Pn=u'Ktfsf] ;xof]u k|fKt eof] . ;g\ !(*) df
ljleGg :yfgsf nflu ljZja}+ssf] ;xdltdf @#,&%) nfOgsf] af]nkq tof/ u/L ;g\ !(*! sf] ;'?df
af]nkq cfx\jfg ul/of] . k|fKt af]nkqxsf] d"Nofsg ug{ cfO{ l6=o'=sf ljz]if1nfO{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/
;+:yfgsf OlGhlgo/xn] ;d]t ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . ;f] d"Nof\sg k|ltj]bgcg'k 5gf}6 ePsf] a]lNhodsf]
la=l6=Pd= sDkgL;+Fu @* May !(*@ df BF 828,000.000 sf] ;Demf}tf x'g ul/of] . ljZja}+ssf] C0f
;xof]ucGtu{tsf] /sdn] ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt s'n nfut a]xf]g{ gEofpg] ePsfn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
hdfgtdf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] cGt/f{li6o l;6L a}+saf6 o'=P;= % ldlnog 8n/sf] C0f ;d]t lng'
k/]sf] lyof] . kmn:jk gS;fndf gofF PS;r]~hsf] k|yd l8lh6n PS;r]~h :yfkgf ug{] sfo{ eof] .
%))) nfOg Ifdtfsf] ;f] PS;r]~h a]lNhodsf] Bell sDkgLn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] PS;r]~hsf]
pb\3f6g @)$) ;fn kf}if !$ ut] ePsf] lyof] .
#= ;f\u7lgs ;+/rgf
@)#@ ;fndf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] u7g kZrft ;+u7gfTds ;'b[9Ls/0fdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOof] .
Psflt/ ljZja}ssf] C0f ;xof]udf d'n'ssf b"/b/fhdf ;]jfxsf] Jofks lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] lyof] eg]
csf{tkm{ ;]jfdf ljljwLs/0f ePsfn] gofF ;]jfx klg Tolts} lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] lyof] . ;]jfsf lx;fan]
dd{t tyf ;Def/ ;~rfngdf klg Specialization eO/x]sfn] ;f]xLcg'k sd{rf/Lxsf] Ifdtfdf clej[l4
/ ;\u7gfTds ;'wf/sf k|of; klg h?/L /Xof] . plNnlvt p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu ljleGg ljefux u7gsf]
sfo{ eof] .
#=! b" / ;~rf/ tflnd
s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
g]kfnL hgtfnfO{
;do ;fk] I f b" / ;~rf/
;]jf k|bfg ug{ cTofw'lgs
k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'Fb} uPsf]
/ ;do;dodf a9\ b }
uPsf] sfdsf] k| s [ l t
cg' ; f/ :yfkgf ePsf
If]qLo sfof{nox,
cfof] h gf sfof{ G jog
ljefu / cGo ljefuxdf
bIf hgzlQmsf] b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb| ejg, aa/dxn
cfjZos kg'{
:jfefljs g} lyof] . o;} kl/k|]Iodf lzIf0f ;+:yfdf cfh{g u/]sf] lzIffsf cfwf/df sfd ul//x]sf /
tflnd k|fKt gu/]sf >d zlQmn] gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ sl7g x'Fb} hfg' klg
:jfefljs} xf] . ;f] ;dodf ev{/ gofF lzIff gLlt nfu" ePsf] lyof] . To; avt ;a} k|sf/sf k|fljlws
tflndsf] Joj:yf OlGhlgol/ OlG:6Ro'6, k'Nrf]saf6 x'g'kb{5 eGg] gLlt lyof] . tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] s]xL
xb;Dd ;dfg k|s[ltsf] hgzlQm rflxg] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg / gful/s p8\8og ljefunfO{ nlIft u/L
@)@( ;fndf gful/s p8\8og tyf b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf uof] . of] s]Gb| xfnsf] k'Nrf]s
OlGhlgol/ OlG:6Ro'6sf] sDkfpG8 leq :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . ;'?df of] tflnd s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf o'=Pg=l8=lk=
/ cfO=l6=o'=sf] ;xof]udf eof] . t/ kl5 k'Nrf]sl:yt OlGhlgol/ OlG:6Ro'6af6 cfjZos ah]6 / ejgsf]
Joj:yf x'g g;s]sf] tyf b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] cfgf] 5'6\6} b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb| cfjZos x'g] dx;'; u/L
aa/dxnl:yt xfnsf] ejgdf @)## ;fnaf6 o:tf tflnd ;~rfng uof] . o; tflnd s]Gb|sf] klxnf]
lgb{]zs uh]Gb|l;+x af]x/f x'g'x'GYof] eg] cf]6L n]g] cfO=l6=o'= sf] k|f]h]S6 Dofg]h/ x'g'x'GYof] .
#=!=! tflnd ;DAfGwL P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld
@))( ;fn;Dd b"/;~rf/ k"jf{wf/sf] dd{t, ;Def/ tyf ;~rfngsf nflu rflxg] hgzlQmsf] tflnd
ljb]zL ljz]if1af6 sfo{:yndf g} ;~rfng ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . s]xL ;Lldt JolQmxnfO{ ef/tsf] 8fstf/
ljefudf tflnd lng k7fpg] ul/Psf] lyof] . 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefusf] u7gkl5 g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf]
;dl:6ut kdf ljsf;sf] qmd cf/De eof] . o'=P;=, ef/t / g]kfnsf] lqkIfLo ;Demf}tfaf6 ;~rfng
ePsf of]hgfsf] ;'?cftdf ljefusf] k|dv ' nfO{ ;d]t tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . cfsfzjf0fL ;]6
dd{t, ;Def/sf] tflnd, ck/]6/, 6]lnkmf]g nfOg d]lG6g]G;, :jLraf]8{ d]lG6g]G; h:tf tflnd :yfgLo tj/df
k|f]h]S6df sfd ug{] OlGhlgo/af6 lbg] ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] u7g kZrft ljZja}+ssf]
klxnf] C0f sfo{qmdsf] ;'?cftkl5 dfq tflnd s]Gb|sf] cfjZostf af/] dx;'; x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . tflnd
s]Gb|sf] :yfkgfsf nflu klxnf] k|f]h]S6 8s'd]G6 ;g\ !(^( -lj=;+= @)@^_ df cfO=l6=o'= ljz]if1af6
tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . tflnd s]Gb| ;DaGwL cfof]hgf cfO=l6=o'= / o'=Pg=l8=lk=sf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng x'g]
u/L tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ kl5 lgdf{0f oftfoft ;~rf/ dGqfnocGtu{t /x]sf] xjfO ljefusf nflu klg
tflndsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psfn] ;f]sf nflu klg o'=Pg=l8=lk= / ICAO sf] ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg]
u/L sfd cufl8 a9fOPsf] lyof] .
Pp6} dGqfnocGtu{t /x]sf b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt / xjfO ljefusf] tflnd sfo{qmdnfO{ ;+o'Qm kdf
Ps} 7fpFdf OlGhlgol/ sn]hsf] k'Nrf]sdf /x]sf ejg k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos tof/L
ul/of] . To;sf nflu k|f]h]S6 8s'd]G6nfO{ ;'wf/ u/L klxnf] tflnd cfof]hgf o''=Pg=l8=lk=af6 :jLs[t
eof] . gofF lzIff of]hgfcGtu{t ;a} tflndsf sfo{qmdx ljZjljBfnosf] lgod cg';f/ ljZjljBfnosf]
clwgdf /xL ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{ ePsfn] b"/;~rf/ tflnd cfof]hgfnfO{ klg ljZjljBfnocGtu{t /fVg'
kg{] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lg0f{o eof] . b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ Ps lsl;dsf] hgzlQm /
xjfO ljefusf] cfjZostf cg';f/ csf{] lsl;dsf] hgzlQmnfO{ ljZjljBfnosf] z}lIfs tflnddf 9fn]/
tflnd lbg] sfd lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvof] . o'=Pg=l8=lk=, g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt, cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;+3
/ ICAO ;f] JoJf:yf adf]lhd tflnd ;'rf? kdf rfn' ug{] s'/fdf cfZj:t x'g ;s]gg\ . ;f] k|f]h]S6cGtu{t
5flgPsf ljZf]if1xsf nflu sfof{no :yfkgf, sfof{nosf nflu cfjZos sfpG6/kf6{ :6fkmsf] JoJf:yf,
tflndsf] k|df0fkqsf] z}lIfs :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{] h:tf ljifodf cfjZos lg0f{o lng] k|lqmofdf c:ki6tf
(Confusion) sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf eof] .
ljb]zL ljz]if1xnfO{ sfd ug{ cK7\of/f] x'Fbfx'Fb} ljZja}+ssf] ;'emfjcg'k cfwf/e"t ljifout
OlGhlgol/ tflnd ljZjljBfnosf] z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ldNg] u/L ;~rfng ug]{ / ;]jfsfnLg tflndsf]
xsdf b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt / xjfO ljefusf] cfjZostf cg';f/ tflnd s]Gb|n] ;~rfng ug{] u/L cfof]hgf
k'Nrf]sl:yt OlGhlgol/ Institute cGtu{t /xg] u/L sfo{ ;'? eof] . pQm cfof]hgfnfO{ rflxg] hgzlQmsf]
;]jfsfnLg tflndsf nflu :jb]zL sfpG6/kf6{sf] Joj:yf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt / xjfO ljefuaf6 eof] .
pQm cfof]hgfsf nflu cfPsf ljb]zL k|f]h]S6 Dofg]h/n] /fhLgfdf lbP / ;f] cfof]hgf sfo{afxs k|f]h]S6
Dofg]h/sf] /]vb]vdf ;~rfng eof] .
cfjZos /sdsf] cefjsf sf/0f lgwf{l/t cjlwdf rfx] hlt tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g ;s]g .
;fy} OlGhlgol/ OlG:6Ro'6n] gofF ejg lgdf0f{sf nflu ah]6 Joj:yf ug'{ kg{] k|fjwfgn] klg ;xL :jk
lng ;s]g . o'=Pg=l8=lk=sf] ;xof]udf csf{] gofF k|f]h]S6 ;~rfng ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;f] ;+:yf aLr ;g\
!(&& df ;Demf}tf eof] . pQm ;Demf}tfcg'k cfof]hgfsf nflu o'=P;=8n/ !,))^,#%) o'=Pg=l8=lk=
af6 / g]kfn ;/sf/af6 #), %&, *@) pknAw x'g' kg]{ Joj:yf lyof] . OlGhlgol/ Institute n] tflnd
s]Gb|sf nflu ejg lgdf{0f gul/lbPsf sf/0f gofF k|f]h]S6cGtu{t cfpg' kg{] ljZf]if1xsf] 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf
klg c;/ kg{ uof] . tflnd s]Gb|sf] :yfg Pjd\ ejgsf] ;'lglZrttf gu/L cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{
cK7\of/f] ePsfn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] aj/dxn l:yt lgdf{0flwg Pp6f xf]6nsf] ejg vl/b ug{]
lg0f{o uof] . tflnd ejgsf] lgdf0f{ sfo{ k'/f gx'~h]n c:yfoL kaf6 k'Nrf]sdf ;~rfng ug{] of]hgf
;'? eof] . b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ljZj}+ssf] nufgL /sd j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] kl/k|]Iodf of]hgfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg
b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb| bf];|f] r/0fsf] of]hgf ;'? ug{] lg0f{o eof] . tflnd s]Gb|sf nflu vl/b u/]sf] ejgsf]
lgdf{0f sfo{ l8;]Da/ !(&( df ;lsg] elgPtf klg ;a} sfd !% dlxgf l9nf] u/L ;DkGg eof] . ;g\ !(*!
sf] dfr{ dlxgfdf b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb| cfgf] gofF ejgdf ;/]/ k"0f{kn] tflndsf] sfo{ ;'? eof] . sl/a
!) jif{sf] k|of;kl5 k"0f{kn] tflnd s]Gb| :yflkt x'g uof] . k|f]h]S6sf] cjlw l8;]Da/ !(*@ ;Dd dfq
eof] . To;kl5 b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|n] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lxaf6 ;a} lsl;dsf tflnd
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ yfNof] .
tflnd s]Gb|sf] tflnd sfo{qmdnfO{ cem a9L pkof]uL / k|efjsf/L agfO b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng,
dd{t Pjd\ ;Def/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] p2]Zon] o'=Pg=l8=lk=n] csf{] k|f]h]S6 (Assistance to Nepal Telecom
Maintenance and Management) nfO{ o'=P;=8n/ )@,)&*,$)@ sf] ;xof]u pknAw u/fof] . pQm
;xof]un] ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu cfjZos kg{] bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ tflnd s]Gb| ;Ifd eof] . o;/L
@)## ;fndf 5'6\6} cl:tTj af]sL v8f ePsf] tflnd s]Gb|n] cfh;Dd klg b"/;~rf/sf nflu dWod:t/Lo
hgzlQm tof/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . sDkgLn] leq\ofpg] cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf] b"/;~rf/ pks/0fxsf] dd{t /
;Def/ tyf ;~rfngsf nflu eg] pks/0f lgdf{tf sxfF g} k|fljlwsxnfO{ tflnd lbg] Joj:yf x'Fb} cfPsf]
5 . b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|n] cfg} ;+:yf leqsf sd{rf/Lx afx]s cGo ;+:yfsf sd{rf/LxnfO{ eg]
tflnd pknAw u/fpg] JoJf:yf rflxF ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .
#=@ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ljefusf] :yfkgf
k|yd b"/;~rf/ cfof]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu 5'} ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf
eOg;s]sf] / cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{] cg'ejsf] sdL nufotsf sf/0fn] sl/a b'O{ jif{kl5 dfq of]hgfsf]
sfo{ k"/f ePsf] lyof] . ;dodf cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ 5'} OsfOsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ePsfn] @)#$
;fndf of]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfOsf] u7g ul/of] . o;sf] sfof{no lqk'/]Zj/sf] huGgfy b]jn glhs :yfkgf
ul/of] . kl5 gS;fndf PS;r]~h ejg lgdf{0f ePkl5 pQm sfof{no gS;fndf ;fl/of] . o; OsfOsf]
klxnf] of]hgf k|d'v /3'j/nfn >]i7 x'g' eof] . of] OsfOn] d'Votof sf7df8f}Fsf] :jLlr tyf s]an g]6js{
lj:tf/sf] sfo{ ug{ yfNof] . clw/fHoe/ lj:tf/ x'g] :jLlr, 6fG;ld;g, s]an g]6js{, kfj/sf] sfo{ nufot
ejg lgdf{0f cflb sfo{ klg Jojl:yt / ;dGjofTds 9\un] ug'{ kg{] x'gfn] kl5 of] OsfOnfO{ Upgrade
u/L cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ljefudf kl/0ft ul/of] . If]qLo :t/df 5'} cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog zfvfx u7g
u/L oxL ljefusf] /]vb]vdf clw/fHo e/sf ;a} cfof]hgfx ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf eof] . t/ u|fdL0f
b"/;~rf/ cfof]hgfsf nflu eg] 5'} sfof{no v8f ul/Psf] lyof] .
#=# OG6/g];gn l;:6d Dofg]h/ (International System Manager) sf] sfof{no :yfkgf
sf7df8f}Fsf] anDa'df Standard B 6fOksf] :of6]nfO6 cy{:6];g :yfkgf x'g' eGbf klxn] h8fg x'g]
pks/0fxsf] dd{t, ;Def/sf] sfo{, ljleGg b]zx;Fu ;Dks{ :yflkt ug{, ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;ls{6xsf]
kof{Kttf, ;]jfsf] :t/ cg'udg ug{] sfo{ cflbsf nflu Pp6f 5'} ljefusf] cfjZostf x'g] dx;'; u/L
@)#( ;fn h]i7 dlxgfdf O=l;=d]= sfof{noxsf] :yfkgf lqk'/]Zj/sf] huGgfyb]jn kl/;/df eof] .
#=$ dd{t / ;Def/ ljefusf] :yfkgf
ljZja}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf b"/;~rf/ of]hgfx ;~rfng x'g yfn]kl5 ;]jf lj:tf/df Jofkstf
cfof] . gofFgofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf sf/0f ;]jfdf ljljwLs/0f / ljlzi6Ls/0f klg x'g yfNof] . ;fy} ;]jfsf]
dfu, h8fg x'g] :yfg / pknAw ;|f]tcg'k k|ljlwsf] pko'Qm 5gf}6 klg Pp6f r'gf}tL g} lyof] . of]hgfsf]
5gf}6, of]hgf th'{df, pks/0fsf] Joj:yf, h8fg, dd{t Pjd\ ;Def/sf] sfo{ Jofks / hl6n x'Fb} cfof] .
Pp6} OlGhlgol/ ljefuaf6 oL ;a} sfo{ ug{ ;Dej ePg . kmn:Jfk @)$) ;fndf s]Gb|Lo :t/df gLlt
lgdf{0f ;DAfGwL k|fljlws sfo{ ub{]} cfPsf] OlGhlgol/ ljefunfO{ b'O{ 5'f 5'} ljefudf 5'6\ofP/ Planning
& Development Department -of]hgf tyf ljsf; ljefu_ tyf Operation and Maintenance
Department -dd{t, ;Def/ tyf ;~rfng ljefu_ v8f ul/of] . of]hgf th'{df, d]=d]=ljefu, tflnd
s]Gb|, cf=sf=lj=, l;len ;fvf h:tf sfof{nox Planning & Developement Department cGtu{t
/flvof] . If]qLo sfof{nox, O= l;= d]=, nl8d]l8 cflb d=;=lj= cGtu{t /flVfof] .
#=% sDKo'6/fOh laln Joj:yf
#=%=!= Dofg'cn laln
k|f/Dedf 6]lnsd ;]jf k|fKt ug{ 6]lnsd clkm; jf cfsfzjf0fL clkm;df uP/ w/f}6L :jk gub
/sd bflvn u/]kl5 dfq u|fxsn] ;]jf kfpg] Joj:yf lyof] . lj:tf/} 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h :yfkgf ePkl5
u|fxssf 3/df 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ug]{ / 3/3/af6 x'g] snsf] laln ug]{ Joj:yf k|f/De eof] . 3/af6 x'g]
:yflkt lan / dfl;s ef8fsf] dlxgfdlxgf / 3/af6 x'g] 6\s snnfO{ ;d]t 6]lnkmf]g clkm;df w/f}6L
hDdf u/]kl5 dlxgfdlxgfdf lan ug]{ Joj:yf ;'? eof] . o;/L 3/df h8fg ul/Psf 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ePsf]
:yfgLo tyf 6\s snsf] dfl;s kdf Dofg'on lan u/L u|fxssf] 3/df k7fpg] / u|fxs 6]lnkmf]g sf8{sf]
dfWodaf6 lgwf{l/t lbgdf u|fxsn] dx;'n a'emfpg' kg]{ eof] . lgodfg';f/ dx;'n ga'emfPdf hl/jfgf nfUg]
/ To;kl5 klg ga'emfP ;]jf aGb ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
cf=j= @)#$#% ;Dd sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf ^))) 6]lnkmf]g nfOg / pkTosf aflx/ $))) hlt
nfOg ;~rfngdf lyP . u|fxsnfO{ lan tof/ ug]{, dx;'n ;\sng ug]{ ;a} sfo{x ;DalGwt PS;r]~h
tyf n]vf sfof{nodf x'GYof] . lan tof/ ug]{, dx;'n ;\sng ug]{ / o; ;DaGwL clen]v u|fxs n]h/
nufot ;a} sfd Dofg'onL /fVg] Joj:yf lyof] .
#=%=@=sDKo'6/ laln k|f/De
lj=;+= @)@* sf] /fli6o hgu0fgfsf nflu k|of]u ug{ tYof\s ljefun] g]kfndf klxnf] k6s
d]gk|m]d IBM Computer lemsfPsf] lyof] . /fli6o hgu0fgfsf] sfo{ ;lsPkl5 tLg} sDKo'6/ dfkm{t\ ;/sf/L
:jfldTjsf ;+:yf tyf cGo ;+:yfsf] sfd ;d]t sDKo'6/ dfkm{t\ ug{ 5'} ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf kdf /fli6o
sDKo'6/ s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/of] . hgu0fgfsf] sfo{sf cltl/Qm P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff, ;~ro sf]ifsf] clen]v
/fVg] sfo{x ;f]xL sDKo'6/af6 x'g yfNof] . o;} qmddf pkTosfdf /x]sf ^))) u|fxssf] 6]lnkmf]gsf] laln
pQm Main Frame Computer dfkm{t k|zf]wg ug{ lj=;+=@)#^ -!(&#_ af6 k|f/De ul/of] . dlxgfsf]
cGTodf 6]lnkmf]g lan ld6/ -Dofg'on tyf kmf]6f] lvRg]_ lng], dfl;s ef8f / yk lan Ps xKtfleq
Dofg'onL tof/ u/L u|fxsju{nfO{ k7fpg' kg]{ ;d:of lyof] . /fli6o sDKo'6/ s]Gb|df ld6/sf] kmf]6f] k7fPsf]
@$ 306fleq u|fxssf] lan lk|G6 u/L k7fpg] / ;f]af6 u|fxs sf8{ eg]{ Joj:yf ;'? ePkl5 lan k|zf]wg /
dx;'n ;\sng sfo{df 7"nf] ;'ljwf k'Uof] . o; sfo{sf nflu sf7df8f}+ IfqLo sfof{no / /fli6o sDKo'6/
s]Gb| aLr ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . ;Demf}tf cg';f/ k|lt xhf/ nfOg afkt lglZrt /sd lt/]/ Main Frame
Computer dfkm{t :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]gsf] dfl;s dx;'n tyf vkt lansf] sn rfh{sf] lan k|zf]wg ug{]
Joj:yf eof] . /fli6o sDKo'6/ s]Gb|af6 k|fKt lan lk|G6 n]h/af6 u|fxs sf8{df dx;'n n]Vg], dx;'n
;\sng ug]{ / u|fxs n]h/ cflb sfo{ Dofg'on /fVg] Joj:yf oyfjt\ ul/Psf] lyof] .
#=%=#= 6\s6]n]S; lan sDKo'6/af6 k|zf]wg k|f/De
@)#^ ;fndf @))) nfOg yk u/L sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] nfOg Ifdtf *))) k'ofOPsf] lyof] .
%)) hlt 6]n]S; nfOg ;~rfngdf lyP . oL nfOgxaf6 ePsf 6\s tyf 6]n]S; snsf] 6\s tyf
6]n]S; l6s6 tof/ x'GYof] / tL l6s6x b}lgs 6\s sf8{ tyf 6]n]S; sf8{af6 n]vf zfvfn] k|fKt u/L
u|fxsxsf] lan tof/ u/L dfl;s kdf u|fxs sxfF k7fpg], dx;'n ;\sng / 6]lnkmf]g n]h/df clen]v
ug]{ sfo{ Dofg'onL x'GYof] . b}lgs cGtb]{zLo 6\s l6s6 !))) yfg, cGt/f{li6o l6s6 %)) yfg / !))
yfg 6]n]S; l6s6sf] Dofg'on lan k|zf]wgdf lgs} ;d:of lyof] . sDKo'6/af6 6]lnkmf]gsf] lan k|zf]wg
ug{] sfo{ k|f/De eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf of] l6s6 ;d]t b}lgs /fli6o sDKo'6/ s]Gb|df k7fpg ;s] Psd'i6
u|fxssf] :yfgLo sn / 6\s snsf] lan ;f]xL s]Gb|af6 k|zf]wg x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] lj=;+= @)#* ;fnb]lv
sf7df8f}F If]qLo sfof{nosf] 6\s tyf 6]n]S; lan ;d]t /fli6o sDKo'6/ s]Gb|af6 k|zf]wg ug{] sfo{ k|f/De
ul/of] . 6\s, 6]n]S; l6s6 b}lgs / ld6/ kmf]6f] dlxgfsf] cGTodf /fli6o sDKo'6/ s]Gb|df k7fpg] Joj:yf
ul/of] . 6\ssf] /sd ;lxtsf] u|fxs lan Ps xKtf leq s]Gb|af6 k|fKt ug]{ u/L sDKo'6/ lk|G6 ;lxtsf]
6\s lan klxnf] k6s u|fxsnfO{ ljt/0f ug{ k|f/De ul/of] . dx;'n ;\sng, u|fxs n]h/ Dofg'onL /fVg]
Joj:yf oyfjt\ /Xof] .
$= A.P.T. (Asia Pacific Telecommunity) sf] ;b:otf
b"/;~rf/ If]q leqsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|fljlws kIfx lk|mSj]G;L Joj:yfkg, k|ljlw / pks/0fsf]
Standardization, Signaling cflb ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu ITU n] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{
cfPsf] lyof] . t/ ljZjsf] b'O{ ltxfO hg:f+Vof a;f]af; ug{] Asia Pacific If]qsf b]zxdf b"/;~rf/sf]
:t/ cGo d'n'ssf] bfFhf]df sd /x]sf] / ;d:of klg sl/a sl/a ldNg] ePsfn] o; If]qsf] b"/;~rf/ If]qsf
;d'lrt ljsf;df ;xof]u k'ofpg] p2]Zon] ;g\ !(&( df Asia Pacific Telecommunity (APT) sf] hGd
eof] . o;sf] d'Vo sfof{no yfONofG8sf] a}ssdf :yfkgf eof] . :yfkgfsf] ;dodf !% b]z ;b:o,
! b]z P;f]l;o6 ;b:o / $ b]z Plkmn]6]8 ;b:o /x]sf lyP . g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg @)#^ ;fndf
o;sf] :f+:yfks ;b:o ag]sf] lyof] . APT sf ljleGg Seminar / cGo sfo{qmdxdf b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn]
;lqmotfk"j{s efu lnP/ ck]lIft nfe klg xfl;n u/]sf] lyof] .
%= Volunteers Service
ljZja}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf b"/;~rf/ g]6js{sf] :yfkgf x'g yfn]kl5 b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ tyf
ljljwLs/0fdf Jofkstf cfpg yfNof] . t/ d'n'sdf g} b"/;~rf/ ;DaGwL tflndsf] Joj:yf gePsfn]
of]hgf sfof{Gjog tyf :yflkt ;+/rgfsf] dd{t / ;Def/sf nflu k|fljlwsxsf] sdLsf sf/0f ;d:of
cfPsf] lyof] . pks/0f ;KnfO{ ug{] sDkgLaf6 g} dd{t tyf ;Def/sf] sfo{ u/fpg' vlr{nf] x'g] ePsfn]
;f] ;dodf ljb]zL Volunteers ;]jf klg k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . ;f] Volunteers ;le{; sfo{qmdcGtu{t
hfkfgaf6 @% hgf tyf hd{gaf6 !( hgf Volunteers sf] ;]jf k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . To:tf Volunteer
xn] s]an g]6js{, :jLlr, tyf kfj/sf] h8fg, dd{t / ;Def/df 7"nf] d2t u/]sf lyP . b"/;~rf/df
Power work shop :yfkgf ug{ hd{g Volunteer xsf] / s]an g]6js{ Planning df hfkfgL Volunteer
xsf] pNn]Vo of]ubfg /x]sf] lyof] .
^= dx;'n b/
@)@^ ;fndf u7g ePsf] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt, ;~rf/ P]g @)@* cGt{ut /xg] u/L @)#@ ;fn
c;f/ ! ut] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgdf kl/0ft eof] . ;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g @)@* cg';f/ u7g ul/Psf] g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg :jzfl;t / ;\ul7t cljl5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf -bkmf %_ ;+:yfsf kdf :yfkgf eof] .
;+:yfgsf] ;fwf/0f ;ef ;aeGbf dflyNnf] lgsfo / ;+:yfgsf] sfo{ ;~rfng ;~rfns ;ldlt dfkm{t
x'g] Joj:yf eof] . t/ ;+:yfgsf] @* jif{sf] sfof{jlwdf g ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;+:yfgsf] z]o/ ljt/0f eof]
gt ;fwf/0f ;ef g} . ;+:yfgsf] ;a} sfo{ ;~rfng ;ldlt tyf ;/sf/L lg0f{ocGtu{t /x]/ ul/g] Joj:yf
eof] . dx;'n b/ ;DaGwdf klg ;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g @)@* bkmf #^ adf]lhd ;+:yfgn] ljlgod agfO{
;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnP/ nfu" ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePtf klg dx;'n b/ ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd ljlgod agfO
nfu" u/]sf] b]lvPg . ;+rfns ;ldltn] cfjZostf adf]lhd dx;'n b/df kl/jt{g u/L ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt
lnP/ nfu" ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;flassf] :yfgLo dx;'n lgodfjnL, cGtb]{zLo tyf cGt/f{li6o
lgodfjnLxdf klg x'g] ;+zf]wg tyf kl/jt{g vf/]h geO lgliqmo b]lvG5 .
^=! cGtb]{zLo 6\s dx;'n
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt b"/;~rf/ -cGtb]{]zLo_ lgodfjnL @)#) n] Joj:yf u/]sf] cGtb]{]zLo
6\s sn dx;'n nfdf] ;do;Dd sfod /Xof] . cGtb]{]zLo 6\s sn dx;'n b/df sfod /x]sf] % ;d"xsf]
Go"gtd k|lt ldg]6 ? !@) b]lv clwstd k|lt ldg]6 ? (^) /x]sf] lyof] .
^=@ cGt/f{li6o 6\s dx;'n
6]lnsDo'lgs];g P]g @)!( cGtu{t ag]sf] 6]lnsDo'lgs];g -cGt/f{li6o_ lgodfjnL @)@$ cg'k
cGt/f{li6o 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfng / dx;'n b/ sfod /x]sf] 5 .
vf; u/L cGt/f{li6o 6\s ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yfnfO{ ltg'{ kg]{ dx;'nsf cfwf/df cGt/f{li6o 6\s
dx;'n b/ lgwf{/0f x'g] ub{Yof] . g]kfnn] 6]n]S; PS;r]~h :yfkgf u/L s]an PG8 jfo/n]; xsaf6 ;]jf
k|bfg gu/];Dd g]kfnaf6 ljb]zdf x'g] cGt/f{li6o 6]lnkmf]g tyf 6]lnu|fd ;]jf ef/t dfkm{t x'g] x'Fbf ;f] afkt
ef/tnfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ /sddf s]xL ;]jf z'Ns yk]/ cGt/f{li6o 6\s, 6]lnu|fdsf] dx;'n sfod ul/GYof] .
6]n]S; PS;r]~hsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 qmdz xs, hfkfg / Overseas Communication Services (OCS)
ef/t;Fu 8n/df dx;'n lgwf{/0f x'g yfn]kl5 8n/sf cfwf/df cGt/f{li6o dx;'n lgwf{/0f x'g yfNof] .
@)#( ;fndf ;u/dfyf e"pku|x :yfkgfkl5 g]kfnn] w]/} d'n's;Fu ;f]em} ISD ;]jf k|f/De ug{ yfn]sf]
lyof] . o;kl5 g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] cfodf cGt/f{li6o ;]jfsf] cfon] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x uof] .
^=# 6]n]S; ;]jf dx;'n
g]kfndf 6]n]S; ;]jfsf] k|f/De @)@* ;fndf Dofg'on PS;r]~h :yfkgf u/L ePsf] xf] . @)#(
;fndf c6f]d]l6s PS;r]~hdf kl/jt{g ePkl5 o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf cem j[l4 eof] . 6]n]S; ;]jfsf] dx;'n
b/ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] lyof]
s_ w/f}6L ?= !),)))
v_ h8fg rfh{ ?= #)))
u_ jflif{s ef8f ?= !@,)))
3_ ?=@%,))) a/fa/sf] pks/0fsf] ladf u/fpg' kg]{ .
_ sn rfh{
!_ cGtb]{zLo k|lt ldg]6 ?=& ck/]6/ dfkm{t ubf{ Go"gtd # ldg]6sf] dx;'n ltg'{ kg]{ .
@_ cGt/f{li6o 6]n]S; b/
;d"x ! ef/te'6fg -dfOqmf]j]e_ k|lt ldg]6 ?= @)
;d"x @ ;fs{ d'n's k|lt ldg]6 ?= $%
;d"x # ci6]lnof, a]lNhod, jdf{, Sofgf8f,
8]gdfs{, hd{g, lkmgNofG8, xs,Hffkfg,
sf]l/of, o"=s]=, o"=P;=P= cflb k|lt ldg]6 ?= *%
;d"x $ cGo ;a} b]zx k|lt ldg]6 ?=!)%
***
kl/R5]b M 5
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ /fli6o ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/sf

kdf ljsf; ug{] k|of;
-lj=;+=@)$!@)%)_
k[i7e"ld
;+/rgf
cGt/f{li6o ;DaGw
k|sfzgsf] ;'?cft
tTsfnLg /fhf jL/]Gb| / /fgL P]Zjo{af6 b"/;~rf/
s]Gb|xsf] cjnf]sg
ljz]if x'nfs l6s6sf] k|sfzg
o'lgogxsf] u7g ;'?
dx;''n
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ /fli6o ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/sf kdf
ljsf; ug{] k|of;
-lj=;+=@)$!@)%)_
!= k[i7e"ld
lj=;+= @)$!@)%) sf] bzs /fhgLlts b[li6af6 dxjk"0f{ / P]ltxfl;s /Xof] . o;} ;dodf
#) jif{] nfdf] Ps bnLo k~rfotL zf;gsf] cGTo / ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] k'gM :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] .
kl/0ffd:jk ;j{;fwf/0fn] v'nf /fhgLlts jftfj/0fsf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfP eg], v'nf cy{ Joj:yfsf sf/0f
pBf]uJofkf/df lghLs/0fsf] ;'?cft klg x'g yfNof] . o; lsl;dsf kl/jt{gaf6 ;~rf/ If]q klg c5'tf]
/x]g . g]kfndf 6]lnlehgsf] ;'?cft o;} bzsdf eof] . kqsfl/tf hutdf gLlh If]qsf] k|j]z a9\of] .
b"/;~rf/ If]qdf lghL If]qsf] k|j]z gePtf klg gofFgofF k|ljlwsf] cfudgn] o;tkm{ ;\s]t u/]sf] lyof] .
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] kx'Fr u|fdL0f If]qdf k'ofpg] lx;fan] of] bzsnfO{ dxjk"0f{ kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;Lldt
lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf dfq 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h :yfkgf ePsf]df u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ of]hgf ;~rfngdf cfPkl5
MARTS / VHF cGtu{t sl/a *)) uf=lj=;=xdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/ eof] . PCO :yfkgfsf] nx/ g}
rNof] . /fhdfu{xdf htftt} PCO sf ;fOgaf]8{x b]lvg yfn] . Universal Access sf] l;4fGtcg'k
u|fdL0f e]usf hgtfn] PCO dfkm{t b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] pkof]u ug{ kfPsf] dfq geP/ ;j{;fwf/0f dfem ;"rgfsf]
o:tf] qmflGt km}lnof] h;af6 pgLxn] vfg]kfgL, ;8s, lah'nL, :jf:Yo h:tf clt cfjZos ;]jfsf]
dfunfO{ kl5 kfb{} PCO ;~rfngsf] dfu ug{ yfn]] . o;} ;Gbe{nfO{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ /fli6o ljsf;sf]
k"jf{wf/sf kdf ljsf; ug{] k|of; zLif{df oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
@=! MCC (Maintenance Control Centre) sf] ;'?cft
lj=;+= @)$) sf] bzs;Dd cfOk'Ubf d'nsdf y'k|} 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hx :yfkgf eO;s]sf lyP .
;~rfngdf /x]sf PS;r]~hxaf6 u|fxsnfO{ :t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug{] sfd ePsf] 55}g ;f]sf] dfkg ug'{ klg
TolQs} cfjZos eO;s]sf] lyof] . 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] dd{t Pjd\ ;Def/ sfo{nfO{ r':t / Jojl:yt ug{ ITU
sf] ;xof]udf @)$! ;fndf sf7df8f}Fsf] ;'Gwf/fdf MCC :yfkgf ug{] sfd eof] . ITU / UNDP n] MCC
:yfkgf ug{ ljz]if1 ;lxt ;Dk"0f{ pks/0fx pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] . u|fxsxn] 6]lnkmf]g dd{t ;DaGwdf
hfgsf/L lngsf nflu !(* df 8fon ug{ ;Sg] ;'ljwf pknJw eof] . sf7df8f}Fsf] ;'Gwf/fdf MCC :yfkgf
ePkl5 nfOg dd{tsf] l:ylt / k|efjsfl/tf cf+sng ug{ ;xh ePsfn] o:tf s]Gb| cGo :yfgxdf klg
:yfkgf ug{' k5{ eGg] p2]Zo lnO{ ITU ljz]if1sf] ;xof]udf ;+:yfgsf OlGhlgo/xn] ;6j]o/ tof/ kf/L
d'Vo zx/x lj/f6gu/, jL/u~h tyf g]kfnu~hdf klg @)$$ ;fndf MCC :yfkgf ug{] sfd eof] . kl5
cGo :yfgxdf klg MCC :yfkgfsf] sfo{ hf/L /Xof] .
@=@ :6f]/df /x]sf ;fdfgxsf] coding Joj:yf
a]nfot ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg ;xof]udf Inventory Management sf nflu sG;N6]G6sf] ;xof]u k|fKt
eof] . o;sf nflu ;+:yfgsf] Ps hgf clws[tnfO{ a]nfotdf tflnd ;d]t lbOPsf] lyof] . kmn:jk
:6f]/df /x]sf ;fdfgxsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ Coding ug]{ sfo{ / Jojl:yt kn] ;fdfgx ofsxdf /fVg]
sfo{ klg eof] . If]qLo sfof{noxdf /x]sf :6f]/df klg Coding sf] sfo{ k"/f ePkl5 s]Gb|Lo :6f]/af6 g}
If]]qLo :6f]/xsf] Stock yfxf kfpg ;lhnf] x'g'sf ;fy} :6f]/ Joj:yfkgdf klg ;xhtf cfof] .
@=# 6]lnlk|G6/af6 cf=jf= d];]h k7fpg] sfo{ sf] ;'?cft
6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h :yfkgf ug{] sfdsf ;fy} ;j{;fwf/0fdf 6]lnkmf]gsf] kxF'r klg a9\b} uPsf] ePtf
klg cf=jf= ;]jfsf] pkfb]otfdf sdL cfPsf] lyPg . Pl/of sG6f]n sfof{noxdf sfdsf] af]dm Hofb} a9L
ePsfn] @)$! ;fnlt/ Pl/of sG6f]n clkm; sf7df8f}F, kf]v/f, jL/u~h, hgsk'/, lj/f6gu/, g]kfnu~h
/ a'6jndf 6]lnlk|G6/ h8fg u/L cf=jf= d];]hx 6]lnlk|G6/ dfkm{t k7fpg] sfo{ -cGtb{]zLo 6]lnu|fkm
;le{;_ sf] ;'?cft eof]] . kmn:jk Ps If]qaf6 csf]{ If]qdf hfg] d];]hx l56f] 5l/tf] 9\un] k'ofpg
;lhnf] eof] . cf=jf= ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ @)$& ;fn h]i7;Dd hf/L /Xof] / o;sf :6];gsf] ;+Vof ** k'Uof]
h;dWo] $^ j6f ;]6 ;f]nf/ kfj/jf6 ;~rflnt lyP . t/ @)$( ;fn h]i7;Dd cfOk'Ubf cf=jf= :6];gsf]
;+Vof !& df ;Lldt eO;s]sf] lyof] .
@=$ STD ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)$) ;fndf gS;fndf k|yd l8lh6n PS;r]~hsf] :yfkgfkl5 cGo :yfgxdf klg l8lh6n
PS;r]~hx :yfkgf sfo{df Jofkstf cfof] . o;/L :jrflnt PS;r]~hx ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 u|fxs
cfkm}n] rflxPsf]] JolQmsf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ 8fon u/L s'/f ug{ ;Sg] P;=l6=l8=;]jf (STD) sf] ;'?cft
eof] . ;j{k|yd @)$@ ;fn kmfNu'0f & ut] of] ;]jf sf7df8f}F / jL/u~h aLr ;'? eof] eg] @)$# ;fn
;Dddf e}/xjf, kf]v/f, lj/f6gu/ / g]kfnu~hdf klg lj:tf/ ul/of] .
@=% ISD ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)#( ;fndf :of6]nfO6 cy{:6];gsf] :yfkgfkl5 cGt/f{li6o 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / ;+Vofdf
Jofks ;'wf/ ePtf klg ;ls{6sf] ;+Vof ^ j6f dfq ePsfn] cfO=P;=l8=;]jf ;'? ug{ ;lsPsf] lyPg .
t/ @)$$ ;fndf :of6]nfO6 ;ls{6sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ul/Pkl5 ;f]xL jif{af6 cfO=P;=l8= (ISD) ;]jf klg
;'? eof] . ;j{k|yd of] ;]jf ef/t;Fu @)$$ ;fn >fj0f @( ut]b]lv ;'? ul/of] .
@=^ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;~rf/ Joj:yf
g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/sf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf Tolt e/kbf]{ gePsfn] g]kfnL
;]gfn] sf7df8f}Fl:yt cfgf ljz]if clws[txsf] lgjf; :yfgdf cfkm}n] dl;gf] tf/ -8kjfo/_ tfgL
cfgf] PS:r]~h dfk{mt 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'ofpg] u/]sf] lyof] . l8lh6n PS;r]~hx ;~rfngdf cfPkl5
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf e/kbf]{ ePsfn] s|dzM o:tf] 8kjfo/ dfk{mt lbOg] ;]jfnfO{ lj:yflkt ul/of] .
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ /fli6o ljsf;sf]=== 127
@=& 6\s a'lssf] Joj:yf
;'?df cGtb]{zLo 6]lnkmf]g sn ug'{ k/] u|fxsn] !*), cGt/f{li6o 6]lnkmf]g sn ug'{ k/] !*^ / !*&
8fon u/L sn a's u/fpg' kb{Yof] . kl5 nfOg pknJw eP cg';f/ a'lssf cfwf/df ck/]6/n] sn kf;
u/fO lbg] Joj:yf eof] . t/ l8lh6n PS;r]~hx ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 ck/]6/ dfkm{t ul/g] snsf nflu
!@%) 6\s af]8{x h8fg ul/Pkl5 u|fxsn] sn a's ugf{;fy s'/f ug{ kfpg] on demand service sf]
klg ;'?cft eof] . cGtb{]zLo snsf nflu CTO df / cGt/f{li6o snsf nflu ITB ejgdf 6\s af]8{x
h8fg ul/P . t/ kf6gsf] hfjnfv]ndf gofF cGt/f{li6o Gateway Exchange ejg lgdf{0f ePkl5
International Gateway Exchange pks/0fx klg ;f]xL ejgdf h8fg eof] / ITB ejgdf /x]sf] Trunk
board klg ToxL ejgdf ;fl/of] .
@=* Bureau Fax ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
Digital Exchange ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 w]/} gofF ;]jfx lbg ;lsg] eof] . Fax ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
eof] . of] ;]jf olt nf]slk|o eof] ls cflwsfl/s dfGotf k|fKt eOg;s] klg Jofkfl/s If]qdf b}lgs sfo{
;~rfngsf nflu o;sf] Jofks k|of]u x'g yfNof] . kmn:jk 6]n]S; ;]jfsf] k|of]udf sdL cfpg yfNof] .
;'?df sf7df8f}Fdf Bureau Fax ;]jf ;~rfngdf cfof] / kl5 @)$$ ;fn sflt{s !) ut]b]lv ef/t;Fu
klg Bureau Fax ;]jf ;'? ul/of] .
@=( PCM Link sf] :yfkgf
sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf ;'Gwf/f / kf6g PS;r]~h dfq x'Fbf pQm PS;r]~hx Ps cfk;df cfj4
ug{ hs;g s]ansf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . u|fxsxsf] ;+Vof j[l4 x'g yfn]kl5 sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf
6]lnkmf]gsf] a9\bf] dfunfO{ cfk"lt{ ug{ ljleGg :yfgxdf PS;r]~hx :yfkgf x'g yfNof] . o;/L :yfkgf
ul/Psf PS;r]~hxnfO{ Ps csf{df cfj4 ug{ @ MB sf] PCM Cable h8fg ul/Psf] lyof] .
@=!) u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
cf}Bf]uLs/0f, cfly{s ultljlw nufotsf sf/0f zx/L If]qdf hg3gTj s]Gb|Lt x'g] ePsfn] To:tf
zx/df b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cTolws dfu x'g' :jfefljs g} xf] . o;} kl/j]zdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{df klg
zx/L If]qn] k|fyldstf kfof] . oBlk plNnlvt ;'ljwfaf6 kl5 k/]sf sf/0f ljsf;sf] 3fd l5g{ g;s]sf
b'u{d u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtfsf]] Go"gtd b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ bfloTj klg ;/sf/sf] sfFwdf
g} cfpFb5 . ljZja}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf of]hgfx ;~rfng x'g yfn]kl5 gu/kflnsf / k|d'v Jofkfl/s
s]Gb|xdf 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h :yfkgf sfo{ lj:tf/ x'g yfn]sf lyP . olt~h]n;Dd d'ns ' sf uf=lj=;=xdf
6]lnkmf]g k'ofpg] vf;} of]hgf agfOPsf] kfOFb}g . ()% hgtf u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] ePsfn] oqf]
7"nf] ;d'bfonfO{ pk]Iff ug{] s'/f] klg lyPg . b]zsf] sl7g ef}uf]lns agf]6, oftfoftsf] sdL, ;fwg;|f]tsf]
sdL cflb sf/0fn] ;dfg'kflts lx;fan] u|fdL0f If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k'ofpg] sfo{ 7"nf] r'gf}ltsf kdf
lyof] . o;} tYonfO{ cfTd;ft ub{} tTsfnLg ;/sf/n]] ;ftf}F k~rjifL{o of]hgfcGtu{t b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{
clw/fHosf b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]qxdf lj:tf/ ug{ ljz]if u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ of]hgf ;~rfngdf Nofof] .
o;cGtu{t b'O{ k|d'v cfof]hgfx JICA / MARTS ;~rfngdf NofOof] .
@=!)=! JICA Project
u|fdL0f e]sdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'ofpg] p2]Zon] ;g\ !(*! df Asia Pacific Telecommunity (APT)
af6 sG;N6]G6 lemsfP/ Basic Plan for Rural Telecommunication Network in the Kingdom of Nepal
tof/ ug{ nufOPsf] lyof] . t/ ;f] Knfg cg';f/ g]6js{ lj:tf/ ug{ tTsfnLg ;/sf/sf] ;|f]t / ;fwgn]
gEofpg] ePsfn] kl5 ;g\ !(*@ df hfkfg ;/sf/nfO{ Rural Telecom Network Development Plan
tof/ ug{sf nflu cg'/f]w ul/of] . hfkfg ;/sf/n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'/f]wnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L g]kfndf u|fdL0f
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/sf] sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg hfkfg ;/sf/sf] cGt/f{li6o ;xof]u ;+:yf (JICA)
n] Preliminary Survey uof] / ;g\ !(*@ cS6f]a/df g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k]z uof] . pQm
k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df u|fdL0f lhNnfsf s'gs'g 7fpFdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;DaGwdf
l8;]Da/ !(*@ b]lv JICA n] lj:t[t kdf
Field Survey u /L Feasiblity Study sf]]
k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf cS6f]j/ !(*#
df k]z uof] . ;f]xL k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df
u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ cfof]hgfsf] lj:t[t l8hfOg
u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug{sf nflu sG;N6]G6
lgo'Qm ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ hfkfg ;/sf/n]
hgj/L !(*$ df cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw
u/fof] / g]kfn ;/sf/n] u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/
cfof]hgfsf sG;N6]G6sf kdf sfd ug{
Nippon Telecommunication Consulting
Company, Japan nfO{ August !(*$ df
lgo'Qm ul/of] . pQm sDkgLn] !,@,#,$ -rf/_
Phase sf] u|fdL0f g]6js{ lj:tf/sf] sfd b'O{
r/0fdf ug{] of]hgf agfof] . k|yd r/0fsf]
of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ hfkfg ;/sf/af6
sl/a ^% s/f]8 ^$ nfv ?k}ofFsf] cg'bfg
k|fKt eof] . klxnf] r/0fsf] u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/
cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;+:yfgn] u|fdL0f
b"/;~rf/ cfof]hgfsf] 5'} clkm; :yfkgf
u/L k|f]h]S6 sfof{Gjogsf] sfd ;'? uof] . u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ of]hgf cGt{ut h8fg ul/Psf] 6fj/
o; k|f]h]S6sf of]hgf k|d'v ;'/]Gb| k|wfgf\u
x'g'x'GYof] .
k|f]h]S6sf] sfd ;DkGg ug{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg / 7]s]bf/ ldT;'lj;L skf]{/];g aLr April 1986
df ul/Psf] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ sfd yfnLof] . pQm cfof]hgfsf] sfd ;]N6/ lgdf{0f u/L 6fG;ld;g pks/0f,
6fj/ tyf cGo pks/0f h8fg nufot ^ nfOgb]lv #) nfOg;Ddsf] cfp6 ;fO8 g]6js{sf] h8fg sfo{
;d]t ;Dk"0f{ sfd 7]s]bf/ Mitsubishi n] g} ug'{ kg{] lyof] . ;f] sDkgLn] sl/a !# dlxgfdf g} ;Dk"0f{ sfd
;DkGg u/L l8;]Da/ !(*& df g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ k|f]h]S6 x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] lyof] . of] k|f]h]S6cGtu{t
lhNnf, c~rn, If]qLo ;b/d'sfd, ko{6g tyf Jofkfl/s s]Gb| nufot ## dxjk"0f{ :yfgxdf ^ b]lv
#) nfOg Ifdtfsf 6ld{gn :6];gx h8fg u/L cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf] :t/Lo b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 ;d]t pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] . l8;]Da/ !(*& b]lv wflb, ljb'/ / wgu9Laf6 u|fdL0f
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;'? eof] eg] cGo 7fpFdf Feb.1988 b]lv of] ;]jf ;'? ul/of] . ^ nfOg 6]lnkmf]gdWo] @ nfOg
;fj{hlgs 6]lnkmf]g / ofS;df, cGo $ nfOg zflGt ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt sfof{no / lh=lj=;=df ljt/0f
ePsf] lyof] . klxnf] r/0fdf cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf] STD/ISD ;'ljwf ePsf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljleGg lhNnf,
c~rn, If]qLo ;b/d'sfd / & dxjk"0f{ 7fpFdf h8fg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L klxnf] r/0fdf 6]lnkmf]g nfOg
lj:tf/ ul/Psf If]qdf uf}/, sn}of, /fd]5fk, bf]nvf, l;Gw'nLdf8L, lqz"nL, wflb, uf]vf{, bdf}nL, a]l;zx/,
:of\hf, s':df, a]gL, k/f;L, ;lGwvs{, tD3f;, 3f]/fxL, u'n]l/of, 88]nw'/f, l;nu9L, a}t8L, bfr{n ' f, afUn',
t'N;Lk'/, wgu9L, lbkfon, l;d/f, eLdkm]bL, aGbLk'/, /fhfk'/, l6sfk'/, lqj]0fL / ehgL lyP .
hfOsf k|f]h]S6cGtu{t h8fg ul/Psf ;fj{hlgs 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfn] u|fdL0f If]qdf lgs} hfu/0f Nofpg]
sfd uof] . ;fj{hlgs 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;'? ePkl5 u|fdL0f hgtfdf 6]lnkmf]gsf] dxj emg\ a9\b} uof] .
@=!)=@ MARTS Program
hfkfg ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf u|fdL0f If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ;Lldt dfqfdf ePtf klg cGo
clwsf+z u|fdL0f If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] kxF'r guGo kdf lyof] . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] a9\bf] dfunfO{ b[li6ut
u/L ;]jf gk'u]sf lhNnf ;b/d'sfd / dxjk"0f{ 7fpFxdf ljZja}+ssf] sl/a ^% s/f]8sf] C0f ;xof]udf
cf=a=@)$*/@)$( b]lv MARTS (Multi Access Radio Telephone System) Project ;'?cft eof] .
MARTS k|ljlwsf] ljz]iftf eg]sf] g} o;sf] l/lk6/af6 klg 6]lnkmf]g nfOg h8fg ug{ ;lsg] / ;fwf/0ftof
l/lk6/ :6];g kxf8sf] cUnf] 7fpFdf x'g] ePsfn] b'u{d If]qsf ufpFxdf klg l/lk6/ :6];gaf6 VHF k|ljlw
dfkm{t 6]lnkmf]g nfOg h8fg ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] MARTS k|ljlwnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] lyof] . o;
sfo{qmdcGtu{t klxnf] r/0fdf sf7df8f}F / s}nfnL lhNnfsf dxjk"0f{ :yfgxdf $ b]lv @$ nfOg
Ifdtfsf 6]lnkmf]g NffOg / bf];|f] r/0fcGtu{t afFs], alb{of, bf, Ko'7fg, /f]Nkf, ;Nofg, ?s'd, hfh/sf]6,
gjnk/f;L, lrtjg, ;nf{xL, dxf]Q/L, wg'iff, l;/fxf, emfkf / df]/ lhNnfsf dxjk"0f{ 7fpFxdf $ b]lv
!@ nfOg Ifdtfsf MARTS Telephone Line @)%) ;fn leq h8fg sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L
u|fdL0f If]qnfO{ nlIft u/L ljleGg u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ of]hgfx (JICA, MARTS,VHF) ;~rfngdf cfPkl5
6]lnkmf]gsf] ;'ljwf k'u]sf lhNnfsf] ;+Vof pNn]Vo kn] j[l4 x'g uof] . @)$& ;fndf 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf
k'u]sf lhNnfsf] ;+Vof #! lyof] eg] @)$( df %%, @)%) df ^* / @)%! df &! lhNnf lyP . Ps
tfsf g]kfn clw/fHosf ljleGg :yfgxdf sl/a %$$ j6f VHF 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 h8fg u/L u|fdL0f If]qdf
6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] kx'Fr a9fpg 7"nf] d2t k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .
ufpF ufpFdf 5l/P/ a;f]af; u/]sf g]kfnL hgtfdWo] ;Lldt JolQm, ;+:yf, ;d'bfonfO{ 6]lnkmf]gsf]
kx'Fr k'ofpg Marts k|ljlw g]kfnsf nflu clt g} pko'Qm k|ljlw lyof] . ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yf
:yfkgf ePkl5 sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] Outskirt df /x]sf a'9flgns07, rfkfufpF, n]n], uf]bfj/L cflbdf
sfk{]6 Pjd\ tof/L kf];fssf y'k|} sf/vfgfx :yfkgf ul/Psf lyP . / ;f] ;dodf h8fg ePsf Marts
pks/0fxn] oL :yfgsf Joj;foLxnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw u/fP/ b"/;~rf/n] /fxt lbOPsf] lyof] .
of] k|0ffNfL b]zsf ljleGg u|fdL0f If]qdf lj:tf/ ePkl5 u|fdL0f If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] kx'Frdf j[l4 ug{
dfq xf]Og u|fdL0f hgtfsf] r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ klg 7"nf] d2t k'u]sf] lyof] . o;/L b]ze/ ^)) hlt Marts
Terminal Station :yfkgf u/L ;]jf k'ofOPsf] lyof] .
@=!! Pl;og 6]lnsDo'lgs];g g]6js{
lj=;+= @)@^ sf] cGTolt/ cfO=l6=o'=sf dxf;lrj df]xdb ldnLsf] g]kfn e|d0fsf l;nl;nfdf
pxfF;Fu cfpg' ePsf cfO=l6=o'= ljz]if1 s]=eL=kfOn] t]x/fgb]lv hfsftf{;Dd l;wf hf]8\g] Pl;og
6]lnsDo'lgs];g g]6js{ ;DaGwL of]hgf o"=Pg=l8=kL=af6 :jLs[t eO;s]sf] / ;f] of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog
cfO=l6=o'=/ O:Sofk -To; avt Osfkm]_ n] ;+oQ' m kdf ug{] ePsfn] a}\ssdf x'g] sG6L l6d Dofg]h/xsf]
a}7sdf efu lng g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf tTsfnLg d'Vo clws[tnfO{ cg'/f]w ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f]
of]hgfsf] klxnf] a}7s a}\ssdf @)@^ ;fn r}q @& ut]b]lv @)@& ;fn j}zfv $ ut];Dd ePsf] lyof] .
pQm of]hgfsf] Knfg ckm ck/];gdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 cy{ ;lrj 8f= e]ifaxfb'/ yfkfn] x:tfIf/ ug'{
ePsf] lyof] . Pl;og 6]lnsDo'lgs];g g]6js{cGtu{t kg{] g]kfn / ef/t aLr sf7df8f}Fk6gfsf] ;j{]If0f
;g\ !(&) sf] h'nfO{ dlxgfb]lv ;'? x'g] nIo ePtf klg ;g\ !(&! sf] ;'?af6 dfq ;f] sfd x'g ;Sof] .
of]hgfcg'k g]kfndf sf7df8f}F-jL/u~hsf] dfOqmf]j]e ln\s :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ / jL/u~h-/S;f}n aLr
sf] PlS;on ln\s :yfkgfsf] sfo{ @)$! ;fn lt/ ;DkGg eof] . o;/L g]kfnef/t aLrsf] b"/;~rf/
ln\s Pl;og 6]lnsDo'lgs];g g]6js{sf] dfkb08cg'k rfn" eof] . ;fy} g]kfnsf] eb|k/' b]lv a+unfb]zsf]
c6j/L;Dd l;wf o'=Pr=Pkm= ln\s :yfkgf eof] . cGo b]zx kfls:tfg, e'6fg, >Ln\sf;Fu l;wf
;Dks{sf nflu ef/tsf] b"/;~rf/ g]6js{ k|of]u ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] .
@=!@ l8lh6n dfOqmf]j]e 6fG;ld;g ln\ssf] :yfkgf
;'?df g]kfndf Analogue Microwave Transmission Link sf] lj:tf/ ul/Ptf klg Digital k|ljlwdf
cfwfl/t pks/0fxsf] lgdf{0fdf Jofkstf cfpg yfNf]]kl5 Microwave ln\ssf] lj:tf/sf qmddf
sf7df8f}FjL/u~h, jL/u~hx]6f}F8f, lj/f6gu/w/fg, e}/xjfa'6jn, e}/xjftfg;]g, e}/xjftf}lnxjf,
e}/xjfs[i0fgu/ cflb zx/xdf l8lh6n 6fG;ld;g ln\s :yfkgf ug{] sfd eof] .
@=!# gub ;\sng k|lqmofdf ;'wf/
sDKo'6/ ljefu u7g ul/Pkl5 ;+:yfgn] cfgf] sfo{ bIftf j[l4 ug{ ;a} sfo{ qmdzM sDKo'6/fOh];g
ug{ yfNof] . o;} qmddf ;a} u|fxssf vftfx sDKo'6/ dfkm{t clen]v /fVg] sfd ;'? u/L pkTosfsf
sfpG6/xdf gub ;\sng ug]{ sfd sDKo'6/af6 yfngL ul/of] . of] Joj:yf nfu" ePkl5 u|fxssf] lan
e'QmfgL ;DaGwdf sDKo'6/ dfkm{t hfgsf/L Pjd\ /l;b lbg] sfd k|f/De eof] . o; eGbf klxn] pkTosf /
pkTosf aflx/sf cGo s]xL :yfgxdf BRADMA sDkgLsf] d]l;gaf6 6]lnkmf]g lan e'QmfgLsf] /l;b
lbOGYof] .
#= ;+/rgftu ;'wf/
o; bzssf] dWolt/b]lv d'ns ' df ePsf] /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngkl5 gofF Joj:yfsf] ;'?;Fu} ;dfhsf
x/]s tKsfdf gofF pT;fx / hfu/0fsf] pbo ePsf] lyof] . pbf/ cy{Joj:yf c\ufNg lghL If]qnfO{ a9L
eGbf a9L ;xefuL u/fO b]zsf] ljsf; b|t' t/ ultdf ug{ gLltlgodx / ;+/rgfxdf klg kl/jt{gsf] vfFrf]
dx;'; eof] . t/ o; cl3 g} klg ljZjJofkLs/0f, ;~rf/ If]qsf] ce"tk"0f{ ljsf; cflb sf/0fn] d'n'sdf
vf; u/L ;~rf/ If]qdf gLltut kl/dfh{gsf] ;\s]t rflxF cfO;s]sf] lyof] . oLg} s'/fxnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
@)$@ ;fndf /fli6o d"n gLlt, @)$% ;fndf /fli6o ;~rf/ gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / @)$( ;fndf /fli6o
;~rf/ gLlt NofOPsf] lyof] . /fli6o d"n gLlt @)$@ df pknAw ;]jfxnfO{ ljZj:t, lgoldt, e/kbf]{
agfpg'sf cnfjf lk|mSj]G;L Joj:yfkg / lgoGq0f OsfO vf]Ng] / ITU sf] Guideline cg';f/ Joj:yfkg
ug{], oGq, pks/0fxsf] Standardization sfod ug{] / Solar Power Panel sf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg] af/]
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . /fli6o ;~rf/ gLlt tyf sfo{qmd @)$% g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] d"n p2]Zo
tyf sfof{b]zsf] ;jf{\uL0f ljsf;sf lgldQ cfwf/e"t ;~rf/ ;]jf ;'ne, ;/n Pjd\ ;'lgof]lht kdf
clw/fHo e/ tyf cGt/f{i6o If]qdf ;d]t lgjf{w Pjd\ e/kbf{] lsl;dn] pknAw u/fpg] pNn]v ul/Psf]
5.
/fli6o ;~rf/ gLlt tyf sfo{qmd @)$% df b"/;~rf/nfO{ cfjZos ;]jf Essential Service sf
kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] / If]qLo ;Gt'ng sfod x'g] u/L ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ hf]8 lbg] / b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf]
k|of]u x'g] pks/0fx :jb]zdf g} pTkfbg ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] h:tf s'/fx pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t}
;\u7gfTds ;'wf/ tyf hgzlQm JoJf:yfkg Pjd\ ;f}o{ zlQmsf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbOPsf] / PCO ;~rfngnfO{
Jofks agfpg] h:tf sfo{x pNn]v ePsf] lyof] . ;''/Iffsf] plrt k|aGwdf klg hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] .
To:t} /fli6o ;~rf/ gLlt, @)$( ;fndf ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 hgtfsf] cfsf\Iff, b]zsf]
;jf{\uL0f ljsf;df gLlhIf]qn] k'ofpg ;Sg] e"ldsf cflbnfO{ b[li6ut u/L gLlt NofOPsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf]
p2]Zodf hg;fwf/0fnfO{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg / g]kfnsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ljsf; sfo{xdf
oyf;So ;xof]u k'ofpg g]kfn clw/fHo leq / cGt/f{li6o If]qdf ;d]t cfjZostf cg'k b"/;~rf/
;]jfx ;'ne, ;/n tyf ;'lgof]lht kdf ljsf; ub{} hfg] . ;fy} b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ /fli6o ljsf;sf]
k"jf{wf/sf kdf ljsl;t ug{] . lghLIf]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{], ;]jf ;~rfngdf pbf/ gLlt lng] elgPsf] 5 .
#=! Long Distance Maintenance Department -n=l8=d]=l8_ sf] :yfkgf
lj=;+= @)#) sf] bzsdf ;'? ePsf] dfOqmf]j]e k|0ffNfLn] $) sf] bzs;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f
tyf lhNNffx hf]8\g] lx;fan] klg Jofkstf kfO;s]sf] lyof] . dfOqmf]j]e ln\sn]] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd
Pjd\ dxjk"0f{ Jofkfl/s s]Gb|xnfO{ hf]8\g'sf cltl/Qm b"/b/fhdf /x]sf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ Ps cfk;df
hf]8]/ /fli6o ;b[9Ls/0fdf dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbO /fv]s]f lyof] . t/ b]zsf] ljs6 ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf
sf/0f l/lk6/ :6];g Pjd\ 6fj/x kxf8sf] 6'Kkf]df h8fg ug'{ kg]{ afWotfn]] h8fg sfo{ dfq} geP/ dd{t
tyf ;Def/sf] sfd klg Tolt g} r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] . o;/L b]ze/ km}lnPsf] dfOqmf]j]e k|0ffNfLsf]
Jojl:yt dd{t / ;Def/sf nflu @)$@ ;fndf Pp6f 5'} n=l8=d]=l8= ljefu u7g ul/of] . o; ljefun]
Second Line Maintenance sf lx;fan] lgoldt 6]:6x, :k]o/ kf6{;sf] Joj:yf, v/fa ePsf pks/0fx
s]Gb|df NofP/ dd{t ug{]u/fpg] / 6\s ln\snfO{ b'?:t /fVg] sfd ub{} cfof] .
#=@ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ljefusf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
ljZja}+s tyf cGo bft[ lgsfoxaf6 k|fKt C0f ;xof]ucGtu{t clw/fHo e/ ljleGg cfof]hgfx
cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ljefuaf6 ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPtf klg oL bft[ lgsfoxaf6 k|fKt x'g] /sdsf] kl/df0f
a9\b} uPsfn] cfof]hgfsf] ;+Vof / kl/df0f klg j[l4 x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] . b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ejg
lgdf{0f, 6]lr, 8lS6 nufot 6fj/xsf] lgdf{0f, :jLlr, 6fG;ld;g kfj/ pks/0fxsf] h8fg sfo{
Jofks dfq xf]Og k|ljlwsf sf/0f hl6n klg x'Fb} cfPsf] / bIftfdf klg ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf xF'b}
cfPsf] lyof] . To;}n] oL s'/fxnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ of] bzsdf] k|s[lt cg';f/ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf tLj|tf
Nofpg 6fG;ld;g cf=sf=lj=, :jLlr cf=sf=lj=, g]6js{ cf=sf=lj= / l;len ljefusf] u7g ul/of] .
cfof]hgfsf] kl/df0fdf Jofks j[l4 ePsf sf/0f pks/0f vl/bdf klg hl6ntf ylkFb} uPsf],
cGtb]{zLo / cGt/f{li6o sndf Jofks j[l4 ePsf sf/0f ;ls{6sf] ;+Vofdf klg j[l4 x'Fb} cfof] . hgzlQmdf
klg 7"nf] j[l4 x'g' / sd{rf/L ju{af6 ;'ljwfxsf] dfudf klg j[l4 x'g' nufotsf sf/0fn] s]Gb|Lo :t/df
klg hgzlQm ljsf; ljefu, Jofkf/ Joj:yfkg ljefu / sfg'g zfvf u7g eof] .
#=# If]qLo sfof{nosf] :yfkgf
klZrdf~rn, dWoklZrdf~rn / ;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]qsf b"/;~rf/ sfof{noxsf] /]vb]v If]qLo
sfof{no sf7df8f}Fn] ul/cfPsf]]df, jfudtL c~rndf g} b"/;~rf/ ;]jfxsf] lj:tf/ Jofks kdf eO If]qLo
sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf sfdsf] af]em a9\g uPsfn] klZrdf~rn If]qsf sfof{noxsf] /]vb]v r':tkn] ug{
;Dej ePg . To;}sf/0f klZrdf~rn If]qsf] b"/;~rf/ sfof{noxsf] /]vb]v ug{ If]qLo sfof{no a'6jn
/ dWoklZrdf~rn / ;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]qsf b"/;~rf/ sfof{noxsf] /]vb]v ug{ @)$# ;fn j}zfv !
ut] If]qLo sfof{no g]kfnu~hsf] :yfkgf eof] . kl5 ;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]qsf b"/;~rf/ sfof{noxsf]
/]vb]v ug{] u/L @)$& ;fn d+l;/df If]qLo sfof{no wgu9Lsf] klg :yfkgf eof] . o;/L u7g ePsf]
klZrdf~rn If]qLo sfof{no, a'6jnsf] k|yd If]qLo k|aGws nId0f nfn >]i7, dWoklZrdf~rn If]qLo
sfof{nosf] k|aGws Clif/fh >]i7 / ;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]qLo sfof{nosf] klg k|yd If]qLo k|aGws nId0f
nfn >]i7 g} x'g'x'GYof] .
g]kfn clw/fHodf d]g'cn 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h / cf=jf= :6];gsf] lj:tf/ Jofks kdf ePsf]
lyof] eg] c6f]d]l6s PS;r]~hsf] lj:tf/ rflxF lj:tf/} x'Fb} lyof] . ;f] ;dodf klg kfj/tkm{ h]g]/]6/sf]
h8fg tyf dd{t sfo{ r'gf}tLsf] kdf /x]sf] lyof] . ha @)$)@)$! ;fn lt/ l8lh6n PS;r]~h
:yfkgfsf] sfo{ ;'? eof] ta ljleGGg lsl;dsf /]lS6kmfo/, Po/slG8;g pks/0fxsf] k|of]usf sf/0f
kfj/ pks/0fxsf] dd{tdf hl6ntf ylkFb} uof] . Po/ slG8;g lagf l8lh6n PS;r]~h w]/} ;do;Dd
;~rfng ug{ g;lsg] eof] . l8h]n h]g]/]6/, /]lS6kmfo/, Po/slG8;g pks/0fxsf] Jojl:yt dd{t /
;Def/sf nflu ;g\ !(*@ df l;+xb/af/ kl/;/ k'tnL au}+rfdf 5'6\6} ;fgf] kfj/ js{;k :yfkgf eof] . pQm
kfj/ js{;kn] kfj/ pks/0fsf] dd{t / ;Def/ tyf ;~rfngsf] /]vb]v ug{ yfNof]] . g]kfn clw/fHodf
l8lh6n PS;r]~hsf] lj:tf/ Jofks kdf x'g yfn]kl5 ;+:yfgn] kfj/ pks/0fsf] dd{t / ;Def/ tyf
;~rfngsf] dxjnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;g\ !((@ df kfj/ js{;knfO{ cku|]8 u/L kfj/ PG8 Po/ slG8;g
ljefusf] :yfkgf uof] . o; ljefun] g]kfn clw/fHodf h8fg x'g] kfj/ pks/0fx ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{
sfo{sf] of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog tyf dd{t / ;Def/ tyf ;~rfngsf] /]vb]v ug{] sfo{ ug{ yfNof] . ;fy}
If]qLo :t/df o; k|sf/ # j6f o'lg6x klg :yfkgf ul/P
d]rL, sf]zL / ;u/dfyf c~rncGtu{tsf sfof{noxdf h8fg ePsf kfj/ pks/0fsf] dd{t /
;Def/sf nflu lj/f6gu/
klZrdf~rn / dWoklZrdf~rnsf sfof{noxdf h8fg ePsf kfj/ pks/0f dd{t / ;Def/sf
nflu a'6jn /
;'b"/ klZrdf~rn If]qsf sfof{noxdf h8fg ePsf kfj/ pks/0f dd{t / ;Def/sf nflu wgu9L
#=$ Quality Management & PCB Repear Centre sf] :yfkgf
d'n'sdf l8lh6n PS;r]~hx :yfkgf ul/g] sfo{ cufl8 a9\b} uPkl5 o;sf] dd{t / ;Def/
k|0ffNfLdf b]lvg] Pp6f d'Vo ;d:of Line Card sf] dd{t klg lyof] . o;sf] dd{t ug'{ kg{] ;+Vof klg
lgs} a9L x'g] / sDkgLdf g} dd{t ug{ k7fpg], kmsf{pg] cflb emGeml6nf] k|lqmof / a9L ;do nfUg] x'gfn]
d'n'sdf g} PCB Repear Centre sf] :yfkgf u/L Line Card dd{t ug'{ cfly{s Pjd\ ;dosf b[li6af6 klg
nfebfos x'g] x'gfn] UNDP sf] ;xof]udf !(**-!(() df Repear Centre :yfkgf ug{] sfo{ cf/De eof] .
;+:yfgn] nfOg ljt/0fsf nflu ljleGg Ifdtfsf s]anx k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . s]ansf] Physical,
Mechanical u'0fxsf] s]xL c+zdfq eP klg b]zdf g} r]s ug{{ k|fljlwsxnfO{ 1fg lbg klg Quality
Management Centre sf] :yfkgf ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] 7fg]/ UNDP sf] ;xof]udf oL b'a} p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu
cfly{s / k|fljlws ;xof]ucGtu{t Quality Management & PCB Repear Centre :yfkgf ul/Psf]
lyof] . Quality Management cGtu{t ul/g] Measurement Tolt k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] / oL ;]jfx
b]z leq g} cGo lgsfoxn] klg k|bfg ub{} cfPsfn] of] o'lg6 kl5 :jtM lgis[o x'Fb} aGb eof] . t/ PCB
Repear Centre n] eg] clxn] klg k|efjsf/L kdf ;]jf lbO/x]sf] 5 .
#=% lk|mSj]G;L Joj:yfkg tyf dlg6l/ :6];gsf] :yfkgf
@)!^ ;fndf 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefusf] u7gkl5 cfO=l6=o'=sf] ;xof]u k|fKt u/L g]kfnnfO{ cfjZos
x'g] xfO{ lk|mSj]G;L JofG8sf lk|mSj]G;Lx cfO=l6=o'=sf] OG6/g];gn lk|mSj]G;L /lhi6];g af]8{df btf{ ug{] sfo{
;'? eof] . cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ /]l8of] ln\s / g]kfnsf cGtb{]zLo cfsfzjf0fL ;]jfsf nflu o"=P;=P8=,
ef/t / g]kfnsf] lqjifL{o ;Demf}tf kZrft lk|mSj]G;L Joj:yfkgsf] dxj a'g] sfd ;/sf/n] uof] . g]kfn
;/sf/af6 ;~rfng x'g] ljleGg 7"nf7"nf cfof]hgfsf nflu Pr=Pkm=/eL Pr=Pkm= /]l8of] ;]6 ;~rfng ug{
cg'dlt lbg] sfd klg 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefusf rLkm OlGhlgo/af6 x'g] u/L 6]lnsDo'lgs];g P]g @)!( df
Joj:yf eof] . cfO=Pkm=cf/=la= (IFRB) df lk|mSj]G;L btf{ ug{ /]l8of] /]un
' ];g cWoog ug{] / /]l8of] /]un
' ];gn]
tf]s] cg';f/sf] lk|mSj]G;L btf{ ubf{ kmf/fd e/]/ cfO=l6=o'=df k7fpg] sfd ;'?df 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefun]
uof] . 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefu kl5 u7g ePsf] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg u7g
gx'~h]n of] sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] lyof] . g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnodf
lk|mSj]G;L ;DaGwL ;a} sfd x]g{] u/L cfO=l6=o'= zfvfsf] u7g kZrft lk|mSj]G;L ;DaGwL nfO;]G; lbg]
sfd ;~rf/ dGqfnoaf6 x'g yfNof] . ;~rf/ dGqfnodf lk|mSj]G;L Joj:yfkg / dlg6l/df cfO=l6=o'=
/ o'=Pg=l8=kL=sf] ;xof]usf] Pp6f of]hgf ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . klxnf] of]hgfcGtu{t lj=;+= @)$&
;fnlt/ l;+xb/af/sf] s}nfzdf PG6]gf /fv]/ dlg6l/ :6];gsf] sfo{ ;'? eof] . lk|mSj]G;L Joj:yfkg
;DAfGwL sfdsf nflu lk|mSj]G;L Pnf]s];g Knfg tof/ ug{] sfd ;d]t cfO=l6=o'= sf] ljz]if1af6 ePsf]
lyof] . ;~rf/ dGqfnoaf6 lk|mSj]G;L Joj:yfkg / dlg6l/ :6];gsf nflu 5'6\6} ;fO6 / ejg pknAw
ug{ g;Sbf cfO=l6=o'=, o'g=l8=lk=sf] k|f]h]S6 NEP /88/038 n] ;'?df lgwf{/0f u/]sf] nIo cg'zf/ sfd
ug{ ;s]g t/ ;+:yfut JoJf:yf eg] eof] / dGqfnodf dxfzfvfsf kdf lk|mSj]G;L JoJf:yfkg, dlg6l/
If]qdf dxfzfvfsf kdf lk|mSj]G;L JoJf:yfkg, dlg6l/ If]qn] sfd ug{ yfNof] .
#=^ laln / sDKo'6/ ljefusf] :yfkgf
sDKo'6/ laln -Combi_ k|f]h]S6sf cltl/Qm sf=If]=lg=df MCC :yfkgf ug]{ / s]an g]6js{
cfof]hgfdf GIS Project sf] sfo{ k|f/De eO/x]sf] lyof] . b"/;~rf/sf] sDKo'6/fOh sfo{nfO{ yk lj:tf/
ug{ ljZja}+s / FINIDA sf] ;xof]udf b"/;~rf/sf] ;a} d'Vod'Vo sfo{x Computerized ug{ Corporate
Database (CDB) project k|f/De ug]{ nIo lnOof] . lan k|zf]wg sfo{ k'/f eO;s]sfn] u|fxs n]h/ tof/
ug]{, gub ;\sng ug]{, Customer care/Sales, Inventory Control, Financial Accounting tyf HRMS
h:tf sfo{x Corporate Database sf kdf ;~rfng ug{] nIo lnOof] . Combi Project af6 oL
;a} sfo{ x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] lan k|zf]wg, u|fxs n]h/ gub ;\sng ;DaGwL Computerization sfo{
laln ljefun] ug]{ / cGo sDKo'6/ System sf] ljsf;, ;~rfng, dd{t / ;Def/ ;DaGwL sfo{ sDKo'6/
ljefun] ug{] u/L lj=;+=@)$( ;fndf Computer Billing Project lj36g u/L b'O{ j6f ljefu :yfkgf eP .
laln ljefun] lansf cltl/Qm u|fxssf] lan e'QmfgL / afFsL /sd b]lvg] u|fxs n]h/ sDKo'6/fOh
ug{ k|f/De uof] . of] Joj:yf @)$( ;fndf 5fpgL PS;r]~haf6 k|f/De u/L gS;fn PS;r]~h, rfalxn
PS;r]~h ub}{ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf lj=;+=@)%! ;fnleq nfu" ul/of] . ;f]xL ;dodf gub ;\sngsf]
Software ;d]t tof/ u/L gS;fn PS;r]~hdf k/LIf0f k'/f eof] . u|fxssf] lalndf gub ;\sngb]lv
u|fxs dx;'n clen]v o;} ;doaf6 k"0f{ kdf Computerized x'g] Joj:yf k|f/De eof] . pkTosfaf6
k|f/De ePsf] n]h/ Computerized sf] sfo{ qmdzM pkTosf aflx/ k|f/De u/L d'Vo PS;r]~hdf @)%#
;fnleq k'/f eof] . gub ;\sng sfo{x klg qmdzM cufl8 a9fOof] .
X-Base, LAN tyf Client Server cfwfl/t of] Joj:yf k"[0f{tM Decentralized computer system
df cfwfl/t lyof] . vf; u/L ^), &) xhf/ u|fxsnfO{ ljrf/ u/L tof/ ul/Psf] laln Joj:yfn] Ifdtf
eGbf emG8} !) u'0ff a9L sfo{ ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf cfPsfn] u|fxs n]h/, laln k4tLdf b]lvPsf ;d:of
lg/fs/0fsf nflu s]Gb|Ls[t laln Joj:yfsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/of] .
laln ljefu / sDKo'6/ ljefusf] :yfkgf cufl8 6]n]S; tyf 6\s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfxsf nflu lgDg
cg';f/ lalnsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
#=^=! pkTosfdf sDKo'6/ laln Joj:yf
@)#( ;fndf c6f]d]l6s 6]n]S; PS;r]~h :yfkgf ePkl5 6]n]S; sn rfh{sf] ljj/0f PS;r]~h
sDKo'6/df /xg] / lan k|zf]wgnfO{ PS;r]~hsf] 6]k -DofUg]l6s 6]k_ /fli6o sDKo"6/ s]Gb| k7fO k|zf]wg ug]{
Joj:yf eof] . @)$@ ;fndf klxnf] l8lh6n PS;r]~haf6 ePsf] :yfgLo snsf] ljj/0f tyf gS;fn
PS;r]~h :yfkgf ePkl5 o; PS;r]~haf6 ePsf] :yfgLo snsf] ljj/0f ;d]t PS;r]~h sDKo'6/af6
6]k dfkm{t /fli6o sDKo'6/ d]g' k7fO lan k|zf]wg k|f/De ul/of] . l8lh6n PS;r]~h :yfkgf ul/Pkl5
u|fxsn] 3/af6 ck/]6/sf] ;xfotf lagf 6\s sn ug{ STD sn k|f/De ePkl5 3/af6 x'g] STD / ISD df
sn ljj/0f ;d]t PS;r]~hsf] sDKo'6/ clen]v x'g] / ;f] clen]v 6]k dfkm{t /fli6o sDKo'6/ s]Gb| k7fO
:yfgLo sn, STD / ISD sn tyf ck/]6/ dfkm{t x'g] sn ;d]tsf] Ps d'i6 lan sDKo'6/ s]Gb|af6 tof/
u/L lan ljt/0f, dx;'n ;\sng / u|fxs n]h/ Dofg'on /fVg] Joj:yf eof] .
#=^=@ pkTosf aflx/ sDKo'6/ laln Joj:yf
lj=;+= @)#^ af6 g} sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] laln sDKo'6/ dfkm{t k|zf]wg ul/Ptf klg sf7df8f}F
aflx/ Dofg'on laln g} Jojxf/df lyof] . pkTosf aflx/ l8lh6n PS;r]~h ;'? geP;Dd Dofg'on
laln sfod /Xof] . @)$@ ;fndf jL/u~hdf l8lh6n PS;r]~h ;'? ePkl5 PS;r]~h sDKo'6/df
/]s8{ /x]sf] sn ld6/, 6\ssn l86]n DofUg]l6s 6]k dfkm{t dlxgfsf] cGTodf /fli6o sDKo'6/ s]Gb| k7fO
sDKo'6/ dfkm{t lan k|zf]wg k|f/De ul/of] . jL/u~h 5'} If]qLo sfof{no ePtf klg lan k|zf]wgsf nflu
/fli6o sDKo'6/ s]Gb|;Fu ug]{ ;dGjo sf7df8f}+ If]qLo sfo{noaf6 g} x'GYof] . jL/u~h afx]s cGo If]qLo
sfof{nodf ;d]t l8lh6n PS;r]~h :yfkgf ePkl5 6]lnkmf]g 6\ssf] lan /fli6o sDKo'6/ s]Gb|af6
ug'{sf] ljsNk lyPg . To:t} sDKo'6/fOh PS;r]~hsf] sDKo'6/fOh 8]6f /fli6o sDKo'6/ d]g'af6 k|zf]wg
ug{' afx]s ;+:yfg;Fu csf]{ ljsNk lyPg . /fli6o sDKo'6/ d]g'sf] k|zf]wg ;'ljwf ;d]t sf7df8f}+df dfq
/x]sfn] pkTosf aflx/sf ;a} PS;r]~haf6 ld6/ 6]k, 6\s 6]k dlxgfdlxgfdf sDKo'6/ s]Gb|df k7fpg],
k|zf]lwt lan tyf cGo l/kf]6{ ;DalGwt PS;r]~hdf k7fpg] sfo{sf nflu b"/;~rf/ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no,
cy{ ljefudf @)$@ ;fndf sDKo'6/ laln zfvfsf] :yfkgf ul/of] . of] zfvfn] lan k|zf]wg ;DaGwdf
s]Gb| / ;DalGwt PS;r]~h;Fu ;dGjo u/L lan k|zf]wg ug{ yfNof] .
#=^=#= sDKo'6/ laln k|f]h]S6sf] :yfkgf Computer billing Project
;'?df DofUg]6f] / l;=la= PS;r]~haf6 :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ dfl;s dx;'ndfq lng]
ul/GYof] . t/ kl5 c6f]d]l6s PS;r]~h ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 k|To]s u|fxssf] 5'6\6} ld6/ h8fg x'g] ePsfn]
dlxgfdf 5'6 x'g] Psd'i6 sn afx]s a9L sn ug{] u|fxsn] a9L snsf] dx;'n klg ltg'{ kg{] Joj:yf eof] .
;'Gwf/fdf ;]G6n PS;r]~hsf u|fxsxsf] ld6/sf] k|To]s dlxgfsf] clGtd lbg kmf]6f] lvrL ld6/ l/l8
ug{] Joj:yf ckgfOPsf] lyof] . o;/L lat]sf] dlxgf / rfn' dlxgfsf] ld6/ l/l8sf] cGt/af6 s'n ;+Vof
lgsfNg] / u|fxsaf6 dx;'n lng] ul/GYof] . g]kfndf l8lh6n PS;r]~h ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 u|fxsn]
ug{] snsf] l/sl8{ ;a} Exchange df ePsf Hard Disk df /xg] / k|To]s dlxgfsf] clGtd lbgsf] l/s8{
Hard disk af6 DofUg]l6s 6]kdf 6fG;km/ ul/GYof] . ;'?df ;f] 6]ksf] Processing u/L k|To]s u|fxssf] lan
agfpg] sfo{ l;+xb/af/l:yt /fli6o sDKo'6/ s]Gb|af6 ul/GYof] . o;/L clw/fHoe/sf l8lh6n PS;r]~haf6
6]knfO{ s]Gb|df k|zf]wg u/L k"gM k|To]s u|fxssf] lan lk|G6 u/L ;DAflGwt PS;r]~hxdf ;do ;Ldfleq
k7fO u|xfsx sxfF lan k'ofpg' Pp6f 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] sfo{ lyof] . clw/fHoe/ km}lnPsf PS;r]~hxaf6
s]Gb|df lansf] 6]k ;fjwfgL k"j{s Nofpg' sl7g sfo{ lyof] . ;fy} ;do;dodf 6]k af6f]df g} x/fpg] h:tf]
;d:of klg ef]Ug' kb{Yof] . o;/L 6]k :yfgfGt/ ug'{, lan k|zf]wg ug'{, lan lk|G6 ug'{ cflb sfo{df lgs}
;do nfUg] x'gfn] klg b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] u|fxsaf6 kfpg] /sd sl/a # dlxgf hlt l9nf k|fKt x'GYof] .
Rff}yf] b"/;~rf/ cfof]hgfdf 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hxsf] lan k|zf]wg sfo{sf nflu g]kfn b"/;~rf/n]
g} 5'} lan k|zf]wg s]Gb| :yfkgf ug'{ kg]{ of]hgf eP adf]lhd lan k|zf]wg s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{] l;nl;nfdf
cWoog ug{ lj1 cfdGq0f ul/of] . o; ;Gbe{df Asia Pacific Telecommunity (APT) sf] ;xof]udf lj1
lemsfP/ 6]lnkmf]g, 6]n]S; laln / Inventory Control sDKo'6/fOh ug{ cWoog u/fOof] . lj1n] July
1987 df k|ltj]bg k]z u/] / ;+:yfgsf kbflwsf/Lxn] ;f] ;DaGwdf cWoog e|d0f klg u/] . lj1n] /fli6o
sDKo'6/ s]Gb|sf] h:tf] Mainframe Computer vl/b u/L k|zf]wg s]Gb| :yfkgf ug'{ kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf
lyP . To;} avt ITU ;xof]uDffkm{t Maintenance Control Centre (MCC) nfO{ sDKo'6/fOh ug]{ sfo{
k|f/De eO/x]sf] lyof] . ;f] k|f]h]S6df ;+nUg lkmlg; sDKo'6/ lj1 Prof. Dr. Sulonmen n] APT lj1sf]
k|ltj]bgdf b"/;~rf/n] sDKo'6/fOh ug{ Mainframe Computer nfO{ Personal Computer n] lj:yflkt
ug{ k|f/De u/]sf] ;dodf Mainframe Computer vl/b u/L s]Gb|Lo :t/sf] EDP ;]G6/ v8f ug{ pko'Qm
gx'g] ;'emfj lyof] . k|ltj]bgdf Client Server df cfwfl/t sDKo'6/ Joj:yf u/L lj:tf/} 7"nf] sDKo'6/
g]6js{ tof/ ug'{ kg]{ ;'emfj lyof] .
ljZja}+ssf] k/fdz{df pQm lkmlg; lj1sf] ;'emfj d'tflas Hardware ljZja}+s / Software
lkmlg8fsf] ;xof]u /xg] u/L laln sfo{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ cfkm}n] ug]{ u/L lj=;+=@)$% (1988) df sDKo'6/
laln k|f]h]S6 (Combi Project) :yfkgf eof] . IBM Compatible Pc, X-Base Database sf] dfWodaf6
lkmlg; lj1sf] ;xof]udf ;+:yfgsf OlGhlgo/ tyf n]vf clws[t ;+nUg ;d"xaf6 Software tof/ u/L
@)$& ;fndf lan k|zf]wg nufotsf] sfd sDKo'6/ laln k|f]h]S6af6 x'g yfNof] . lj=;+=@)$* (1991
July) af6 laln ;DaGwL ;a} sfo{ o; k|f]h]S6af6 k|zf]wg x'g yfn]kl5 /fli6o sDKo'6/ s]Gb|af6 k|zf]wg
sfo{ aGb ul/of] .
#=& Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL Management Information System (MIS)
cfly{s ljsf;sf lglDt /fli6o ;~rf/ ;]jf of]hgfcg'k ;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ ljleGg dfWodf/f
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;'ne / e/kbf{] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lbg] p2]Zoaf6 :yfkgf ePsf] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn]
ljZja}+ssf] l;kmfl/;df !% gf]e]Da/ !(*& df Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug{ Bell Canada International
;Fu ;Demf}tf uof] . Bell Canada International n] Canadian Expert H.W. Lilly g]t[Tjsf] l6dnfO{ g]kfn
k7fof] . l6dnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;+:yfgn] cfgf clws[t sd{rf/LxnfO{ sfpG6/kf6{ / ;xfos sfpG6/kf6{
tf]s]sf] lyof] . o;/L ;+:yfgsf sfpG6/kf6{ / Joj:yfkgsf] cfzo cg';f/ Canadian Expert af6 tof/
ul/Psf] k|ltj]bg ( gf]e]Da/ !(** df g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ x:tfGt/0f eof] . Canadian Expert
H.W.Lilly n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] l6dn] sfpG6/kf6{ / ;xfos sfpG6/kf6{;Fu 5nkmn u/L Joj:yfkgdf ug{' kg]{
ljleGg ;'wf/sf sfo{xsf] cnfjf MIS (Management Information System) ;'? ug{] ljifonfO{ ljz]if
k|fyldstf lbPsf] lyof] . ;+:yfgdf MIS sf] ;'?cft klxnf] k6s @)$% ;fn >fj0f dlxgfb]lv Outside
Plant sf] ! k[i7sf] l/kf]6{af6 ;'? ePsf] lyof] . klxn]klxn] MIS l/kf]6{ g]kfnLdf lg:sg] ub{Yof] eg]
@)$( ;fn kf}if dlxgfb]lv clxn];Dd English df kl/:s[t kdf lg:sg] u/]sf] 5 . MIS Report k|To]s
dlxgf dd{t, ;Def/ tyf ;~rfng ljefuaf6 lg:sg] u/]sf] 5 .
#=* GIS (Geographic Information System) sf] ;'?cft
ljsl;t b]zxdf GIS k|ljlwaf6 s]an g]6js{ nufot cGo Utility Service sf nflu of]hgf
th{'df ug{] sfo{ klxn]b]lv g} ul/cfPsf] xf] . t/ g]kfndf eg] cJojl:yt a;f]af;sf sf/0f s'g} :yfgdf
s]an g]6js{ Knflg ug'{ kof] eg] ;f] :yfgsf] ;fO6 ;e{], lkmQfaf6 b"/L gfkL M/H, H/H, Pole cflbsf]
/]vf\sg ul/Fb} cfPsf] lyof] . o; k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ sd;]sd sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] zx/L If]qdf Danish
Development Agency sf] k|fljlws tyf ljlQo ;xof]udf @)$( ;fndf Digital Map tof/ ul/of] .
o; kl/of]hgf cGtu{t sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] nueu %)) ju{ ls=ld= xjfO{ ;j]{If0f u/L qmdzM !M%)) /
!M@))) :s]nsf] gS;f tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . kl5 ;g\ !((# -@)%)_ df gS;fnfO{ l8lh6fOh u/L cfgf]
kfrf}F km]hsf] b"/;~rf/ cfof]hgfdf Jofks k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . o;kl5 ;+:yfgsf OlGhlgo/xsf] w]/}
d]xgt Pjd\ k|of;af6 Jojl:yt ;"rgf e08f/0f ug{ s]an g]6js{ Knflg ljefudf o;sf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 .
of] Pp6f Hofb} vlr{nf] k|ljlw ePsfn] b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg cfkm}n] ;Dk"0f{ PS;r]~h Pl/ofsf] Digital
Map tof/ ug{ ;Sg] s'/f ePg . t/ ;+:yfgn] cGo Agency gfkL ljefu, of]hgf cfof]uaf6 klg pknAw
gS;fx k|fKt u/L Network Planning Dept. n] sfd ub{} cfPsf] 5 . t/ d'Vo s'/f] GIS k|ljlwsf]
;'?cftaf6 b"/;~rf/n] Cable Newtwork Planning af6 tof/ x'g] s]an g]6js{sf] gS;f tyf Jojl:yt
tl/sfn] /]s8{ /fVg] s'/fsf] rflxF ;'?cft u/]sf] xf] .
$= cGt/f{li6o ;DaGw
$=! Intelsat sf] ;b:otf
;g\ !(^% df k|yd Jofj;flos :of6]nfO6 5f]l8P klg !(*) b]lv dfq :of6]nfO6df cfwfl/t
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf Jofkstf cfof] . Intelsat ljZje/ :of6]nfO6sf] dfWodaf6 b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug{] ;]jf
k|bfos ;+:yfxsf] ;+u7g xf] . o;sf] d'Vo sfof{no cd]l/sfsf] Wasington D.C. df 5 . o;sf] :yfkgf
;g\ !(^$ df ePsf] lyof]] . of] ;+:yfn] Communication Satellite k|If]k0f ub{5 / :of6]nfO6 ;ls{6x
plrt d"Nodf ljleGg b]zsf ;]jf k|bfosxnfO{ lbg] u5{ . ljleGg b]zsf k|ltlglwd"ns b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
k|bfos o;sf ;b:o / ;]o/ xf]N8/ x'G5g\ .
OG6n:of6;Fu cfa4 e} k|lt ;ls{6sf nflu jflif{s /]G6n clu|d kdf lt/]/ ;b:o x'g'kb{Yof] jf
;b:o geP klg OG6n:of6sf] ck/]6/ x'g' clgjfo{ lyof] . ;b:o gx'Fbf jif{e/sf] ;ls{6sf] ef8f clu|d
kdf lt/]/ OG6n:of6sf] ck/]6/ ePkl5 dfq ;]jf rfn' x'GYof] . ;b:o x'g OG6n:of6sf] clws[t k"FhLsf]
)=% k|ltzt /sd nufgL ug'{kb{Yof] / Tof] nufgL afkt nfef+z k|fKt x'g] x'Fbf ggd]Da/ ck/]6/ x'g' EfGbf
d]Da/ ck/]6/ x'g' /fd|f] lyof] . dGqfnoaf6 ;dod} o; ;DaGwdf lg0f{o glnPsf sf/0f ;b:o x'g] k|lqmofn]
lgs} nfdf] ;do lnof] . g]kfn OG6n:of6sf] ;b:o x'g] k|:tfj lj=;+= @)$# ;fn lt/ lji0f' k|tfk zfx
;~rf/ ;lrj ePsf avt kfl/t eof] . ;b:otf k|fKt ug{ nfu]sf] /sd g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] a]xf]/]sf]
lyof] . g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] @)$% ;fn kmfNu'0f !* ut] Intelsat sf] ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] .
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg Intelsat sf] !!^ cf}+ ;b:o xf] . bf];|f] k6s lj=;+= @)$( lt/ nufgL /sd !
k|ltzt k'ofpg] lg0f{o u/]kl5 OG6n:of6df g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] ef]l6 /fO6 klg k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] .
$=@ cfO=l6=o'=sf] pkIf]qLo sfof{nosf] :yfkgf
g]kfnn] ;g\ !(%& df cfO=l6=o'=sf] ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . cfO=l6=o' af6 ;'?b]lv g} ljz]if1
;]jf tyf 5fqj[lQ k|fKt x'g] u/]sfn] g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ ljsf;df cfO=l6=o'=sf] ;xof]u pNn]vgLo /x]sf]
5 . cfO=l6=o'=af6 ljleGg b"/;~rf/ If]qsf ljz]if1xsf ;fy} ljleGg d'n'sdf ;~rfng x'g] tflnd,
;]ldgf/, sfo{zfnfdf efu lng 5fqj[lt k|fKt x'g] k|r'/ ;Defjgf ePsfn] of] ;+:yf;Fu ;DaGw ;'wf/
u/L g]kfnnfO{ al9 ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg tTsfnLg ;+:yf k|d'vsf] ljz]if of]ubfg /x]sf] lyof] . lj=;+=
@)$) b]lv @)%) ;Dd sf] cjlwdf g]kfndf cfO=l6=o'=sf] ;xeflutfdf uf]li7 / ;]ldgf/sf] cfof]hgf
u/]/ cfO=l6=o'=sf ljz]if1 / kbflwsf/Lx g]kfn cfpg] qmddf lgs} ;'wf/ eof] . cfO=l6=o'=sf] If]qLo
sfof{no a}\ssdf lyof] . ;f] If]qLo sfof{nocGtu{t b'O{j6f pkIf]qLo sfof{no hfsftf{ / sf]nDaf]df
:yfkgf ePsf lyP . tfldn ljb|f]xsf sf/0f sf]nDaf]df /x]sf] sfof{no cGoq ;fg{] t/v/ ul/Psf] hfgsf/L
cfO=l6=o'=sf If]qLo ljz]if1af6 ;g\ !(** df g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf dxfk|aGwsn] kfPkl5 ;f] pkIf]qLo
sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf ;fg{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfn pkIf]qLo sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf /fVg pT;'s 5
EfGg] s'/f cfO=l6=o'= d'Vo sfof{no h]g]efdf va/ ul/of] . c b]zn] pknAw u/fP ;/xsf] ;'ljwf g]kfn
;/sf/n] lbg ;Sb5 eg] cfO=l6=o'= pkIf]qLo sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf /fVg cfgf] ;xdlt x'g] Joxf]/fsf] kq
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfO=l6=o'= af6 !(*( lt/ k7fOPsf] lyof] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfO=l6=o'= sf] cg'/f]wnfO{
:jLsf/ u/L pkIf]qLo sfof{nosf] :yfkgf ug{ cfjZs kg{] :yfgLo vr{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] a]xf]g]{ u/L
cfO=l6=o'= sf] pkIf]qLo sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf /fVg] k|:tfj lj=;++= @)$% sf] cGTo lt/ kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] .
pkIf]qLo sfof{no tflnd s]Gb| ejg aa/dxn, sf7df8f}Fdf :yfkgf ul/g' ljz]if1sf] ;]jf / 5fqj[lTf
kfpg' eGbf klg pknlAwk"0f{ lyof] . cfO=l6=o'= af6 ;~rflnt ljleGg of]hgfcGtu{t cfof]hgf x'g] ;]ldgf/
/ js{;k klg sf7df8f}Fdf x'g] Joj:yf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] ug{ yfNof] . kmn:jk g]kfn b"/;~rf/
;+:yfg cGt/f{li6o If]qdf klg kl/lrt x'g] df}sf kfof] . pQm pkIf]qLo sfof{nosf] k|d'vsf kdf lk=s]=
/fd rf}w/L, s]=s]= u''0faw{g / 8f= P;=s]= xh]nfn] @)$^ b]lv @)%) ;Dd sfo{ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
$=# k/fdz{ ;]jf / b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf;qmd
k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/sf] a]nfot e|d0f kZrft g]kfndf klg b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cfjZostf dx;';
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf k|f/lDes 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] lj:tf/ sfo{df klg a]noftL laz]if1sf] ;+nUgtf
/x]sf]] lyof] . @))( ;fn cl3 g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/df k/fdz{ lbg] sfd a]nfotL Ol~hlgo/af6 ePsf]
lyof] eg] tTkZrft ef/tsf x'nfs tyf b"/;~rf/ ljefuaf6 klg k/fdz{ lbg] sfd ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 .
6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefu u7g k"j{sf s]xL jif{x / tTkZrftsf jif{xnfO{ k/fdz{ ;]jf /fd|f];Fu k|of]udf
NofOPsf] cjlwdf u0fgf ug{ ;lsG5 .
ef/tdf b"/;~rf/ / x'nfs ;]jf Pp6} ljefucGtu{t /x]sf] 5 . t/ ef/tsf jl/i7 b"/;~rf/ ljz]if1af6
g]kfndf ;~rf/ ljefucGtu{t /x]sf] x'nfs, 6]lnkmf]g, cfsfzjf0fL ;]jfsf nflu 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefu
/ x'nfs;]jf ljefu u7g ug'{ kb{5 eGg] k/fdz{ lbg' / To; k/fdz{nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 sfof{Gjog ug'{
Pp6f dxjk"0f{ cfofd dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefu u7g kZrft ljefun] ug'{ kg{] sfo{sf nflu
6]lnsDo'lgs];g P]g th'{df ug{] sfddf klg ef/t ;/sf/sf] x'nfs tyf b"/;~rf/ ljefusf] ljz]if1sf]
;]jf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ljsf;sf nflu g]kfn, ef/t / cd]l/sfsf] lqkIfLo ;Demf}tfsf]
cfjZostf 7fgL ;Demf}tf ug'{ kb{5 eGg] k/fdz{ lbg] ef/t tyf cd]l/sfsf ljz]if1sf] ;]jf klg lgs}
kmnbfoL x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 .
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug{] qmddf cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;+3sf ljZf]if1sf] ;]jf klg dxjk"0f{ /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;df ljZja}+ssf] ;+nUgtf kZrft ljleGg ljz]if1xaf6 k/fdz{
lbg] sfd ;'? eof] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg tL k/fdz{ ;]jf ;xh kdf :jLsf/ u/]sfn] klg b"/;~rf/ ;]jfn]
ult lng ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . 6]lnsDo'lgs];g ljefu g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltdf kl/0ft ePkl5 b"/;~rf/
k|zf;gnfO{ r':t, b'?:t, ;Ifd / ultzLn agfpg sfo{sf/L clwsf/ ;d]t k|of]u ug{] u/L a]nfot ;/sf/sf]
;xof]udf rLkm OlGhlgo/, 6]lnsDo'lgs];g k|aGws, ljhg]; Dofg]h/ / cy{ lgoGqssf] ;]jf lgs} nfdf]
cjlw;Dd k|fKt ePsf sf/0f klg g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ ljsf;df ultzLntf cfPsf] k'li6 x'G5 .
@)@* ;fnb]lv @)#^ ;fn;Dd OlGhlgol/, Jofkf/ k|j4{g, cy{ tyf n]vf Joj:yfkgdf k/fdz{ lbg]
sfdn] lg/Gt/tf kfof] . sfof{nosf sd{rf/L ;/x clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] ;Nnfxsf/ afx]s ljZja}+ssf]
C0f ;xof]ucGtu{t 5flgPsf] a]nfotL sG;N6]G6 lk6 dflj{s P08 ldr]n, a]nfotsf] cfg} ;xof]udf lk|;
sf/l8of] P08 /fO8/ k/fdz{bftfsf] ;]jf / cy{:6];g tyf 6]n]S; PS;r]~h cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf
nflu lgo'Qm k/fdz{bftf qmfpg Ph]G6, 8]gdfs{sf] cg'bfg ;xof]ucGtu{t s]an g]6js{ lj:tf/sf nflu
sfn{ a|f], lkmgNofG8sf] cg'bfg ;xof]ucGtu{t 6fG;ld;g ln\s lj:tf/ / sDKo'6/ laln k|f]h]S6sf nflu
lkmgNofG8sf] 6]lnsf]gsf] k/fdz{ ;]jfn] pNn]vgLo e"ldsf lgefPsf 5g\\ .
k/fdz{ bftfsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f
k/fdz{bftf pknAw k/fdz{ lbg] ;+:yf
k/fdz{ lbPsf] If]q cjlw
u/fpg] b]z;+:yf jf ljz]if1
!= a]nfot cf/ hL lsn jg{ 6\s 6lnkmf]g nfOglj:tf/ tyf dd{t @))& ;fn clw
@= ef/t 8fstf/ ljefu k|fljlws tflnd @))( ;fn clw
#= ef/t 8fstf/ ljefu ;+u7g ;'wf/ @))( ;fn kl5
$= ef/t 8fstf/ ljefu 6]lnsDo'lgs];g P]g lgdf{0f @)!^ ;fn kl5
%= ef/t 8fstf/ ljefu g]kfn ef/t ljr cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ @)!^ b]lv @)@!
(ef/t) ;]jf / :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h ;fn;Dd
o"=P;=P=, o"=P;=P8= P;=P;=jL= cf=jf= ;]jf
^= cfO=l6=o"= P=Pr=jfn8d b"/;~rf/ of]hgf th'{df, tflnd s]Gb| @)@%-)@*
;DaGwL of]hgf
k/fdz{bftf pknAw k/fdz{ lbg] ;+:yf

k/fdz{ lbPsf] If]q cjlw
u/fpg] b]z;+:yf jf ljz]if1
&= hfkfg s]=l8=8L= sf7df8f}F 6f]lsof] Pr=Pkm= ln\s
*= xs s]an PG8 jfo/n]; Dofg'cn 6]n]S; PS;r]~h, sf7df8f}F
xs Pr=Pkm= ln\s
(= ef/t ef/tLo ljb]z sf7df8f}F aDa} PrPkm ln\s
;~rf/ lgud
!)= a]nfot ldi6/ Rof6ljg b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng @ jif{
ldi6/ 8Ao" OlGhlgol/ $ jif{
cfO=Pn=/]=
ldi6/ qm;f] OlGhlgol/
ldi6/ :6]jL cy{ tyf n]vf Joj:yfkg !@ jif{
ldi6/ a]6; / ldi6/ Jofkf/ k|jw{g * jif{
dfON;
ldi6/ dfOsn kfj/ * jif{
!!= ljZja}+s lk6 dflj{s P08 b"/;~rf/ ;+u7g lj:tf/ ;j{ kIf @)@& @)@*
ldr]n
!@= a]nfot lk|; sf/l8of] P08 gDa/L Knfg, 6 f G;ld;g Knfg,
/fO8/ :jLlr Knfg, :jrflnt PS;r]~hsf]
:k] l zlkms] ; g / jf] n kq cfJxfg
8s'd]G6;\, bf]>f] r/0f dfOqmf]j]e ln\s
sf] :k]l;lkms];g / jf]nkq cfxjfg
8s'd]G6;
!#= a]nfot qmfpg Ph]G6 6]n]S; PS;r]~h / cy{:6];g
!$= Pl;of Kofl;lkms Ps bh{g hlt ljleGg p2]Zo
6]lnsDo'lg6L O=;++=!(&( b]lv
O=;+= !(() ;Dd
!%= cfO=l6=o"= /fh]z dnxf]]qf lk|mSj]G;L Knfg -;~rf/ dGqfno_
!^= 8]gdfs{ sfn{a|f] s]an g]6js{ Knflg tyf of]hgf
sfof{Gjog
!&= lkmGfNoG8 6]lnsg sDKo'6/fOh];g tyf laln
Joj:yfkg
%= k|sfzgsf] ;'?cft
%=! jflif{s k|ltj]bg (Annual Report)
ljZja}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] b"/;~rf/sf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f / ;]jf lj:tf/df ck]lIft
;kmntf xfl;n u/]tf klg ljBdfg ;+/rgf tyf ;]jfxsf] n]vfhf]vf, ;]jfsf] :t/, /fh:j tyf vr{sf]
cj:yf cflbsf] ljj/0f emNsg] k'l:tsf lgoldt kdf k|sfzg ug{] sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] lyPg . o;}nfO{
dWogh/ u/]/ Joj:yfkgn] @)$# ;fnb]lv lgoldt kdf Annual Report k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
%=@ 6]lnsd q}dfl;s klqsf
@)$# ;fn h]i7 dlxgfdf b"/;~rf/ If]qdf eO/x]sf] b"tt/ k|ultsf jf/]df sd{rf/L tyf u|fxs ju{nfO{
hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zon] Telecom Journal q}dfl;s klqsfsf] k|sfzg ;'? eof] . @)$^ ;fn;Dd lgoldt
kdf k|sflzt of] klqsf @)$^ k|l5 k|sfzg x'g ;s]g .
^= tTsfnLg /fhf jL/]Gb| / /fgL P]Zjo{af6 b"/;~rf/ s]Gb|xsf] cjnf]sg
cGo If]qxsf] bfFhf]df g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ePsf] k|ult ;Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] / ljsf;sf
nflu ;~rf/ eGg] d"n gf/fnfO{ ;fy{s agfpFb} b]z ljsf;df dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg eO/x]sf] lyof] . o;}
sf/0fn] g} tTsfnLg
/fhf jL/] G b| / /fgL
P]Zjo{sf] sf7df8f}Fl:yt
dxjk" 0 f{ b" / ;~rf/
s] G b| x cy{ : 6] ; g
anDa', s]Gb|Lo 6]lnu|fkm
clkm; lqk'/]Zj/,
6] l nkmf] g PS;r] ~ h
ejg ;'Gwf/f / gS;fn
PS;r] ~ h ejgxdf
@)$@ ;fn r}q ! ut]
P]ltxfl;s e|d0f ePsf]
lyof] . ;f] ;dodf /fhf tTsfnLg /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 gS;fn PS;r]~hsf] lg/LIf0f e|d0f
jL/]Gb| / /fgL P]Zjo{af6
b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf;sf af/]df ljleGGf lh1fzfx /fvL b"/;~rf/ kl/jf/sf] xf};nf a9fpg] sfd ePsf] lyof] .
&= ljz]if x'nfs l6s6sf] k|sfzg
APT sf] :yfkgf;Fu} b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] APT sf] x/]s sfo{qmddf ;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfO k"0f{ nfe
klg lnOcfPsf] lyof] . APT n] jflif{s kdf ;~rfng ug{] Seminar, workshop cflbdf ;xeflutf
hgfpg'sf ;fy} ;do;dodf g]kfndf g} Host ug{] klg ul/cfPsf] xf] . APT :yfkgfsf] Ps bzs k"/f u/]sf]
cj;/df g]kfnn] o;sf] dxj emNsfpg @)$( ;fndf ljz]if x'nfs l6s6 k|sfzg u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf
cltl/Qm ;/sf/n] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt cGo s]xL x'nfs l6s6 klg o; k|sf/ k|sflzt u/]sf] kfOG5
*= o'lgogxsf] u7g ;'? l6s6 ;f}hGoM z+s/ >]i7, dxf;lrj, g]kfn lkmnf6]lns ;f];fO{6L
@))& ;fnsf] qmflGttfsf vf;u/L pBf]u, snsf/vfgfsf dhb'/xn] x8\tfn u/]/ cfGbf]ng
rsf{Psf] ;Gbe{ Oltxf;df pNn]v 5 . t/ k~rfotL Joj:yfdf o:tf] cj:yf /x]g . x'g t To; avt klg
k|z:t pBf]u, sns/vfgfx :yfkgf ePsf lyP . sd{rf/L ju{n] klg ;\u7g -o'lgog_ agfpg] s'/fdf
Tolt rf;f] lbPsf] kfOFb}g . @)$^.)$& ;fndf ePsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf qmddf sd{rf/Lx ;\ul7t eP/
cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldPsf lyP . cfGbf]ng ;lsP nuQ} sfg'gL kdf g} sd{rf/L o'lgogx :yfkgf x'g yfn] .
jf:tjdf @)$& ;fndf ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yf k'gM :yfkgf ePkl5 lghL sDkgL tyf ;/sf/L
lgsfoxdf sd{rf/Lxsf] ;+3, ;+u7g vf]Ng] nx/ g} rNof] . kmn:jk bnut kdf sd{rf/L, dhb'/,
;+u7gx v'n] . b"/;~rf/ If]qdf klg sd{rf/L o'lgogx :yfkgf eP .
(=dx;''n
(=! :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n b/ ;do;dodf kl/dfh{g ug]{ qmddf @)$# ;fndf klg kl/dfh{g ul/Psf]
lyof] . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf nflu ;]jfdf cfwfl/t dx;'n lgwf{/0f ug{ cfjZos ePtf
klg b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] kx'Fr ;j{;fwf/0fdf Jofks kdf eOg;s]sfn] cGt/f{li6o ;]jfaf6 cGtb{]zLo
;]jfnfO{ 6]jf lbg] vfnsf] dx;'n sfod} /Xof] . t/ lj:tf/} of] kl/kf6Ldf ;'wf/ ug{ @)$# ;fn sflt{s !
ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L gofF dx;'n b/ sfod ul/of] h;sf] 5f]6s/L ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5
(=@ cGtb]{zLo 6\s dx;'n
@)$@ ;fndf STD ;]jf k|f/De x'g'eGbf cufl8 ck/]6/ dfkm{t x'g] sndf Go"gtd # ldg]6sf] 6\s
sn dx;'n nfu" x'g] Joj:yf lyof] . u|fxs cfkm}n] 3/af6 ug]{ STD sndf k|ltldg]6 lgDg cg';f/ dx;'n
b/ sfod ul/Psf] lyof]
l;=g+= b"/L b/ k|ltldg]6 ?=
!= @% ls=ld= ;Dd !=*)
@= @^ b]lv %) ls=ld= ;Dd #=^)
#= %! b]lv !)) ls=ld= ;Dd &=@)
$= !)! b]lv @)) ls=ld= ;Dd !)=*)
%= @)! b]lv $)) ls=ld= ;Dd !#=%)
^= $)) ls=ld= b]lv dfly !*=))
(=# cGt/f{li6o 6\s dx;'n
cGt/f{li6o sn k|lt ldg]6sf] b/ lgwf{/0f x'g] / Go"gtd # ldg]6sf] dx;'n ltg'{ kg]{ Joj:yf lyof] .
ck/]6/ dfkm{t x'g] snsf] Cancellation Fee ;d]t Ps ldg]6sf] ltg'{ kg]{ Joj:yf lyof] . @)$$ ;fndf
ISD ;]jf k|f/De ePkl5 Go"gtd Ps ldg]6sf] dx;'n lt/] k'Ug] / ^ ;]s]G8sf] Ps kN; sfod u/L kN;
b/sf cfwf/df dx;'n lng] Joj:yf eof] . @)$$ ;fndf ef/t afx]s cGo d'n'ssf] cGt/f{li6o 6\s
dx;'n kfFr ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L b/ sfod ePsf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6o ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfnfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{
ljb]zL d'b|fsf] ldNbf] h'Nbf] b/ sfod u/L dx;'n ;d"x lgwf{/0f ul/sf] lyof] .
(=#=! @)$$ ;fndf sfod /x]sf] cGt/f{li6o 6\s dx;'n b/
;d"x b]zx klxnf] # ldg]6-?_ yk k|lt ldg]6-?_ Vff/]h b/ -?_
k|yd Hffkfg, yfOn}08 , !(% ^% !(
xs, kfls:tfg,
jdf{, ckmuflg:tfg,
O{/fgnufot b]zx
;d"x b]zx klxnf] # ldg]6-?_ yk k|lt ldg]6-?_ Vff/]h b/ -?_

ltLo ci6]lnof, ch{]lG6gf, @@% &% @@
cli6of, O/fs, O6nL,
Sofgf8f, rLg, hd{gL,
;f]leot, k|mfG;, >Lnf,
:jLh/NofG8, a]nfot
nufotsf b]zx
t[tLo clG6u'jf, p?Uj], @%% *% @%
Go"lhNofG8, o"=P;=P,
l;/Lof cflb
Rff}yf] cNj]lgof, stf/, @*% (% @*
leotgfd, blIf0f clk|msf,
o'ufG8f nufot clk|msL
d'n'sx
kfFrf} cn:sf, c\uf]nf, #!% !)% #!
s\uf], So'jf, sDo'lrof,
sf]l/of, Ujf6]dfnf, lrnL,
a|flhn, ;'8fg, lkmhL,
:jflhNo08 cflb
;Demf}tf cg';f/ ljb]zL ;]jf k|bfosn] lng] z]ol/ (Accounting rate) g} cGt/f{li6o dx;'n b/sf]
d'Vo cfwf/ /x]sf] lyof] .
(=#=@= lj=;+= @)$( df sfod /x]sf] cGt/f{li6o 6\s dx;'n b/
lj=;+= @)$$ df ;fs{ If]qsf d'n'ssf nflu 5'} b/ sfod eof] . ;fs{ d'n'ssf nflu Go"gtd #
ldg]6sf] ?= !#% / k|lt ldg]6 ?=$% sfod ul/of] . dfOqmf]j]eaf6 ef/tdf x'g] snsf] ?= () /
k|lt ldg]6 ?=#) sfod eof] . cGo ;d"x oyfjt\ /xL lj=;+= @)%^ df lgDgfg';f/ cGt/f{li6o dx;'n
b/ /x]sf] b]lvG5
;d"x Go"gtd # ldg]6sf] ?= k|lt ldg]6sf] ?= k|lt kN; b/ ?=
k|yd ;d"x -;fs{ d'n's_ !#% $% $%)
l4tLo #^) !@) !@
t[tLo $)% !#% !#%)
Rff}yf] $%) !%) !%
kfFrf} %$) !*) !*
cGt/f{li6o dx;'nb/dWo] ;a}eGbf dxFuf] b/ of] g} x'g'k5{ . of] b/ @)%^ ;fn;Dd sfod /x]sf
b]lvG5 . o; kl5 qmdzM dx;'n b/ 36\g] qmd ;'? eof] .
(=#=# g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfn] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] ljleGg b"/;~rf/ ;]jfx,
;f] afkt nfUg] dx;'n tyf ltgdf @)$* ;fn dfu{ ! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L lbOg] ;x'lnotsf af/]df ;f]xL
lbg -dfu{ ! ut]_ Pp6f ;"rgff/f hfgsf/L lbOPsf] lyof] . ;"rgf cg';f/ dx;'n b/ o; k|sf/ lyof]
!= 6]lnkmf]gsf u|fxsxn] /fv]sf] w/f}6L /sddf jflif{s %)% k|ltztsf b/n] pk/f]Qm ldltb]lv Aofh
lbg] gofF Joj:yf ul/Psf],
@= a]n'sf ( ah]b]lv laxfg & ah];Dd x'g] cfGtl/s (Domestic) 6\s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dx;'n
lgDg adf]lhd sfod ul/Psf] lyof]
b"/L cg';f/sf] If]qx xfnsf] b/ k|lt ldg]6 ?= gofF sfod x'g] ;x'lnot b/ k|lt ldg]6 ?=
s= !. ).*)
v= @. !.^)
u= $. #.@)
3= ^. $.*)
= *. ^.$)
#= laxfg & ah]b]lv a]n'sL ( ah];Dd x'g] cfGtl/s 6\s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] gofF dx;'n b/ lgDg
adf]lhd sfod ul/Psf] lyof]
b"/L cg';f/sf] If]qx xfnsf] b/ k|lt ldg]6 ?= gofF sfod x'g] ;x'lnot b/ k|lt ldg]6 ?=
s !. !.@)
v= @. @.$)
u= $. $.*)
3= ^. &.@)
= *. (.^)
$= 6]lnkmf]g d]g sg]S;gsf] k|lt dlxgf ?=!)). sf] ;6\6f ?= !%). Dffl;s dx;'n sfod ul/Psf]
lyof] . ;fy} c:yfoL sg]S;g / k6s] sg]S;gdf d]g sg]S;gdf nfUg] dx;'ndf qmdzM %(% /
!))% yk dx;'n nfUg] Joj:yf ul/of] .
%= PS;6]G;g ;]6 k|To]ssf] dfl;s ?= !)). sfod ul/of] .
^= h8fg vr{ d]g sg]S;gdf ?=@))) / PS;6]G;gsf nflu ?=&)). lnO cfPsf]df d]g sg]S;gsf]
z'Ns oyfjt\ /fvL 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 -d]g tyf PS;6]G;g ;]6_ ;+:yfn] pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf]df ;f]xL
ldltb]lv u|fxsn] ;+:yfg;Fu 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 lsGg' kg{] Joj:yf nfu" eof] .
&= g]kfn / ef/taLr 6]/]l:6on dfOqmf]j]e dfWodaf6 x'g] 6\s 6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n k|lt ldg]6 ?= @).
/x]sf]df pk/f]Qm ldltb]lv k|lt ldg]6 ?= #). sfod ul/Psf] lyof] .
*= k|Oe]6 PS;r]~h af]8{ /fVg] u|fxsxsf nflu lgDgadf]lhd gofF dfl;s dx;'n b/ sfod ul/of]
-s_ @% nfOg Ifdtf ;Ddsf nflu dfl;s ?= @)).
-v_ %) nfOg Ifdtf ;Ddsf nflu dfl;s ?= #)).
-u_ %) nfOg Ifdtf eGbf a9Lsf nflu dfl;s ?= %)).
(= g]kfn / cGo b]zx aLr x'g] -;fs{sf b]zx afx]s_ cGt/f{li6o 6\s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dx;'n
b/ lgDg adf]lhd sfod ul/of]
b]zx sfod /x]sf] dx;'n k|lt gofF sfod x'g] dx;'n b/
ldg]6 ?= k|lt ldg]6 ?=
s ;d"xsf *)=)) !@)=))
v ;d"xsf ()=)) !#%=))
u ;d"xsf !))=)) !%)=))
3 ;d"xsf !@)=)) !*)=))
!)= Ao"/f]ofS; / kmf]6f] 6]lnu|fd ;]jfsf] xsdf gofF ;+zf]lwt 6\s 6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n b/af6 x'g
cfpg] dx;'n b/ sfod ul/Psf] lyof] .
!!= cfsfzjf0fL ;]jf, cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6o 6]lnu|fd ;]jf, cfGtl/s tyf cGt/f{li6o 6]n]S;
;]jf / ;fs{sf b]zxdf :of6]nfO6sf dfWodaf6 x'g] 6\s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dx;'n b/ oyfjt\
sfod ul/of] .
!@= 6]lnkmf]g -6\s 6]lnkmf]g ;d]t_ sf] dx;'n ;dodf ga'emfPdf dx;'n a'emfpg' kg{] clGtd Dofb
gf3]sf] ldltkl5 klxnf] Ps dlxgfsf nflu a'emfpg' kg{] lan /sdsf] #=%% / bf];|f] dlxgfsf nflu
&% sf b/n] lanDa z'Nssf] gofF Joj:yf ul/of] / To;kl5 nfOg sfl6g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
***
kl/R5]b M ;ft
b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwdf clK6sn kmfOa/b]lv

df]afOn kmf]g;Ddsf] km8\sf]
-lj=;+= @)%!@)^)_
k[i7e"ld
k|ljlw / ;]jf
lgofds ;+:yfsf] u7g
;\u7g ;+/rgf
;+:yfgsf] l;Ne/ h'AnL -b"/;~rf/ ;++:yfgsf] kRrL; jif{ k"/f_
Newsletter k|sfzgsf] ;'?cft
b"/;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] Iflt
sDkgLdf kl/jt{g ug{] tof/L
dx;'n
b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwdf clK6sn kmfOa/b]lv df]afOn kmf]g;Ddsf] km8\sf]
-lj=;+= @)%!@)^)_
!= k[i7Ef"ld
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg u7g ePsf] !* jif{kl5sf] bzs b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf b[li6n]
dxjk"0f{ bzssf kdf lng ;lsG5 . b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] u7g /
lghL If]qsf] k|j]z of] bzssf] Pp6f dxjk"0f{ pknlJwsf kdf lng ;lsG5 eg] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf
nflu klg of] pNn]Vo bzssf kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;} bzsdf ;+:yfgn] ;"rgfk|ljlw ;dfh lgdf{0fsf
nflu ge} gx'g] df]afOn kmf]g, OG6/g]6 / Od]n h:tf cTofw'lgs ;]jfx dfq ;~rfngdf NofPg clkt'
k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{df clK6sn kmfOj/ s]an la5\ofpg dxjk"0f{ ;Demf}tf ;d]t uof]] . b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{
cfhsf] cj:yfdf k'ofpg oL k|ljlwxsf] d'Vo e"ldsf /x]sf]df b'O{ dt gxf]nf . o;} bzssf] cGTolt/
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] Psflwsf/af6 ;]jf pknJw u/fpg] jftfj/0fnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf 9fNg
sDkgLdf kl/0ft ug{] tof/L klg eof] . o;} bzsdf b"/;rf/ gLlt @)%^, ;"rgfk|ljlw gLlt @)%&, ;"rgf
tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf] bL3{sfnLg gLlt @)%(, b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^) / b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# sf k|fjwfgxaf6
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] kfOcfPsf pRrtd sfg'gL x}l;otdf lgs} kl/jt{g b]vf kof] . ;f]xL ljifonfO{
b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwdf clK6sn kmfOa/b]lv df]afOn kmf]g;Ddsf] km8\sf] zLif{sdf o; kl/R5]bdf rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 .
@= k|ljlw / ;]jf
@=! k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
@=!=! clK6sn kmfOa/ ln\ssf] :yfkgf
sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf h8fg ePsf 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hx PCM Link af6 Ps csf{df cfa4 x'Fb}
cfPsf]df PS;r]~hxsf] Ifdtf j[l4 x'Fbf 6fG;ld;g Rofgnsf] Ifdtf ;d]t j[l4 u/fpg / u'0f:t/df
;'wf/ Nofpg @)%@ ;fndf PCM Link sf] 7fpFdf clK6sn kmfOa/ ln\ssf] :yfkgf ul/of] . g]kfndf
clK6sn kmfOa/ s]an h8fgsf] ;'?cft o;}af6 ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . x'gtM ;j{k|yd b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn]
k"j{sf] lhNnf tfKn]h' df /x]sf] ;'s]6f/ l/lk6/ :6];gaf6 PS;r]~h;Ddsf] sl/a @)) ld= b"/Ldf clK6sn
kmfOa/ s]an h8fg u/]sf] lyof] t/ of] l;km{ b'O{ :yfgdf h8fg ePsf pks/0fx hf]8\gsf nflu dfq
k|of]u ePsf] lyof] .
@=!=@= P 6fOk cy{:6];g :yfkgf
g]kfndf la=6fOksf] cy{:6];g :yfkgf ePkl5 cGt/f{li6o ;]jfdf Jofks ;'wf/ cfPsf] dfq geP/
ljleGg b]zx;Fu x'g] 6flkmsdf klg 7"nf] j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . kmn:jk ljleGGf b]z;Fu ;f]e}m ;Dks{ ug{
;ls{6xdf klg j[l4 x'g' cfjZos eof] . o:tf s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL P 6fOk cy{:6];g :yfkgf ug{ ;s]
kmfObfhgs x'g] b]lv @)%# ;fndf P 6fOk cy{:6];g :yfkgf ul/of] .
@=!=# cGt/f{li6o u]6j] PS;r]~hsf] :yfkgf
cGt/f{li6o 6\s
snsf] dxjk"0f{ lx:;f
ef/t;F u ePtf klg
cGo b] z x;F u klg
6] l nkmf] g sf] 6 f lkmsdf
lgs} j[l4 x'Fb} cfPsf]
lyof] . t/ klg g]kfndf
5' 6 \ 6 } International
Gateway Exchange
:yfkgf ul/Psf] lyPg .
;'Gwf/fdf h8fg ePsf]
Central II Exchange
n] g} Local, Trunk,
International Trunk
Exchange sf] sfd
ub{ } cfPsf] lyof] .
Pp6f PS;r]~hn] cGt/f{li6o u]6j] PS;r]~h ejg, hfjnfv]n
tLg j6f dxjk"0f{
sfd ub{ } cfPsfn] ;' G wf/f PS;r] ~ h Hofb} ;Dj] b gzLn (vunerable) lyof] . cGt/f{ l i6 o
6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf nflu 5'6\6} PS;r]~hsf] Joj:yf ul/g] kl/kfl6 cg';f/ kf6gsf] hfjnfv]ndf
International Gateway Exchange sf] :yfkgf eof] .
@=!=$ CDOT Exchange :yfkgf
lj=;+= @)#) sf] bzsdf ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] DofGf'cn 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hxaf6 lbOFb} cfPsf]
;]jfdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ ug{ oL PS;r]~hx lj:tf/} lj:yflkt u/L :jrflnt PS;r]~hx h8fg ug{
cfjZos ePsf] lyof] . To; avt ef/tdf lgld{t CDOT Exchange sf] lgs} k|rf/k|;f/ ePsf] lyof] .
ef/tn] cfgf] jftfj/0f ;'xfpFbf] l8hfOg u/L cfg} b]zdf lgdf{0f u/]sfn]] g]kfnsf nflu klg pko'Qm x'G5
eGg] 7fg]/ CB Exchange lj:yflkt u/L CDOT Exchange :yfkgfsf] sfo{ ;'? eof] . g]kfndf ;j{k|yd
@)%! ;fn cfiff9df df]/ lhNnfsf] /\u]nLdf !%) nfOg Ifdtfsf] CDOT Exchange ;~rfngdf
NofOof] . kl5 b]zsf ljleGg :yfgxdf Jofks kdf CDOT Exchange h8fg ul/of] .
b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwdf clK6sn=== 151
@=!=%= Immersat Terminal sf] k|of]u
@)$) sf] bzsdf vf;u/L sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] a9\bf] zx/Ls/0fsf sf/0f 6]lnkmf]gsf] dfudf
cToflws j[l4 x'g uPsf] lyof] . oxfF;Dd ls 6]lnkmf]g dfusf nflu b/vf:t lbPsf] !)!@ jif{kl5
dfq 6]lnkmf]g kfOg] cj:yf /Xof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf d'n'sdf s'g} gofF cfof]hgf of clkm; :yfkgf x'g
uPdf klg 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf kfpg] l:ylt lyPg . o:tf clkm; tyf cfof]hgf :yn ;b/d'sfdaf6 6f9f eP
;d:of emg\ rsf{] x'GYof] . o:t} ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ VHF ;]6sf] h8fgdf ljz]if k|fyldstf lbOof] .
t/ oL VHF ;]6x w]/} h;f] /fhgLlts b[li6af6 ljt/0f ug{] kl/kf6L a:of] eg] o;sf] ;]jf klg Tolt
;Gtf]ifhgs x'g ;s]g . ctM ;dosf] dfunfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;+:yfgn] @) yfg Immersat terminal vl/b
uof] . sfnLu08sL h:tf] a[xt\ cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos x'g] ;~rf/ ;fwgsf nflu o:tf ;]6x
k|of]udf NofOof] / v'a} sfd klg lbof] . b"/;~rf/n] cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf If]=sf=x;Fu ;Dks{ g5'6f];\
eGgfsf nflu PsPs Immersat set If]=sf=xdf klg ;~rfngsf nflu /fVof] .
@=!=^=VSAT af6 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
g]kfndf ;j{k|yd VSAT ;]jfsf] ;'?cft @)%# ;fndf ePsf] lyof] . of] VSAT pks/0f ;j{k|yd
dfOqmf]j]e k|0ffnLaf6 6]lnkmf]g k'ofpg sl7g ePsf lxdfnL e]usf ljs6 tyf dxjk"0f{ 7fpF hf]d;f]ddf
/ kl5 o:t} cGo :yfgx :ofaf]r], dgf, x'Dnf, 8f]Nkf, d'u' / sfnLu08sL u/L & :yfgdf VSAT pks/0f
h8fg u/L 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknJw u/fOPsf] lyof] .
@=!=&= Regional Satellite Station (RSAT) sf] :yfkgf
b]zsf] ef}uf]lns agf}6sf sf/0f b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] cGtb]{zLo 6\s 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf nflu
clw/fHoe/ dfOqmf]j]e / df6{; 6fj/sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L h8fg ePsf dfOqmf]j]e 6fj/ tyf l/lk6/
:6];gx dWo] s]xL lgs} dxjk"0f{ /x]sf] / Ps eGbf a9L lhNnfnfO{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k'ofpg] vfnsf
klg lyP . Gbsfndf w]/} 6fj/ Pjd\ l/lk6/ :6];gxdf Iflt k'u]sf] lyof] . o:t} Ps ;dodf l;Gw'nL
lhNnfsf] dbgjf; l/lk6/ :6];gdf ePsf] Ifltsf sf/0f hgsk'/ lhNnf sf7df8f}Faf6 8]9 dlxgf hlt
;Dks{ aflx/ /x]sf] lyof] . of] b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf nflu Pp6f nfhdbf]{ cj:yf lyof] . o;}af6 lzIff lnP/
Joj:yfkgn] 6fG;ld;g ln\ssf] backup sf nflu :of6]nfO6 ln\ssf] Joj:yf ug]{ lgwf] uof] . slxn]
sfxLF dfOqmf]j]e 6fG;ld;g ln\sdf kmN6 cfP/ nfdf] ;do;Dd b"/;~rf/ ;]jf cj?4 gxf];\ eGgsf
nflu ;+:yfgn] ljsNksf kdf cf=j @)%( ;fndf e}/xjf, kf]v/f, g]kfnu~h / lj/f6gu/df Regional
Satellite Station (RSAT) :yfkgf u/]sf] lyof] . kl5 wgu9Ldf klg RSAT :yfkgf ul/of] . o;/L Regional
Satellite Station (RSAT) sf] :yfkgf kl5 s'g} klg lhNnf nfdf] ;dosf nflu ;]jfaf6 jl~rt x'g' k/]g .
@=!=*= Packet Switching ;~rfng
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] ;g\ !((% df #!^ nfOg Ifdtfsf] X-25 / X .75 Protocal df cfwfl/t Packet
Switching ;~rfngdf Nofof] . of] ;]jf 8f6f ;]jf lng rfxg] u|fxsxsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/
;~rfngdf NofOPsf] lyof] . of] ;]jf sf7df8f}F, lj/f6gu/, jL/u~h / kf]v/fdf pknJw u/fOPsf] lyof] .
t/ ahf/ Joj:yfkgsf] sdhf]/Ln] ubf{ of] ;]jf ;f]+r] h:tf] lj:tf/ x'g ;s]g .
@=!=(= Optical link PDH af6 SDH
sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf PDH Optical link nfO{ @)%$ ;fndf lj:yfkg u/]/ SDH optical link
;~rfngdf NofOof] . of] ln\s ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 Ifdtfdf lj:tf/ dfq ePg ;]jfdf klg cfk]lIft
;'wf/ cfof] .
@=!=!)= GSM k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
ljleGg cGt/f{li6o ;ef, ;Dd]ngdf efu lng hfFbf df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;DaGwdf s'/f p7\g] /
blIf0f Pl;ofsf] e'6fgdf ;d]t df]afOn ;]jf ;~rfngdf Nofpg u[xsfo{ ;'? ePsf] cj:yfdf g]kfndf of]
;]jf ;~rfngdf gcfpg' b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg h:tf] /fli6o ;]jf k|bfossf nflu Pp6f nfhdbf]{ cj:yf lyof] .
;'?df df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lghL If]qnfO{ dfq ;~rfng ug{ lbg] eGg] b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] c8fg /x]sf]df
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf tTsfnLg Joj:yfkgn] tfn's dGqfnonfO{ ;xdt u/fO df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
;'?cft ug]{ :jLs[lt kfof] . tb\cg'k g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] ljlwk"j{s pks/0fx lemsfP/ h8fgu/L
GSM Mobile Telephone ;]jfsf] Test lunch @)%% r}q @( ut] ;DkGg uof] . cGttM @)%^ ;fn
j}zfv @( ut] /Ltk"j{s df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ cg'dltkq k|fKt u/L @)%^ ;fn j}zfv
#) ut]af6 sf7df8f}Fdf ljlwjt ;]jf ;'? uof] . !),))) nfOg Ifdtfsf] df]afOn pks/0fx Oh/fonL
6]n]/f8 sDkgLdf lgld{t lyP . sf7df8f}F pkTosfaf6 ;'? ul/Psf] df]afOn ;]jf kl5 lj/f6gu/, jL/u~h
/ kf]v/fdf klg lj:tf/ ul/of] . ;'?df sf7df8f}Fdf !& j6f Base station af6 ^))) nfOg, / #.# j6f
Base Station af6 la/f6gu/, jL/u~h / kf]v/fdf qmdzM !$)), !@)) / !$)) nfOg h8fg ul/Psf]
lyof] . :yfkgf sfndf of] ;]jf dxFuf] ePsf] / df]afOn ;]6sf] d"No klg rsf{] ePsfn] ;j{;fwf/0fn] of]
;]jf aord ug{ ;s]gg\ / ck]lIft kdf of] ;]jfsf] dfu ePg . t/ ;]jfsf] d"Nodf sdL cfPkl5 o;sf]
dfu a9\b} uof] eg] pkfb]otf klg dx;'; x'Fb} uof] . @)^) ;fn efb| ^ ut]af6 Prepaid ;]jf sf] ;'?cft;Fu}
o;sf] dfudf ck|Toflzt j[l4 eof] / @)^) r}q;Dd cfOkUbf b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] df]afOn u|fxssf] s'n
;+Vof !,#$,@^# k'Ug uof] .
@=!=!!= Transborder link sf] :yfkgf
g]kfnsf] ef/t;Fu k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv ;';DaGw /xFb} cfPsf] oyfy{ xfd|f ;fd' /x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L b'j}
d'n'ssf ;Ldf If]qdf /xg] gful/sxsf] Jofkfl/s dfq xf]Og ls j}jflxs ;DaGw klg /xFb} cfPsfn]
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf klg rf;f] /xg' :jefljs} xf] . o;} oyfy{tfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L 27th 29th Sep,2000
df sf7df8f}Fdf ePsf] g]kfn-ef/t b"/;~rf/ Co-ordination meeting df ;s];Dd ;Ldfgfsf yk $
:yfgx e}/xjf-;'gf}nL, g]kfnu~h-?k}l8of, dx]Gb|gu/-6gsk'/ / sfFs8leQf-kfgL6\sL aLr clK6sn
kmfOa/ s]anaf6 hf]8\g] ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . o; cl3sf] ldl6\df g} lj/f6gu/-hf]ujgL, jL/u~h-/S;f}n,
Trans-Boarder Link :yfkgf u/L ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ / k|To]s sndf % ?k}]ofF dfq nfUg] ;Demf}tf ePsf]
lyof] . kmn:jk @)%& ;fn r}q ! ut] (14th april 2001) b]lv g]kfnsf] jL/u~h / ef/tsf] /S;f}n,
tyf g]kfnsf] lj/f6gu/ / ef/tsf] kmlj{;u~h aLr of] ;]jf ;~rfngdf cfPsf] lyof] . cGo :yfgxdf
;]jf ;~rfng ug{ eg] b'j} tkm{af6 vf; k|of; ePsf] b]lvPg .
@=!=!@= k"j{klZrd clK6sn kmfOa/ ln\s :yfkgf tyf ;"rgf dxfdfu{ (Information Highway)
lgdf{0f ;Demf}tf
k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Dd clK6sn kmfOa/ ln\s :yfkgf ug{] l;nl;nfdf ef/t ;/sf/sf]
:jfldTj ePsf] 6]lnsDo'lgs];g sG;n6]G6 ckm OlG8of (TCIL) n] ;g\ !((( -@)%^_ df k"j{klZrd
clK6sn kmfOa/ ln\s :yfkgf ug{] of]hgfsf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;DefJotf cWoog u/L g]kfn
;/sf/ / g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf] lyof] . k"j{klZrd clK6sn kmfOa/ ln\s
:yfkgf ug{] of]hgfsf nflu cfjZos kg{] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ -sl/a ?= ! c/a #% s/f]8_ ef/t ;/sf/n] g]kfn
;/sf/nfO{ cg'bfg :jk k|bfg ug{] eof] . ;f]xL k|:tfjnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} ef/t ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 TCIL /
g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg aLr ljleGg r/0fdf jftf{ tyf 5nkmn x'Fb} cGttf]uTjf
@)%* ;fn r}q #) ut] ef/t ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ef/tLo /fhb"t / g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 cy{ ;lrj
aLr MOU df x:tfIf/ eof] .
@=!=!#= b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] k|of]udf NofPsf l;:6dx
g]kfndf @)%^ ;fndf df]afOn ;]jfsf] ;'?cft ePkl5 cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dxjdf qmdzM
sdL x'Fb} cfof] . k|ljlwsf b[li6n] tf/lagf b|'tt/ lx;fan] u|fdL0f If]qdf klg GSM / CDMA k|ljlwaf6
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lbg ;Sg] ePkl5 of] cj:yf cfPsf] xf] .
s= l:jlr l;:6d
Magneto Exchange ( Manual ) (India)
CB Exchange ( Manual ) (India, Korea)
X-bar Exchange (Analouge ) (Sweden & India)
S 1240 Exchange ( Digital ) (Belgium)
E10B Exchange ( Digital ) (France)
EWSD Exchange ( Digital ) (Germany)
J-Rack Exchange (Digital ) (Belgium)
AlCATEL Exchange ( Digital ) ( Belgium )
DTI Exchange ( Digital ) (Denmark)
CDOT Exchang ( Digital ) ( India)
DIAX Exchange ( Digital ) (Israel)
v= 6fG;ld;g l;:6d
v=! dfOqmf]j]e 6fG;ld;g l;:6d
lgdf{tf lsl;d b]z l;:6d ;~rfng ldlt
GTE CTR O6fnL Pgnu dfOqmf] j ] e @)#! ;fn
115,CTR`124 6fG;ld;g
TELETTRA AG2L, IR20 O6fnL Pgnu dfOqmf] j ] e @)#% ;fn
6fG;ld;g
lgdf{tf lsl;d b]z l;:6d ;~rfng ldlt

PCM CABLE l8lh6n 6fG;ld;g @)$# ;fn
BTMC DM 43, DM8 a]NhLod l8lh6n 6fG;ld;g @)$# ;fn
OK & JRC 2GP 2,8,34 Hffkfg l8lh6n dfOqmf]j]e @)$% ;fn
6fG;ld;g
NOKIA DR34 DR 240 lkmgn]08 l8lh6n dfOqmf]j]e @)$^ ;fn
6fG;ld;g
NERA NL195 Gfj]{ l8lh6n dfOqmf]j]e
6fG;ld;g
ALCATEL NECTAS K|fmfG; l8lh6n dfOqmf]j]e @)%$ ;fn
6fG;ld;g
FUJITSU FR2FT Hffkfg SDH l 8 l h 6 n @)%% ;fn
6fG;ld;g
HFCL HFCL8 Eff/t l8lh6n dfOqmf]j]e @)%* ;fn
6fG;ld;g
SIAE LOM 34 O6fnL l8lh6n dfOqmf]j]e @)%* ;fn
6fG;ld;g
HARIS PCLIPSE cd]l/sf l8lh6n dfOqmf]j]e @)^% ;fn
6fG;ld;g
SIEMENS UNIGATE Hfd{g l8lh6n dfOqmf]j]e @)^% ;fn
6fG;ld;g
NEC NEC 8, NEC 15 Hffkfg l8lh6n dfOqmf]j]e
6fG;ld;g
SIAE SIAE 8, O6fnL ;' k / lk=l8=Pkm @)^^ ;fn
6fG;ld;g
ZTE ZTE 8, ZTE 15 rfOgf l8lh6n dfOqmf]j]e
6fG;ld;g
SERAGON Oh/fOn l8lh6n dfOqmf]j]e
6fG;ld;g
v=@ clK6sn kmfOa/ 6fG;ld;g l;:6d
lgdf{tf Ifdtf b]z ;~rfng ePsf] 7fpF ;~rfng ldlt
OKI 2MB/S Japan Suketar Repeater 1990
to Taplejung
Bazar
NKT 34MB/S Denmark sf7df8f}F 1993/94
NOKIA 140MB/S Finland sf7df8f}F 1995
ALCATEL STM 16 France sf7df8f}F 2000
SIEMENS STM 16 German sf7df8f}&

F EAST- 2003
WEST
ALCATEL STM 16 France sf7df8f}Faf6 2005
tftf]kfgL
ZTE NG STM 64 China sf7df8f}F & EAST- 2006
WEST
TEJAS STM 16 India sf7df8f}F} Out of 2008
vally
HUAWEI NG STM 64 China sf7df8f}F} Out of 2009
vally
v=# :of6]nfO6 6fG;ld;g l;:6d

lgdf{tf l;:6d ;~rfng ePsf] jif{
Marcony/ UK Standard. B Earth Station Oct. 1982
Spar/Canada Standard. A Earth Station Feb. 1996
NEC/ Japan V-sat 1996
Comtel/USA R-sat Nov.2000
@=@ ;]jf ;'wf/ / lj:tf/

@=@=! ;a} Dofg'cn :jrflntdf kl/0ft
g]kfndf s'g} ;dodf b'O{ bh{g hlt 7fpFxdf l;=la=PS;r]~hx ;~rfngdf lyP . t/ oL
PS;r]~hx qmdzM lj:tflkt x'Fb} uP / clGtd l;=la= PS;r]~hsf kdf uf}/df dfq @)%% ;fn h]i7
dlxgf ;Dd ;~rfngdf /Xof] . @)%% ;fn cfiff9 dlxgfdf uf}/af6 klg l;=la= PS;r]~h lj:yflkt
ePkl5 g]kfndf ;Dk"0f{ PS;r]~h :jrflntdf kl/0ft ul/Psf] lyof] .
@=@=@ ;a} g]6js{ l8lh6ndf kl/0ft
' df CDOT Exchange :yfkgfdf tLj|tf cfPkl5 ;~rfngdf /x]sf l;=la= PS;r]~hx qmdzM
d'ns
:jrflnt PS;r]~hxaf6 lj:yflkt e} cfPsf]] lyof] . sf7df8f}Fdf 6]lnkmf]gsf] dfu cToflws /x]sf]
/ dfucg';f/ cfk"lt{ ug{ g;lsPsfn] ;'Gwf/fdf h8fg ePsf] ARF X bar Exchange nfO{ lj:yflkt ug{
;lsPsf] lyPg . t/ klg o;af6 qmdzM u|fxs ;+Vof 36fpFb} #))) df ;Lldt ul/Psf] lyof] . kl5 @)%%
;fn cfiff9 ! ut]b]lv of] PS;r]~haf6 klg ;]jf lbg aGb ul/of] / g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ g]6js{ l8lh6ndf
kl/0ft eof] .
o;/L g]kfndf ;Dk"0f{ 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hx :jrflntdf kl/0ft x'g] sfo{ tyf ;Dk"0f{ b"/;~rf/
g]6js{ l8lh6ndf kl/0ft x'g] sfo{ k|foM Pp6} ;dodf ePsf] lyof] .
@=@=#= &% lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] ;~rfng
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] CDOT PS;r]~h h8fgdf tLj|tf lbPsf] / MARTS, VHF h8fgdf klg TolQs}
nflu k/]sfn] clt b'u{d lhNnf, dgf, x'Dnf, d':tf, 8f]Nkf, d'u' afx]s ;a} lhNnfdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
k'ofO;s]sf] lyof] . kl5 @)%# ;fn c;f]hdf oL % :yfgdf klg VSAT h8fg u/L ;]jf k'ofPkl5 d'ns' sf
;a} &% lhNnfxdf g} 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'u]sf] xf] .
@=@=$= u|fxs ;]jfdf Psf/ k|0ffnL
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf sDKo'6/fOh];gdf ePsf] ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn u|fxs
;]jfdf k'ofpg h?/L ;DemL cfkm"n] ;]jf k'ofpFb} cfPsf u|fxsxsf ;fy} ca cfpg] gofF u|fxsnfO{ l56f]
5l/tf] kdf One window system df sfd ug{ ;+:yfgsf OlGhlgo/xf/f SD (System Software)
tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . o; l;:6dsf sfdx o; k|sf/ 5g\
!= PDMS (Plan Data Management System)
@= Paperless Sales System
#= CMS (Complain Management system)
!= PDMS (Plan Data Management system) eGgfn] u|fxsxsf] ;Dk"0f{ 8f6fnfO{ Server df /fVg'
xf] .
@= Paperless Sales System eGgfn] o; ;+:yfn] gofF u|fxsxnfO{ ;]jf laqmL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{]
ljleGg sfuhL k|lqmofx, Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf k'ofpFbf x'g] l9nf;'l:tnfO{ Paperless Sales
System sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{k lbg' xf] .
#= CMS (Complain Management system) eGgfn] s'g} klg u|fxssf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgdf v/faL
cfP/ nfOg lau|]df !(* df Complain u/L nfOg dd{tsf nflu va/ ubf{ k|of]udf cfpg] System
xf] . of] System cg';f/ s'g} klg 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hsf 6]lnkmf]g nfOg dd{t ug{] ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lsf]
l6dnfO{ Jojl:yt kdf nfOg dd{t ug{ Online Service lbg' xf] . @)%* ;fndf sf7df8f}F If]qLo
lgb{]zgfnoaf6 ;'? ePsf] of] ;]jf xfn cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfng ePsf ;a} 7fpFdf nfu"
5.
@=@=%= k] kmf]gsf] ;'?cft
@)@$ ;fn lt/ ;~rfng ul/Psf] 6]lnkmf]g a'yn] k|efjsf/L ;]jf lbg g;s]sfn] kl5 g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] uf=lj=;= tyf gu/kflnsfn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ lk=l;=cf]= ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{
lhDdf lbg] u/]sf] lyof] . lk=l;=cf]= ;]jf ;~rfnsnfO{ lan /sdsf] s]xL k|ltzt kfl/>lds lbg] Joj:yf
lyof] . @)%* ;fn c;f]h dlxgfb]lv ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ kfos kg{] u/L clw/fHosf k|d'v zx/xdf sf8{
kmf]g ;]jf ;~rfngdf NofOof] . of] ;]jf 5f]6f] ;dodf g} nf]slk|o eof] . pkTosfsf xl:k6n, gl;{xf]d,
:s'n, Jofkfl/s :yfg, ljdfg:yn cflb :yfgxdf sf8{kmf]g h8fg ul/Psf] lyof] .
@=@=^ :of6]nfO6 kmf]g ;~rfng
b"/;~rf/n] clt b'u{d :yfgxdf ;~rfngdf cfpg] cfof]hgfx, k|fs[lts k|sf]k ePsf avt
' ] Satellite Phone ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf klg u/]sf]
tyf cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ x]tn
lyof] . o;n] :yfloTj eg] lng ;s]g . t/ lghL If]qaf6 y'/}of sDkgLn] Satellite phone ;~rfngdf
NofP/ ljleGg Ph]G;LxnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ub]{ cfPsf] 5 .
@=@=& gofF gDal/ of]hgfsf] ;'?cft
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] @)%( ;fn r}q ! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L gofF gDal/ k|0ffnLsf] ;'?cft
u/]sf] lyof] . o; cg';f/ sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf ;~rflnt ^ c\ssf 6]lnkmf]g gDa/nfO{ & c\sdf tyf
sf7df8f}F pkTosf aflx/ ;~rflnt % c\ssf 6]lnkmf]g gDa/nfO{ ^ c\sdf kl/0ft ul/Psf] lyof] . gofF
gDal/ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 cfufdL @)#) jif{;Dddf ul/g] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg lj:tf/ sfo{qmdsf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ 6]lnkmf]g gDa/x k|fKt x'g] b]lvG5 .
@=@=* Y2K ;d:of / ;dfwfg
ljZjdf w]/} h;f] d'n'sn] cTofw'lgs l8lh6n k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t b"/;~rf/ pks/0fx Kf|of]u
ul//x]sf] / ;g\ @))) df oL pks/0fxdf ;d:of cfpg ;Sg] lj1xsf] egfO /x]sfn] ;]jf k|bfosxdf
7"nf] qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ;+;f/e/ ljleGGf ;]ldgf/, uf]i7Lx
;~rfng ul/P eg] k|To]s ;]jfk|bfosn] lnPsf] ;'/Iff pkfo / ckgfpg' kg]{ Strategy jf/] hfgsf/L lng]
ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+:yfgn] klg Y2K ;d:of;Fu h'Wg cfjZos pkfox cjnDag ub{} Help Desk sf] klg
Joj:yf ldnfPsf] lyof] . Y2K ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu lgdf{tf sDkgLsf] ;'emfp cg';f/ ;+:yfgn]
:jLlr pks/0fx Upgrade ug{ sl/a *,@!,)),))) g]? /sd vr{ u/]sf] lyof] . t/ g]kfndf o:tf]
s]xL ;d:of cfOk/]g .
#= ;\u7g ;+/rgf
#=! u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ lgb{]zgfnosf] u7g
b]zdf ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs k4ltsf] :yfkgfkl5 ;j{;fwf/0fsf] cfsf\Iffdf klg j[l4 x'g' :jefljs
g} xf] . hgtfsf] cfsf\Iff k'/f ug{ ;/sf/L :t/df ljleGg k|of;x klg hf/L /Xof] . To;}tfsf g]kfnnfO{
Pl;og dfkbG8df k'ofpg] ;/sf/L 3f]if0ff / k|lta4tfcg'k ljleGg dGqfnoxn] sfo{qmdx klg
NofP . b"/;~rf/ If]qdf klg ;g\ @))) ;Dddf k|lt !)) df Ps JolQmnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g k'ofpg] / k|To]s
uf=lj=;=df sd;]sd Ps 6]lnkmf]g k'ofpg] k|lta4tf cfof] . kl5 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;++zf]lwt nIo cg';f/
)%(^) leq g]kfn clw/fHosf ;a} uf=lj=;=df sDtLdf @ nfOg 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'ofpg] p2]Zo ;lxt
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] ljz]if u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ of]hgf agfof] . ljZja}+ssf] C0f
;xof]udf zx/L If]qdf 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hx :yfkgf u/L lj:tf/} 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] kx'Frdf j[l4 e} cfPtf
klg #(!% uf=lj=;= /x]sf] g]kfndf @)%% ;fn;Dd klg hDdf *#$ uf=lj=;=df dfq 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'u]sf]
lyof] . ;a} uf=lj=;=df 6]lnkmf]g k'ofpg' b]zsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, ;fwg, ;|f]tsf] sdL cfbL sf/0fn]
Hofb} sl7g lyof] . ctM o:fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbP/ ljz]if of]hgfcGtu{t sfd a9fpg' cfjZos klg lyof] .
o;} p2]Zocg'k u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu @)%^ ;fndf u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ lgb{]zgfnosf]
:yfkgf eof] . kf6g l:yt g]kfn OlGhlgo;{ P;f]l;o;gsf] ejg ef8fdf lnP/ o;sf] sfof{no :yfkgf
ul/of] . ;'/]Gb| k|;fb k|wfgf+u o;sf] klxnf] of]hgf k|d'v x'g' eof] . o;} lgb{]zgfnocGtu{t WLL Project,
VSAT Project ;~rfngdf cfP .
#=@ If]qLo lgb{]zgfnoxsf kdf sfo{ ;~rfngsf] ;'?cft
@)%% ;fn eGbf klxn] u7g ePsf If]qLo sfof{nocGtu{tsf n]vf tyf b"/;~rf/ sfof{nox
;'rf? kn] ;~rfng ug]{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/L If]qLo sfof{nos} lyof] . If]qLo sfof{non] cfgf dftxtdf
/x]sf] ;a} PS;r]~hxsf] dd{t, ;Def/, ;~rfng, 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljt/0f, hg;Dks{, /fh:j c;'nL
cflb b}lgs sfo{x klg ;~rfng ug{' kb{Yof] . If]qLo sfof{noxn] b}lgs sfo{xdf dfq} cToflws
;do nufpg' k/]s]f / sfof{nosf] sfo{ af]em ;d]t lbgfg' lbg j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] cj:yf lyof] . kmn:jk
If]qLo sfof{no u7gsf] p2]Zo kl/k"lt{df g} jfwf k'u]sf] dx;'; u/L Joj:yfkgn] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fsf
nflu If]qLo sfof{noxnfO{ ;DalGwt PS;r]~h sfof{nosf] b}lgs lqmofsnfkaf6 ef}lts kdf 5'6\ofO
Joj:yfkg, of]hgf, ljsf;, ;dGjo, gLlt, lgb{]zg, lg/LIf0f tyf /fh:j / ah]6 lgoGq0f h:tf dxjk"0f{
sfo{xdf al9 ;+nUg u/fpg] / If]qLo sfof{noxn] ub}{ cfPsf] hl8t pks/0fxsf] ljljwtf lgoGq0f /
dd{t, ;Def/ tyf ;~rfngsf] sfd c~rn :t/Lo b"/;~rf/xaf6 u/fpg] u/L ;a} If]qLo sfof{noxnfO{
@)%% ;fnkl5 If]qLo lgb{]zgfnodf kl/0ft ul/of] .
#=# gofF ;]jf lgb]{zgfnosf] u7g
g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgxdf sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u ug]{df g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg cu|0fL
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . sDKo'6/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pks/0fsf] k|of]u ug]{ ;+:yf ePsfn] dfq ge} cGo sltko
b}lgs sfo{, 8f6f ljZn]if0f ug]{, sd{rf/Lxsf] ljleGg /]s8{ /fVg] sfo{df ;+:yfg ;b}j ;r]t /xFb} ltgsf]
k|of]u klg ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . ljZj b"/;~rf/ If]qdf lbgx'F h;f] gofF k|ljlw / o;df cfwfl/t b"/;~rf/
;]jfx k|j]z x'g] qmd al9/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] klg cTofw'lgs k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t
df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf, OG6/g]6, Od]n ;]jf, k]kmf]g ;]jf cflb gofF ;]jfx ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ;Dk"0f{
sfo{ cufl8 a9fO;s]sfn] oL ;]jfxsf] :yfkgf, lj:tf/, dd{t, ;Def/ tyf ahf/ Joj:yfkg ;d'lrt
lx;fan] x'g ;sf];\ eg]/ p2]Zo lnP/ @)%^ ;fndf gofF ;]jf lgb{]zgfno u7g eof] . o;sf] clkm; ;'?df
kf6gdf b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] ef8fdf lnPsf] OlGhlgo;{ P;f]l;o;gsf] ejgdf ;~rfng eof] .
#=$ s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] :yfgfGt/0f
b"/;~rf/ ljefu u7g x'Fbfb]lv g} o;sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no l;+xb/af/ k'tnL au}+rfdf ;~rfngdf
/x]sf] lyof] . @)$^ ;fndf ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] ;?cft;Fu} pbf/Ls/0fsf] nx/ klg rNof] . ;/sf/sf]
:jfldTjdf ;~rflnt
sltko pBf]uxnfO{
lghLs/0f ug] { sfd
eof] . o:t} ;/sf/L
:jldTjdf ;~rflnt
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{
klg lghLs/0f
ug] { ax; rNof] .
o;} qmddf ljut #)
jif{ b ] l v l;+ x b/af/
kl/;/df a:b} cfPsf]
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf]
s]Gb| L o sfof{no g]kfn 6]lnsd, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ejg, eb|sfnL Knfhf
l;+xb/af/ kl/;/af6
cGoq} ;fg{' kg]{ l:ylt cfof] . ;+:yfgn] d'n'sdf /fli6o Pstf sfod ug{ 7"nf] e"ldsf lgefPsf], /fli6o
9's'6Lsf] j[l4df klg dxjk0f{ of]ubfg lbFb} cfPsf], ;+:yfg cfkm} Ps ;Dj]bgzLn ;+:yf ePsf sf/0fn]
;'/IfLt l;+xb/af/ kl/;/df g} a:g kfpg' kg]{ lhls/ ub}{ tTsfnLg Joj:yfkgn] tfn's dGqfno nufot
dxjk"0f{ lgsfodf eg;'g tyf cfgf] egfO hf/L /fVof] t/ ;kmn x'g ;s]g . cGttM ;+:yfgnfO{ l;+xb/af/
kl/;/ 5f]8\g} kg]{ l:ylt cfof] . ljut b'O{ bzsdf b"/;~rf/sf] Jofks lj:tf/ / s]Gb|sf] ;+/rgfdf g} 7"nf]
kl/jt{g ePsf sf/0f k'tnL au+}rfdf /x]sf] ejg ;fF3'/f] xF'b} uPsfn] gofF ejg lgdf{0f u/L ;g{' pko'Qm x'g]
ljrf/ knfof] . lgs} jif{sf] k|of; kZrft eb|sfnLl:yt gofF ejg tof/ eof] . g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf]
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no @)%$ ;fn >fj0f dlxgfb]lv eb|sfnLl:yt ;f]xL gjlg{ldt ejgdf ;/]sf] xf] . of]
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ejg Consultant, NEPECON (Nepal Engineering Consultant) sf] /]vb]vdf NCCN
(National Construction Company of Nepal) af6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
#=% k|fljlws Ifdtfdf j[l4
g]kfndf w]/}h;f] ;/sf/L tyf cw{;/sf/L ;+:yfgxdf 7"n7"nf cfof]hgfxsf] ;DefJotf cWoog
ug{ jf Knflg, l8hfOg, lgdf{0f tyf pks/0f h8fg cflb h:tf sfo{x ug{sf nflu ljb]zL sDkgL jf
ljb]zL ljz]if1xsf] ;+nUgtf x'g] Ps lsl;dn] kl/kf6L h:t} 5 . t/ o;sf] ljk/Lt g]kfn b"/;~rf/
;+:yfgdf eg] o:tf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x cfg} hgzlQmf/f x'g] u/]sf] pT;fxk|b cj:yf 5 . oxfF sfo{/t
k|fljlwsn] hlt;'s} cTofw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm pks/0fx klg d/dt, ;Def/ tyf ;~rfng ug{ ;Ifd /x]sf
5g\ . kmn:jk clxn];Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ of]hgfxdf guGo dfqfdf dfq ljb]zL ljz]if1xsf] ;+nUGftf 5 .
cfgf sd{rf/Lafx]s aflx/sf kmd{ jf ljb]zL ljz]if1xaf6 sfd x'Fbf nfut d"No a9\g uO To;sf]
af]em ;j{;fwf/0fdf kg{] x'gfn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg ;s];Dd o:tf sfo{x cfg} hgzlQmaf6 ug{
?rfpF5 . jf:tjdf o;nfO{ 7"nf] pknlAw dfGg ;lsG5 . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ klg ;+:yfg cfly{s b[li6n]
;an / ;Ifd x'g ;s]sf] xf] .
$= ;+:yfgsf] l;Ne/ h'AnL -b"/;~rf/ ;++:yfgsf] kRrL; jif{ k"/f_
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] kRrL;fF} jif{ k"/f u/]sf] pknIodf, @)%& ;fn cfiff9 ! ut] ljleGg
sfo{qmdx u/L x;f{]Nnf;sf ;fy cfgf] /ht dxf]T;j (Silver Jublee) cGt/f{li6o ;Dd]ng s]Gb|,
gofFafg]Zj/df tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lu/Lhfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] k|d'v cfltYodf dgfPsf] lyof] . ;f] ;dodf
;+:yfgsf] s"n ;DklQ @! ca{ /x]sf] hgfOPsf] lyof] . o; cl3 ;+:yfg kRrL;f}F jif{ k|j]z u/]sf] cj;/df
dgfOPsf] jflif{sf]T;jdf g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/sf] Oltxf; a'g ;xof]u k'uf];\ EfGg] x]t'n] 'g]kfn b"/;~rf/
;+:yfgM ctLt / jt{dfg' k|sfzgdf NofOPsf] lyof] . of] k'l:tsf tof/ kfg{] lhDdf 6G8g k|f]8S;gnfO{
lbOPsf] lyof] .
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;+:yfgn] a9\bf] k|ljlwsf] cfudg, ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, ;+/rgfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf ;fy} Joj:yfkgn]
lng] gLlt cflbsf] hfgsf/L ;a} sd{rf/Lju{df k'ofpg] p2]Zon] @)%^ ;fn efb| dlxgfaf6 Telecom
Newsletter sf] lgoldt k|sfzgsf] ;'?cft uof] . k|ydtM of] Newsletter k|sfzg ug]{ sfdsf] >]o
sf7df8f}F If]qLo sfof{nonfO{ k|fKt eof] .
^= b"/;~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] Iflt
^=! @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngkl5 g]kfndf ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq ;lxtsf] k|hftGq :yfkgf ePtf klg /fhtGq
lg/\s'z aGb} uPsfn] hgtfn] jf:tljs k|hftGqsf] pkef]u ug{ kfPsf lyPgg\ . k~rfotL Joj:yf xf];\
cyjf @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngkl5sf] k|hftflGqs Joj:yf, To; ;dodf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj /x]sf
w]/}h;f] ;+:yf tyf pBf]ux w/fzoL x'Fb} uP . s'g} laqmL x'g] cj:yfdf k'u], s'g} laqmL ul/P eg] s'g} aGb
x'g k'u] . b]zsf] cj:yf emg\emg\ lauFb| } uPkl5, @)%@ ;fn kmfNu'0fb]lv ;'? ePsf] hgcfGbf]naf6 g]kfndf
nf]stGq :yflkt eof] . hgcfGbf]ngsf l;nl;nfdf ;~rf/sf] dxj / ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ ga'emL] s/f]8fF}sf]
nfutdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf b"/;~rf/sf ;+/rgfx Wj:t kfg]{ sfd @)%$ ;fnb]lv tLj| x'Fb} uof] . @)%( ;fn
j}zfv;Dd $% lhNnfsf :k/ ln\s, MARTS sf sl/a !)) j6f l/lk6/ / 6ld{gn :6];g tyf sl/a !#)
j6f VHF ;]6 Iflt ePsf lyP . kmn:jk !( lhNnf ;b/d'sfd / cGo dxjk"0f{ 7fpFx b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
ljxLg x'g k'u] / 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'u]sf uf=lj=;= / g=kf=dWo] sl/a #^$ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / @ gu/kflnsf
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ljxLg x'g k'u] . ;fy} jiff}{b]lv 6]lnkmf]g pkof]u ub}{ cfPsf hgtf ;~rf/ ;Dks{af6 ljR5]b
x'g k'u] . o;/L s/f]8f}F ?lkofF nufgL u/L lj:tf/ ul/Psf] b"/;~rf/ k|0ffnL (Telecom Network) Wj:t x'Fbf
Psflt/ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfaf6 jl~rt x'g k'u] eg] csf{lt/ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] sl/a
## s/f]8sf] k|ToIf gf]S;fgL Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] lyof] . ;+:yfgsf] /fh:jdf k|lt dlxgf sl/a ! s/f]8 %) nfv
?lkofFsf b/n] k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] lyof] -Ifltsf] ljj/0f cg';"rL !( df ;+nUg 5 _ .
^=@ @)%^ ;fn efb| @) ut] sl/a !) jh] Necon Air sf] Pe|f] ljdfg OGb|:yfg l:yt b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf]
dfOqmf]j]e l/lk6/ :6];gsf] 6fj/df 7f]lsP/ Ifltu|:y ePsf] lyof] . o;n] ubf{ klZrd If]qsf] b"/;~rf/
;]jfdf # lbg;Dd cj/f]w k'Uof] . ;+:yfgn] Inmarsat Telephone af6 pTfm # lbg cfktsfnLg ;]jf
;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . kl5 OG;'/]G; afkt b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] US $ !$),))) Ifltk"lt{ kfPsf] lyof] .
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;g\ !(%) sf] bzslt/ g} b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] sl/a ^)) df6{;\sf 6fj/x, @)) hlt 6]lnkmf]g
PS;r]~hx / TolQs} dfqfdf dfOqmf]j]e 6fj/x v8f u/L u|fxsnfO{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf
lyof] . o;/L !))) eGbf a9L :yfgxdf v8f ul/Psf ;+/rgfx Gsfndf Iflt x'g yfn]kl5 ;+:yfgnfO{
;'/Iffsf] 7"nf] ;d:of cfOkof] . cGtdf d'Vod'Vo PS;r]~h Pjd\ 6fj/xsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ;+:yfgn]
cfg} vr{df g]kfnL ;]gfsf hjfgx Tf}gfy ug{ g]kfnL ;]gf;Fu ;Ddmf}tf uof] . xfn ;+:yfgn] g]kfnL
;]gfsf cltl/Qm lghL If]qsf ;'/IffsdL{xnfO{ klg b"/;~rf/sf ;+/rgfsf] ;'/Iffsf] lhDdf lbFb} cfPsf]
5.
& sDkgLdf kl/jt{g ug{] tof/L
g]kfndf k~rfotL Joj:yfdf klg ldl>t cy{ Joj:yfsf] cjnDagsf sf/0fn] pBf]u Pjd\ Jofkf/
If]qdf s]xL xb;Dd lghL If]qsf] k|j]z ePsf] lyof] . t/ ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf / pbf/ cy{ gLltsf]
cjnDagkl5 lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L x'g] l:ylt b]vf kof] . ljZj b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwsf If]qdf ePsf]
ce"tk"j{ ljsf;, b"/;~rf/ If]qdf cfPsf] pbf/Ls0fsf] nx/ / g]kfndf klg b"/;~rf/sf] ahf/ lghL If]qsf
nflu v'nf ul/;s]sfn] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fsf] ;'?cft x'g] ;\s]t b]vf kof] . b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn]
Psnf}6L kdf Psflwsf/ k|fKtu/L ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPtf klg ;do ;fk]If cfof]hgfx ;kmntfk"j{s
;~rfng ub{} b]zsf] s'gf sfKrf;Dd ;]jf k'ofpg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} b]zsf] ;jf{\uL0f ljsf;df
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs b[li6n] klg dxjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbP/ cfkm"nfO{ Ps ;kmn, ;Ifd, cu|0fL ;+:yfsf
kdf pEofpg ;kmn b]lvG5 . t/ v'nf ahf/ :yfkgf ePkl5 c;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ kg{] l:yltn] dfq
geP/ b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :jk g} s:tf] x'g] xf] eGg] sd{rf/L ju{df eo / qf;sf] jftfj/0f klg l;h{gf
x'g uof] . o;/L k|lt:kwf{df pqg r':t Joj:yfkg, ;/sf/L lgoGq0fdf sdL NofP/ :jtGq kdf lg0f{o
ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ub}{, ;+o'Qm nufgLsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ ljBdfg b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)@* cGtu{t /x]/
;Dej lyPg . cGttM b"/;~rf/ Joj:yfkg ;fy} tfn's dGqfno klg b"/;~rf/nfO{ sDkgL P]gcGt{ut
n}hfg cfjZos /x]sf]df Psdt lyP .
t/ o;/L ;+:yfgsf] :jk sDkgLdf kl/0ft ug{ /ftf/ft ;Dej x'g] s'/f] ePg . b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf]
:jfldTj lnPsf] ;~rf/ dGqfnon] k/fdz{ bftf DETECON, Anderson Management sf] ;xof]udf
y'k|} :6]s xf]N8/x;Fu 5nkmn u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ u/fof] . df}h'bf cj:yfdf lghL If]qsf] k|j]z ePdf
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn] klxn] b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ g} :jfoQtf k|bfg ug'{ kg{] / o;sf]
kl/0fd:jk kl/jt{g ug'{ kb{5 egL ;f] ;dodf ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lxn] nfdf] ;do;Dd cfGbf]ng klg u/]sf
lyP . cGttM g]kfn b";~rf/ Joj:yfkgsf] ;xdlt / >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ j}zfv
!, @)%* b]lv ;+:yfgnfO{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8 df kl/0ft ug{] lg0f{o eof] . t/ sDkgLsf]
z]o/sf] :jfldTj ;~rfnsxsf] k|ltlglwTj, sDkgLsf] ;DklQ cflb ljifodf clGtd 6'\uf] gnfu]sfn]
pk/f]Qm ldltdf sDkgLdf kl/0ft x'g] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog x'g kfPg .
*= lgofds ;+:yf -g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f_ sf] u7g
ljZjdf b"/;~rf/ If]qdf cfPsf] ce"tk"0f{ kl/jt{gsf sf/0f g]kfnsf] ljBdfg b"/;~rf/ gLltdf
klg kl/dfh{g ug{' cfjZos ePsf] lyof] . ctM @)$( ;fndf NofOPsf b"/;~rf/ gLlt nfu" ug]{ s|ddf
b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# klg sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] / lgofds ;+:yfsf] u7g x'g uof] .
ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf sf/0f g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)$( ;fndf b"/;~rf/ If]qdf
k|lt:kwf{ u/fpFb} lghL If]qnfO{ klg ;xefuL u/fpg] gLlt cl3 ;fof] . o;} cjlwdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
:jLs[ltdf s]xL sDkgLn] Od]n tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf ;'? klg u/] . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf{] / ;j{;'ne agfpg
tyf To:tf] ;]jfnfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug{] p2]Zon] b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# cGtu{t @)%$ ;fn kmfNu'0f
@) ut] u7g ePsf] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f Pp6f cljlR5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf :jzfl;t ;\ul7t ;+:yf
xf] . o; lgsfosf] k|yd k|d'vdf e"k/fh kf08]nfO{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] .
b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7gM k|flws/0fdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt cfly{s,
k|fljlws, ahf/ Joj:yfkg, n]vf tyf n]vfk/LIf0f jf sfg'gL If]qdf tf]lsP adf]lhd of]Uotf / cg'ej
ePsf cWoIf;lxt kfFr hgf ;b:ox /xg] Joj:yf eof] .
k|flws/0fsf cWoIf ;lxt kfFr hgf ;b:oxsf] lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
;Da4 If]qsf lj1x ;d]t /x]sf] Ps ;ldlt u7g ug{] / ;f] ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df g]kfn ;/sf/n] cWoIf
tyf ;b:ox lgo'Qm ug{] Joj:yf ul/of] . b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ P]gdf tf]lsP
adf]lhd ul/g] eof] .
o;/L k|flws/0f u7g kZrft OG6/g]6 / Od]n ;]jf ;~rfngsf nflu l:js[tL lng] k|s[of cufl8
a9\of] . t/ cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfngsf nflu ;j{ k|yd UTL sDklgn] nfO;]G; k|fKt uof] . o;
lghL If]qsf] ;]jf k|bfosn] ;j{ k|yd sf7df8f}Faf6 @)^) ;fn efb| dlxgfb]lv ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g
;]jf lbg ;'? uof] .
*=! lgofds ;+:yf u7g kZrftsf ;]jf
*=!=! Radio Paging ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f u7g ePkl5 g]kfndf df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;'? gx'Fb} /]l8of] k]lh ;]jf k|bfg
ug{ b"/;~rf/ lgodfjnLcg'k /]l8of] k]lh ;]jf k|bfos 5gf]6 ug{sf nflu b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] ;"rgf
k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] . ;"rgf cg';f/ /]l8of] k]lh ;]jf k|bfg ug{ lgDg sDkgLnfO{ 5gf]6 ul/Psf] lyof] .
l;= cg'dltkq k|bfg u/]sf] cg'dltkqsf]

sDkgLsf] gfd s}lkmot
g+= ldlt cjlw
! Gf]kfn /]l8of] k]lh )%^-# -@* % jif{ clw/fHoe/
k|f=ln=
@ l;l6 k]lh k|f=ln= )%^-% -@% % jif{ sf7df8f}F pkTosf
# s}6Olh k]lh k|f=ln= )%^-% -@( % jif{ sf7df8f}F pkTosf
$ cUgL k]lh k|f=ln= )%^-^ -!$ % jif{ sf7df8f}F pkTosf
% l8hL6n 6]lnsd OG6 )%^-* -@) % jif{ clw/fHoe/
k|f=ln=
^ s}6 Olh k]lh k|f=ln= )%&-# -@) % jif{ klZrdf~rn If]q
& l;l6 k]lh k|f=ln= )%&-$ -!& % jif{ klZrdf~rn If]q
* l;l6 k]lh k|f=ln= )%&-$ -!& % jif{ k"jf{~rn / dWodf~rn
If]q
dfly plNnlvt sDkgLxn] nfO;]G; kfPsf] ldltn] % jif{;Dd k]lh ;]jf ;~rfng u/] . o;}
cjlwdf df]afOn ;]jf klg ;~rfng eO;s]sf] lyof] . k]lh ;]jf One way Communication ePsfn]
o;sf u|fxsx klg df]afOn kmf]gtkm{ cfslif{t x'Fb} uP eg] k]lh ;]jfsf u|fxsx sd x'Fb} uP . cGtdf
nufgL cg';f/ k|ltkmn kfpg g;Sg] b]v]/ ck/]6/xn] nfO;]G; gljs/0f gu/]sfn] @)^@ ;fnlt/ of]
;]jf g} aGb eof] .
*=!=@= Od]n tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
ljZj JofkLs/0f, pbf/Ls/0f, k|lt:kwf{sf] r'gf}tL af]s]/ cfPsf] @!cf}F ztfAbLdf ;"rgf k|ljlw ;jf{lws
rrf{sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u dfgj hLjg;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] k|of]hgx h:t}M s[lif,
lzIff, :jf:Yo, Jofkf/, Joj;fo, pBf]u cflbdf afnsb]lv j[4j[4f;Dd ;a}nfO{ plQs} nfebfos ePsf]
k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 . @!cf}F ztfAbLsf] cTofw'lgs ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ljZjnfO{ g} ;fF3'/f] agfPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf OG6/g]6 tyf Od]n ;]jfsf] ;'?cft lghL If]qsf sDkgL Mercantile Communication Pvt
Ltd af6 @)%@ ;fndf Ufl/of] . ;'?df Mercantile n] RONAST ;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L Od]n ;]jfsf] ;DefJotf
cWoog u/L s'6g}lts lgof]u, ljb]zL bft[;+:yfxnfO{ of] ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . oL ;+:yfxaf6 Od]nsf]
8f6 ;\sng u/L ;DalGwt lgsfodf k7fpg] / ljb]zaf6 ;DalGwt ;+:yfxsf gfddf k|fKt ePsf]
Od]n pgLxnfO{ ljt/0f ul/GYof] . of] ;]jf Hofb} dxFuf] z'Nsdf u|fxsxnfO{ pknJw u/fOPsf] lyof] .
Od]n, OG6/g]6sf u|fxsxnfO{ lbOg] IPO Address ;d]t ;'?df Mercantile n] g} lbg] u/]sf] lyof] . o:tf]
cTofw'lgs k|ljlw / ;]jfsf] ;'?cft b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgaf6 gePsf]df hgdfg;df Jofks c;Gtf]if klg
km}lnPsf] lyof] / ljleGg kqklqsfn] o; ;DaGwL ;dfr/x klg k|sflzt u/]sf lyP . kl5 Joj:yfkgn]
of] ;]jfsf] bL3{sfnLg k|efjnfO{ dgg u/L @)%& ;fndf cfkm}n] klg ;~rfngdf Nofof] . of] ;]jf ;'?df
sf7df8f}F, lj/f6gu/, jL/u~h / e}/xjfdf ;~rfngdf NofOof] . ;+:yfgsf] j]e;fO6 www.ntc.net.np xf] .
(= dx;'n
lj=;+= @)$( df gofF b"/;~rf/ gLlt nfu" ePkl5 of] If]qdf Psflwsf/ k|fKt ;/sf/L If]qaf6 lj:tf/}
lghL If]q ;d]tnfO{ k|j]z lbg] gLlt ;/sf/n] cjnDag uof] . k]h/ tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosxn] ;f]xL
;dob]lv g]kfndf ;]jf lbg yfn] . b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# nfu" ePkl5 b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k"0f{ k|lt:kwL{ ;]jfsf
kdf sfod eof] . g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf cltl/Qm cfwf/e"t b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf nflu cGo b"/;~rf/
;]jf k|bfosx leq\ofpg] sfo{ k|f/De eof] . dx;'n b/ nufot b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cg'dlt k|bfg ug]{, lgoGq0f
tyf cg'udg ug]{ sfo{sf nflu g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f u7g eof] .
lj=;+= @)^) sf] bzslt/ g]kfndf pbf/Ls/0fn] h/f] ufl8;s]sf], b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf
eP/ lghL If]qsf] k|j]z eO;s]sf], ljZjdf k|ljlwsf If]qdf ePsf] ce"tk"j{ ljsf;n] ubf{ ;]jfsf] dx;'ndf
Jofks s6f}tL x'Fb} u/]sf] kl/k|]Io / u|fxsju{sf] ;r]ttfn] ubf{ dx;'n s6f}tLdf Jofks bafa cfPsf] lyof] .
o;} kl/j]znfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu k|To]s ;]jf cfk}m sustain x'g;Sg] lsl;dn] dx;'n b/ lgwf{/0f ug{
cfjZos lyof] . kmn:jk Joj:yfkgsf] cys k|of;af6 @)%* ;fndf gofF dx;'n b/ lgwf{/0f eof] .
To;} avtb]lv dx;'n k|lt:kwf{Tds b/df cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . xfn ljleGg ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfxn] g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] :jLs[lt lnP/ k|lt:kwf{Tds dx;'n b/ nfu" u/]sf 5g\ .
(=! :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n b/
tf/df cfwfl/t :yflgo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf (PSTN) xfn;Dd g]kfn b"/;~rf/;Fu dfq /x]sf] 5 . o;
;]jfsf] dx;'n b/ o; k|sf/ sfod ul/sf] 5
l;=g+= jif{ @)## @)$) @)$@ @)$$ @)$( @)%! @)%%
! Dffl;s dx;'n ? %) %) %) %) %) %) %)
@ Dffl;s 5'6 sn ? %) %) %) !)) !)) !)) !))
# k|lt yk sn ? @% %) %) ! ! ! !
$ h8fg b:t'/ ? %)) %)) %) @))) @))) @))) @)))
% w/f}6L ? %)) !))) %))) %))) %)) %))) %)))
!= lj=;+= @)%! ;Dd :yfgLo sndf Ps k6sdf hlt cjlw s'/f u/] klg Ps sndfq x'g] Joj:yf lyof] .
@)%! ;fndf :yfgLo sndf ;dofjlw nfu" x'g] Joj:yf k|f/De eof] . # ldg]6 cjlwsf] Ps sn x'g]
Joj:yf @)%! ;fnaf6 k|f/De ul/of] .
@= lj=;+= @)%# df :yfgLo snsf] ;dofjlwdf Peak hr. / O hr. snsf] Joj:yf eof] . laxfg *
ah]b]lv ;fFem ^ ah];Dd # ldg]6sf] sn / ;fFem ^ ah]b]lv ef]lnkN6 laxfg * ah];Dd ^ ldg]6sf]
sn x'g] Joj:yf eof] .
#= @)%# ;fndf cGtb{]zLo 6\s dx;'ndf ;do adf]lhd 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf k|f/De ul/of] . cGtb{]zLo
6\s dx;'ndf lgDgfg';f/ # lsl;dsf] b/ nfu" ug]{ Joj:yf eof]
s_ ;x'lnot b/ M a]n'sL ^ ah]b]lv a]n'sL ( ah];Dd k|rlnt b/df ## 5'6 .
v_ ljz]if 5'6 M a]n'sL ( ah]b]lv ef]nLkN6 laxfg & ah];Dd k|rlnt b/df %) 5'6 .
u_ k|rlnt b/ cjlw M laxfg & ah]b]lv a]n'sL ^ ah];Dd .
$= lh=P;=Pd= df]afOn ;]jf dx;'n b/
lh=P;=Pd k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf g]kfnn] @)%^ ;fndf klxnf] k6s k|f/De
uof] . ;f]xL ldltaf6 nfu" x'g] u/L df]afOn ;]jfsf] dx;'n b/ lgDg cg';f/ sfod ul/of]
s_ w/f}6L ?= @%,)))
v_ h8fg rfh{ ?= #,)))
u_ dfl;s dx;'n ?= !,)))
3_ ;+:yfgaf6 df]afOn ;]6 v/Lb ubf{ k|lt ;]6 ?= @),))) ?= @,))) sn rfh{
_ df]afOn 6]lnkmf]gsf] afXo tyf cfudg b'j} sndf snrfh{ nfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] .
;docg';f/ Ownership Tax ?=!%,))) km/skm/s snrfh{sf] Joj:yf lyof] .
snrfh{ lgDgfg';f/ nfu" eof]
(=@ df]afOn ;]jfsf] snrfh{ -@)%^_
k|lt ldg]6 cfudg sn k|lt ldg]6
sn lsl;d
laxfg & ;fFem ( ;fFem (laxfg & laxfg & ;fFem ( ;fFem (laxfg &
:yfgLo sn ^ # # !%)
cGtb]{zLo sn !@ ^ # !%)
cGt/f{li6o 6\s sn ^ c=/f= 6\s b/ # c=/f= 6\s b/ # !%)
k|f/Dedf kf]:6k]8 ;]jf dfq ljt/0f ul/of] h;sf] ;]jf z'Ns dx\uf] /x]sf] lyof] . lk|k]8 ;]jfsf]
k|f/Desf ;fy} ;]jf k|bfos cGo k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLn] ;]jf k|bfg u/]kl5 eg] df]afOn ;]jfsf] dx;'n 36\g]
qmd ;'? eof] / of] qmd cBflk hf/L /x]sf] 5 .
@)^) ;fnsf] cGTo;Dd -sl/a b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg sfod /x]sf] cj:yf ;Dd_ ;~rfngdf /x]sf
6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hxsf] ljj/0f / k|To]s lhNnfdf k|yd 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h :yfkgf ePsf] ljj/0f
cg';"rLdf lbOPsf] 5 .
***
kl/R5]b M cf7
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] u7g / d'n'se/

cTofw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm ;]jfsf] lj:tf/
-lj=;+= @)^!@)&!_
k[i7e"ld
;+:yfut ;+/rgf
dx;'n b/df kl/dfh{g tyf s6f}tL
b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgfM r'gf}tL, cj;/ / c;/
Psflwsf/sf] cGTo tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df lghL
If]q;Fusf] k|lt:kwf{
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] u7g / d'n'se/
cTofw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm ;]jfsf] lj:tf/
-lj=;+= @)^!@)&!_
!= k[i7e"ld
g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ljsf;sf b[li6n] lj=;+= @)^) kl5sf] bzsnfO{ Ps o'ufGtsf/L bzssf
kdf lng ;lsG5 . kfFr bzshlt /f0ffzf;g lgolGqt k|0ffnLdf hGd]/ x'ls{Psf] b"/;~rf/ If]q kl5 ljefu,
;ldlt / ;+:yfgsf] 5q5fofdf a9\g] df}sf kfof] . ;Lldt :jfy{ k"lt{sf nflu !(&) ;fnlt/ :yfkgf ul/Psf]
6]lnkmf]g sfof{no, @)^) sf] bzs;Dd cfOk'Ubf b]zJofkL kdf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ cu|0fL, :j:y, cfly{s
kn] z;Qm, e/kbf]{ ;]jf k|bfossf kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] lyof] . k|ljlwsf] lx;fan] klg k|f/lDes
r/0fsf] DofUg]6f] k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~haf6 ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;'? u/]sf] ;+:yfn] ;dofg's"n
k|ljlwdf km8\sf] dfb}{ PS;r]~h tkm{ l;=la=, qm;af/ x'Fb} l56\6} l8lh6n PS;r]~haf6 ;]jf lbg ;'? uof] .
To:t} nfdf] b"/Lsf] 6\ssf nflu cf]kg jfo/ / H.F. kl5 dfOqmf]j]e / :of6]nfO6af6 klg ;]jf lbOPsf]
lyof] . GSM k|ljlw leq\ofP/ b]zJofkL kdf df]afOn ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/;s]sf] lyof] . b]zdf :yflkt
sltko ;/sf/L lgsfo / pBf]ux Pskl5 csf]{ w/fzoL aGb} uPsf] cj:yfdf cfly{s kn] klg ;an
/x]/ d'n'ssf] cy{tGqdf e/kbf]{ of]ubfg k'ofpg] Ps dfq pTs[i6 ;+:yfsf kdf b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg v8f
x'g ;kmn eof] . t/ @)^) ;fn;Dd cfOk'Ubf klg b"/;~rf/ If]qdf cem w]/} ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf sfod} lyof] .
;a} gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf 6]lnkmf]gsf] kx+F'r k'lu;s]sf] ePtf klg oL ;]jfx sl/a !())
uf=lj=;=df dfq ;Lldt /x]sf], 6]lnkmf]g 3gTjsf lx;fan] klg tLg k|ltzt hgtfdf dfq ;Lldt lyof] .
t/ ^) sf] bzskl5 b]zsf] b"/;~rf/ If]qdf o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{g cfof] . b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] Psnf}6L
;]jf k|bfg ug]{ x}l;otdf ;d]t k"0f{la/fd nfUof] . b"/;~rf/ cfkm} ;+:yfgaf6 sDkgLdf kl/0ft eof] . gofFgofF
;]jf k|bfosxn] lgofds lgsfoaf6 Ohfhtkq lnP/ ;]jf ;'? ug{ yfn] . ljz]iftM @)^) ;fnkl5 rfx]
;]jf lj:tf/sf b[li6n] xf];\ jf k|ljlw leq\ofpg] b[li6n] cyjf ;]jf k|bfos cfudgsf b[li6n] xf];\ Ps
pTs[i6 ;dosf kdf lng ;lsG5 . o; cjlwdf GSM df]afOnsf] Post-paid, Pre-paid ;]jf, CDMA
k|ljlwsf] Post-paid / Pre-paid ;]jf nufot cgluGtL Value Added ;]jfx ;~rfngdf cfPsf 5g\ .
cfwf/e"t ;]jftkm{ klg y'k|} Value Added ;]jfx ;~rfngdf NofOP . GSM / CDMA k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t
df]afOn ;]jf ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 ;]jf lj:tf/df pNn]Vo k|ult xfl;n ePsf] 5 . ;a} uf=lj=;=df b"/;~rf/
;]jf k'lu;s]sf] 5 . dx;'ndf klg csNkgLo sdL cfPsf sf/0f b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Frleq
k'u]sf] 5 . @)&! ;fnsf] cGTolt/ cfOk'Ubf *% k|ltzt hlt hgtfnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'ofOPsf] 5 .
;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{ / ljZjfl;nf] agfpg k"jf{wf/xsf] klg Jofks kdf lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . l5d]sL
b]zxsf] ;d]t ;xof]udf k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{df sfFs8leQfb]lv dx]Gb|gu/;Dd / c/lgsf] /fhdfu{df
sf7df8f}Fb]lv vf;f;Dd clK6sn s]an h8fg u/]/ ;]jf ;~rfngdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . o; cl3 g} g]kfn
ljB't k|flws/0fn] cfgf] 6fG;ld;g nfOg ePsf] If]qdf ljB't pTkfbg, vkt cflbsf] ;"rgf k|flKtsf
nflu ;~rfngdf NofPsf] OPGW k|0ffnLnfO{ xfn ljleGg b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfosn] klg k|of]u ul//x]sf
5g\ . lghL If]qsf ;]jf k|bfosxn] klg Jofks kdf clK6sn s]an lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5g\ . ;a} lhNnf
;b/d'sfdnfO{ clK6sn s]anaf6 cfj4 ug]{ sfd eO/x]sf] 5 .
b"/;~rf/ sDkgLn] Dail up k|ljlwaf6 ;'? u/]sf] OG6/g]6 ;]jf xfn ADSL nufot Wireless
k|ljlwsf] Wi-Fi, Wi-Max af6 Broadband OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . GSM df]afOnaf6 2G,
3G k|ljlw dfkm{t klg Jofks kdf OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . oLg} ;Gbe{nfO{ k|:t't kl/R5]bdf
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] u7g / d'n'se/ cWofw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ zLif{sdf
rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
@)^) ;fn r}q dlxgf;Dd &% lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'u]tf klg ;a} uf=lj=;=df
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'Ug ;s]sf] lyPg . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] kl5Nnf] tYof+s (Miss l/kf]6{) cg';f/ @)^) ;fn
r}q;Dd b]ze/df 6]lnkmf]gsf nflu k|tLIff;"rLdf /x]sf k|ltIffyL{sf] ;+Vof #,@!,^^% /x]sf] lyof] . @)^!
j}zfvb]lv g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg sDkgLdf kl/0ft x'gf ;fy sDkgLn] k|tLIff;"rL sd ug{ / u|fdL0f If]qdf
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] kx'Frsf nflu of]hgf agfO sfof{Gjogdf k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOG5 . sltko :yfgdf
g]6js{ gk'u]sf], sltko :yfgdf lkmS:8 nfOg tf/ k|0ffnLaf6 eg]sf] ;do / dfu u/]sf] :yfgdf 6]lnkmf]g
pknAw u/fpg ;Dej gx'g] ePsfn] dfu ug]{ lalQs} eg]sf] 7fpFdf 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ug{ pko'Qm k|ljlw
leq\ofpg] of]hgf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] agfof] . o;} of]hgf cg';f/ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] zx/L tyf u|fdL0f If]qsf]
dfunfO{ b[li6ut u/L ljsf;nfO{ geO gx'g] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf d'n'ssf ufpF3/, s'gfsfKrfdf ;d]t k'ofpg]
nIosf ;fy Wireless k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g lj:tf/ ug{] of]hgf cl3 ;fof] .
sDkgLsf] :yfkgf kZrft k|ljlw / ;]jf lj:tf/ ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf] k|ult lgs} k|z+;gLo /x]sf] 5 .
@=! GSM k|ljlwsf] df]afOn kmf]gsf] lj:tf/
@)^) ;fn r}q;Dd kf]:6k]8 / lk|k]8 u/L hDdf !,#$,@^# df]afOn kmf]g ljt/0f ePsf]df @)&!
;fn r}q;Dddf b]ze/ sl/a $))) BTS dfkm{t kf]:6k]8, lk|k]8 tyf 3G u/L !,)$,$&,*(^ df]afOn
kmf]gx u|fxs ;]jf;Fu cfj4 /x]sf lyP .
@)&) ;fn r}q dlxgf;Dd b]ze/ g]kfn 6]lnsdaf6 GSM df]afOn kmf]gsf] ljt/0f o; k|sf/ 5
kmf]g 6fOk dWofdf~rn k"jf{~rn klZrdf~rn dWoklZrdf~rn ;'b"/klZrdf~rn hDdf
kf]i6k]8 @$*@^& #^*!% ^@#^( @)(^( %$@$ #&#*$$
lk|k]8 $**^!%) !$^&!@^ !*&%*#* !!)(!** &#%&%) !))&$)%@
hDdf kmf]g %!#$$!& !%)#($! !(#*@)& !!#)!%& &$!!&$ !)$$&*(^
o; cjlwdf lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf df]afOn tyf lnld6]8 df]lalnl6sf] a]l;s 6]lnkmf]g
/ :of6]nfO6 kmf]g ;~rfng ug{ lxdfn, kxf8 tyf t/fO{ ;a} If]qdf b"/;~rf/ g]6js{sf] Jofks kdf
lj:tf/ ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] u7g=== 171
@=!=! df]afOn 6]lnkmf]gsf] gDal/ k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g
GSM kf]:6k]8 df]afOn 6]lnkmf]gsf u|fxsxsf] ( c\ssf] df]afOn gDa/dWo] klxnf] @ c+s -(*_
df]afOn ;]jfsf] Access Code kdf, ! b]lv ( ;Ddsf] t];|f] c\sn] If]q c\lst ug]{, rf}yf] c\s ) n]
ck/]6/ sf]8 tyf afFsL % j6f c\sn] u|fxssf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ ub{Yof] . ljBdfg gDal/ k|0ffnLaf6
Pp6f If]qdf ! nfv eGbf a9L u|fxsxnfO{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg g;lsg] ePsfn] g]kfn 6]lnsdn] gofF
gDal/ k|0ffnL ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . xfnsf] gDal/ k|0ffnLdf klxnf] @ cs -(*_ kl5 % ylkPsf] lyof] .
t/ lk|k]8 kmf]gsf] df]afOn gDa/df klxn] g} $ ylkPsfn] yKg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] lyPg . df]afOnsf]
gDa/df % c\s yk]kl5 g]kfn 6]lnsdsf nflu ck/]6/ sf]8sf kdf c\s ) sf] ;6\6f c\s $, % /
^ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . df]afOn ;]jfsf] klxn]sf] gDa/ (*!) XXXXX lyof] eg] kl/jlt{t gDa/ (*%!)
XXXXX ePsf] lyof] . @)^! ;fn j}zfv ! b]lv kl/jlt{t gDa/ nfu" ePsf] lyof] .
@=!=@ ;a} &% lhNnfdf GSM k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
@)^% j}zfv dlxgfdf ;f]n'v'Da', cf]vn9'\uf, d'u' / x'Dnf ;b/d'sfddf GSM df]afOn kmf]g ;]jf
;~rfngdf cfPkl5 of] ;]jfsf] kx'Fr d'n'ssf ;a} cyf{t &% lhNnfdf g} k'u]sf] lyof] .
@=!=# Value Added ;]jfx
GSM k|ljlwsf] df]afOn kmf]gdf k|To]s jif{ nf]slk|o ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx yKb} hfg] qmddf lgDg
;'ljwfx yk ul/Psf] lyof]
s= 5f]6f] ;Gb]z ;]jf Short Message Service (SMS)M @)^) ;fnsf] efb| dlxgfaf6 GSM df]afOn
kmf]gdf Short Meassage Service (SMS) ;'ljwf yk ul/Psf] lyof] eg] @)^! ;fn j}zfv ! ut]b]lv
df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf u|fxsxn] ljb]zdf SMS k7fpg ;Sg] u/L cGt/f{li6o Short Message Sirvice
(SMS) ;]jfsf] klg ;'?cft ul/Psf] lyof] .
v= SMS ;]jfsf] lj:tf/M g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] df]afOn g]6js{ / Ncell sf] df]afOn g]6js{ aLr @)^#
;fn sflt{s ! ut]b]lv SMS ;]jf ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] .
u= yk ;'ljwfM @)^@ ;fnb]lv lgDg ;]jfx klg pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof]
Call Forwarding jf Call Divert Service
sn j]l6 ;]jf (Call Waiting Service)
sn xf]N8 ;]jf (Call Holding Service)
dlN6kf6L{ sGkm/]G; ;]jf (Multiparty Confrence Call)
Friends & Family Call (FNF) ;]jf
5'6]sf snsf] hfgsf/L (Missed Call Alert)
cGt/f{li6o /f]ld ;]jf (International Roaming Service)
EjfO; d]n ;]jf (Voice Mail Service)
Web SMS ;]jf
;+:yfut k|of]ustf{ of]hgf (Corporate User Group)
@=!=$ Caller Ring Back Tone (CRBT) ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] kf]:6k]8 tyf lk|k]8 df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g k|of]ustf{sf] dfunfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} @)^#
;fn kmfNu'0f !% ut]b]lv Caller Ring Back Tone (CRBT) ;]jf ;~rfngdf NofP/ @)^^ ;fn efb| ;Dddf
&% lhNNffdf g} pQm ;]jf pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] .
@=!=% GSM kf]:6k]8 df]afOn kmf]gdf GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] df]afOn kmf]gsf pkef]QmfxnfO{ ;do ;fk]If cTofw'lgs d"Nojw{s ;]jf pknAw
u/fpFb} hfg] l;nl;nfdf @)^# kmfNu'0f !% ut]b]lv sf7df8f}F pkTosf, ag]kf, w'lnv]n tyf kgf}tL
If]qdf GSM kf]:6k]8 df]afOn kmf]gdf GPRS (General packet Radio Service) ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] lyof] .
of] ;]jfcGtu{t u|fxsn] k|of]u u/]sf] df]afOn ;]6df $) kbps Ifdtf ;Ddsf] OG6/g]6 rnfpg ;lsG5 .
@=!=^ Multi Media Messge (MMS) ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
of] ;]jf GPRS ;]jf lnO;s]sf u|fxsxn] lng;Sg] yk ;'ljwf xf] . of] ;]jf lng] u|fxsxn] cfgf]
df]afOnaf6 Clip of Video, Picture, Voice ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L Message k7fpg ;Sb5g\ . ;fy} df]afOn
kmf]gdf Od]n tyf OG6/g]6 ;]jf klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
@=!=& 3G Mobile ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ljZj b"/;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf ;dfh lbj; d] !& sf] pknIodf @)^$ Ho]i7 # -d]
!&, @))&_ ut]b]lv k/LIf0fsf kdf ax'k|tLlIft t];|f] k':tfsf] 3G Mobile sf] ljt/0f ;'? u/]]sf] lyof] .
@=!=* ;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/ lzlj/df df]afOn kmf]g ;]jf
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] clt b'u{d lxdfnL lhNnf x'Dnf, d'u' / 8f]Nkfdf cf=j= )^$)^% df g} GSM
tyf CDMA kmf]g
pknAw u/fPsf]
lyof] . @)^^
;fn sflt{s !)
ut] b ] l v ljZjsf]
;a} e Gbf cUnf]
r'r'/f] ;u/dfyfsf]
cfwf/ If]q t]af]rd] f
BTS h8fg u/L ;f]
BTS e"pku|x dfkm{t
cfj4 u/L GSM
df]afOn ;]jf
t]af]r] If]qsf] uf]/Ifkdf h8fg ePsf] BTS 6fj/
pknAw u/fPsf]
lyof] . g]kfn 6]lnsdf/f h8fg ul/Psf BTS dWo] ;a}eGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] BTS klg t]af]r]sf] g} xf] .
@=@ CDMA 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
g]kfnsf] ljs6 ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf sf/0f tf/ hl8t cfwf/e"t PSTN 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf b]zsf] s'gf
sfKrfdf k'ofpg lgs} c;xh / vlr{nf] x'g] dfq geP/ ;do klg a9L nfUg] ;d:of lyof] . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf
Wireless k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ljsNksf kdf :yflkt ug'{ ;dosf] dfu lyof] . GSM k|ljlw
leq\ofO;s]sf] sDkgLn] sd BTS n] g} w]/} If]q se/ ug{ ;Sg] / kxf8L Onfsfsf jfl;GbfxnfO{ 5f]6f]
cjlwdf ;d]6\g ;lsg] x'gfn] CDMA k|ljlwnfO g} /f]Hof] . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] tf//lxt ljleGg k|0ffnL dWo]
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access ) Pp6f k|d'v tyf nf]slk|o k|ljlw xf] . ;g\ !(*( df ;j{k|yd
cd]l/sfaf6 ;'? ePsf] of] k|ljlwaf6 xfn ;+;f/sf () eGbf a9L b]zn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fO/x]sf
5g\ . To;avt g]kfn 6]lnsdn] klg ;~rfngdf Nofpg nfu]sf] CDMA 2000 IX cTofw'lgs k|ljlw /
3G df cfwfl/t EVDO (Evolution Data Optimised) ;d]t /x]sf] lyof] .
b"/;~rf/ If]qdf k|lt:kwf{ eO/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf sf7df8f}F nufot g]kfn clw/fHosf zx/ tyf
zx/f]Gd'v u|fdL0f If]qxdf dfu cg'k 6]lnkmf]g cfk"lt{ ug{, b'u{d u|fdL0f If]qxdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf]
kx'FrnfO{ Jokfs lj:tf/ ug{ tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] bzf}+ /fli6o of]hgfn] kl/nlIft u/]sf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{
CDMA 2000 IX df cfwfl/t k|yd, ltLo, t[tLo r/0fdf ;DkGg ug]{ u/L % nfv nfOg / rf}yf] / kfrf}F
r/0fdf ;DkGg ug]{ u/L % nfv nfOg yk lj:tf/ ug{ ;Sg] u/L hDdf !) nfv nfOg Frame contract sf]
cjwf/0ff ckgfP/ cS6'a/ !*, @))$ -@)^!_ df g]kfn 6]lnsd / M/S ZTE Corporation, China ;Fu
pks/0f vl/bsf nflu ;Demf}tf eof] . CDMA k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;~rfngdf Nofpg sf7df8f}Fsf] 5fpgLdf
CDMA k|f]h]S6 clkm; :yfkgf ul/of] . o;sf] 8fO/]S6/ gfoj k|aGw lgb]{zs >L cd/gfy l;+x x'g'ePsf]
lyof] . kl5 of] k|f]h]S6 clkm; / 6fG;ld;g cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ljefunfO{ ufe]/ 5fpgLdf jfo/n];
6]lnkmf]g lgb]{zgfnosf] :yfkgf eof] . klxnf] r/0fdf sf7df8f}F pkTosf nufot dWodf~rn If]qdf !
nfv, k"jf{~rndf &% xhf/ / afFsL &% xhf/ klZrdf~rn, dWoklZrdf~rn / ;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]qdf
6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ug]{ nIosf ;fy cfof]hgfsf] sfd cufl8 a9\of] . CDMA k|f]h]S6sf] klxnf] r/0fsf]
sfd ;DkGg ePkl5 CDMA k|ljlwdf cwfl/t tf//lxt lkmS:8 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] k/LIf0f pb\3f6g -;km\6
n~r_ @)^@ ;fn c;f/ @# ut] eof] . k/LIf0f pb\3f6gkl5 g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ dfu ug]{
lalQs} of] k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{qmd /fv]sf] lyof] .
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;6 n~r;d]t ul/;s]sf] CDMA k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t tf/ljgfsf] lkmS:8 6]lnkmf]g
;~rfngdf cfpg glbg @)^@ ;fn c;f/ @) ut] lji0f'k;| fb 9sfn / ch'{gk|;fb pk|]ltn] CDMA k|ljlwsf]
6]lnkmf]g ;~rfngsf nflu 5'6\6} Ohfht lng' kg]{ bfaL ub}{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 bfo/ u/]sf lyP eg]
;jf{]Rr cbfntn] csf{] cfb]z geP ;Dd CDMA k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;~rfng ug{ /f]s nufof] . CDMA
k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;~rfng ug{] dxjk"0f{ of]hgfsf nflu Ohfht gePsf] eGb} g]kfn 6]lnsd lj?4
d'2f kgf{n] ljsf;sf] ultdf s]xL cK7\of/f] b]vf kof] / cK7\of/f] cj:yf sl/a & dlxgf nlDaof] . kl5
;jf{]Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLz o ab|L s'df/ a:g]t / tkaxfb'/ yfkf du/sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6
@)^@ ;fn df3 !) ut] pQm l/6 vf/]h eof]] / g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ CDMA k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ug{]
af6f] v'Nof] .
@=@=! Jofj:fflos kdf CDMA 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
cGttM g]kfn 6]lnsdn] CDMA k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t kf]:6k]8 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf @)^@ ;fn df3 @# b]lv
sf7df8f}Faf6 Jofj;flos kdf ;~rfng uof] . sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf k|tLIff;"rLdf /x]sf k|tLIffyL{xnfO{
/ pkTosf;Fu hf]l8Psf 6]lnkmf]g gePsf uf=lj=;=df CDMA k|ljlwsf] kf]:6k]8 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f sfo{
;'? ul/of] . t/ ef}uf]lns ljs6tfn] u|fdL0f If]qsf u|fxsxnfO{ lan e'QmfgL ug{ ;DalGwt sfof{nodf
cfpg c;lhnf] x'g] s'/fnfO{ dgg u/L sDkgLn] @)^# d+l;/b]lv lk|k]8 C-Phone ;~rfngdf Nofof] .
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)^# kf}if $ ut]b]lv u|fxsxsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL kf]:6k]8 C-Phone df Credit
limit sf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fof] . Credit Limit sf] clwstd ;Ldf ?= %))) sfod ul/of] . u|fxsn] ?=
%))) a/fa/sf] sn ul/;s]kl5 dx;'n e'QmfgL gePdf :jtM afXoudg sn aGb x'Gf] ub{Yof]{ . o; cl3
sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf dfq kf]:6k]8 C-Phone ljt/0f ul/Psf]df u|fxsxsf] ;'ljwfsf nflu pkTosf aflx/
klg @)^# d+l;/ dlxgfb]lv lk|k]8 C-Phone ljt/0f u/]sf] lyof] . CDMA 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfcGtu{t C-Phone
cfwf/e"t :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf (PSTN) ;/x dflgPsf] 5 / Sky-Phone df]afOn ;]jfsf] kdf dflgPsf] 5 .
@=@=@ (CDMA_ Sky Phone sf] ;'?cft
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)^# ;fn efb| ^ b]lv sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf Sky-phone ;'? u/L qmdzM g]kfn
clw/fHosf cGo If]qdf klg Sky Phone ;~rfng / ljt/0f ug]{ u/L CDMA g]6js{sf] lj:tf/ u/]sf]
lyof] . sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf dfq ljt/0f ul/Psf] Sky Phone @)^$ ;fn h]i7b]lv pkTosf aflx/ klg
ljt/0f ul/of] .
Sky Phone zx/L tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf olt nf]slk|o eof] ls GSM k|ljlwsf] df]afOn kmf]g 5f8]/
;j{;fwf/0fn] Sky Phone lng yfn] . @)^@ ;fn df3b]lv sf7df8f}F pkTosfaf6 ljt/0f ;'? ul/Psf]
CDMA k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g g]6js{sf] lj:tf/ @)^# kmfNu'0f;Dd %& j6f gu/kflnsf / sl/a !&))
uf=lj=;=df k'u]sf] lyof] . @)^$ ;fn h]i7;Dd clw/fHoe/ !&@ j6f a]; :6];g h8fg u/L !$ c~rnsf
^# lhNnf, %* gu/kflnsf / sl/a !&@! uf=lj=;=df CDMA k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw
ePsf] / pQm cjlw;Dd sl/a !,@),))) u|fxsxn] ;]jf pkef]u u/]sf lyP .
@=@=# &% lhNnfdf CDMA k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
@)^$ ;fn r}qsf] t];|f] ;ftf x'Dnfsf] ;Lldsf]6 / 8f]Nkfsf] b'g]df ;d]t CDMA k|ljlwsf] lkmS:8
tyf df]afOn ;]jf ;~rfng ;'? ePkl5 of] ;]jfsf] kx'Fr d'n'ssf ;a} &% lhNnfdf g} k'u]sf] lyof] . @)^$
;fn r}q;Dd g]kfn clw/fHoe/ CDMA kmf]gsf] u|fxs ;+Vof sl/a $ nfv k'u]sf] lyof] eg] PSTN tyf
GSM k|ljlwn] g;d]l6Psf If]qxnfO{ ;d]6\g] clek|fon] @)^@ ;fnb]lv ;'? ePsf] CDMA k|ljlwsf]
6]lnkmf]g k|of]u ug]{ u|fxsxsf] ;+Vof @)&! r}q;Dd !#,%$,(%# k'u]sf] ld; l/kf]6{af6 b]lvG5 .
@=@=$ @)&! ;fn r}q;Dd ljt/0f ePsf] CDMA kmf]gsf] ljj/0f
kmf]g 6fOk dWodf~rn k"jf{~rn klZrdf~rn dWoklZrdf~rn ;'b/" klZrdf~rn hDdf
C-Phone
post paid fix &^%% %%# !!#( !$& !)$ (%(*
C-Phone
prepaid fix ##!*# @^!#* @%&!! !%@$) !@*&# !!#!$%
Sky Phone
post paid (@^! !)$) !)#@ !$#@ !)@) !#&*%
Sky Phone
prepaid fix $$#%*@ @@@%#% !(($)$ !*(#&^ !^#%@* !@!*$@%
hDdf kmf]g $(#^*! @%)@^^ @@&@*^ @)^!(% !&&%@% !#%$(%#
@=@=% Value Added Services
CDMA k|ljlwsf] kmf]gdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf cltl/Qm 8f6f 6fG;ld;g ;]jf, km\ofS; ;]jf, Od]nOG6/g]6
;]jf tyf cGo Value Added Services klg pknAw lyP . pknAw ;]jfx o; k|sf/ 5g\
SMS ;]jf
Call Forwarding
EjfO; d]n ;]jf (VMS)
Call Waiting
dfly plNNflvt ;]jfsf cltl/Qm CDMA k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t wireless internet ;]jf klg pknAw
u/fOPsf] lyof] .
PDSN (Packet Data Serving Node): of] ;]jf CDMA k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 8f6f ;]jf xf] .
C-phone, Sky-Phone, Sky-data ;]jfdf data activate u/fO !%#=^ kbps Ifdtfdf OG6/g]6
;]jf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
EVDO (Evolution Data Optimise) 8f6f ;]jfM pRr ultdf 8f6f cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;lsg]
of] ;]jf @)^^ kmfNu'0f !$ b]lv ;'?df sf7df8f}F, ag]kf / kf]v/fdf pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] .
IP CDMA ;]jfM g]kfn 6]lnsdn] gofF jif{ @)&) sf] cf/De;Fu} & jif{ cl3b]lv ;~rfngdf
NofPsf] CDMA k|ljlwsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ :t/f]Gglt u/L d'n'se/ IP CDMA ;]jfsf] ;'?
u/]sf] 5 . of] ;]jf dfkm{t voice sf ;fy} 3.1 Mbps Ifdtf ;Ddsf] data download ug{
;lsG5 .
@=# cfwf/e"t PSTN 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] lj:tf/
d'n'ssf] Psdfq tf/ k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cfwf/e"t PSTN 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|bfossf kdf g]kfn
6]lnsdsf] klxrfg h:t} ePsf] 5 . @)^) ;fn r}q;Dd sl/a $ nfv nfOg ljt/0f ePsf]df @)&!
;fnsf] r}q;Dd cfOk'Ubf ^,^$,%$$ nfOg ljt/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . @)^! ;fn otf cfwf/e"t PSTN
6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug{ dxjk"0f{ 7fpFxdf PS;r]~h h8fg ug'{sf ;fy} eO/fv]sf PS;r]~hxdf
Ifdtf j[l4 u/L yk sl/a @=% nfv hlt nfOg ljt/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 .
@=#=! @)^! ;fn j}zfvb]lv @)&! ;fn r}q;Ddsf] 6]lnkmf]g lj:tf/
o; cjlwdf k"jf{~rndf @$, dWodf~rndf #!, klZrdf~rndf !$, dWoklZrdf~rndf ^ /
;'b"/klZrdf~rn If]qdf ! 7fpF u/L hDdf &^ 7fpFdf gofF PS;r]~hx h8fg ul/sf lyP . o;/L h8fg
ePsf PS;r]~hxsf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg Ifdtf &%,%@% lyof] .
@)^) ;fn r}q dlxgf;Dd :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lng k|tLIffdf /x]sf u|fxsxsf] ;+Vof #,@!,^^%
lyof] eg], @)&! ;fn r}q;Dd ;a} k|tLIffyL{xn] 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k|fKt ul/;s]sf lyP . @)^) r}q;Dd
sl/a $ nfv PSTN 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljt/0f ePsf]df @)&! r}q;Dd cfOk'Ubf ^ nfv eGbf a9L nfOg
ljt/0f eO;s]sf] lyof] . @)^! ;fn otf cfwf/e"t PSTN 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf emG8} yk @ nfv krf; xhf/
nfOg ljt/0f ePsf] lyof] . b"/;~rf/ If]qdf cfwf/e"t PSTN 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] bfFhf]df GSM / CDMA
k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t lagftf/sf] df]afOn kmf]gsf] ahf/ lj:tf/sf] qmd eg] b|'tultdf a9]sf] lyof] .
@=#=@ ;a} lhNnfdf :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
@)^^ ;fn kf}if @$ ut] ?s'd / hfh/sf]6df %))%)) nfOgsf] PS;r]~h h8fg u/L ;~rfngdf
NofPkl5 d'n'ssf ;a} &% lhNNffdf g} PSTN 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw ePsf] lyof] .
@=#=# ;Dk"0f{ uf=lj=;=df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
GSM / CDMA k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfng ePkl5 clw/fHosf] k|foM w]/}h;f]
uf=lj=;=df 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf k'ofOPsf] lyof] . b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k'ofpg afFsL /x]sf !(( uf=lj=;=df ;d]t
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt / nIocg'k sDkgLn] @( c;f/ @)^& df ;]tL
c~rnsf] afh'/f lhNnfsf] ;fk6fdf KU Band sf] le:of6 6ld{gn h8fg u/L b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw
u/fPkl5 b]ze/sf ;Dk"0f{ uf=lj=;=df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] nIo k"/f ePsf] lyof] .
sDkgLn] b]zsf s'gfsfKrf tyf clt b'u{d / ljs6 e"efudf ;d]t %$# j6f l; AofG8sf] le:of6
6ld{gnx / KU Band sf] #$) j6f le:of6 6ld{gnx h8fg u/L b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ uf=lj=;=df 6]lnkmf]g
;]jfsf] kx'Fr k'ofpg 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] . t/ GSM / CDMA ;]jfsf] u|fdL0f If]qdf Jofks
lj:tf/ ePkl5 s]xL le:of6 6ld{gnx lj:yflkt x'Fb}uP . xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf le:of6 6ld{gnsf] ;+Vof
#^) / u|fxs ;+Vof %@* /x]sf] b]lvG5 . Pstfsf VHF / MARTS l;:6daf6 Jofks kdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
pknJw u/fpFb} cfPsf]df xfn klg oL l;:6dxaf6 sl/a @#) u|fxsnfO{ ;]jf pknAw ePsf] b]lvG5 .
@=#=$ ;+:yfg sDkgLdf ?kfGt/0f ePkl5 u|fxs ;+Vofdf ePsf] j[l4
-;+Vof ,)))_
)^! )^@ )^# )^$ )^% )^^ )^& )^* )^( )&) )&!
;]jfx
r}q r}q r}q r}q r}q r}q r}q r}q r}q r}q r}q
PSTN 439 480 503 527 555 576 597 624 637 650 664
GSM Post-paid 75 103 119 106 103 119 143 192 246 303 373
GSM Pre-paid 173 377 750 1409 2468 3620 4658 5756 6876 8268 10074
CDMA 11 118 402 702 853 1039 998 945 1184 1354
Total 687 971 1490 2444 3828 5168 6437 7570 8704 10405 12465
Tele Density 2.76 3.76 5.66 9.07 13.90 18.76 22.87 28.44 32.70 39.09 46.84
ef}uf}lns ljs6tfsf sf/0f cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'ofpg sl7gfO ePsf] b'u{d :yfgxdf ;d]t
;]jfsf] kx'Fr :yfkgfsf nflu sDkgLn] VHF, Marts, VSAT h:tf ljleGg k|ljlwx k|of]u u/L 6]lnkmf]g
;]jf pknJw u/fPsf] 5 . ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5
MARTS, 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;+Vof @
VHF/UHF 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;+Vof !!
V-SAT 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;+Vof #^)
NT-SAT 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;+Vof %@*
hDdf ()!
@=#=% Fixed Intelligent Network (FIN) tkm{ pknAw u/fOPsf Value Added ;]jfx
s= Olhsn-lk|k]8 sln sf8{_ (Easycall) PCC ;]jf
Fixed Intelligent Network cGtu{t lk|k]8 sln sf8{ dfkm{t EASY CALL ;]jf @)^! ;fn d+l;/
!) ut]b]lv z'ef/De ePsf] lyof] . o; ;]jfaf6 nf]sn sn, cGtb]{zLo sn / cGt/f{li6o ah]6 sn ug{
;lsg] ePsf] lyof] . of] ;]jf dfkm{t cGt/f{li6o ah]6 sn ug{ PS;]; sf]8 !$@% jf !$$% 8fon u/L
ljZje/ 6]lnkmf]gdf s'/f ug{ ;lsG5 . kl5 of] ;]jf dfkm{t !$@$ 8fon u/L clt ;:tf] b/df !@ j6f
d'n'sxdf (IP) sn ug{ ;lsg] u/L ;]jf pknJw u/fOPsf] lyof] . Easycall ;]jfaf6 sn ug{ ?=@)), ?=
%)) / ?= !))) b/sf PCC sf8{x ahf/df pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] . pQm ah]6sn / Olhsn ;]jfx
g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] PSTN nufot GSM, CDMA, Pay Phone / le:of6 kmf]gaf6 klg pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 .
v= P8\efG; 6f]n lk|m ;]jf AFS (Toll Free) Service
@)^! ;fn r}q ! ut]af6 ;~rflnt Intelligent Network System df cfwfl/t of] ;]jf k|of]u u/L
7"nf Jofkfl/s ;+:yf, ;fdflhs ;+:yf, ;/sf/L Pjd\ lghL ;+3;+:yf, a}+s, Po/nfOG; cflbn] b]z e/sf
cfgf sfof{no tyf zfvfxnfO{ Pp6} 6f]nlk|m gDa/df hg;Dks{ u/fpg ;Sg] u/L of] ;]jf NofOPsf] xf] .
of] ;]jf k|of]u ubf{ sn ug]{ JolQmnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g snsf] z'Ns nfUb}g .
u= PSTN Credit Limit -lkl;Pn PCL_ ;]jf
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] bf];|f] jflif{sf]T;jsf] pknIodf @)^@ ;fn df3 @@ ut]b]lv
OG6]lnh]G6 g]6js{cGtu{t gofF ;]jfsf kdf PSTN 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ePsf u|fxsxn] nf]sn ;'ljwf ePsf]
cfg} 6]lnkmf]g gDa/df lk|k]8 vftf vf]nL nf]sn tyf nfdf] b"/Lsf] sn ug]{ ;'ljwf sDkgLn] pknAw
u/fPsf] lyof] . of] ;'ljwf cfkm"n] a'emfPsf] /sdsf] ;Ldf ggf3];Dd pkef]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
3= xf]dslG6 8fO/]S6 (HCD) ;]jf
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)^# ;fn h]i7 # ut]b]lv xf]dslG6 8fO/]S6 (HCD) ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . of]
;]jf klg lk|k]8 sln sf8{ h:t} xf] . h;sf] k|of]uf/f ljb]zaf6 g]kfnL ?lkofFdf g} :jb]zdf sn ug{
;lsG5 . of] ;]jf g]kfn 6]lnsd;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]sf b]zxaf6 dfq pknJw x'g ;Sb5 . xfn of] ;'ljwf
^ j6f d'n'sx hfkfg, sf]l/of, o'PO, o's], l;\ufk'/ / yfONofG8af6 pknAw 5 . u|fxsxsf] k|of]usf
nflu ?= %)), ?= !))) / ?= @))) b/sf HCD sf8{x pknAw 5g\ .
=Olh kmf]gIP sn ;]jf
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)^& ;fn >fj0f !^ af6 SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) df cfwfl/t IP
Olhkmf]g a|fG8sf] ;6 kmf]g Jofj;flos kdf ;~rfngdf NofPsf] lyof] . of] ;]jf k|of]u ubf{ cfgf]
sDKo'6/nfO{ kmf]gsf kdf k|of]u u/L OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 IP g]6js{ dfkm{t ;+;f/sf h'g ;'s} 7fpFdf h'g;'s}
a]nf ;:tf] b/df sn ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn o;cGtu{t SIP (Permanent Prepaid Phone) / SIP Easy Call
(Prepaid Calling Card) u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf Olh kmf]g ;]jfx pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 .
r= blIf0f sf]l/ofaf6 sln sf8{ ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] blIf0f sf]l/ofdf a;f]af; u/]sf g]kfnLxsf] ;x'lnotsf nflu ToxfFaf6 g]kfn
sn ug]{ 5'6\6} sln sf8{sf] ;]jf ;'?cft u/]sf] 5 . ;f] ;]jfsf] pb\3f6g tTsfnLg sDkgLsf cWoIf >L
;'lzn l3ld/]n] Ps ;df/f]xsf aLr @)^& efb| #) df blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] /fhwfgL l;of]ndf ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . g]kfn 6]lnsd / sf]l/ofnL sDkgL LG U+ sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;af6 Co-Brand sln sf8{ ;]jfsf]
;'?cft ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sln sf8{ k|of]u u/L sf]l/ofaf6 g]kfn sn ubf{ k|lt ldg]6 ?= !% nfUg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . pQm ;]jfsf] ;'?cftaf6 blIf0f sf]l/ofdf k9\g uPsf ljBfyL{x, 3'Dg uPsf
ko{6sx, sfd ug{ uPsf sfdbf/x tyf ljleGg Joj;fodf ;+nUg g]kfnLxnfO{ ;x'lnot b/df cfgf]
b]zdf 6]lnkmf]g ug{ ;lhnf] x'g uof] .
@=#=^ cfO le cf/ (IVR) ;]jf
Interactive Voice Response (IVR) ;]jfcGtu{t sDKo'6/df lglZrt Wjlg lgb]{lzt d]g'x /fv]sf]
x'G5 / u|fxsn] ;f]sf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] PS;]; sf]8 8fon u/L Wjlg lgb]{zg cg';f/ pknAw Option
lyr]/ pQm ;]jfsf] pkef]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . of] ;]jf sDkgLsf] g]6js{ (PSTN/GSM/CDMA) af6 pknAw
5 . sDkgLn] lgDg k|sf/sf (IVR) ;]jfx pknAw u/fPsf] 5
s= cfO le cf/ sf]8 !^)) (SLC Result Enquiry) ;]jf
sDkgLn] klxnf] k6s @)^) ;fnsf] SLC k/LIffsf] k/LIffkmn cfO le cf/ ;]jf dfkm{t @)^!
;fnsf] cfiff9 dlxgfb]lv pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] .
v= cfO le cf/ sf]8 !^)! (10+2 Result Enquiry) ;]jf
cfO le cf/ sf]8 !^)) (SLC Result Enquiry) ;]jfsf] ;kmntfkl5 @)^# ;fnaf6 10+2 k/LIffsf]
glthf klg !^)! cfO le cf/ ;]jf dfkm{t ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
u= PSTN / ADSL dd{tsf] u|fxs sDKn]g btf{ ;]jfdf cfO le cf/
cfgf] ;fwf/0f PSTN kmf]gdf ;d:of b]lvPdf u|fxsxn] !(* 8fon u/L cfO le cf/ ;]jf dfkm{t
kmf]gaf6 kmN6sDKn]g ug{ ;Sg] of] ;]jf @)^# ;fn efb| !^ ut]af6 ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] . ADSL ;]jfsf]
kmN6sDKn]g btf{ klg !(* cfO le cf/ dfkm{t @)^% ;fnaf6 ;'? ePsf] lyof] . kl5 @)^^ ;fn >fj0f
!% b]lv of] ;]jf pkTosf aflx/ pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] .
3= cfO le cf/ sf]8 !^)^ (PSTN Bill Enquiry) ;]jf
PSTN kmf]gsf u|fxsxn] of] ;]jf k|of]u u/L ;fwf/0f PSTN kmf]gsf] dfl;s lan jf xfn;Ddsf]
ltg{ afFsL /sdsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . of] ;]jf @)^$ ;fndf ;'? ul/Psf] lyof] . kl5 @)^^
;fn >fj0f !% ut]b]lv of] ;]jf pkTosf aflx/ klg ;~rfngdf cfPsf] 5 .
= !** cfO le cf/ sf]8 (VOIP Call Complaint Booking) ;]jf
xfn g]kfn 6]lnsdn] le cf] cfO lk pks/0f k|of]u u/L cglws[t kdf cGt/f{li6o sn u/L /fh:j
5Ng] k|j[lQ /f]Sg] k|of;df o:tf cglws[t snx ;DaGwdf sDKn]g btf{ ug{ !** cfO le cf/ ;]jfsf]
k|aGw ldnfOPsf] 5 . pQm ;]jf lgMz'Ns k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
r= !^)& cfO le cf/ sf]8 (PUK Enquiry) ;]jf
of] ;]jfcGtu{t GSM/CDMA df]afOnsf u|fxsxn] s'g} sf/0fj; cfgf] df]afOn ns ePsf
vG8df ;f] vf]Ng PUK gDa/ k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . of] ;]jf k|of]u ubf{ Po/ 6fod a/fa/sf] rfh{ nfUb5 .
@=#=& PSTN EjfO; d]n ;]jf (VMS) sf] ;'?cft
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)^@ ;fn kf}ifb]lv sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf PSTN 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|of]u ug]{ u|fxsxsf
nflu EjfO; d]n ;]jf (VMS) ;'? u/]sf] lyof] .
s= gf]l6; af]8{ ;]jf
sDkgLn] @)^% ;fn d+l;/ !! ut]b]lv gf]l6; af]8{ ;]jf ;~rfngdf NofPsf] xf] . PSTN EjfO; d]n
;]jf (VMS) cGtu{tsf] Pp6f Supplementary ;]jf xf] . o;df EjfO; d]n aS;nfO{ gf]l6; af]8{sf kdf
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . of] ;]jf k|of]u u/L u|fxsn] cfgf] gf]l6; af]8{df /fVg] ;"rgf / ;Gb]zx cfkm}n] kmf]g
dfkm{t /]s8{ u/L /fVg ;Sb5g\ / ;f] kmf]gdf sn ug]{ JolQmn] pQm ;"rgf ;'Gg ;Sb5g\ . of] ;]jf ;fwf/0f
PSTN sf u|fxsxnfO{ lgMz'Ns pknAw 5 .
@=#=* OGSjfo/L ;]jf ;~rfngdf gofF Joj:yf
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] lghL If]qaf6 OGSjfo/L ;]jf ;~rfng u/fpg'eGbf klxn] of] ;]jfdf u|fxssf w]/} lzsfot
lyP . 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ ;f]Wg !(& 8fon ubf{ kmf]g gnfUg], sy\sbflrt\ l/ uOxfn] klg kmf]g p7\g l9nf x'g]
h:tf ;d:of lyP . sDkgLsf] Joj:yfkgaf6 pQm ;]jf u'0f:t/Lo agfpg ljleGg pkfox cjnDag ul/Ptf
klg ;do ;fk] I f
;'wf/ geO u|fxssf
u'gf;fx emg\ a9\g
uPsfn] sDkgL
Joj:yfkgn]
@)^@ ;fn kf}if
! ut] b ] l v lghL
If]qaf6 OGSjfo/L
;]jf ;~rfng
u/fof] . lghL
If]qaf6 OGSjfo/L
;] j f ;~rfngdf
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] lghL If]q dfkm{t ;~rfng u/]sf] OGSjf/L ;]jf
cfPkl5 ;] j fdf
;'wf/ ePsf], u|fxssf] u'gf;fx gu0o ePsf,] pQm ;]jfdf vr{ub}{ cfPsf] 7"nf] /sddf ;d]t s6f}tL
ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . clxn] u|fxsju{n] ;Gtf]ifhgs kdf OGSjfo/L ;]jf pkef]u ug{ kfPsfn] sDkgL
k|ltsf] ljZj;gLotfdf ;sf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] 5 .
@=#=( klAns sn ;]G6/ -lkl;l;_ sf] Joj:yf
ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf kZrft sf7df8f}F+ pkTosfsf ljleGg Joj;foLxn] lghL 6]lnkmf]g
gePsf u|fxsxsf nflu sn ;]G6/ :yfkgf u/L :yfgLo, cGtb]{zLo tyf cGt/f{li6o 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknJw
u/fpg yfn]sf lyP . t/ pgLxn] lng] dx;'n b/ ;+:yfgn] lng]cg'k lyPg . @)^! r}qaf6 klAns
sn ;]G6/ ;~rfnsx;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] b/ /]6df b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf
ldnfOPsf] lyof] . b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] klAns sn ;]G6/x @)^$ ;fn;Dd sf7df8f}F+ pkTosfdf
dfq ;Lldt ePsf]df @)^$ ;fn kmfNu'0fb]lv pkTosf aflx/ klg lj:tf/ sfo{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] lyof] .
@=#=!) Ifltu|:t PS;r]~hx k'gM ;~rfng
ljleGg sf/0fn] g]kfn clw/fHoe/ Ifltu|:t ePsf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ef}lts ;+/rgfxsf] oyfzSo
l56f] dd{t sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ @)^# ;fn c;f/ dlxgfdf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf :juL{o gfoa k|aGw lgb]{zs
dbgsfhL zfSosf] ;+of]hsTjdf Ps sfo{bn u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{bnn] ljleGg 7fpFdf Ifltu|:t
ePsf @! j6f PS;r]~hxsf] Ps jif{ leqdf dd{t ug]{ nIocg'k dd{t sfo{ ;DkGg u/L @)^$ >fj0f
dlxgf;Dd ;]jf ;~rfngdf NofPsf] lyof] .
o;/L dd{t u/L b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfngdf NofOPsf PS;r]~hx o; k|sf/ lyP
! ;lGwvs{ -c3f{vfFrL_ @ emnf/L -s~rgk'/_ # rt/f -;'g;/L_
$ a]zLzx/ -ndh'_ % lbQm]n -vf]6f_ ^ cf]vn9'\uf -cf]vn9'\uf_
& ?Dhf6f/ -cf]vn9'\uf_ * anf}/L -s~rgk'/_ ( bfr'{nf -bfr'{nf_
!) lqe'jgj:tL -s~rgk'/_ !! w'G5] -/;'jf_ !@ dft{8L -afh'/f_
# /fdk'/ -lrtjg_ !$ d+un;]g -c5fd_ !% dfGdf -sflnsf]6_
!^ ;f]n';Nn]/L -;f]n'v'Da'_ !& gfDr] -;f]n'v'Da'_ !* r}gk'/ -aemf_
!( h'Dnf -h'Dnf_ @) uLtfgu/ -lrtjg_ @! /fhfk'/ -alb{of_
@=#=!! sDkgLsf] lk=l;=cf]= ;]jf aGb
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;j{ ;fwf/0fsf] ;'ljwfsf nflu sDkgLsf] kfos kg]{ sfof{noxaf6 lk=l;=cf]=
sfpG6/ ;]jf pknJw u/fO cfPsf] lyof] . t/ clw/fHo e/ df]afOn 6]lnkmf]gsf] Jofks lj:tf/kl5 3/3/df
OG6/g]6 / xftxftdf df]afOn sf] gf/fn] d"t{?k lng' cufj} sfpG6/af6 pknAw lk=l;=cf]= ;]jf gu0o
kdf k|of]u x'g uPaf6 @)^! ;fn kf}if ! ut]b]lv lk=l;=cf]= sfpG6/ ;]jf aGb ul/Psf] lyof] .
@=#=!@ C-DOT Exchange sf] lj:yfkg
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] lj=;+= @)%! ;fnb]lv u|fdL0f PS;r]~hsf kdf :yfkgf u/]sf] C-DOT PS;r]~h
qmlds kdf MSAG / VOIP, DSLAM k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgaf6 lj:yflkt ug{ ;'? uof] . o;} qmddf
@)^^ ;fn r}q dlxgfdf 8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] b'g]df /x]sf] !(@ nfOg Ifdtfsf] C-DOT Exchange nfO{
!*$ nfOg Ifdtfsf] VOIP-DSLAM af6 lj:yflkt u/];Fu} ;Dk"0f{ C-DOT Exchange 6]lnsd g]6js{af6
lj:yflkt x'g uP .
@=#=!# 6\s a'ls ;]jf aGb
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] clw/fHoe/ df]afOn ;]jf / PSTN Telephone ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug{'sf ;fy} s|]l86
lnld6sf] ;'ljwf klg pknJw u/fpg yfNof] . ;fy} STD / ISD ;]jf k|To]s Telephone df pknAw u/fpg
;lsg] ePsf]n] !*), !*^ / !*& gDa/af6 eO/x]sf] 6\s a'ls ;]jf @)^$ ;fn h]i7 dlxgfb]lv aGb
ul/of] .
@=#=!$ ;fj{hlgs 6]lnkmf]gsf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)^$ ;fn kmfNu'0fb]lv lghL If]qsf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng ul/Psf ;fj{hlgs
6]lnkmf]g a'ysf] :jfldTj kl/jt{g u/]sf] lyof] . sl/a @) jif{ cl3b]lv :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg] u/L lghL If]qaf6 ;fj{hlgs 6]lnkmf]g a'y ;~rfng ul/Fb} cfPsf]df sf8{kmf]g ;]jf, klAnssn
;]G6/, GSM tyf CDMA kmf]g ;]jfsf] Jofks kdf lj:tf/ ePsf sf/0f pQm ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf sdL
cfPsfn] 6]lnkmf]gsf] a'y ;~rfnsxn] ;d]t cg'/f]w u/]sf] x'Fbf ;fj{hlgs 6]lnkmf]g a'ydf k|of]u ePsf
6]lnkmf]gsf] :jldTj ;]jf ;~rfns JolQm cyjf ;+:yfsf] gfpFdf kl/jt{g ul/Psf] lyof] .
@=#=!% cfsfzjf0fL, 6]lnlk|G6/ tyf 6]n]S; ;]jf aGb
dflg; la/fdL, d[To' ePsf] va/b]lv sfof{nodf tTsfn ug'{ kg{] sfdsf] cfb]z, lgb{]zgsf nflu klg
cf=jf= ;]jf k|efjsf/L kdf k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . @)$# ;fndf g]kfndf kmofS; ;]jfsf] ;'?cft;Fu}
cf=jf= ;]jfsf] lbguGtL ;'? eO;s]sf] lyof] . cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf / Mobile telephone sf] lj:tf/n]
ubf{ g]kfndf @))^ ;fndf ;'? ePsf] cfsfzjf0fL ;]jf / tt\kZrft rfn" ePsf 6]lnlk|G6/ tyf 6]n]S;
;]jf ;d]t cGttM @)^% ;fn kf}if !& b]lv ;bfsf nflu aGb ePsf lyP .
;fs{ b]zxdWo] ;aeGbf klxn] 6]lnu|fd ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] ef/tn] eAo ;df/f]xsf] cfof]hgf u/L
!% h'nfO{ @)!# b]lv 6]lnu|fd ;]jf -tf/ ;]jf_ aGb u/]sf] lyof] . 6]lnu|fd ;]jf aGb x'g] lbgdf xhf/f}+
;]jfu|fxLn] cfkmGt tyf ldqnfO{ 6]lnu|fd k7fO pT;j dgfPsf lyP eg] csf{lt/ of] ;]jf aGb ubf{ 6]lnu|fd
clkm;sf sd{rf/L / sltko ;j{;fwf/0fn] lj/f]w klg hgfPsf lyP .
blIf0f PlzofnL /fi6dWo] kfls:tfgdf @))^ hgj/Ldf / >Ln\sfdf @)!! h'gdf cfsf;jf0fL
;]jf aGb ePsf] lyof] eg] ;a}eGbf klxn] cf=jf= ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] cd]l/sfdf @))^ hgj/L @& df aGb
ePsf] lyof] .
!$$ jif{ klxn] o;sf] cfljisf/ ug{] a}1flgs :ofldof]n df];{ n] jfl;\u6gdf ;Gb]z k7fP/ ;'?
ul/Psf] 6]lnu|fd ;]jfsf] clGtd ;Gb]z k|]ifs / k|fks b'j} ef/t g} ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !*%) df snsQf /
8fOdG8 xf/a/ aLr ;Dks{ ePkl5 blIf0f Pl;ofdf klxn]kN6 cf}krfl/s kdf of] ;]jf yfngL ePsf] lyof] .
@=$ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf;
ul/aL 36fpg, pBf]u wGbf / Jofkf/, ;'zf;g / ljsf;sf] ult a9fpg, zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{ /
k|hftGq ;'b[9 kfg{ tyf ;dfh, /fHo / hLjgsf cgluGtL sfddf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u clxn] ckl/xfo{
eO;s]sf] 5 . o;}n] g]tf, gLlt lgdf{tfb]lv lnP/ ufpF:t/sf ;r]t tyf lhDd]jf/ JolQmxn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
u'0f ufpg / o;sf] ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 eGg yfn]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] kIfdf olt Jofks
hgdt ag]/ ax';+Vos ;r]t hgtfaf6 z'esfdgf JoQm eP klg o;sf] ljsf; rfx] h:tf] ufpF3/ ;Dd k'Ug
;s]sf] kfO{+b}g . t/ klg ljut #$ jif{ otf df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] Jofks lj:tf/ ePsf] / GPRS, 3G
k|ljlw ;~rfngdf cfPsf sf/0fn] OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] k|of]udf cfzfltt lj:tf/ tyf ;'wf/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
@=$=! ;"rgf k|ljlwdf g]kfn 6]lnsdaf6 ePsf] ljsf;
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] lj=;+= @)%& b]lv 8fon ck OG6/g]6af6 ;'? u/]sf] OG6/g]6 ;]jfnfO{ ;do ;fk]If
;'wf/ ub}{ nu]sf] 5 . ljleGg k|ljlw ckgfO Band width / Coverage a9fPkl5 OG6/g]6 u|fxsxsf]
;+Vof x\jfQ a9]sf] kfOG5 .
@=$=@ ADSL a|f]8AofG8 8f6f ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] OG6/g]6 Ifdtfsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ Pjd\ u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ ug]{ nIocg'k klxnf] k6s
a|f]8AofG8 ;]jfdf cfwfl/t ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) ;]jf @)^% ;fn j}zfv
!& af6 g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ;fwf/0f PSTN 6]lnkmf]gsf u|fxsxnfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))& sf]
CAN Info Tech df g} 6]lnsdn] ADSL ;]jfsf] k|bz{g ubf{ o;n] ;]jfu|fxLdf 7"nf] nf]slk|otf kfPsf]
lyof] . xfn !@* Kbps b]lv %!@ Kbps ;Ddsf] Data Speed pknAw x'g] pQm ;]jf dfl;s jf q}dfl;s
Kofs]hdf pknAw 5g\ .
k|yd r/0fcGtu{t sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf ljleGg #$ j6f 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hxf/f @#,(^*
u|fxsaf6 ;'? ul/Psf] of] ;]jf u|fxsx dfem cToGt nf]slk|o aGg uof] . pkTosf aflx/ klg a|f]8AofG8
8f6f ;]jfsf] dfu x'g yfNof] .
bf];|f] r/0fdf e/tk'/, kf]v/f, e}/xjf, lj/f6gu/, g]kfnu~h / jL/u~hsf u|fxsxnfO{ High Speed
Internet ;]jf pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] . xfn of] ;]jf &% lhNnfdf pknAw 5 .
@=$=# VOLUME Based ADSL ljt/0fsf] ;'?cft
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] u|fxsxnfO{ oyfzSo a9L ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] gLltcg';f/ @)^& ;fn h]i7
!^ ut]b]lv a|f]8AofG8 ;]jfdf cfwfl/t VOLUME Based Broad band data ;]jfsf] ;'?cft u/]sf] 5 .
@=$=$ kmf]g gePsf 7fpFdf OG6/g]6 ;]jf
u|fxsxsf] ;'ljwfsf nflu s]an g]6js{ tyf OG6/g]6 POP (Point of Presence) gePsf 7fpFxdf
klg b"/;~rf/ sDkgLxn] OG6/g]6 dfq k|of]u ug{ ldNg] 8f6fsf8{ pknAw u/fpg yfn]sf 5g\ .
@=$=% WIMAX ;]jf
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @& sflt{s @)^( ;fnsf] bLkfjnLsf] cj;/df WIMAX (Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access) k|ljlwsf] (4G) k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t clwstd @ Mbps Ifdtfsf]
High Speed Broad Band Internet ;]jf ljleGg sDkgL / ;+:yfxnfO{ ljt/0f u/L ;]jf ;~rfngdf
NofPsf] lyof] . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ldlt @)^(.!@.!$ b]lv ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ klg WIMAX k|ljlwsf] Broad
band data ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;'? uof] .
@=$=^ lghL If]qaf6 ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf ;]jfdf lj:tf/
b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# n] b"/;~rf/ If]qdf pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]kl5 b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf ax'/fli6o
sDkgLxsf] nufgL leqg yfNof] . h;cg';f/ ;j{ k|yd UTL / NCELL b'a} b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfos sDkgLsf
kdf :yflkt eP . oL b'j} sDkgLn] EjfO; 6]lnkmf]gsf ;fy} 8f6f ;]jf ;d]t pknJw u/fO k|lt:kwf{
ul//x]sf 5g\ . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ cem} km/flsnf] agfpg @)^( ;fn j}zfv dlxgfb]lv PsLs[t nfO;]G;
k|0ffnL v'nf ul/Psf] 5 .
o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8 (UTL) n]] CDMA k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t tf//lxt k|ljlwsf] lnld6]8 df]ljlnl6
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] 5 eGg] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] d'Vo k|lt:kwL{ NCELL n] GSM k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t
df]afOn ;]jfsf ;fy} 8f6f ;]jfdf klg k|lt:kwf{ ul//x]sf] 5 . EjfO; kl5 8f6f ;]jf cfDbfgLsf] 7"nf]
;|f]t x'g yfn]sfn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfosx aLr 8f6f ;]jfdf k|lt:kwf{ al9/x]sf] 5 . GSM df]afOnsf
k|lt:kwL{ g]kfn 6]lnsd / NCELL b'j} 8f6f ahf/df s]lGb|t x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . df]afOnaf6 OG6/g]6 rnfpg]
u|fxsxdf %) lx:;f g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cf]u6]sf] 5 eg] sl/a $* lx:;f NCELL sf] xftdf 5 . UTL
/ OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfos sDkgLxn] sl/a @ lx:;f cf]u6]sf 5g\ .
@=$=^=! b'u{d ufpFdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ;'?cft
DofU;];] k'/:sf/ ljh]tf dxfjL/ k'gn] ;aeGbf klxn] ;g\ @))# -@)^)_ df cfkm" hGd]sf] ufpF
DofUbL lhNnfsf] gfuLdf a]tf/] k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Od]n tyf OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf pknAw u/fP/ b'u{d ufpFdf
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] yfngL u/]sf lyP . ;'?df JolQm jf ;+:yfn] pknAw u/fPsf k'/fgf sDKo'6/af6 DofUbL
lhNnfsf] pQ/L If]qsf gfuL, /fDr], lx:tfg, lad, l/d, lzv, 3f/f / kfpf/f ufpFsf z}lIfs ;+:yfdf sDKo'6/
Nofa :yfkgf u/L Od]n tyf OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] . oxfFsf z}lIfs ;+:yfdf tf//lxt
OG6/g]6 h8fg ePsf]df ljBfyL{x klg lgs} pT;flxt ePsf lyP . ufpFdf a;] klg Od]n tyf OG6/g]6sf]
kx'Frn] oxfFsf ljBfyL{x ljZj;Fu glhlsg kfPsf lyP . ko{6sLo If]q DofUbL lhNnfsf] vf]k|f n]sdf
klg dxfjL/ k'gsf] ;+:yfn] OG6/g]6sf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fPsfn] ljb]zL ko{6sx nfeflGjt ePsf lyP .
;g\ @))# b]lv dxfjL/ k'gn] b'u{d ufpFaf6 ;'? u/]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr j[l4 ug]{ cleofgcGtu{t
jfo/n]; ;~hfnaf6 afUn', kj{t, d':tf, u'NdL, /fd]5fk, g'jfsf]6, :ofhf, tgx'F, gjnk/f;L, dsjfgk'/
nufot !# lhNnfsf ;"rgfsf] kx'Fraf6 6f9f /x]sf sl/a !%) b'u{d ufpFdf OG6/g]6 ;]jf;Fu} Osd;{,
O6'l/Hd, Od]l8l;g, qm]l86 sf8{, 6fGh]S;g l;:6d h:tf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ eof] .
OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 lxdfnL tyf kxf8L If]qsf oL ufpFsf hgtfn] ufpFd} a;]/ ;:tf], l56f] / e/kbf]{
tj/n] 6]lnd]l8l;g dfkm{t pkrf/ ;]jf lng'sf ;fy} ljb]zdf /x]sfx;Fu ;xh} ;Dks{ ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;fy}
s[ifsxn] OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] laqmL k|j4{g ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
@=$=^=@ Telecentre sf] :yfkgf
h;/L STD / ISD ;]jfx ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 clw/fHoe/ PCO ;]jf lj:tf/sf] nx/ rNof] To:t}
OG6/g]6 tyf Od]n ;]jf ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 Tele-centre (Community centre) ;~rfngdf klg nx/
rNof] . gu/If]qleq uNnL uNnLdf Cyber Cafe v'Ng yfn] . Tele-centre n] 6]lnkmf]g, 6\s afx]s ofS;,
kmf]6f]skL, OG6/g]6, Od]n ;]jfx k|bfg ug{ yfNof] . g]kfndf klg ljleGg ;+:yfx UNDP, RONAST, NTA
cflbsf] cu'jfOdf b]zsf ljleGg Jofkfl/s s]Gb|, uf=lj=;=xdf Tele-centre sf] :yfkgf eof] . of] k|s[of
cem} klg rfln/x]sf] 5 . t/ oL Tele-centre xsf] ;~rfngsf] plrt Joj:yf / Joj;foLs/0f gePsf
sf/0f w]/} :yfgxdf ;]jf ;~rfng ul/Psf] s]xL ;dokl5 g} pQm ;]jf s]Gb|x aGb x'g k'u] . xfn ;Lldt
:yfgdf dfq oL s]Gb|x ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
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ljlwjt\ x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] .
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ln\s cfa4 ug{] of]hgf /Xof] . o; cfof]hgfaf6 t/fO{ e]usf !* j6f lhNnfsf &* tyf kf6g u]6j]
;d]t u/L hDdf (& j6f PS;r]~hx /fli6o g]6js{df cfa4 x'g] ePsf lyP .
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s]an k|of]u u/]/ pks/0f dfq kl/jt{g u/L kl5 cfjZostf cg';f/ oy]i6 dfqfdf Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ ;lsg]
5 . clK6sn kmfOa/ s]ansf nflu # j6f HDPE LUBRICATED DUCT la5\ofpg] sfo{ ePsf] / pQm
8S6xdWo] Pp6f 8S6df @$ Core Optical Fibre Armoured Cable h8fg ul/Psf] lyof] .
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Agency sf kdf rog u/]sf] lyof] . ef/t ;/sf/n] o; cfof]hgfsf nflu Ps hgf Project Consultant
;'kl/j]Ifssf] lgo'lQm u/]sf] lyof] .
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:t/df hUuf, pks/0f h8fg ug{] :yfg, ljB't\ cflbsf] Joj:yf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgLn] u/fPsf lyof] . of]
cfof]hgf lgwf{l/t @ jif{leq ;DkGg xf];\ eGg] x]t'n] k"jL{, dWo / klZrdL If]q u/L # If]qdf sfo{ ljefhg
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tyf pks/0fx h8fg ug]{ sfo{ nIocg'k ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
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k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{ clK6sn kmfOa/ cfof]hgfsf] sfd ;g\ @))@ df ;'? eO nIocg'k ;g\
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la5\ofpg] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .
k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{df la5\ofOPsf] clK6sn kmfOa/ ln\snfO{ ljB't\ k|flws/0fsf] OPGW
dfkm{t sf7df8f}F;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . o; sfo{n] SDH pks/0faf6 ljleGg PS;r]~hx (79 Stations)
k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{sf] clK6sn kmfOa/ ln\sdf hf]l8Psf] lyof] . k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{ clK6sn kmfOa/
g]6js{ ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 dfOqmf]j]e ln\saf6 ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] cGtb]{zLo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf clK6sn
kmfOa/ g]6js{ dfkm{t klg ;~rfng x'g yfn]sf] 5 . of] cfof]hgf ;DkGg ePkl5 g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfn]
gofF km8\sf] df/]sf] / g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg lgs} d2t ePsf] lyof] .
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clK6sn kmfOa/ cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ rLg ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg ;xof]ucGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
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Exchange Letter cfbfg k|bfg eO !^ cu:t @))$ df ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
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tyf l8hfOg ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 tTsfnLg g]kfn 6]lnsdsf k|aGw
lgb{]zsnfO{ clVtof/L k|bfg ul/Pcg'k & l8;]Da/ @))% df lrlgofF kIfaf6 The Second Survey tyf
Design, Institute of China Railways tyf g]kfnL kIfaf6 g]kfn 6]lnsdsf k|aGw lgb{]zs >L ;'ut/Tg
s+;fsf/ aLr pQm cfof]hgfsf] Survey tyf Design ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
ldq /fi6 rLg ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf sf7df8f}Fb]lv rLgsf] Zjzfl;t If]q ltAatsf] vf;f;Dd clK6sn
kmfOa/ tyf 6fG;ld;g pks/0f h8fg ug{] of]hgfcg'k lrlgofF k|fljlws ;j{] 6f]nL / g]kfn 6]lnsdsf
OlGhlgo/xf/f ;+o'Qm kdf Preliminary Survery tyf Design sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] .
sf7df8f}Fsf] ;'Gwf/fb]lv tftf]kfgL;Dd hDdf !^ j6f SDH MSTP pks/0fx h8fg ePsf] / o;
cfof]hgfdf #^ sf]/sf] clK6sn kmfOa/ la5\ofOPsf] lyof] . STM-16 pks/0f ;'Gwf/f tflnd s]Gb|, sf]6]Zj/,
ag]kf / nfdf];fF3' u/L hDdf % j6f :yfgxdf, STM-4 l7dL / eQmk'/ @ :yfgdf / STM-I, ( :yfgdf h8fg
ePsf 5g\ . DATA Back bone sf nflu ;'Gwf/f tflnd s]Gb|, l7dL, eQmk'/, ag]kf / nfdf];fF3' df POP sf]
Joj:yf ePsfn] / o;af6 OG6/g]6 lnh nfOg, a|f]8 Aof08 ;]jfx pknAw u/fpg ;'ne ePsf] b]lvG5 .
@=%=% c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ clK6sn kmfOa/ cfof]hgf x:tfGt/0f
tTsfnLg ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqL >L s[i0faxfb'/ dx/f / tTsfnLg g]kfnsf nflu rLgsf /fhb"t
lemof lem lngn] rLg ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf sf7df8fF}b]lv c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ x'Fb} ltAatsf] vf;f;Dd
hf]8\g] clK6sn kmfOa/ s]an la5\ofpg] sfo{sf] ;+oQ' m kdf @)^$ ;fn df3 ( ut] w'lnv]naf6 z'ef/De
ug{'ePsf] lyof] . @)^% ;fn efb|df cfof]hgfsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd ;DkGg eO @)^% ;fn efb| !# ut] cy{
dGqfnodf cfof]lht Ps sfo{qmddf !!% lsld nfdf] c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ clK6sn kmfOa/ cfof]hgf
tTsfnLg g]kfnsf nflu rLgsf /fhb"t b] l;oflngn] tTsfnLg cy{ dGqfnosf ;lrj >L/fd]Zj/
vgfnnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{'ePsf] lyof] .
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tof/ ePsf] 5 . sf7df8f}Fb]lv tftf]kfgLsf aLrdf kg{] ;Dk"0f{ PS;r]~hx clK6sn g]6js{df cfj4 x'g]
dfq xf]Og vf; u/L of] cfof]hgfaf6 cGt/f{li6o b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;:tf] tyf e/kbf{] d"Nodf pknAw x'g] yk
cfwf/ tof/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
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bL3{sfnLg kdf g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf w]/} cj;/xsf] 9f]sf v'Ng;Sg] b]lvG5 . o; cfof]hgfn]
g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/nfO{ ljZj b"/;~rf/ g]6js{df yk clK6sn ?6af6 cfa4 u/fpg d2t ug{]5 .
o; cfof]hgfdf rLg ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 RMB @ s/f]8 %$ nfv / g]kfn 6]lnsdsf tkm{af6 sl/a
?= @ s/f]8 %) nfv vr{ ePsf] lyof] .
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g]kfn ;/sf/n] b"/;~rf/ If]qnfO{ ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf kdf u|x0f u/]sf] 5 . cToGt
sl7g ef}uf]lns cj:yf ePsf] xfd|f] b]z g]kfnsf nflu Pp6f dxjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/sf kdf /x]sf] b"/;~rf/
If]q lghL If]qnfO{ ;d]t v'nf ul/;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf cfpFbf lbgdf hl6n k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f l;h{gf
x'g] b]lvG5 . ctM cfpFbf lbgxdf b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg a9L ;hu eO u|fxsxsf] rfxgf cg';f/ gofFgofF
;]jfx lj:tf/ ug]{ dfq xf]Og pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 u/L u'0f:t/df ;d]t oyf]lrt\ ;'wf/ ug{ ;sf];\ eg]/
g]kfn ;/sf/n]] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ sDkgLdf kl/0ft ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL lg0f{o cg';f/
sDkgL P]gcGtu{t @)^) ;fn df3 @@ ut] sDkgL /lh:6f/sf] sfof{nodf btf{ ul/of] . g]kfn b"/;~rf/
;+:yfgnfO{ sDkgLdf kl/0ft u/L lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpFb} hfg] / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj 36fpFb}
n}hfg] ;~rf/ gLlt @)^) cg';f/ @)^! ;fn j}zfv ! ut]b]lv g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg lj36g eP/
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8 df kl/0ft eof] . sDkgLn] o;sf] a|fG8 gfd g]kfn 6]lnsd /fVof] .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] k|aGw lgb]{zsdf >L ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/nfO{ lgo'Qm
uof] . o;sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no eb|sfnL Knfhf b"/;~rf/ ejgfdf /Xof] . sDkgLsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
u7gljlw o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5
sDkgLsf] lgodfjnL cg';f/ ;~rfns ;ldltdf ;+:yfks z]o/wgL dWo]af6 kfFr hgf, sd{rf/L
z]o/wgL dWo]af6 Ps hgf, ;j{;fwf/0f z]o/wgL dWo]af6 Ps hgf u/L s'n ;ft hgf ;~rfns /xg]
Joj:yf 5 . sDkgLsf] klxnf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g o; k|sf/ ePsf] lyof]
!= >L d's'Gb zdf{ kf}8]n, ;lrj, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno cWoIf
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^= >L gGb xl/ zdf{, PSh's]l6e 8fO/]S6/, gful/s nufgL sf]if ;b:o
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a9\b} uPsf] sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ ljleGg ;dodf sDkgLsf] ;+/rgfdf klg kl/jt{g x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
sDkgLdf kl/0ft x'g' eGbf cufl8 h'g ;\u7g rf6{ nfu" lyof], ;+:yfg sDkgLdf kl/0ft ePkl5 ;f]xL
;\u7g rf6{ nfu" eof] / sDkgLsf] k|dv
' df h]g]/n Dofg]h/ sf] ;6\6f Dofg]lh 8fO/]S6/ pNn]v ul/Psf]
lyof] eg] cGo s]xL kbsf] gfd klg kl/jt{g ul/Psf] lyof] .
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sDkgLdf kl/0ft eP nuQ} sDkgLn] cfgf]] Vision g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ ;"rgf tyf k|ljlwsf If]qdf
cu|0fL :yfgdf sfod /fvL /fVg] / p2]Zo (Goal) b]zsf] s'gf sfKrfdf ;/n / ;'ne b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
pknJw u/fpg] /x]sf] hgfPsf]] 5 . o;sf nflu Psflt/ ahf/sf] dfu cg';f/ u|fxsd"lv ;]jfsf] lj:tf/
ug{ h?/L 5 eg] To:t} gofFgofF ;]jfxsf] lj:tf/, dd{t, ;Def/ Pjd\ ;~rfngsf nflu gofF ;+/rfgsf]
klg cfjZostf x'G5 . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;qmd;Fu} d'n'ssf] b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ljleGg ;]jf k|bfosx
aLr k|lt:kwf{Tds aftfj/0f l;h{gf e};s]sfn] e}/x]sf] ;+:yfsf] ;\u7gnfO{ klg k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf
sfd ug{ ;Sg] lx;fan] j}1flgs k4ltdf cfwfl/t ;d;fdlos, r':t, pQ/bfoL / sfdsf] k|s[ltcg'ksf]
;\u7g agfpg cfjZos b]lvG5 .
o;}n] ;+:yfg sDkgLdf kl/0ft ePkl5 tfn's dGqfnon] sDkgLsf] k'gu{7g s:tf] lsl;dn] ug{
pko'Qm x'G5 egL ;'dmfpgsf nflu k|:tfj cfXjfg u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf nflu lgo'Qm k/fdz{bftf Pentascope
International n] sDkgLsf] k'gu{7gsf nflu ljleGg ;'dmfpx k|:t't u/]sf lyP . d"ntM k/fdz{bftfn] ;]jfdf
cfwfl/t pQ/bfoL ;\u7g u7g ug{ ;'dmfp lbPsf lyP . kl5 o;} k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df Administrative
Sta College hfjnfv]naf6 klg yk k|ltj]bg lnOPsf] lyof] . clxn] sDkgLdf u7g ul/Psf gofF
lgb]{zgfnox oLg} k/fdz{bftfxsf] ;'dmfpxcg'k eO/x]sf] a'ldmG5 .
-g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] ;+u7g rf6{ tn k[i7 @)^ df lbOPsf] 5_
#=@=! df]afOn ;]jf lgb]{zgfnosf] u7g
g]kfn 6]lnsddf ljleGg gofF ;]jfx leq\ofpg u7g ul/Psf] gofF ;]jf lgb]{zgfnoaf6 ;'?df GSM
Mobile ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ / ;~rfngsf cnfjf 8f6f ;]jf -OG6/g]6 ;]jf_ klg ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .
t/ df]afOn ;]jfsf] clw/fHoJofkL a9\bf] dfunfO{ b[li6ut ul/ kl5 Data ;]jfnfO{ @)^# ;fn cfiff9 !
ut]b]lv sDKo'6/ tyf laln ljefucGtu{t /flvof]] . @)^# ;fn >fj0f !^ ut] gofF ;]jf lgb]{zgfnosf] gfd
kl/jt{g ul/ df]afOn ;]jf lgb]{zgfno /flvof]] . ;'?df gofF ;]jf lgb]{zgfnosf] clkm; g]kfn OlGhlgol/
P;f]l;o;gsf] k"Nrf]s l:yt ejgdf g} /flvPsf] lyof] .
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/ lgb]{zgfnoaf6 ;d]t ;~rfng eO/x]sf lyP . df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g, OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] laln, df]afOn ;]jf
lgb]{zgfno / CDMA 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] laln, jfo/n]; ;]jf lgb]{zgfno dfkm{t eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df oL
;a} sfo{x Pp6} lgsfoaf6 u/fpg sDKo'6/ ljefu / laln ljefunfO{ ;d]t ufe]/ ;"rgf tyf k|ljlw
lgb]{zgfnosf] u7g lj=;+= @)^% ;fn >fj0f % ut] eof] . lgb]{zgfno u7g ePkl5 g]kfn 6]lnsdsf]
Computerized Joj:yf cem ;'b[9 u/]/ n]vf tyf hgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf k"0f{tof paperless system df
Joj:yfkg ug{ Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) sf nflu afXo Vendor dfkm{t 6]08/f/f cfk"lt{
Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . Financial Accounting System df CBS nfO{ cfj4 u/L g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] n]vf
k"0f{kdf computerized eO;s]sf] 5 . cf=j=@)^*/^(sf] n]vf ERP af6 tof/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn
6]lnsdn] k|bfg u/]sf ;a} ;]jfxsf] Pp6} lan lbg] p2]Zo cg';f/ Convergent real time billing system
v/Lb u/L ;~rfng k|lqmofdf /x]sf] 5 .
#=@=# PSTN lgb]{zgfnosf] u7g
sG;n6]G6 k]G6f:sf]kn] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] Organaization Re-Structuring ;DaGwdf u/]sf] cWoog
k|ltj]bg cg';f/ / g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;\u7gdf s] s:tf] kl/jt{g ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 ;f] ;DaGwdf g]kfn
k|zfzlgs k|lti7fgn] klg :ynut cWoog ul/ k|ltj]bg k]z u/] cg';f/ skf]{/]6 clkm; / ljlhg]; o'lg6x
cnu ug]{ ;'emfp lbOPsf] lyof] . ;f]cg';f/ PSTN ;]jfx ;'b[9 ug]{ p2]Zocg'k s]Gb|Lo sfof{no cGtu{t
/x]sf fixed line sf b"/;~rf/ of]hgfx sfof{Gjog ug]{ :jLlr cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ljefu, g]6js{
cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ljefu, clK6sn cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ljefuxn] ub}{ cfPsf ;Dk"0f{ cfof]hgfsf]
sfd ug]{ u/fpg] tyf P:;]; g]6js{ Knflg ljefusf] sfd ;d]t ug]{ u/fpg] ul/ @)^^ ;fn d+;L/ @! ut]sf]
lg0f{o cg';f/ @)^^ ;fn d+;L/ @( ut]b]lv PSTN lgb]{zgfnosf] u7g ePsf] b]lvG5 .
#=@=$ :of6]nfO6 ;]jf lgb]{zgfnosf] u7g
sDkgLn] u|fld0f tyf zx/L If]qdf :of6]nfO6 k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;]jfx la:tf/ ug]{ sfo{ u|fdL0f
;]jf lgb]{zgfno / cGt/f{li6o ;]jf ljefuaf6 ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . Pp6} k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ;]jfx cnu
cnu ljefuaf6 x'g'eGbf Pp6} ljefuaf6 x'Fbf Fast Deployment x'g uO nIocg'k ;]jf lj:tf/ x'g;Sg]
dd{t, ;Def/sf] sfo{ r':t x'g] tyf ;~rfng vr{ ;d]t sd x'g] ePsfn] plNnlvt b'a} ljefunfO{ Pp6}
ljefucGt{ut /fVg] u/L ldlt )^%.)*.!( df :of6]nfO6 ;]jf lgb]{zgfnosf] :yfkgf u/L VSAT, DSAT
Satellite h:tf sfo{x oxL lgb]{zgfnoaf6 x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .
#=@=%sd{rf/L ;\u7gsf] e"ldsf
g]kfndf ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf;Fu} ljleGg ;+:yfut ;\u7g v'Ng] qmd klg a9\of] . o; cl3
d'n'sdf k]zfut ;\u7g vf]Ng lgif]w lyof] . @)$^ ;fn r}q @* ut] b"/;~rf/ PS;g sldl6sf] gfdn]
v'nf kdf ;\u7gsf] ;'?cft eof] . @)$& ;fn h]i7 ^ ut] ;+3sf] gfd b"/;~rf/ :jtGq sd{rf/L ;+3 /
@)$& ;fn d+l;/df g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;+3 /Xof] . oxL ;+3 kl5 @)$& kmfNu'0fdf ljlwjt
btf{ eO k|df]b s'df/ u'?sf] g]t[Tjdf !& ;b:oLo s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt lgjf{lrt eof] . t/ l56\6} d'n'ssf] k]zfut
;\u7gxdf /fhgLlts k|s[lt xfjL x'g yfNof] . 7"nf /fhgLlts kf6L{xf/f :jfy{ k"lt{sf nflu cfgf]
5ftfcGtu{t k]zfut ;\u7g v'nfpg] qmd a9\of] . o;n] ubf{ d"n ;+:yf, ;:yfgsf] ;+/rgf sdhf]/ x'Fb}
uof] / gLltut, ;fd"lxs lxteGbf klg JolQmut / kf6L{ut ;+:sf/ xfjL eP/ sd{rf/L ;\u7g u7gsf] d"n
p2]Zo g} w/fkdf kg{ uPsf] dx;'; x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . oBlk b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf ljleGg ;\u7gxn] a]nf
a]nfdf u/]sf] cfGbf]ng / e"ldsf s]xL xb;Dd ;/fxgLo /x]sf] klg 5 .
o'lgogxaf6 ePsf s]xL dxjk"0f{;s/fTds sfo{x
-s_ ;+:yfgsf] ;]jfdf Jofks lj:tf/ eP;Fu} cfly{s l:ylt dha't xF'b} uPtf klg sd{rf/Lsf]
;]jf;'ljwfdf cfzftLt j[l4 x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . kl5 sd{rf/L ;\u7gxsf] ;sf/fTds / bjfjd"ns
e"ldsfsf sf/0f sd{rf/Lxn] cfjZos ;'ljwfx k|fKt ug{ ;kmn eP .
-v_ @)%) ;fndf >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6o u]6j] PS;r]~h nufot b"/;~rf/ ;DaGwL cGo
;]jfx lghL If]qnfO{ ;~rfng ug{ lbgsf nflu RFPD k|:tfj kq cfJxfg u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf lj?4
cGt/ ;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;+3 /fli6o ;ldltsf tk{maf6 tTsfnLg cWoIf s"n axfb'/ cfrfo{ -;+:yfgsf
sd{rf/L_ af6 ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ul/Psf] / ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] pQm unt lg0f{o vf/]h u/]sf]
lyof] . o;}tfsf oL g} ljifoxnfO{ dWogh/ u/L sd{rf/Lx %@ lbg;Dd x8\tfndf pqg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] pbf/Ls/0f x'g' x'Fb}g eGg] lyPg . ;+:yfgnfO{ k"0f{ :jfoQtf k|bfg u/]/ dfq pbf/Ls/0f
ug{ dgfl;a x'g] ts{ lyof] . t/ cfh oltsf jif{ lalt;Sbf / ;+:yfgaf6 sDkgLdf kl/0ft e} ;Sbf klg
:jfoQtf cdm} 6f9fsf] j:t' ag]sf] 5 .
-u_ ;+:yfgn] @)%^ ;fn j};fv @( ut] df]afOn ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ cg'dlt kfPsf] sl/a !&
dlxgfkl5 k|flws/0fn] g]kfnsf] v]tfg u|'k ;+nUg :kfO; g]kfn k|f=ln=nfO{ df]afOn ;]jf ;~rfng ug{
kfpg] u/L cfzokq lbof] .
-3_ @)%& ;fn kf}if !# ut] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sd{rf/L ;+3sf tkm{af6 cWoIf 6+snfn >]i7n]
;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf v]tfg u'|knfO{ df]afOn ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ lbPsf] cg'dlt kqsf] lj?4 d'2f
bfo/ ul/Psf] lyof] . d'2f bfo/ ug'{ kg]{ sf/0fx
!= ;+:yfgn] ;]jf ;'? ul/;s]sf] cj:yf / o;/L ;]jf ;~rfng ePsf] % jif{ glaTb} csf]{ ;]jf
k|bfosnfO{ ;]jf ;'? ug{ lbg gldNg] P]gdf Joj:yf ePsf],
@= 5gf}6 ePsf] csf]{ ;]jf k|bfossf] cg'ej, of]Uotf, saf]n u/]sf] /sd -cg'dlt kq b:t'/, /f]oN6L
b:t'/, gljs/0f b:t'/_ ljZj;gLo gePsf], d"Nof\sg k|lqmof q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf],
#= ;+:yfg k"0f{ ;/sf/L :jfldTj /x]sf] ;+:yf ePsf], ;'?b]lv g} b]zsf] ;jf{\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu
u|fdL0f If]qdf ;d]t ;]jf k'ofpFb} cfPsf]df o;sf] eljio k|lt ;r]t e} ;'wf/fTds Joj:yf g} gu/L lghL
If]q;Fu k|lt:kwf{df n}hfg' Gofof]lrt gePsf],
$=gofF ;]jf k|bfosn] saf]n u/]sf] /sd a/fa/ ;+:yfgn] ;d]t ltg{' kg]{ zt{ /x]sf] .
-_ VSAT ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ cg'dlt kfP nuQ} d'n'sdf cGt/f{li6o sn Bypass x'g] u}/sfg'gL
lqmofsnfk a9]sf], b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] /fh:j ^) k|ltzt ;]jf of]ubfg /x]sf] cGt/f{li6o ;]jfdf ;g\
!((( sf] gf]e]Da/ dlxgfdf @*,&%,%^( ldg]6 lyof] eg] 36\g]qmd ;'? eP/ @))) gf]e]Da/df hDdf (,)
(,&*) dfq sn ePsf] lyof] . o;/L Call Bypass x'g] u}/sfg'gL sfo{nfO{ xtf]T;fx ug{, o:tf lqmofsnfk
ug{] JolQm, ;+:yf kQf nufpg sd{rf/L ;+u7gn] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .
#=# ;fdflhs bfloTjcGtu{t g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] of]ubfg
#=#=! z}lIfs ljsf;df sDkgLsf] of]ubfg
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr u|fdL0f If]q;Dd k'ofP/ ;f] If]qsf afnaflnsfxnfO{ ;"rgf k|ljlw;Fu kl/lrt
u/fO ;Lksnfsf] clea[l4 u/fpg ;xof]u k'ofpg] p2]Zon] sDkgLn] ljleGg u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf ljBfnonfO{
sDKo'6/ pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . cf=j=)^&.^* df @@ yfg sDKo'6/ ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] eg], zxLb
k|lti7fg g]kfncGtu{t ;~rflnt ljleGg kfFrj6f ljBfnonfO{ b|'t ultsf] OG6/g]6 ;]jf (ADSL) / b]zsf
b'u{d lhNnfsf ljleGg ;fd'bflos ljBfnoxdf lgMz'Ns OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . cf=a=
)^%.^^ df ?d 6' l/8 / Sjfnsd;Fusf] ;xsfo{df s]xL ;fj{hlgs ljBfnodf CDMA k|ljlwsf] EVDO
(Evolutionary data Optimized) OG6/g]6 ;]jf lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy}} ljleGg ;fdflhs ;+3
;+:yfxnfO{ ADSL Modem, Computer / Printer pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] .
#=#=@= v]ns'b If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ sDkgLsf] cu|;/tf
v]ns'b If]qsf] Joj;flos kdf ljsf;af6 dfq v]nf8Lxsf] v]n hLjg ;Ddfghgs agfpg
;xof]u k'Ub5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ sDkgLn] cufl8 a9fpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df o'jfxsf] cfsif{0f
/x]sf] km'6an v]nsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'ofpg] p2]Zon] ljut # jif{b]lv sDkgLn] g]kfn k|xl/sf] k'?if
k'm6an l6dnfO{ jflif{s !^ nfv lbP/ k|fof]hg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . To:t} lqms]6 v]nsf] ljsf;sf nflu /fli6o
lqms]6 l6d / g]kfn lqms]6 ;+3nfO{ klg ;xof]u ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o;af6 km'6an tyf lqms]6 v]nf8LxnfO{
k|f]T;fxg k'Ug] / v]n hLjgk|lt cfzf hufpg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .
#=#=#= k|fs[lts k|sf]k Pjd\ af9L lk8LtxnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u / lgMz'Ns 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
dfgjLo ;+j]bgzLntf k|lt sDkgLn] cfkm'nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] k|of; ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . af9L, klx/f],
k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] k|efj af6 lj:yfkgdf k/]sf JolQmxsf] p4f/sf nflu sDkgLn] ;+:yfut kdf ;xof]u
k'ofpg'sf ;fy} sDkgLdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LxnfO{ JolQmut kdf ;xefuL u/fO gub ;xof]u pknAw
u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
sDkgLdf cfj4 ;]jfu|fxLxnfO{ klg SMS Donation sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ;xof]udf ;xefuL x'g
d2t k'ofPsf] 5 . @)^% efb|df sf]zL gbLdf cfPsf] af9Laf6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf] p4f/sf nflu sDkgLn]
;+:yfut kdf Psd'i7 ? @% nfv / sDkgLsf sd{rf/Lxsf tkm{af6 ?= !% nfv k|wfgdGqL /fxtsf]if
dfkm{t ;xof]u k'ofPsf] lyof] eg] ;f]xL cjlwdf lj1fkg Ph]G;L ;+3;Fusf] ;xsfo{df SMS Donation
dfkm{t k|fKt /sd ;\sng u/L ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] .
sf7df8f}Fdf cfPsf] e"sDksf sf/0f n}grf}/ l:yt la|l6z b"tfjf;sf] kvf{n n8\bf d[To'j/0f u/]sf
JolQmsf kl/jf/nfO{ k|lt kl/jf/ ? @%,))). sf] b/n] ;xof]u k'ofPsf] lyof] .
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;Ktsf]zL gbLsf] af9Lsf] k|sf]kdf k/]sf af9L kLl8txnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]usf
cltl/Qm cfkTsfnLg lzlj/xdf a:b} cfPsf af9L kLl8txnfO{ dfgjLo b[li6n] ;xof]u k'ofpg] qmddf
g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L dfkm{t kfl/jfl/s ;Dks{sf] k'gM :yfkgfsf nflu @)^% ;fn efb|df $% j6f
CDMA lkmS:8 lk|k]8 kmf]g lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] .
#=#=$= :jf:Yo ;]jfsf nflu ;xof]u / /Qmbfg sfo{qmd
/utsf] cefjdf ljkGg / czQm JolQmn] Hofg u'dfpg' gk/f];\ / ;dodf /utsf] pknAwtf ;xh /
;/n xf];\ eGg] p2]Zoaf6 sDkgLn] ljlEfGg ;dodf /Qmbfg sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/L g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L
/Qm;~rf/ s]Gb|df /ut ;\sng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljut @ bzsb]lv jflif{s pT;jsf] cj;/df sDkgLn]
/Qmbfg sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/L /Qm ;\sngdf ;xof]u k'ofpg'sf ;fy} sDkgLdf sfo{/t s{drf/Lxn]
/utsf] dxj / ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ sd{rf/L o'lgog dfkm{t /Qm;\sng sfo{df ;xefuL eP/
k|ToIf kdf ;xof]u k'ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
#=#=%= ljljw If]qdf ;xsfo{
ljZj jftfj/0f lbj;, dfgj clwsf/ lbj;, >d lbj;, ljZj ;/;kmfO lbj;, Ifo/f]u lbj; nufot
dfgj :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs hLjgsf dxjKf"0f{ cj:yfsf] ;'wf/sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ Pjd\ lghL If]qaf6
cfof]hgf ul/g] hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdnfO{ a9L eGbf a9L ;/f]sf/ jfnfsf] kx'Frdf k'ofO gful/s hLjg
;'/lIft u/fpgsf nflu sDkgLn] lgMz'Ns kdf SMS ;Dk|]if0f u/fO of]ubfg k'ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
#=#=^= lqe'jg ljdfg:yndf lgMz'Ns 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;fdflhs bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf lqe'jg ljdfg:yndf % j6f lgMz'Ns 6]lnkmf]g
;]jf ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . lqe'jg cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynaf6 ljb]z hfg] tyf ljb]zaf6 g]kfn cfpg]
ofq'xsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL $ j6f 6]lnkmf]g ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . o;dWo] cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf]
cfudg / alxu{dg sIfdf @@ j6f 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ePsf 5g\ . o;}u/L cfGtl/s ljdfg:yn sIfdf klg
Pp6f 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ul/Psf] 5 . oL kmf]gxaf6 Ps k6sdf # ldg]6;Dd lgMz'Ns s'/f ug{ ;slG5 .
$= dx;'n b/df kl/dfh{g tyf s6f}tL
$=! OYT b:t'/df s6f}tL
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] u|fxsxnfO{ ;x'lnot b/df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] gLltcg'k @)^!
;fn h]i7 $ ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L OYT k|yfaf6 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ubf{ lnFb} cfPsf] cltl/Qm z'Ns ?=
!),))) nfO{ 36fP/ ?= %))) sfod u/]sf] lyof] . xfn of] k|yf k|rngdf gePsf] / dfu cg';f/ 6]lnkmf]g
lbg ;Sg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g uPsf] 5 .
$=@ df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dx;'n b/ kl/jt{g
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfgf u|fxsxnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo / ;x'lnotk"0f{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpFb}
hfg] l;nl;nfdf ;do ;dodf dx;'n b/df kl/jt{g u/]sf] kfOG5 . @)^! ;fn c;f/ ! ut]b]lv df]afOn
6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dx;'n b/df s]xL s6f}tL u/L lgDgfg';f/ kl/jt{g u/]sf] 5
kf]:6k]8 df]afOn 6]lnkmf]gsf] dfl;s dx;'n ?= %)) lnFb} cfPsf]df dfl;s dx;'n oyfjt\\ /fvL
dfl;s ?= !)) ;Ddsf] 5'6 snsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To:t} Po/ 6fod rfh{sf] b//]6df klg
s6f}tL u/]sf] 5 .
PSTN af6 Post Paid df]afOndf Normal Hour (8:am - 8:pm) df x'g] cfudg snsf] ljBdfg
Air Time Charge k|lt ldg]6 ?=@ af6 36fP/ ?=! sfod u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
PSTN af6 Pre-Paid df]afOndf Normal Hour (8:am-8:pm) df x'g] cfudg snsf] ljBdfg
Air Time Charge k|lt ldg]6 ?= @=$) af6 36fP/ ?= !=@) sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
Pre-Paid df]afOndf klg O Hour (8:00pm - 8:00am) df x'g] cfudg snsf] ljBdfg Air
Time Charge 36fP/ lgMz'Ns ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] df]afOnaf6 POST-Paid df]afOndf x'g] Normal Hour (8:-am-8:pm) df x'g]
cfudg snsf] Air Time Charge k|lt ldg]6 ^) k};f sfod u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfgf u|fxsxnfO{ ;'ljwf lbg] l;nl;nfdf @)^! ;fn df3 ! ut]b]lv kf]:6k]8
df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf lnFb} cfPsf] Go"gtd dfl;s dx;'n ?= %)) df ?= @%) a/fa/sf] lk|m
6s 6fod 5'6 ug'{sf ;fy} w/f}6L /sd / cGo ;]jfsf] dx;'ndf ;d]t lgDgfg';f/ s6f}tL u/]sf]
b]lvG5
df]afOn ;]jf gofF b/ k'/fgf] b/
nf]sn tyf STD ?= #,))) ?= %,)))
ISD ;]jfsf] nflu ?= %,))) ?= !%,)))
:jfldTj kl/jt{g b:t'/ ?= !,^!) ?= @,^%)
gDa/ kl/jt{g b:t'/ ?= %%) ?= !,%$)
$=# cGtb{]zLo 6\s dx;'ndf s6f}tL

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] zx/ tyf zx/f]Gd'v uf=lj=;=df cfef/e"t PSTN 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug'{sf
;fy} @)) lsld / @)) lsld eGbf a9L b"/Lsf] cyf{t ;d"x u cGtu{tsf] lalhg]; cfj/df x'g] cGtb{]zLo
6\s ;]jfsf] dx;'n b/df sl/a @* k|ltztn] s6f}tL u/L pkef]QmfnfO{ ;x'lnot k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
k'/fgf] k|rlnt dx;'n b/ ?= ( k|lt ldg]6 /x]sf]df @)^! c;f]h !% b]lv ?= ^=%) sfod u/]sf] 5 .
;d"x u sf] gofF dx;'n b/
;do dx;'n b/ k|lt ldg]6
lalhg]; cfjf/ )* b]lv !* ah];Dd ?= ^=%)
gd{n cfj/ )^ b]lv )* / !* ah]b]lv @@ ah];Dd ?= %
ckm cfj/ @@ ah]b]lv )^ ;Dd ?= #
nls ;'ljwf lgMz'Ns
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfgf u|fxsxnfO{ yk ;x'lnot lbFb} hfg] l;nl;nfdf PSTN 6]lnkmf]g
;]jfdf nls sf]8 jfkt ;'?df Ps k6s lnOFb} cfPsf] z'Ns ?= !)) @)^! ;fn
sflt{sb]lv k"0f{ kdf x6fPsf] 5 .
6]lnkmf]g ;]6sf] d"Nodf %) hlt s6f}tL
g]kfn 6]lnsdaf6 laqmL ljt/0f ul/Fb} cfPsf 6]lnkmf]g ;]6sf] d"Nodf klg @)^! ;fnb]lv
sl/a %) 36fP/ laqmL d"No tf]s]sf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu German Set STP %) sf]
k'/fgf] d"No ?= !))) lyof] eg] gofF laqmL d"No ?= %)) tf]lsPsf] 5 .
OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] dx;'ndf s6f}tL tyf yk ;x'lnot
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfgf u|fxsxnfO{ ;x'lnotk"0f{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfx pknAw u/fpFb} hfg]
qmddf @)^! ;fn kf}if ! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] dx;'n 36fPsf] 5 . ;"rgf
tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'ofpg] tyf u|fxsxnfO{ ;x'lnot b/df b"/;~rf/
;]jf pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zocg'k g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)^! kmfNu'0f ! ut]b]lv OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf]
dx;'ndf yk ;x'lnot k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . of] gofF Joj:yf cg';f/ lahg]; cfj/ cyf{t
laxfg * ahb]lv a]n'sL ^ ah];Dd 8fonck OG6/g]6 ;]jf $ ldg]6 k|of]u ubf{ ! sn
a/fa/sf] dx;'n nfUg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . o; cl3 lahg]; cfj/df 8fonck OG6/g]6 ;]jf
@ ldg]6 k|of]u ubf{ ! sn a/fa/sf] dx;'n nfUg] Joj:yf lyof] .
cGtb{]zLo 6\s ;]jfsf] dx;'n b/df kl/jt{g
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ljZj b"/;~rf/ lbj; @))% sf] pknIodf cGtb{]zLo tyf cGt/f{li6o
6snsf] dx;'n b/df kl/jt{g u/L pkef]QmfxnfO{ ;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . u|fxsxnfO{
;s];Dd ;x'lnotk"0f{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] gLltcg'k @)^@ h]i7
# ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L dx;'n b/df kl/dfh{g u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;cl3 cGtb{]zLo 6\ssnsf]
dx;'nsf nflu # ;d"xdf juL{s/0f -;d"x s )%) lsld, ;d"x v %)@)) lsld / ;d"x
u @)) lsld eGbf a9L_ ul/Psf]df ca @ ;d"x dfq sfod ul/Psf] 5 . o; cg';f/ ;d"x
s df )%) lsld / ;d"x v df %) lsld eGbf dfly u/L dx;'n lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
!= ;f/f+zdf ;d"x juL{s/0f / cGtb{]zLo 6snsf] dx;'n b/ o; k|sf/ 5
;d"x juL{s/0f lalhg]; cfj/ gd{n cfj/ ckm cfj/
)*!* ah] !*@@ ah] @@)* ah]
;d"x s )%) b]lv lsld ?= @=%) k|lt ldg]6 ?= !=^& k|lt ldg]6 ?= ! k|lt ldg]6
;d"x v %) lsld dfly ?= %=)) k|ltldg]6 ?= #=#$ k|lt ldg]6 ?= @ k|lt ldg]6
VSAT 6]lnkmf]gaf6 x'g] snxdf a'Fbf g+= ! sf] ;d"x v sf] %) lsld dflysf] dx;'n b/ nfu" x'g] 5 .
$=$ ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]g tyf df]afOn ;]jfaf6 x'g] cGt/f{li6o 6\s snsf] dx;'n b/
;fs{ d'n'sx afx]s )) PS;]; sf]8af6 ;+;f/sf h'g;'s} d'n'ssf nflu ?= %) k|ltldg]6,
;fs{ d'n'sxdf sn ubf{ ?=@% k|ltldg]6 .
ckm cfj/ sn ubf{ ef/tdf ?=!% tyf cGo ;fs{ /fi6xdf sn ubf{ ?=@) k|ltldg]6 .
$=% df]afOn kmf]gdf nfUg] cfudg sn lgMz'Ns
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] u|fxsxnfO{ ;x'lnotk"0f{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpFb} hfg] gLlt tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds
ahf/sf] l:yltcg'k @)^@ h]i7 @# ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dx;'n b/df
kl/dfh{g u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; cg';f/ df]afOn kmf]gdf nfUg] cfudg sn lgMz'Ns ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}
kf]:6k]8 df]afOnsf] a]n'sL * ah]b]lv ef]lnkN6 laxfg * ah];Dd :yfgLo sn ubf{ nfUg] dx;'n k|lt
ldg]6 ?= !=*) af6 36fP/ ?= !=%) tyf laxfg * ahb]lv a]n'sL * ah];Dd sn ubf{ nfUg] dx;'n k|lt
ldg]6 ?= #=^) af6 k|lt ldg]6 ?= # sfod ul/Psf] 5 . zlgaf/ x'g] snxsf] dx;'n b/ k|lt ldg]6 ?=
!=%) sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
To:t} ;f]xL ldltb]lv nfu" x'g] u/L lk|k]8 df]afOndf klg cfudg sn lgMz'Ns ul/g'sf ;fy} afXoudg
snsf] dx;'n 36fP/ laxfg * ahb]lv a]n'sL * ah];Dd sn ubf{ nfUg] dx;'n k|lt ldg]6 ?=#=%) sfod
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To:t} ckm cfj/ snsf] dx;'n k|lt ldg]6 ?=@=%) sfod ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf]
lk|k]8 l/rfh{ ubf{ yk x'g] Dofb, l;d sf8{ kl/jt{g, kf]:6k]8 tyf lk|k]8 gofF nfOg laqmL d"No klg 36fOPsf]
5 . cGo ck/]6/af6 cfpg] cfudg snsf] dx;'n ?=! k|lt ldg]6 sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
sDkgLsf] kf]:6k]8 tyf lk|k]8 df]afOnaf6 lks cfj;{df x'g] l8:6]G; rfh{sf] kl/dflh{t dx;'n b/
o; k|sf/ 5
-s_ NTGSM (Post Paid) TO NT/GSM/PSTN/C-Phone
Time Air Time Distance Time Air Distance
Charge or Charge or Time Charge
Local Call Domistic charge
Charge Trunk
Charge
Peak Hr 08-20 ?# ?= $ O Peak ?= !=%) ?= @
Hr 20-0
pQm dx;'n b/df zlgjf/sf] lbg %) k|ltzt 5'6 /x]sf] 5 .

v_ NTGSM Pre Paid) TO NT/GSM/PSTN/C-Phone
Time Air Time Distance Time Air Distance
Charge or Charge or Time Charge
Local Call Domistic charge
Charge Trunk
Charge
Peak Hr 08-20 ? #=%) ?= $ Off Peak ?= @=%) ?= @
Hr 20-08
o; sDkgLsf] g]6js{af6 cGo ck/]6/ sf] g]6js{df x'g] snsf] dx;'n b/ dfly plNnlvt dx;'n
b/df ?=! yk nfUg] u/]sf]] 5 .
$=^ cGtb{]zLo 6s ;]jfsf] dx;'n b/df k'gM kl/jt{g
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfwf/e"t b"/;~rf/ ;]jf PSTN / C-Phone af6 x'g] cGtb{]zLo 6s snsf]
dx;'n b/ @)^# efb| !% ut]b]lv o; k|sf/ kl/dfh{g u/]sf] 5
!= Pp6f c~rnsf lhNnfx aLr x'g] sndf k|lt ldg]6 ?= ! sfod ul/Psf] .
@= ;d"x s Ps c~rnsf lhNnfxaf6 %) lsldleq kg{] csf{] c~rnsf lhNnfx / ;d"x
v Ps c~rnsf lhNnfxaf6 %) lsldeGbf 6f9f kg{] csf{] c~rnsf lhNnfxsf]
cGtb{]zLo 6s snsf] dx;'n b/ o; k|sf/ sfod ul/of]
;d"x juL{s/0f af/ lahg]; cfj/ gd{n cfj/ ckm cfj/
)%) lsld cfOtz'qmaf/ ?=@ k|ltldg]6 ? = ! = % ) ?=! k|ltldg]6
;d'x s k|ltldg]6
)%) lsld zlgaf/ ?=! k|ltldg]6 ?=! k|ltldg]6 ?=! k|ltldg]6
%) lslddfly cfOtz'qm ?=$ k|ltldg]6 ?=# k|ltldg]6 ?=@ k|ltldg]6
;d'x v
%) lslddfly zlgaf/ ?=@ k|ltldg]6 ?=@ k|ltldg]6 ?=@ k|ltldg]6
kf]:6k]8 df]afOnsf u|fxsxnfO{ yk ;'ljwf
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] kf]:6k]8 df]afOnsf u|fxsxnfO{ dfl;s dx;'ndf ?=@%) sf] sn 5'6
lbFb} cfPsf]df @)^# ;fn j}zfv ! ut]b]lv ?= @%) klg yk u/L dfl;s dx;'n a/fa/ ?=
%)) sf] sn 5'6 kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
@)^# kmfNu'0f !% ut]b]lv GPRS ;]jf ;'? ubf{ GPRS sf] dx;'n b/ o; k|sf/ lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] lyof]
!= PlS6e];g rfh{ ?= !)) Ps k6s dfq .

@= dfl;s dx;'n ?= ^)) (Unlimited data Access)
#= MMS dx;'n ?= $ k|lt MMS
sd Data k|of]u ug]{ u|fxsxn] Volume Based GPRS ;]jf klg k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . Volume
Based GPRS sf nflu sDkgLn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] z'Ns !) k};f k|lt !)) Kbps /x]sf] 5 . of] ;]jf
lk|k]8 df]afOn kmf]gdf klg pknAw u/fOPsf] lyof] .
GSM/CDMA (Sky Phone) df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dx;'n b/df k'gM kl/jt{g
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)^$ cflZjg ! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L df]afOn 6]lnkmf]gaf6 :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]gdf
sn ubf{ nfUg] l8:6]G; rfh{ sf] dx;'n b/ 36fP/ b]ze/ ?=! sfod u/]sf] 5 eg] @)^$ kmfNu'0f
! ut]b]lv GSM/CDMA (Sky Phone) af6 lks cfj/df -)*@) ;Dd_ ul/g] snsf] dx;'n
b/ lgDg cg';f/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5
kmf]g 6fOk af/ k'/fgf] dx;'n gofF dx;'n
cfOtz'qm ?= # ?= @=$)
GSM kf]i6k]8
zlgaf/ ?= !=%) ?= !
cfOtz'qm ?= #=%) ?= #=@)
GSM lk|k]8
zlgaf/ ?= @=%) ?= @
cfOtz'qm ?= # ?= @=&)
CDMA lk|k]8 df]
zlgaf/ ?= @=%) ?= @
GSM/CDMA (Sky Phone) af6 ckm cfj/df -@)* ;Dd_ ul/g] snsf] dx;'n b/
kmf]g 6fOk af/ k'/fgf] dx;'n gofF dx;'n
cfOtz'qm ?= !=%) ?= !
GSM kf]i6k]8
zlgaf/ ?= !=%) ?= !
cfOtz'qm ?= @=%) ?= @
GSM lk|k]8
zlgaf/ ?= @=%) ?= @
cfOtz'qm ?= @ ?= @
CDMA lk|k]8 df]
zlgaf/ ?= @ ?= @
;d"x v sf] dx;'n b/df kl/jt{g
u|fxsnfO{ ;s];Dd ;x'lnotk"0f{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] gLltcg'k
@)^$ kmfNu'0f ! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf (PSTN, C-Phone / V-Sat) %)
lsld eGbf a9L b"/Ldf ;d"x v sf] dx;'n b/df o; k|sf/ kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] 5
;d"x juL{s/0f af/ lahg]; cfj/ gd{n cfj/ ckm cfj/
%) lslddfly cfOtz'qm ?=#.%) k|ltldg]6 ?=@=%) k|ltldg]6 ?=!=%) k|lt ldg]6
%) lsld dfly zlgaf/ ?=@ k|ltldg]6 ?=@ k|ltldg]6 ?=!=%) k|lt ldg]6
@)^% kf}if !% ut]b]lv GSM/CDMA (Sky Phone) af6 lks cfj/df -)*@) ;Dd_ ul/g]
snsf] dx;'n b/ lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf] 5
kmf]g 6fOk k'/fgf] dx;'n gofF dx;'n
GSM kf]i6k]8 ?= @=$) ?= !=^)
GSM lk|k]8 ?= #=@) ?= @=
CDMA lk|k]8 df] ?= @=&) ?= @
GSM/CDMA (Sky Phone) af6 ckm cfj/df -@)* ;Dd_ ul/g] snsf] dx;'n b/
kmf]g 6fOk k'/fgf] dx;'n gofF dx;'n
GSM kf]i6k]8 ?= !=%) ?= !
GSM lk|k]8 ?= @=%) ?= @
CDMA lk|k]8 df] ?= @ ?= @
/f]ld / cGtb{]zLo P;l6l8 z'Nsdf s6f}tL
u|fxsxnfO{ ;x'lnotk"0f{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpFb} hfg] gLlt tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/sf]
l:yltcg'k ;do;dodf df]afOn ;]jfsf] dx;'n b/df kl/dfh{g u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL
gLltcg'k g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)^& ;fn kmfNu'0f ! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g
;]jfsf] dx;'n b/df k'gM kl/dfh{g u/]sf] 5 . kl/jlt{t dx;'ndf GSM df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g
;]jfdf nfUb} cfPsf] /f]ld / cGtb{]zLo z'Ns k|lt ldg]6 Ps Ps ?lkofF x6]sf] 5 . Pp6f
c~rnsf] 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ToxL c~rnaf6 lnOPsf] df]afOn cGo c~rndf hfFbf cfudg
sndf nfUg] z'Ns /f]ld xf] . To;} u/L Pp6f c~rnaf6 csf]{ c~rnsf] df]afOndf sn
ubf{ nfUg] z'Ns P;l6l8 xf] . ca NofG8 nfOg 6]lnkmf]gaf6 df]afOn / df]afOnaf6 NofG8
nfOg 6]lnkmf]gdf b]ze/ h'g;'s} :yfgdf kmf]g u/] klg /f]ld gnfUg] ePsf] 5 . To:t} u|fxsn]
s/ afx]s kf]:6k]8 df]afOnaf6 k|lt ldg]6 Ps ?lkofF / lk|k]8af6 k|lt ldg]6 Ps ?lkofF krf;
k};fsf b/n] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] h'g;'s} 6]lnkmf]gdf sn ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .
cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dx;'n b/df Jofks kl/jt{g
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)^& ;fn r}q ! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf (PSTN,
C-Phone, V- SAT) cGtb{]zLo snsf] ljBdfg dx;'n b/df lgDgfg';f/ kl/dfh{g u/]sf] 5
af/ lahg]; cfj/ gd{n cfj/ )^)* / ckm cfj/
)*!* ah];Dd !*@@ ah];Dd @@)^ ah];Dd
cfOtz'qm ?= @ k|lt ldg]6 ?= !=%) k|lt ldg]6 ?= !=)) k|lt ldg]6
zlgaf/ ?= ! k|lt ldg]6 ?= ! k|ltldg]6 ?= !=)) k|lt ldg]6
cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]gaf6 x'g] cGtb{]zLo 6\s snsf] @ ;d"x ePsf]df of] Joj:yfkl5 cfwf/e"t
6]lnkmf]g ;]jfaf6 x'g] cGtb{]zLo 6\s snsf] ;d"x Pp6f dfq sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
cGtb{]zLo 6\s dx;'ndf k'gM kl/jt{g
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)^( c;f]h ! ut]b]lv sDkgLf/f ;~rflnt ;a} k|sf/sf 6]lnkmf]g h:t}
PSTN, CDMA, VSAT cflb af6 g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ;a} k|sf/sf o:tf cGo 6]lnkmf]gdf STD
Call ubf{ nfUg] z'NsnfO{ ?= ! k|ltldg]6 agfPsf] 5 .
;fs{ d'n'sxdf ul/g] cGt/f{li6o 6\s dx;'ndf s6f}tL -ldlt @)^@@#_
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] g]kfnaf6 ;fs{ d'n'sxdf ul/g] cGt/f{li6o 6\ssnsf] dx;'n b/df
Ps?ktf Nofpg tyf pQm d'n'sxdf ul/g] snxsf] dx;'ndf yk ;x'lnot k|bfg ug{]
p2]Zon] ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ;fs{ d'n'sxdf lahg]; cfj/df x'g] snsf] ljBdfg dx;'n
b/df sl/a $$ k|ltztn] s6f}tL u/]sf] 5 . To:t} ef/tdf 6]/]l:6on ln\saf6 x'g] sndf
sl/a !& s6f}tL u/]sf] 5 . sDkgLn] ckm cfj/df x'g] snsf] xsdf ef/t -6]/]l:6on_
afx]s cGo ;fs{ d'n'sxdf @) s6f}tL u/]sf] 5 .
kl/dflh{t cGt/f{li6o 6\ssn dx;'n b/ lgDgfg';f/ 5
/fi6 ;do gofF dx;'n b/
ef/t laxfg ^ b]lv ;fFem * ah];Dd ?=@% k|lt ldg]6
ef/t ;fFem * ah]b]lv laxfg ^ ah];Dd ?=!% k|lt ldg]6
ef/tafx]ssf ;fs{ /fi6x laxfg ^ ah]b]lv ;fFem * ah];Dd ?=@% k|lt ldg]6
ef/tafx]ssf ;fs{ /fi6x ;fFem * ah]b]lv laxfg ^ ah];Dd ?=@) k|lt ldg]6
@)^# efb| !% ut]b]lv nfu" ePsf] kl/dflh{t cGt/{fli6o 6\s dx;'n b/ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5
/fi6 ;do gofF dx;'n b/
Gr. A ef/t laxfg ^ ahb]lv ;fFem * ah];Dd ?=@) k|ltldg]6
;fFem * ah]b]lv laxfg ^ ah];Dd ?=!% k|lt ldg]6
Gr. B ef/tafx]s ;fs{ /fi6 laxfg ^ ahb]lv ;fFem * ah];Dd ?=@) k|ltldg]6
;fFem * ah]b]lv laxfg ^ ah];Dd ?=!% k|lt ldg]6
Gr. C c ;a} b]z )) 8fon rf}aL;} 306f ?=%) k|ltldg]6
Gr. D ah]6 sn PS;]; sf]8 !$@% / !$$% 8fon u/L cGt/f{li6o sn ubf{ nfUg] dx;'n ?=
@% k|ltldg]6 .
GSM Mobile 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ;fs{ /fi6df x'g] cGt/f{li6o snsf] b/df klg Air Time Charge
afx]s dfly plNnlvt kl/dflh{t dx;'n b/ g} sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6o 6\s dx;'nb/df k'gM kl/jt{g
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)^* df3 !% b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L sDkgLsf] g]6js{ Hf:t} M PSTN, CDMA,
VSAT cflbaf6 PS;]; sf]8 !$@$ dfkm{t USA / CANADA df x'g] cGt/f{li6o snsf]
dx;'n ?= !=&% k};f k|ltldg]6 sfod u/]sf] 5 .
% b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgfM r'gf}tL, cj;/ / c;/
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] ;d'lrt ljsf;sf] nflu b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] u7g kZrft o; If]qdf
r'gf}tL / cj;/x ;dfg ?kn] b]vf kg{ yfNof] . hxfF Psflt/ gofF ;]jf k|bfosxnfO{ b"/;~rf/ If]qdf
b]vf k/]sf gofFgofF k|ljlwx leq\ofP/ / ;]jfx ;~rfng u/]/ b]z ljsf;df ;xof]u k'ofpg] / ;d'lrt
nfe lng;Sg] cj;/x l;h{gf uof] eg] jxLF ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;]jf k|bfosxnfO{ k|lt:kwf{df uP/
cfgf] cl:tTj hf]ufpg / sfod /fVg r'gf}tLx klg l;h{gf uof] .
;dosf] bf}/fgdf b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fn] Og6/g]6, Od]n, /]l8of] k]lh tyf le:of6 ;]jfsf nflu
pbf/tf k"j{s nfO;]G; tyf cg'dtLkq k|bfg uof] . t/ b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf, ;]jfsf] dfu, cfgf] cg'udg
ug]{ Ifdtf cflbsf] plrt d'Nof\sg gu/L lbPsf] cg'dltn] rfF8} o;sf] gsf/fTds k|efj b]vf kg{ yfNof] .
/]l8of] k]lh ;]jf ;~rfngdf cfPsf] #$ jif{leq} ;]jf aGb ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf eP/ nufgLstf{sf]
s/f]8f}F /sd :jfxf eof] . To:t} s]xL le:of6 ;]jf k|bfos / OG6/g]6 ;~rfnsxn] k|ljlwsf] b"?kof]u
u/L sn afOkf; u/L b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] /fh:jdf / b]zsf] 9's'6Ldf g} gf]S;fg kfg]{ cj}w sfo{ u/] .
x'gtM o:tf sfo{sf lj?4 xfn g]kfn k'ln;df Pp6f ;]n v8f u/L cg'udgsf] sfo{ ul/Psf] ePtf klg
k"0f{kdf aGb rfxLF x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag kZrft b"/;~rf/sf If]qdf ;]jf ;~rfngsf] cg'dltsf ;fy cGo
;]jf k|bfosn] klg of] ;]jf pknAw u/fpg yfn] . kmn:jk 5f]6f] ;dodf g} k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f
aGg uO{ ;]jf lj:tf/ Pjd\ dxz"n ;'ne u/fpg ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 . o;af6 d'nssf ;a}
ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt Pjd\ gu/kflnsfxdf ;]jf lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . ufpFsf ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;d]t df]jfOn
kmf]gsf] ;'ljwf kfpg'sf ;fy} ;]jf k|bfosx 5fGg] cj;/ ;d]t kfPsf 5g\ . oBlk !)) jif{sf] Oltxf;
af]s]sf] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8nfO{ lghL ;]jfk|bfosx;Fu k|ljlw, ;]jf Pjd\ ;]jfu|fxLnfO{
pknAw u/fpg] ;'ljwfdf k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ k/]sf] 5 .
Pp6f 6]lnkmf]g lng !)!@ jif{ s'g'{ kg]{, cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f h:tf ljb]zL d'n'sdf s'/f ubf{ ldg]6sf]
!@). ltg'{ kg]{, ljs6 ufpFsf jfl;Gbfxn] cfkmGt;Fu cTofjZos s'/f ug{ @# lbgsf] af6f] lxF8]/ b"/;~rf/
;]jf ePsf] 7fpFdf k'Ug' kg]{, df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g wgL, u0odfGo JolQmn] dfq k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] dfGotfdf klg
cfh Jofks kl/jt{g / ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . cfh k|To]sh;f] g]kfnLn] xftxftdf df]afOn ;]jfsf] ;'ljwf
kfPsf 5g\, df]afOn ;]jf pkef]u ug{ 5gf}6sf] cj;/ klg kfPsf 5g\ . u|fxsxn] !@ ?k}ofF k|ltldg]6df
cd]l/sf, Sofgf8fdf ePsf cfkmGt;Fu s'/f ug{ kfPsf 5g\ . w]/} h;f] ;]jfx ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx+Frleq
k'u]sf] 5 . oL ;a} cflv/ b"/;~rf/ If]qdf cfPsf] pbf/Ls/0f / k|lt:kwf{sf] g} kmn xf] . t/ klg k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; / ;]jfsf] lj:tf/;Fu} lkm|Sj]G;L Joj:yfkgsf] hl6n ;d:of, RTDF sf]ifsf] plrt Joj:yfkg /
lb3{sfnLg kdf b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf; ug{ gLlt, P]g, sfg'g lgdf{0f, cg'udg tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{df
;do ;fk]If ;Daf]wg x'g' klg TolQs} cfjZos b]lvG5 .
^= Psflwsf/sf] cGTo tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df lghL If]q;Fusf] k|lt:kwf{
^=! g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/df gLlh If]qsf] k|j]z
g]kfn ;/sf/n] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf kdf u|x0f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
sl7g e"agf]6sf] kl/k|]Iodf cGo k"jf{wf/sf] t'ngfdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] dxjk"0f{ e"ldsfdf s'g} sdL cfPsf]
5}g . b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^) sf] p2]Zo klg To;} k|sf/ /x]sf] lyof] .
d'n'ssf u|fdL0f tyf zx/L If]qdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf k'ofpg a;f]af; ePsf
If]qdf af]nfpFbf ;'lgg] b"l/df b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfo{ g} b"/;~rf/ gLltsf] k|d'v
p2]Zo lyof] .
b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^) sf] p2]Zo adf]lhd b]zsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;df ;3fp k'ofpg
lghL If]q ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf plrt d"Nodf e/kbf]{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;j{ ;'ne u/fpg cg's"n jftfj/0f
l;h{gf ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt /x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL gLlt adf]lhd ;/sf/n] zx/LIf]q / zx/LIf]qsf cf;kf;df
a;f]af; ePsf hgtfdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutf u/fP/ g]kfn clw/fHosf
gu/kflnsf / gu/kflnsf;Fu hf]l8Psf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf a]l;s 6]lnkmf]g nufot df]afOn, Od]n tyf
OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg kxn u/]sf] b]lvG5 . b'u{d If]qsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf @ nfOg;Ddsf]
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf dfq eP klg pknAw u/fpg lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] kfOG5 .
lghL If]qn] cg'dlt kfPkl5 zx/LIf]q / u|fdL0f If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg cg'dltkq
k|fKt u/]sf sDkgLx lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\
List of Licensee
S. No. Type of Service Total Licensee
1 Network Service Provider 9
2 GSM Cellular Mobile 2
3 VSAT User 49
4 Pre-Paid Calling Card Service 1
5 Basic Telecommunications Services 3
6 GMPCS 2
7 Rural Telecommunication Service 1
8 International Trunk Telephone 3
9 Limited Mobility 83
10 Rural VSAT User 11
11 Basic Telephone Service 1
12 Rural ISP 4
13 Internet with Email 43
^=!=! o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8 -o'l6Pn_
g]kfnsf] sDkgL P]g, @)%# cGtu{t o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8 cS6'j/ !), @))! btf{ ePsf] klAns
lnld6]8 sDkgL xf] . o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8 ef/tsf # j6f b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;DaGwL sDkgLx / g]kfnsf]
Ps sDkgLsf] ;+oQ' m nufgLdf :yflkt $ sDkgLx dxfgu/ 6]lnkmf]g lgud lnld6]8 -Pdl6PgPn_, 6]lnsd
sG;N6]G6 OlG8of lnld6]8 -l6l;cfOPn_, 6f6f sDo'lgs];g lnld6]8 / g]kfn e]Gr;{ k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 /x]sf
5g\ . o'l6PnnfO{ jfo/n]; nf]sn n'kdf cfwfl/t cfwf/e"t b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfngsf nflu cS6'j/ $,
@))$ df cg'dltkq k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . kl5 @)^! ;fndf lnld6]8n] df]ljln6L ;]jf klg ;~rfng ug{]
:jLs[lt kfof] . o;sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no sf7df8f}F /flvPsf] lyof] . o'l6Pnn] l;l8PdP k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t
lkmS:8 6]lnkmf]gaf6 sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . xfn o'l6Pnaf6 pknAw ePsf
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfx o; k|sf/ 5g\
-s_ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfM lk|k]8 / kf]:6k]8
-v_ ;6{ d];]h ;]jf
-u_ sn/ l/ a}s6f]g
-3_ !x lkl8P;Pg -8f6f_
o;/L lghL If]qsf] b"/;~rf/ sDkgL o'l6Pnn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;'? ug{ yfn]kl5 b"/;~rf/sf
If]qdf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] Psflwsf/ cj:yfsf] cGTo x'g]qmd ;'? eof] . @)&! r}q;Dd o; sDkgLn]
b]ze/df lnld6]8 df]jfOn ;le{; ePsf 6]lnkmf]g / FIX Tel. ;d]t u/L %@#(&( nfO{ ljt/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
^=!=@ P;l6Pd 6]lnsd ;~rf/ lnld6]8
sd Jooef/ nfUg] u/L cGt/f{li6o af]nkqsf dWodaf6 5gf]6 P;l6Pd 6]lnsd ;~rf/ lnld6]8sf]
k|j]z g]kfndf gf]e]Da/ @))# df eof] . pQm of]hgfsf] nfut /sd ljZja}+ssf] ;xof]uaf6 Joxf]l/g]
u/L P;l6Pd 6]lnsd ;~rf/ lnld6]8nfO{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0faf6 k"jf{~rn If]qsf uf=lj=;=df
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] zt{df cg'dltkq k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . o; cfof]hgfcGtu{t P;l6Pdsf]
k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qsf !^ j6f lhNnfsf ljleGg uf=lj=;=df !)^* lkl;cf] :yfkgf ug]{ bfloTj lyof] .
cg'dltkqsf] k|fjwfgcg'k !* dlxgfdf P;l6Pd 6]lnsd ;~rf/ lnld6]8n] lgwf{l/t ;doleq sfo{qmd
;DkGg ug{ ;kmn eof] . u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ g]6js{nfO{ ;'xfpFbf] k|ljlw le:of6 k|of]u u/L To; avt b]zsf]
u|fdL0f If]qdf cfOkg]{ r'gf}tLnfO{ ;d]t ;'NemfP/ cfgf] bfloTjnfO{ P;l6Pdn] k"/f u/]sf] lyof] .
k"jf{~rn If]qsf u|fdL0f efudf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ bfloTj k"/f u/]kl5, g]kfn ;/sf/n] lnld6]8
df]lalnl6sf] cg'dltkq k|bfg u/]cg'k @)&! ;fn r}q;Dd P;l6Pd 6]lnsd ;~rf/ lnld6]8n] V-SAT
k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]g tyf lnld6]8 df]jfOn ;]jf ePsf 6]lnkmf]g ;d]t u/L hDdf @(*& 6]lnkmf]g
nfOgx ljt/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
xfn P;l6Pd 6]lnsd ;~rf/ lnld6]8af6 pknAw u/fOPsf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfx o; k|sf/ 5g\
-!_ lkl;cf] ;]jf
-@_ V-SAT 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
-#_ lnld6]8 df]jfOn ;]jf
-$_ V-SAT Based OG6/g]6 ;]jf
^=!=# :kfO; g]kfn k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 (NCell)
g]kfndf ;]n';/ df]afOn ;~rfng ug{ ;]K6]Da/ @))$ df :kfO; g]kfn k|fOe]6 lnld6]8nfO{
cg'dltkq k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . rng rlNtdf d]/f] df]afOn af6 k|l;l4 kfPsf] of] sDkgL lghL
If]qdf g]kfnsf] klxnf] lhP;Pd ;~rfns xf] . :kfO; g]kfn k|fOe]6 lnld6]8df ljb]zL nufgL
^) k|ltzt / :jb]zL nufgL $) k|ltzt 5 . o; sDkgLn] ;'?df sf7df8f}F pkTosfleq # nfv
df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ug]{ / # jif{kl5 b]zsf k|d'v !) zx/xdf df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ug]{
nIo lnP/ sDkgLn] d]/f] df]afOn gfddf df]afOn 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;'?cft !& ;]K6]Da/ @))% af6 u/]s]f
lyof] . @)&! ;fn r}q;Dd GSM df]jfOn kmf]g !@@&!($% ljt/0f ul/;s]sf] 5 .
b]ze/ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]sf sDkgLx g]kfn 6]lnsd / g]kfnsf]
u|fdL0f If]qdf dfq b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]sf] sDkgL P;l6Pd 6]lnsd ;~rf/
lnld6]8n] dfq g]kfnsf ;a} uf=lj=;=xdf l56f] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'ofpg g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yfn]
ubf{ sl7g x'G5 eGg] ;Dem]/ cGo @ j6f ck/]6/nfO{ klg u|fdL0f If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg
cg'dltkq k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oL ck/]6/x o; k|sf/ lyP
!= GSM 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
@= OG6/g]6 ;]jf
^=!=$ g]kfn :of6]nfO6 6]lnsd lnld6]8
dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf gk'u]sf @&# uf=lj=;=df b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0faf6 ldlt @)^$!!)% df g]kfn :of6]nfO6 6]lnsd lnld6]8nfO{
cg'dltkq k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]kl5 o; sDkgLn] ldlt @)^^^* df ;]jfsf] n~r /
ldlt @)^^*! af6 Jofj;flos kdf ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . @)^& r}q;Dd cg'dltkqdf tf]lsPsf
dWoklZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf !% lhNnfsf @&#;lxt s'n %$) uf=lj=;=df ;]jf lj:tf/ u/]sf] lyof] .
@)&! r}q;Dd u|fxs ;+Vof @,(&,(!! k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .
^=!=% :df6{ 6]lnsd
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0faf6 ldlt @)^%#!& df cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]sf] !& dlxgfkl5 :df6{
6]lnsdn] ;]jf ;'? uof] . :df6{ 6]lnsdnfO{ k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q afx]s c ljsf; If]qsf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
gk'u]sf #(* uf=lj=;=xdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'ofpg cg'dlt lbOP cg';f/ #(* uf=lj=;=xdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf
pknAw u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . sDkgLn] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} @)^& r}q;Dd g]kfn clw/fHosf ljs6 ufpFxdf
b"/;~rf/ g]6js{ lj:tf/ u/L sl/a !,)#,))) nfOg ljt/0f u/]sf] lyof], eg] @)&! r}q;Dd !@,((,*##
nfOg ljt/0f u/]sf] NTA sf] ld; l/kf]6{af6 b]lvG5 . 8f6f ;]jfsf u|fxs klg **))) hlt ePsf] kfOG5 .
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] ;+u7g rf6{
Nepal Telecommunications Corporation
Organization Chart
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] ;+u7g rf6{
***
kl/R5]b M gf}
pk;+xf/
pk;+xf/
ha afns cfdfsf] ue{af6 of] w/ftndf kbfk{0f ub{5 ta klxnf] ;\s]t RofOF eGg] zAb
pRrf/0f x'G5 . Tof] ZfAb aRrf hGdg] sf]7fsf] s]xL b"/L;Dd k'Ug ;kmn x'G5 . t/ cfh b"/;~rf/sf] If]qdf
ePsf] gofFgofF k|ultn] b]zsf] Pp6f s'gfdf 36]sf] 36gfsf] va/ tl:a/sf ;fy lgldif e/d} ljZjsf] csf{]
s'gfdf /x]sf JolQmn] b]Vg, ;'Gg / k9\g ;Sb5g\ . k|frLg sfndf dflg;n] ljleGg kl/l:yltxdf Psn]
csf{nfO{ ;"rgf, ;Gb]z, va/, ;\s]t cfbfgk|bfg ubf{ ljlEfGg cfjfhx lgsfNby] / ;f]xL cfjfhsf]
klxrfg u/L ;\s]tsf] ;f/ j:t'sf] 1fg k|fKt x'GYof] . cfh ljZjdf lj1fgn] u/]sf] k|ultsf ;fy dfgj
hfltsf] /xg;xg / ;dfhdf ;+afb, ;Gb]z cfbfgk|bfg x'g] Joj:yfdf klg cfd"n kl/jt{g x'g k'u]sf]
5 . cfhsf lkF9Ln] s'g} hdfgfdf g]kfndf Ps 7fpFsf] ;Gb]z csf{] 7fpFdf k'ofpg dlxgfF} nfUbYof] eGg]
oyfy{tfnfO{ klg kTofpg ufof] dfGb5g\ .
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg u7g x'g'eGbf klxn]sf] cj:yfnfO{ lrofpg] xf] eg] cfhsf] of] cj:yf
b]Vtf Psflt/ g;f]+r]s]f s'/f eof], kTofpg} g;Sg] ;]jfx b]vf k/] eGg] nfUb5 eg] csf{ lt/ ljZjsf] ultnfO{
x]bf{ / cg'ej ubf{ ca kl5 s]s] x'g] xf] eg]/ eljiojf0fL ug{ klg c;Dej ePsf] 5 . t/ b"/;~rf/ If]q
cfh ;dfhsf] clt cfjZos k"jf{wf/ ;]jfxsf] klg k"jf{wf/ x'g k'u]sf] s'/f o; If]qn] ;dfhdf lbPsf]
cgluGtL ;'ljwfxn] k'li6 ub{5 . cfjZostf g} cfljisf/sf] hggL xf] eGg] plStnfO{ b"/;~rf/ If]qsf]
ljsf;n] k'li6 ug'{sf ;fy} ;3fp klg k'ofPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;jf{\Lu0f ljsf;df b"/;~rf/ If]qn] s;/L ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ ;Sof], of] If]qdf sfd ug{]
hgzlQm s'g kdf kl/rfng eP, b]zsf] cy{tGqdf s'g xb;Dd of]ubfg k'Ug uof], of] If]qsf] ljsf;sf
nflu ljleGg d'n'sxsf] s:tf] e"ldsf /Xof] eGg] h:tf ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] cWoog ug{ k|:t't s[ltn]
;xof]u k'ofpg] 5 . cfufdL lbgxdf of] If]qsf] cem a9L cfjZostf b]zn] dx;''; ug{] ePsfn] of]
If]qdf ;+nUg ;+:yf, JolQm / ;/sf/L lgosfon] a9L lhDd]jf/L axg ug{' kg{] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
cGTodf 1fg]g k/d+ an+ eGg] dxfg plQmnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] cxd\ e"ldsf x'g] s'/fnfO{
b[li6ut u/L klxn] ePu/]sf sfd eGbf klg a9L lhDd]jf/Lsf ;fy dfgj hfltnfO{ ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg
ug{] qmddf lgjf{w kdf cljNfDa, e/kbf{], ;'/lIft / lg/Gt/ ldnfKf ug{ u/fpg of] If]q ;bf ;Ifd /xg]5 .
***
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ck|sflzt ;fdu|L
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lghfdtL l;6/f]n, lj=;+= !(&$, /fli6o clen]vfno
lghfdtL l;6/f]n, lj=;+= !(&%, /fli6o clen]vfno
lghfdtL l;6/f]n, lj=;= !(*!, /fli6o clen]vfno
k|sflzt ;fdu|L
;/sf/L k|sfzg
6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;sf gfpFdf !((! ;fn kf}if @ ut] /f]h % df ePsf] ;jfn
6]lnkmf]g ;DaGwL lhG;L dfn a/a'emf/y ug{] tyf ca/ cfbfgk|bfg ;DaGwL ljleGg ldltdf ePsf cfb]z
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:yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL, @)@@
6]lnsDo'lgs];G; -cGtb{]zLo_ lgodfjnL, @)@#
6]lnsDo'lgs];G; -cGt/f{li6o_ lgodfjnL, @)@$
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b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%#
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k':ts
sd0f bLlIft -;Dkf=_, h+uaxfb'/sf] a]nfot ofqf, sf7df8f}FM ;femf k|sfzg, lj=;+= @)$& -kfFrf}+ ;+:s/0f_
u[idaxfb'/ b]jsf]6f,g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts bk{0f -efu!_, sf7df8f}FM w|'jaxfb'/ b]jsf]6f, lj=;+= @)#^
-ltLofj[lQ_
lrQ/~hg g]kfnL, hg/n eLd;]g yfkf / tTsfnLg g]kfn, sf7df8f}FM /Tgk':ts e08f/, lj=;+= @)#%
huGgfy, a}hgfy ;]9f`L, lrqsfJo rGb|do"v ;+jt\ !(&) -;g\ !(!#_
kfGrfog k|sfzg k|f=ln=,s'Fj/ /f0ffhLxsf] a[xt\ a+zfjnL, sf7df8f}FM kf~rfog k|sfzg k|f=ln=, @)%^
k'?iff]Qdzdz]/ /f0ff, >L # xsf tYo j[QfGt, lj=;+= !(^*
a|Dxzdz]/ /f0ff, g]kfnsf] dxfe"sDk, !((!
ej]Zj/ k+u]gL, /f0ffsfnLg g]kfnsf] cfly{s Oltxf;M ;/sf/L sf/f]af/df ;'Aaf u0f]zbf; /Tgbf;, sf7df8f}FM
wd{gf/fg cWoog k|lti7fg, lj=;+= @)&!
eLdaxfb'/ kfF8], To; avtsf] g]kfn -efu@,#_, k|sfzg :yfg cg'lNnlvt, n]vs, lj=;+= @)$$
================, To; avtsf] g]kfn -efu$_, k|sfzg :yfg cg'lNnlvt, n]vs, lj=;+= @)$%
of]uL g/xl/gfy, Oltxf;k|sfzdf ;lGwkq;+u|x -efu!_, bfM @)@@
l/kf]6{
A.H. Waldrum, Nov !(^*, A Telecommunications Dev. Plan for Nepal prepared ,
Annual Reports, published by Nepal Telecom
MIS reports published by Nepal Telecom
World Bank Reports
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;Gbe{ u|Gy;"rL=== 215
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg M cltt / jt{dfg, @)%^
afa'/fd kf]v/]n, g]kfndf b"/;~rf/sf] Oltxf;, @)^*
Information on Telecommunication facilities published on occassion of Coronation of
king Birendra
n]v
ej]Zj/ k+u]gL, k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/ a]nfot hfFbf g]kfndf ul/Psf] ;'/Iff Joj:yf,EjfO; ckm lxl:6,
ef]nd@!@&, g+= !, lj=;+= @)^(
=============, b]jzdz]/sf] uf]vf{kq / uf]vf{kq 5fkfvfgf, uf]/vfkqsf] Oltxf;, lj=;+= @)^&
=============, kmlk{;'Gb/Lhn lah'nL aQL / rGb|k|sfz lah'nL cf, clen]v, jif{@@, k"0ff{\s@@,
jif{@@, lj=;+= @)^!
=============,clen]vdf ;Lldt rGb|aQL, uf]/vfkq -zlgjf/_, @)^! c;f]h !^ ut]
=============, g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] yfngL,uf]/vfkq -zlgjf/_, @)&! c;f/ ! ut]
uf]kfnk|;fb >]i7, g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;]jfM g]=b"=;=;+:yfgsf] @@ cf} jflif{sf]T;jdf g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf]
yfngL jf/] ljz]if1sf] vf]hd"ns n]v
CNN Nair, The story of India's Overseas Communications, 1988
cvaf/
uf]/vfkq zt jflif{s :dfl/sf -!(%*@)%&_
uf]vf{kq, !((# ;fn cfif9 @) ut] ;f]daf/ .
uf]vf{kq, @))% dfu{ & ;+Vof *&
uf]vf{kq, @))% ;fn dfu{ *
uf]vf{kq, @))^ ;fn dfu{ !$
uf]vf{kq, @))^ dfu{ !% ut]
uf]vf{kq, @))^ ;fn kf}if @#
uf]vf{kq, @))^ ;fn kf}if @^
cg';"rL ljj/0f
g= ljj/0f k[i7
! 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;sf gfpFdf !((! ;fn kf}if @ ut] /f]h % df ePsf] ;jfn @!(
@ 6]lnkmf]g ;DaGwL lhG;L dfnsf] >]:tf /fVg] af/] ljleGg ldltsf cfb]zx @#%
# 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] ;'/Iff ;DaGwL Ol:txf/, lj=;+= @))& @#(
$ 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n ;DaGwL Joj:yf, lj=;+= @)!!@)!* @$)
% /]l8of] P]g, lj=;+= @)!$ @%$
^ 6]lnsDo'lgs]zg P]g, lj=;+= @)!( @%&
& :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL, lj=;+= @)@@ @^&
* 6]lnsDo'lgs]zG; -cGtb{]zLo_ lgodfjnL, lj=;+= @)@# @&#
( 6]lnsDo'lgs]zG; -cGt/f{li6o_ lgodfjnL, lj=;+= @)@$ @*#
!) ;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g, lj=;+= @)@* #!$
!! b"/;~rf/ -cGt/b]zLo_ lgodfjnL, lj=;+= @)#) #@$
!@ :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL, lj=;+= @)#) ##$
!# 6]lnsDo'lgs]zg -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, lj=;+= @)$$ #$!
!$ g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf yfngL jf/] ljz]if1sf] cg';Gwfgd"ns n]v #$#
!% b"/;~rf/;Fu ;DalGwt dGqfnox, lj=;+= @))&@)&@ #%%
!^ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;DaGwL dGqfno x]g]{ ;~rf/ dGqLxsf] gfdfjnL, lj=;+= @))&@)&@ #%^
!& b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ePsf Iflt ljj/0f, @)%$ b]lv @)%( ;fn j}zfv;Dd #%*
!* g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf sf];]9'\ufx, lj=;+= !(&#@)&! #^)
!( g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] cfly{s cj:yf, lj=;+= @)@&@)&! #^@
@) ljleGg lhNnfdf klxnf] k6s 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h :yfkgf ljj/0f #^$
@! cvaf/df 6]lnkmf]g #^&
***
cg';"rL
cg';"rL=== 219
cg';"rL M !
6]lnkmf]g x]8 cflkm;sf gfpFdf !((! ;fn kf}if @ ut] /f]h % df ePsf] ;jfn
!= g+= h'g avt h'g s'/fdf h] ug{' eGg] x's'd dhL{sf] k|df+uL k'hL{ eO{ cfpF5 P]g ;jfn ldNg] s'/fdf P]g
;jfn adf]lhd / P]g ;jfn gldnL afwf kg{] ePdf / ;f] k|df+uL adf]lhd ubf{ ;/sf/sf] lu/fgL
gf]S;fgL kg{ hfg] b]lvPdf ;f] a]xf]/f t'?Gt xfd|f xh'df{ hfx]/ u/L lgsf;f aS;] adf]lhd ug{', ;f]
adf]lhd gu/L ;/sf/sf] lu/fgL gf]S;fgL kg{ uPsf] 7x/] To; c8\8fn] a'emfpg' knf{ -bkmf !_ .
@=g+= of] 6]lnkmf]gsf] nfOg g]kfnb]lv jL/u~h;Dd 5 . ;f] jL/u~h;Dd bf]xf]/f] tf/ xfnL ;f] b'j} tf/sf]
sf7sf] vDafdf a|fs]6 /fvL nluPsf] / O:6];gxdf klg b'j} tf/df tf/ hf]8 k'ofOPsf] ^ nfOg
hfFr sf ;'lj:tf lgldQ tn n]lvPsf] 7fpF 7fpFdf ;]S;g afs;x klg /x]sf] 5 .
!= yfgsf]6 #= e}+;] %= kjf{lgk'/ @= u9L $= r'l/of -bkmf @_
! # % @ $
#= g+= ;f] dfly n]lvPsf] ;]S;g afs;x sfdsf cg's"nn] cGt ;fg{' kg{] ePdf / geO{ yKg'kg{]df
OlGhlgo/sf thlahn] ug{' x'G5 -bkmf #_ .
$= g+= 6]lnkmf]gsf] nfOgsf] lxkmfht lgldQ / sbflrt sxL+ lju||g uof] eg] rfF8f] yfxf eO{ d/dtsf]
sfd t'?Gt xf];\ eGgf lgldQ oxfFb]lv oxfF;Dd of] ?nn] x]g{' eGg] O{nfsf Onfsf 5'6\ofO{, v08
v08 u/L k|To]s O{nfsf v08df sfd ug{]nfO{ 6f]nL eGg] gfpF /fvL !.! 6f]nLdf nfOG;Dofg,
OG:k]S6/, s'NnL /fvL cfgf ;a} O{nfsf] lxkmfht / d/dt ug{] sfd ;f]xL 6f]nL 6f]nLsf] lhDdf
u/L lghxn] ug{'kg{] sfd ;d]t tn bkmf bkmfdf n]lvPsf] 5, ;f] adf]lhd ug{' . d/dtsf] sfd
o;df n]lvP adf]lhd ug{'eGbf sfd ug{]xn] cfkm"n] sfd ul/cfPsf cg'ejsf lx;fan] ubf{
rfF8f] x'g] b]lvof] eg] ;f] adf]lhd u/] klg x'G5, t/ d/dtsf] sfdb]lv afFls c? sfd / /f]h
/f]h ug{' kg{] hfFrsf] sfd eg] o;df n]lvP adf]lhd ug{'k5{ -bkmf $_ .
%= g+= lah'nLaf6 x'g] gf]S;fgsf] arfp lgldQ ;f] 6]lnkmf]gsf] tf/x 7fpF 7fpFdf bflxgftkm{sf tf/ afofF,
afofFtkm{sf tf/ bflxgf tkm{ kf/L nu]sf] 5 -bkmf %_ .
^= g+= 6]lnkmf]g clkm; /x]sf] 7fpF / 6f]nLx /x]sf] 7fpF cf} ;f]= 6f]nLxsf] gDa/ b]xfodf n]lvPsf]
5 -bkmf ^_ .
s_ 6]lnkmf]g clkm; /x]sf] 7fpF g]kfn x]8 clkm; !, leDkm]bL a|fGr clkm; !, cdn]vu~h
clkm; !, jL/u~h ;a clkm; ! .
v_ 6f]nLxsf] gDa/ /x]sf] 7fpF, Onfsf gDa/, a:g] hUuf To;sf] Onfsfx]8 clkm;sf]
yfGsf]6;Dd, yfGsf]6sf] u9L;Dd, lr;fkfgL u9Lsf] r'l/of;Dd, r'l/ofsf] k/jfgLk'/;Dd,
kl/jfgLk'/sf] jL/u~h;Dd, oL dfly n]lvPsf 6f]nLxnfO{ a;]sf] hUufsf] gfpF gaf]nfO{
gDa/n] af]nfP klg x'G5 .
u_ g]kfnb]lv jL/u~h tn lt/ kb{5 eGg] ;lDemPsf] x'gfn] jL/u~haf6 g]kfn cfpg] af6f]nfO{
dfly, jL/u~htkm{ hfg] af6f]nfO{ tnlt/ eGg] n]lvPsf] 5, ;f] a'em\g' .
3_ dfly o;} bkmfsf] -v_ gDa/df n]lvPsf 6f]nLx s]xL sf/0fn] c? hUufdf ;fg{'kg{] ePdf
nfOg OG:k]S6/ dfkm{t\ x]8 clkm;df hfx]/ u/L k7fO x]8 clkm; dfkm{t\ lgsf;f eO{ cfP
adf]lhd ug{' k5{ .
&= g+= 6f]nLx a:g] 3/, lghxsf] eQf labfsf] af/]df / sfdbf/ cbn abn ug{'kg{] ePdf cbn abn
ubf{, cf}F e08f/x b'?:t /fVg] / 6f]nLxn] s]xL s'/f la/fPdf jf tn dfly kf/]df ug{ / x'g] ;hfo
;d]t b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd x'g] 5, ;f] adf]lhd ug{' -bkmf &_ .
s_ 6f]nLxsf nfOg OG:k]S6/ s'NnLx a:gnfO{ ;/sf/tkm{af6 ag]sf ;/sfl/of 3/df lagf
afxfn a:g kfpg] 5, g]kfnL nfOg OG:k]S6/x hfFr ug{ jf nfOg agfpg cfpFbf hfFbf ;f]
6f]nLxnfO{ ag]sf] 3/ ePsf] 7fpFdf af; kof] eg] nfOg OG:k]S6/ a;]sf] 3/df lghxnfO{
jf; a:g lbg'k5{, nfOg agfpg] OG:6'd]G6 cyf{t\ ;fdfgx klg ;f]xL 3/df /xg]5 .
v_ nfOg ;e{] OG:k]S6/ s'NnL, lkogx 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfdnfO{ x/avt ?h' /xg'kg{,] c? c? avt labf
gkfpg] x'gfn] s'NnL, lkogxnfO{ k6s k6s u/L lnP xKtfsf] ! lbg / jif{ lbg ePkl5 Ps} k6s lno
jif{ ! Psdf ! k6sdf Ps dlxgf;Dd / nfOg d]g, OG:k]S6/xnfO{ jif{ ! Psdf ! Ps dlxgf;Dd
cfnf]kfnf];uF tna ;fysf] labf ldNg]5 . ;f] labf lngfnfO{ x]8 clkm;df cufj} a]nfdf avf{:t
lbg' jf k7fpg', x]8 clkm;af6 lgsf;f lbP adf]lhdsf] labfdf hfg] ug{' k5{ . ;f] sfdbf/x
labfdf 5f8]sf] / xflh/ x'g gcfPsf] va/ x]8 clkm;df t'?Gtf t'?Gt} lbg] ug{' k5{ .
u_ nfOgd]gx labfdf hfFbf / ;?jf ePsf 7fpFdf hfFbf cfg' ;f sfd ug{ cfpg] cfOk'u]kl5
cfg' lhDdfsf] dfn / e08f/sf] dfn a'em a'emf/y u/L dfq hfg' . sbflrt ;fdf cfO{gk'Ub}
hfg'kg{] eof] eg] olt cfg' lhDdfsf] / e08f/sf] df}hbft dfn cfg'd'lg hf] 5 p;nfO{
ga'emfO{ lhDdf glbO{ hfg x'Fb}g . ;f] d'lgsf]n] klg To;tf] k/]df a'emfPsf] dfnx a'emL
lng'k5{, ;f] a'em] a'emfPsf] df}hbft lstfkdf a'em\g] a'emfpg] b'j}nfO{ O{nfsf clkm;sf dfn
lhDdf lng]n] ;xL5fk u/fO{ lng] 5g\, ;f] ;fdf cfpg]nfO{ cfOk'u]kl5 ;f] d'lgsfn] a'emfpFbf
klg ;f]xL df}hbftsf] lstfkdf ;xL5fk u/L u/fO{ a'emfpg'k5{ .
*_ g+= -v_ ;f] g]kfnL nfOg d]gn] sd;] sd dlxgf ! sf] ! kN6, dlxgf dlxgfsf] ;'?df, nfOg ;a} /fd|f]
u/L hfFrL x]g{'kb{5 . ;f] hfFrbf d/dt ug{'kg{] agfpg'kg{] b]lvPdf 6f]nL 6f]nLaf6 x'g] sfd Onfsf
6f]nLaf6 u/fpg]5 . ;f] 6f]nLaf6 dfq gx'g] c? dbt rflxg]df oxL ;jfndf n]lvPadf]lhd hxfF
hxfaf6 dbt lng' eGg] n]lvPsf] 5, dbt lnO{ nfOg 7Ls /fVg]5 -bkmf *_ .
-u_ hfFrdf hfFbf nfOgd]gn] b'j}jlt/sf] glursf] ?v / xfFufla+ufx nfOg OG;k]S6/ / 6f]nLxsf
dflg;xn] sf6L ;kmf /fv]sf] 5 5}g, x]g]{ hfFRg] 5 .
-3_ nfOg xKt} lkR5] hfFr ug'k{ g]{ hfFRg cfPsf] 5 5}g, j8f leqsf] k'ln;, x'nfs, rf}sL a'em\g] 5 .
-_ O{G:6'd]G6 c;n;Fu /fv] g/fv]sf] hfFRg] 5 . d/dtsf] h?/t eof] eg] ;f] d/dt ugf{nfO{
O{G:6'd]G6 OG;k]S6/ lemsfO{ d/dt ug'{ kg]{df ;f] va/ x]8 clkm;df k7fO{ lemsfO{ d/dt u/fpg]
cg';"rL=== 221
/ OG:6'd]G6 x]8 clkm; k7fO{ d/dt u/fOlbg] 5 .
-r_ 8]/fx d/dt eO{ ;kmf /x]sf] 5 5}g, hfFrL d/dtsf] h?/t b]lvof] eg] x]8 clkm;df va/
k7fO{ d/dt ug]{ u/fpg] ug'{ .
-5_ ;f] nfOG;\dg] , OG;k]S6/xn] nfOg hfFRg / tna afF8g aflx/ uO/x]sf]df afx]s c? lbgdf g]kfn
x]8 clkm;df laxfg a]ns ' f nfOg hfFRg] / 6f]lnxsf] xflh/L lng], 3+6L lbg] sfd ug]{ 5 . lghx
;f] sfddf v6L uPsf avt g]kfn x]8 clkm;df ck/]6/ df}hb' eP lghaf6, lgh sfddf uPsf] eP
c? sfdbf/, h;nfO{ 6]lnkmf]g OlGhlgo/n] v6fO{ /flvlbPsf] x'G5, lghn] ug]{ 5 .
-h_ O{G:6'd]G6 OG;k]S6/ g]kfn x]8 clkm;df a;L O{G:6'd]G6 d/dt ug]{ agfpg] sfd ug]{ 5 .
6f]nLxdf a|fGr clkm; ;jclkm;xdf uO{ O{G:6'd]G6x agfpg' d/dt ug'{kg]{ eof] eg]
6]lnkmf]g OlGhlgo/n] nfP cx|fP adf]lhd u/L uO{ d/dt ug]{, agfpg] 5 .
-em_ 6]lnkmf]gsf xflsdsf c8/df /xL s'NnLxn] k]6f]n ug]{ aGbf]a:t ug]{ .
-`_ nfO{gdf k/]sf ?v xf+ufx ;kmf ug]{ / nfO{gdf hf]gL{ afpFbf rflxg] s'/fx k]6f]n ug]{
s'NnLxnfO{ l;sfpg] .
-6_ nfO{gd]g OG;k]S6/xnfO{ pgLxsf] sfddf dbt clt{ lbg] / ;f/f 6]lnkmf]g nfOg /fd|f]
lx;fa;Fu sfd rNg] u/fpgfnfO{ e/;s sf]l;; u/L 6f]nL 6f]nLsf] hfFRg] ;d]t OToflb ug'{kg]{
sfddf Wofg lbg'k5{ .
(=g+= nfOg OG:k]S6/xn] ug'{kg]{ sfd tn bkmf bkmfdf n]lvPsf] 5, ;f] adf]lhd ug'{ -bkmf (_ .
-s_ nfOg OG:k]S6/xaf6 nfOg g hfFr]sf lbg lbg}sf] l/kf]6{ lbg] .
-v_ cfkm\gf Onfsfsf] nfOgdf kl/cfPsf] d/dt ug]{ .
-u_ cfkm\gf Onfsfsf] nfOg kSsL d/dt u/L /fVg] / ;a} hf]gL{x /fd|f];Fu agfP/ ;kmf ug]{ .
-3_ cfkm\gf Onfsfsf] nfOgdf ! rf]6L nfOg d]g OG:k]S6/x a/fa/ uP guPsf] x]g]{ .
!) g++= nfOg OG:k]S6/xn] /f]h /f]h ug'{kg]{ dfd'n sfd tn bkmf bkmfdf n]lvPsf] 5, ;f] adf]lhd ug]{
ug'{ -bkmf !)_ .
-s_ 6f]nL 6f]nLsf nfOg OG:k]S6/x xflh/ /x] g/x]sf] hfFr ugf{nfO{ x]8 clkm;af6 nfOgsf]
sfddf /x]sf] dflg; nfOg OG:k]S6/x jf lghxsf] sfddf uPsf] avt ;f] sfdnfO{
d's// hf] /x]sf] x'G5 p;n] /f]h /f]h laxfg 7Ls & ah], a]n'sf ^ ah] 3G6L lbO{ gDa/;Fu,
cyf{t\ ! gDa/sf 6f]nL, To;kl5 @ gDa/sf] 6f]nLnfO{ 3G6L lbO{ yk qmd;Fu ;a} 6f]nLsf]
xflh/ lng]5 . ;f] xflh/ lng] 6fOddf 6f]nL 6f]nLsf nfOg OG:k]S6/xn] n]lvPsf 6fOddf
nfOgdf cfO{, cfkm\g' cfkm\g' kf]6a'n ;]6 nfOgdf hf]8L xflh/ /xg' . x]8 clkm;af6 306
lbO{ xflh/ lnO;s] kl5 6f]nL :6];gx ;a}n] cfkm";Fu /x]sf] 38L x]8 clkm;af6 lbPsf]
6fod;Fu Ps} 6fOd u/L ldnfO{ /fVg] ug'{ . 6f]nL 6f]nLsf nfOg OG:k]S6/x cfkm" la/fdL
eO{ s]xL sfddf /xg' hfg' k/]df klg 6foddf 6]lnkmf]g lng] lbg] sfd c8\sfp gx'g] ugf{nfO{
cfkm" d'lg /x]sf] sfdbf/nfO{ ;]S;g afs;sf] sfd / nfOgsf] va/ lng] lbg] sfd l;sfO
/fVg] ug'{ . ;f] sfd nfOg OG:k]S6/xn] cfkm" gx'Fbf ;f] sfdbf/xaf6 u/fpg] ug'{ . ;f] xflh/
lng] 6foddf xflh/ /xg' kg]{ nfOg OG:k]S6/x xflh/ /x]g eg] ;f] g/x]sf lbgsf] u}n x'g]5,
;f] ePsf] u}n l6kL /fvL tna afF8\bf s6\6f ug]{ 5 .
-v_ dfly o;} bkmfsf -!_ gDa/df n]lvPsf 6fod 6foddf g]kfn x]8 clkm;af6 3G6L lb+bf
;f] 6fOd k'u]sf] !) ldg]6;Dd klg 3G6L lbO{ xflh/ ePg eg] ! gDa/ 6f]nLn] 3G6L lbg'
k5{ . ;f] 3G6L lb+bf klg x]8 clkm;af6 s'/f cfPg eg] jL/uGh ;jclkm;nfO{ 3G6L lbO{
;f] clkm;af6 ;a}n] 6fod lng / nfOg ;kmf /x]sf] g/x]sf] a'em\g] ug'{ . ! gDa/ 6f]nLaf6
tf]lsPsf 6fodsf] !% ldg]6;Dddf va/ cfPg eg] @ gDa/ 6f]nLn], @ gDa/af6 klg va/
cfPg eg] # gDa/n], # gDa/af6 klg va/ cfPg eg] $ gDa/n], n]lvP adf]lhd 3G6L lbO{
hfFRg] / jL/uGh ;jclkm;;Fu 6fod lnO{ 6fod ldnfO /fVg] ug'{ .
-u_ O:6]zgxnfO{ / 6f]nLxnfO{ 3G6L lbO{ af]nfpFbf b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd l/ cyf{t\ 3G6L
lbPsfn] of] of] O:6]zgnfO{ jf 6f]nLnfO{{ af]nfPsf] egL hfGg' .
g]kfnnfO{ l/ cyf{t\ 3G6L !
lr;fkfgL u9L P] #
cdn]vuGhnfO{ P] %
jL/uGhnfO{ P] @
ledkm]bL a|fGr clkm;nfO{ / c? 6f]nLx $ nfOg P] $
l/ cyf{t\ 3G6L lb+bf ! ;]s]G8sf] 6fOd 3'dfP k'U5 @#$% 3G6L lbg'k/]df ! 3G6Lsf]
lardf ! ;]s]G8 cl8g] ug'{ .
-3_ cfkm"nfO{ af]nfPsf] 3G6L kfPkl5 s;n] af]nfPsf] xf] egL t'?Gt ;f]wL h] ug'{ kg]{ s'/f ug]{ ug'{ .
-_ 6f]nLxn] ;]S;g afs;df hf]8L hfFrsf] sfd ul/;s]kl5 t'?Gt ;]S;g aGb ul/xfNg' k5{,
aGb ug]{ ug'{ .
!!= va/ gcfO{ nfOg lau|]sf] yfxf ePkl5 d/dt ug]{ af/]df ug]{ sfd -bkmf !!_ .
-s_ 3G6L lbO{ hfFr ubf{ s'g} tkm{ nfOg lau|]sf] a'lemof] eg] lau|L /f]sfaf6 ePsf] va/ s'/f rn]sf
6f]nL O:6];gnfO{ lbO{ cfkm\gf Onfsfleq h'g tkm{ lau|L aGb ePsf] 5 d/dt u/L tof/ ug{
nfOg OG:k]S6/x t'?Gt sxLF lanDa gu/L cfkm\gf Onfsfsf] cflv/L;Dd hfFRb} uO{, hxfF
lau|]sf] 5 ;f] agfO{, d/dt u/L tof/ ug]{ ug'{ . tof/ eO;Sg] lalQs} ;f] tof/ eP ePsf
va/ 6]lnkmf]g clkm; clkm;nfO{ lbg' .
-v_ nfOg lau|]sf] 7fpF kQf nfu]kl5 ;f] lau]|sf] rfF8} d/dt u/L tof/ ugf{nfO{ tf/ lbg]sf] w]/}
nfdf] /x]5 jf kSsf tjf/;Fu d/dt ugf{nfO{ Hofbf 6fod nfUg] b]lvof] eg] kSsf lx;fa;Fu
agfpgfnfO{ kl5 agfpFb} ug]{ u/L s'/f rNg];Dd ugf{nfO{ p;} avt e/;s rfF8f] d/dt u/L
s'/f rNg] u/fpg' . kSsf lx;fa;Fu agfpg' kg]{, s'/f;Dd rNg] u/ d/dt u/L l;WofO{ kl5af6
agfpFb} ug'{ . ;f] ubf{ x'g ;s];Dd va/ hfg] cfpg] g/f]lsg] ug'{ .
cg';"rL=== 223
-u_ nfOg OG:k]S6/xn] cfkm" a;]sf ufpF b]lv bfofFafofF, cyf{t\ tnlt/ dflylt/ b'j} tkm{sf]
va/ aGb eO{ lau|]sf] yfxf eof] eg] cfkm\gf] Onfsfsf] o; 7fpFdf lau|]sf] 5 elg 7Ls kQf
nfu] klxn] ;f] lau|]sf] kQf nfu]sf] tkm{ uO{ d/dt ug'{ d/dt ug]{ ug'{ . lau|]sf] o; tkm{ o;
7fpFdf eGg] 7Ls kQf ePg eg] klxn] cfkm\gf] Onfsf leq kg]{ 5f]6f]af6f] htflt/ k5{ pt}lt/sf]
nfOglt/ hfRb} uO{ lau|]sf] 7fpFsf] d/dt u/L kmsL{ csf{ t/km hfFRb} uO{ d/dt ug'{kg]{ d/dt
ug'{ . nfOg hfFb} hfFRb} ;]S;g afs;xdf / cfwfcfwf dfOndf s'/f rn] grn]sf] hfFRb}
hfg] ug'{ .
!@= 6f]nL 6f]nLsf e08f/df /x]sf] dfn ;fdfgx lxkmfhft;Fu /fVg] / rflxg] dfn lemsfpg] af/]df
ug]{ sfd -bkmf !_
-s_ 6f]nL 6f]nLsf nfOg OG:k]S6/xn] cfkm\gf] sfdsf] OG:6'd]G6 cyf{t\ xltof/ ;fdfgx k"/f
sfd lbg] u/L ;kmf /fVg' k5{, To:tf s]xL lau|]df d/dt u/fO{ tof/ u/fO{ /fVg lgldQ OG:6'd]G6
OG:k]S6/xn] lemsfpgnfO{ x]8 clkm;df t'?Gt va/ lbg] ug'{, x]8 clkm;af6 t'?Gt O:6'd]G6
OG:k]S6/ cfpg]5 . sbflrt x]8 clkm/af6 O:G6'd]G6 OG:k]S6/ s]xL sfd sf/0fn] k7fpg
;s]g eg] lau|]sf] OG:6'd]G6 d/dt ug{nfO{ lemsfpg] 5g\, lemsfPdf hu]8f ;d]taf6 sfd
rnfO{ lau|]sf] d/dt ugf{nfO{ k7fOlbg' .
-u_ e08f/ lhDdf lng] nfOg OG:k]S6/xn] cbnL abnL x'Fbf lhDdf lng]n] df}hbft hfFrL
a'em\g] ug'{ . cbnL abnL eO{ a'ema'emf/y ePsf] ;f]xL lstfkdf a'em\g] a'emfpg] b'j}nfO{,
s]xL s}lkmot eP s}lkmot ;d]t hgfO{ ;xL 5fk u/fO{ lng]5 .
-3_ 6f]nL 6f]nLdf jif{ lbgnfO{ vr{ x'g] dfn df}hbft /fVg] ugf{nfO{ x]8 clkm;af6 OlGhlgo/f/f
kmf6af/L km]xl/;t tof/ u/L x/;fn lxpFb cyf{t\ hf8f] dlxgfdf 6f]nLdf cfOk'Ug] aGbf]a:t
ugf{nfO{ tfn'sjfnf dfkm{t hfx]/ u/L lgsf;f eP adf]lhd ug]{ 5 .
-!#_ 6f]lnkmf]gaf6 va/ grn]df va/ k7fpg] / lxGb':yfgLnfO{ ;dfgxsf] lr7\7L cfpg] hfg] af/]df
ug]{ sfd -bkmf !#_
-!$_ 6foddf 3G6L lbg] af/]df ug]{ sfd -bkmf !$_
-s_ k|To]s 6f]nLn] cfkm"nfO{ af]nfPsf] va/ yfxf kfpg] ugf{nfO{ cfkm" a;]sf 3/df 6'snfOg,
cyf{t\ 6]lnkmf]gsf] d"n tf/ cfkm\gf] OG:6'd]G6df hf]8L /fVg] ug'{ .
-v_ 6f]nLn] tn n]lvP adf]lhd cfkm\gf] Onfsfsf nfOg hfFRg agfpg hfFbf cfkm\gf] 6f]nL;Fw} a;]sf]
7fpFdf kmsL{ cfpgfnfO{ 6fod /x]g eg] a]nf a]nfdf lng'kg]{ 6fod xflh/ /xL lbg'kg]{ 3G6L lbgfnfO{
hxfF k'us] f] 5 p;} 7fpFsf] nfOgdf OG:6'dG] 6 hf]8L 6fod lng', 306L lbg' x'G5 . 6f]nL 5f]8L uPsf]
kms{g g;sL lardf af; k/]df klg cfkm"nfO{ af]nfPsf] yfxf kfpg] ugf{nfO{ dlfy !) bkmfsf] -s_
gDa/df n]lvof adf]lhd cfkm\gf] OG:6'dG] 6 nfO{gdf hf]8L /fVg] ug'{ k5{ .
-!%_ 6f]nLxsf] nfOg OG:k]S6/xn] nfOg hfFRg] af/]df ug]{ sfd -bkmf !%_
-s_ 6f]nL 6f]nLsf nfOg OG:k]S6/n] cfkm\gf]cfkm\gf] Onfsf xKtfdf @ k6s jx/ bf]x/ u/L hfFRg'
k5{ .
-v_ nfOg OG;k]S6/, s'NnLxn] /f]h /f]h nfOg hfFr ljifo u/]sf] sfd x]8 clkm;df l/kf]6{ ug'{,
x]8] clkm;af6 bfo/L lstfkdf n]vL /fVg] 5g\ .
-u_ 6f]nL 6f]nLsf nfOg OG:k]S6/ s'NnLxn] sfd 7Ls u/] gu/]s]f hfFrL a'emL, ;afn d'tflas
gePsf]df hl/jfgf jf ;fg'{kg]{ b]lvPdf ;f/km]/ ug{ ;d]t, hf] d'gfl;j b]lvG5 ;f] ugf{nfO{
tfn'sjfnfn] ug]{ 5 .
-!^_ 6f]nLn] nfOg hfFRbf ug]{ sfd -bkmf !^_
-s_ dfly !% bkmfsf] -s_ gDa/df n]lvP adf]lhd hfFr ug{ hfg nfOg OG:k]S6/xn] hfFr ug{
hfFbf nfOgsf] tf/, n6\7fx wSsf nfuL gf]S;fg x'g] ;Dej b]lvPsf tf/ n7\7f glhssf
?vsf] xfFuflaFuf sf6L x6fpg / nfOgsf] bfofFafofF #)#) km'6;Dd ;fkm /fVg'kg]{ x'gfn]
To:tf 7fpFdf k/]sf b]lvPsf ?vx sf6\g'k/]df sf6\g', n7\7fsf] gDa/ d]l6Pdf gDa/ n]Vg',
n7\7fx 9n]sf] eP ;f]emf] u/fpg', n7\7f c8fpg] tf/ r'F8]sf] jf v'sn' f ePsf] eP ;f] tf/x
l7s ug'{ O;'n]6/x hfFRg', cfsfzaf6 lah'nLsf] arfp ug{sf] lgldQ n7\7fdf hl8Psf
oGqx b'?:t eP gePsf] hfFrL b'?:t ul/g] ;d]t O{Toflb u/L nfOgsf] tf/ n7\7fx b'?:t,
c;n lx;fa;Fu /xg] /fVg] ug'{ k5{ .
-v_ nfOg hfFr ubf{ jf cl3kl5 klg nfOgnfO{ af9Ln] jf 8F8]nf]n] cyjf k}/f]n] jf ;8s lau|L
gf]S;fg k'ofpg] vt/f b]lvof] eg] To;sf] arfp ugf{nfO{ 6f]nLdf cfkm";Fu /x]sf] dbtn]
k'u] ;f]xL dbtaf6, cfkm";Fu /x]sf dbtn] gk'u], 7"nf] gf]S;fg x'g] vt/f b]lvof] eg], To;sf]
arfpnfO{ g]kfndf jf lr;fkfgL u9L, jL/uGh hxfF glhs k5{ ToxfFsf] clkm;nfO{ h'g
lsl;dsf] vt/f b]lvPsf] 5 To;sf] v'n:t, xfn rflxg] dbtnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g lbO{ dbt lnO{
arfpsf] sfd ug]{ ug'{ .
-!&_ 6]lnkmf]gaf6 6f]nLxn] s'/f ug]{ af/]df ug]{ sfd -bkmf !&_
-s_ b'lgofFbf/ ;d]tsf lgldQ @$ rf}la; 306f sfd x'g] x'gfn] df}sf larf/ u/L sfd gk/]sf
avtdf nfOgsf sfdsf] af/]df x'g] s'/f 6f]nLxn] ug]{ ug'{ .
-v_ 6f]nL 6f]nLsf dflg;xn] 6]lnkmf]gsf] / ;/sfl/of sfdsf] s'/f b]lv afx]s cfkm\g' 3/jf:tfsf]
s'/f 6]lnkmf]gaf6 s'g} cj:yfdf klg ug'{ x'Fb}g . nfOg OG:k]S6/ nfOg;d]gxn] nfOgsf
af/]sf] sfdnfO{ cfk;df e]6 ug]{ s'/f / cfkm"xn] vfg] / /;bsf af/]sf] s'/f ug'{ kof] eg]
k|mL ;le{; d];]hsf avtdf s'/f ug]{ ug'{ x'G5 .
-u_ 6f]nLxaf6 c? s;}n] k7fOb]p egL lbPsf] va/ c? 6f]nLf/f s;}n] kfpg] u/L k7fpg
x'Fb}g, dnflxhfn] s;}n] To:tf] sfd u/]sf] 7x/] hl/jfgf x'g]5 . cfkm" a;]sf 7fpF glhs
v'gvt/f, 8s}tL eP jf ;?jf /f]u, 7"nf] cfunfuL ;d]t o:t} 7"nf 7"nf s'/f ePsf] glhs
k'ln; rf}sLaf6 g]kfn jf jL/uGh u9Ldf va/ lbgnfO{ lbPdf k|mL ;le{; d];]hsf 6foddf
k7fpg' x'G5 . h?/L va/ e} ;f] 6fod eGbf cl3 kl5 va/ lbg' kg]{ b]lvof] eg] To:tf] va/
cfPdf h'g avtdf eP klg va/ lbg' x'G5, lbg] ug'{ .
-3_ 6]lnkmf]g clkm;sf lardf ePsf s'/fx 6f]nLsf s;}n] ;'Gg] gug'{, ;'Gg] sf]lz; klg gug'{,
s;}n] sf]lzz u/] jf va/ ;'g]sf] hfx]/ eof] eg] ;hfoF x'g]5 .
cg';"rL=== 225
-!*_ ;jf/Lsf] avt va/ rnfpg / OG:k]S6/x 6]lnkmf]g ljifosf] sfddf cfpFbf cf} nfOG;d]g cGt
;?jf ePdf s'NnLn] ug]{ sfd -bkmf !*_
-s_ nfOg OG:k]S6/x Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf ;?jf e} hfFbf jf nfOg OG:k]S6/x hfFr ug{
cfpFbf 6f]nLsf @ hgf s'NnL lghxsf] lem6L csf]{ 6f]nL;Dd af]sL k'ofOlbg' k5{, @ hgf
s'NnL eGbf a9\tf nfg lbg / lem6L b]lv afx]s c? af]em af]sfpg x'Fb}g . tf]lsP afx]s
a9\tf s'NnL nu]sf] / c? af]em af]sfPsf] 7xof] eg] P]g adf]lhd ;hfoF x'g]5 .
-!(_ sf]xL 6f]nLsf] O:6'd]G6 lau|]sf] d/dt e} g;s];Dd ;6\6fdf csf]{ OG:6'd]G6 klg kfPg eg]
OG:6'd]G6 gcfP;Dd nfO{G;d]gn] ;f] ljrf/df OG:6'd]G6 ljgf x'g] c? hfFrsf] sfdx ;a} ug]{ ug'{
k5{ . -bkmf !(_
-@)_ nfOg OG:k]S6/n] ug'{ kg]{ sfd -bkmf @!_
-s_ lbg lbg} k]6f]n ug]{ sfdnfO{ s'NnLx v6fpg]
-v_ nfOg hfFRg hfg] s'NnLxn] k"/f ;fdfglnO{ uP guPsf] / nfOg k"/f lx;fa;Fu hfFr] ghfFr]sf]
ljrf/ /flv cfkm\gf] c8\8fdf /x]sf] lhG;L dfnsf] klg lhDdfjf/ x'g' k5{ .
-u_ cfkm\gf cfkm\gf Onfsfsf] nfOgdf hfFr ug{nfO{ dlxgf ! sf] ! rf]6L uO{ nfOg OG:k]S6/n]
eg] adf]lhd ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] ;a} d/dt ug]{ ug'{ .
@!= k]6f]n s'NnLxn] ug'{ kg]{ sfd -bkmf @@_
-s_ s'NnLxsf] d'Vo sfd cfkm\gf cfkm\gf Onfsfsf] nfOg x]b}{ hfg]
-+v_ ?vsf xfFuf laFufxnfO{ nfOgb]lv km/s /fVg] / sf]xL xfFuf laFufxn] nfOgdf 5f]Psf] 5
eg] km]l/ a9\g gkfpg] u/L sf6\g' k5{ .
-u_ km]l/ rfF8} rfF8} a9\g] x'gfn] nfOg 5'g] dfq u/L sf6gfn] dfq 5'Fb}g
-3_ k]6f]n s'NnLxn] cfkm"n] 3'Dg' kg]{ 7fpFdf 3'd]kl5 kmnfgf 7fpFdf cfOk'u]F, d}n] 3'd]sf] nfOgdf
o:tf] o:tf] 5 egL nfOgsf] k"/f xfn cfkm"n] 3'Dg' kg]{ nfOg x]l/;s]kl5 x/Ps O:6]zgnfO{
l/kf]6{ ug'{ k5{ .
-_ cfkm\g' cfkm\g' Onfsfsf] nfOg ltgLxn] /f]h /f]h 3'Dg' k5{ .
bf]>f] efu
!= 6]lnkmf]g va/ lng] tn n]lvPsf % 7fpFdf /x]sf] 5, ;f] 7fpF 7fpFaf6 cfPsf] va/x lnOg] /
;f] clkm;xdf k7fpg] afFl8g] sfd x'g]5 -bkmf !_ .
-s_ g]kfn 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm; .
-v_ jL/uGh ;jclkm; .
-u_ cdn]vuGh clkm; .
-3_ ledkm]bL a|fGr clkm; .
-_ lr;fkfgL u9L 6f]nL
@= ;f] clkm;xaf6 tfltnsf] lbg afx]s c? lbgdf sfd x'g] 6fod a}zfv ! ut]b]lv r}q
d;fGt ts lbgsf] !) ah]b]lv $ ah];Dd n]6\ lkm; gnfUg] u/L va/ rNg] 5, ;f] 6fodb]lv
afx]s c? 6foddf / labfsf] lbgdf eg] n]6\ kmLsf nflu h'g;'s} lbg, 6foddf eP klg va/
rNg]5 -bkmf @_ .
#= 6]lnkmf]g nfOg sxL lau|L grNg] ePdf nfOg aGb eP gf]l6; n]vL clkm; aflx/ 6f+lu/fVg] 5, ;f]
gf]l6; /x'Gh]n;Dd 6]lnkmf]gaf6 va/ k7fpg] sfd x'g] 5}g -bkmf #_ .
$= 6]lnkmf]gaf6 va/ k7fpFbf n]Vg] kmf/fdx clkm; clkm;df dxh'b /xg] 5, k7fpg] va/ n]VgfnfO{
!@$ tfp;Dd a]bfddf kfOG5 . vl/8 ug]{xn] vl/b ubf{ 36L %) tfpsf] kmf/fdsf] lstfk
! Ps s] df]= ?= . @% krL; k};fn] vl/b ug{ kfOG5 . sbflrt kmf/fdx gkfP ;fbf sfuh, *
OGrL rf}8f, !) OGrL, nDaf ePsf] g]kfnL jf b]zL sfuhdf kmf/fd}sf] 9fFrfu/L n]lvPsf] klg ln
Og]5 -bkmf $_ .
%= k7fpg] va/ ! km/fdsf] va/ n]Vg] v08df dfq n]lvbf gc6fpg] eof] eg] csf]{ kmf/fdsf] va/
n]Vg] v08df n]vL gDa/ ldnfO{ gTyL ug]{ ug'{ -bkmf %_ .
^= 6]lnkmf]gaf6 va/ k7fpFbf b'lgofFbf/n] 3/ jf:tfsf] s'/f;Dd n]vg k7fpg x'G5, /fhsfh ljifosf]
cyjf ;/sf/sf] gf]S;fg kg]{, ;/sf/L sfdddf vt/f kg]{ juafbL jf c? s'g} t/xaf6 ;/sf/sf]
a/lvnfkm x'g] va/x k7fpg x'Fb}g, To:tf] va/ k7fpg vf]Hg] dflg;xnfO{ k'ln; uf]Zj/fdf
a'emfOlbg] 5 hfgL hfgL To:tf] va/ ck/]6/n] rnfof] eg] ;f] va/ / ck/]6/nfO{ ;d]t k'ln;
uf]Zj/fdf, df]km;nsfnfO{ uf]Zj/fdf jf clegLdf a'emfOlbg] 5 -bkmf ^_ .
&= va/ rnfpg] lgod -bkmf &_
-s_ va/ k7fpg] d'Vo tLg lsl;dsf] x'G5 sfh ;/sf/Lof !, b'lgofFbf/sf] !, 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfd
ljifosf] !
-v_ sfh ;/sf/Lofdf / ;f] afx]s c?sf] va/x b'lgofFbf/sf]df ul/g] 5 . 6]lnkmf]g clkm;x
jf 6f]nLxn] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf sfdsf ljifosf lnP lbPsf] va/x 6]lnkmf]g ljifosf]
;lDemg]5 eGg] af/]sf]
-u_ bkm\t/ c8\8f c8\8faf6 k7fpg] hltdf c8\8fsf] 5fk / xflsdsf] 5fk jf ;xL u/L k7fpg'
k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd /Lt gk'u]sf] va/ lng] rnfpg] 5}g . b'lgofFbf/n] rnfpg NofPsf] va/df
klg k7fpg]sf] jf jfsndsf] ;xL b:vt /xg' k5{, ;f] geO{ va/ rNg] 5}g .
-3_ va/ rnfg ubf{ 6]lnkmf]g clkm;df bflvn ePsf] /f]n};Fu rnfpg ug]{ ug'{ . t/ sfh ;/sf/L
va/x cufl8 rnfO;lssg dfq b'lgofFbf/sf] rnfg ug'{ k5{ . va/x a'emL lnO;s]skl5
rnfpg gkfpFb} nfOg aGb ePdf kl5 h'g 6foddf eP klg v'Ngf ;fy ;f] va/x rnfpg]
ug'{ .
-*_ va/ k7fpg]sf] kQf 7]ufgf n]Vbf vf]lh/xg' gkg]{ u/L va/ kfpg]n] em6k6} va/ kfpg\ eGgf lgldt
kfpg]sf] kQf 7]ufgf k"/f k"/f n]Vg' k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd gn]lvPsf]df kfpg]n] va/ kfPg eg] To;sf]
cg';"rL=== 227
hjfkmb]xL 6]lnkmf]g clkm; x'Fb}g, ;/sf/df, ;/sf/Lof c8\8fvfgfdf kmf]g lbg]xsf] k"/f 7]ufgf
vf]nL kmf]g k7fpg' -bkmf *_ .
-(_ dx;'nsf] lgod -bkmf (_
-v_ va/df cIf/ njhsf] luGtLsf] lx;fan] 36L dx;'n nfUg] eP klg df]/ .@$ rf}jL; k};f
b]lv 36L dx;'n lng] 5}g .
-u_ cf]e/ 6fod, b]xfodf n]lvPsf 6foddf va/ rnfpFbf ?= .%) krf; k};f, va/} lkR5] s'/f
u/fpFbf ^.^ ldg]6sf] df]? .%) k};fsf b/n] yk n]6 kmL ;d]t lnO{ va/ rnfpg / s'/f ;d]t
ug{ lbg] 5 .
j}zfv ! ut]b]lv r}q d;fGt ts lbgsf] a]n'sL $
ah]b]lv ef]ln kN6 a]xfg !) ah];Dd n]6 kmL
lnOg] 5, ljbfsf] lbgdf lbge/ n]6\ kmL lnOg] 5 .
-!)_ va/ afF8\g] ljifodf -bkmf !)_
-s_ cfPsf] va/ kmf/fddf n]lv vfd aGb u/L kfpg]sf] gfd 7]ufgf, kQf / va/sf] gDa/ ;d]t
vfddf n]vL clkm;sf xnsf/ff/f kfpg]sf] 3/;Dd k'ofO{, kfpg] dflg; eP p;}sf] xftdf
/ geP ;f] kQf 7]ufgfdf hf] 5 p;nfO{ a'emfO{ ekf{O{ lng] 5 . xnsf/f u} af8\g hfFbf kfpg]sf]
3/df kfpg] dflg; jf c? dflg; ;d]t sf]xL ga;]sf] eO{ kQf gnfUg] eof], cyjf lbPsf]
va/ # lbg;Dd nuftf/ hfFbf klg a'emfpg kfPg, lnPg eg] vf/]h x'g]5, kl5 kfpg] 5}g .
-v_ xnsf/fn] afF8\g] j8f
g]kfn x]8 clkm; Onfsf g]kfn ;x/, l;+xb/af/, xfF8L ufpF ljzfn gu/, hfpnfv]n,
kf6g, l8NnLahf/, gS;fn / dxf/fhuGh;Dd
ledkm]bL a|fGr clkm;sf] O{nfsf ledkm]bL, wf];L{
jL/uGh clkm;sf] Onfsf >Lk'/ d'/nL b/af/, /S;f}n ;Dd
cdn]vu+h clkm;sf] O{nfsf cdn]vuGhe/
lr;fkfgL u9L 6f]nL 6f]nLsf] O{nfsf lr;fkfgL u9Le/
-u_ cfPsf va/ ! Ps 306fsf] hDdf u/L /ftL ( ah];Dd cfPsf] afFl8g] 5 . ;f] 6fodkl5
cfPdf ;/sf/Lof va/ hlt dfq afFl8g] 5, c?sf] ef]lnkN6sf] 6fodddf afFl8g] 5 .
-!!_ 6]lnkmf]gsf] nfOgdf s'/f ug}{ ljifodf -bkmf !!_
-s_ 6]lnkmf]gaf6 s;};Fu s'/f ug{nfO{, hf];Fu s'/f ug'{ 5 p;nfO{, kmnfgf] 6foddf 6]lnkmf]g
clkm;df cfO/xg', s'/f ug'{ k5{, eGg] ;"rgf va/ lgod adf]lhd dx;'n lt/L cufj} a]nfdf
va/ lbO;s]kl5 dfq h'g 6foddf va/ kfpg] dflg; clkm;df cfpg] 5 ;f] 6fod ldnfO{
s'/f ug'{ k5{ .
t]>f] efu
!= 6]lnkmf]gsf kmf/fdsf] klxnf bf]>f efudf n]lvPsf] lgod adf]lhd ug'{ u/fpg' kg]{ sfd /fd|f] u/L
a'emL /fvL ;f] adf]lhd / tn bkmf bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfddf /x]sf sfdbf/x
cfkm" cfkm"n] ug'{ u/fpg' kg]{ sfd ug'{ u/fpg' k5{ -bkmf !_ .
@= clkm; clkm;df /x]sf sfdbf/ sfl/Gbfsf] xflh/L kmf/fd x]8 Sns{, cyf{t\ d'Vo sfl/Gbfn] v8f
u/L /fVg', cfkm";d]tsf] / 6f]nL 6f]nLsf] /f]h /f]hsf] xflh/L lng] ug'{ -bkmf @_ .
#= clkm; clkm;df / 6f]nL 6f]nLdf /x]sf OG:6'd]G6 cyf{t\ xltof/ ;fdfgx k"/f sfd lbg] u/L ;w}+ ;kmf
/fVg' k5{, ;f] /fVg] / To;af6 b:t'/ dflkms sfd lng] sfObfx 6]lnkmf]g / OlGhlgo/n] l;sfOlbg]
5 . x]8 clkm;sf] OG:6'd]G6x s]xL lau|]df 6]lnkmf]g OlGhlgo/nfO{ t'?Gt va/ lbO{ hxfF;Dd x'g
;S5 rfF8f] d/dt u/fpg' . jL/u~h ;a clkm;, cdn]vu~h clkm;, ledkm]bL a|fGr clkm; jf
6f]nL 6f]nLdf /x]sf] OG:6'd]G6x lau|]df t'?Gt x]8 clkm;df va/ cfpg] 5, ;f] va/ cfPkl5 x]8
clkm; 6]lnkmf]g OlGhlgo/nfO{ va/ lbg] ug'{ . ;f] va/ cfpgf ;fy 6]lnkmf]g OlGhlgo/n] t'?Gt
O:6d]G6 OG:k]S6/ v6fO{ jf cfkm} uO{ ug'{kg]{ d/dt u/L u/fpg' . lemsfO{ d/dt u/L x'g] / k'Ug]df
lemsfO{ d/dt u/L k7fOlbP klg x'G5 . ;f] xltof/ ;fdfg d/dt eP gePsf] 6]lnkmf]g OlGhlgo/
lhDdfjf/ x'g]5 -bkmf #_ .
$= 6]lnkmf]gaf6 k7fOg] va/ ;f] sfdsf] kmf/fddf n]lvg] x'gfn] rflxg] kmf/fdx clkm;df df}h'b
/fvL va/ k7fpg]xn] va/ n]Vg lgldQ dfu]df !.@.$ tfp hlt rflxG5 a]bfDdf ug{' va/
k7fpg]xn] ;f] va/ n]Vg], pNyf ug]{ af/]df d2t dfu] eg] ck/]6/xn] ;s];Ddsf] d2t a]bfDdf
ul/ lbg' s;}n] kmf/fd gkfO{ lgodsf gfk adf]lhdsf ;fbf g]kfnL jf b]zL sfuhdf n]vL Nofof]
eg] To:tf] sfuhxdf n]vL NofPsf va/ klg rnfpg] ug'{ -bkmf $_ .
%= 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfdsf] ljifosf] va/sf] dx;'n gnfUg] x'gfn] To:tf] va/ n]lvPsf] kmf/fd a]bfd
eGg] hgfO{ /fVg' . To:tf] va/ rnfpFbf c? va/;Fusf] l;nl;n]af/ gDa/ /fVg' kb}{g . To:tfsf]
5'6\6f lstfk u/L 6]=j]= gDa/ hgfO{ z'? ! b]lv p7fO{ gDa/ 6fFuL /fVg] ug'{ -bkmf %_ .
^= 6]lnkmf]gaf6 k7fpg] va/ s;}n] NofPdf l/t k'ofO{ NofPsf] 5 5}g x]/L l/t gk'u]sf]df l/t k'ofO{
lnO{ ;f] kmf/fddf clkm;n] n]Vg' kg]{ n]v, To;df sfd p7fgsf jf ;fn ldltn] z'? ! ut]b]lv
l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/ p7fO{ h'g avt hlt gDa/ k'u]sf] 5 ;f] gDa/ /fvL lng'kg]{ dx;'nsf] l6s6
;f] kmf/fdsf] k5fl8 6fF:g nufO{ ;f] 6fF;]sf] l6s6df clkm;sf] gfd ldlt ePsf] 5fk nufO{ p;}
avt /2L u/L a'em]sf] dx;'nsf] /l;bsf] kmf/fdlstfkaf6 lbg] ug'{ -bkmf ^_ .
&= 6]lnkmf]gdf s]xL vt/f k/L jf h?/L sfd kl/cfof] eg] p;} avt hf] ug'{ kg]{ d/dt arfp, ug'{kg]{
x'gfn] To:tf] avtdf ;jfnn] kfPsf] 5'6\6L egL a:g kfpFb}g, hf] ug'{kg]{ P]g;jfn adf]lhd b'j}
sfd, h'g sfd h;n] ug'{kg]{ xf] p;}n] ug'{ k5{ -bkmf (_ .
*= cfkm\gf lhDdfsf] OG:6'd]G6, lhG;L dfnx a]lxkmfht ;fy /fvL a]lxkmfht;Fu ukmntn] gf]S;fg
x'g uof] eg] ;f] gf]S;fgL ck/]6/n] jf dfn lhDdf lng] h:sf] ukmnt 7x5 To;n] a'emfpg' knf{
-bkmf !)_ .
cg';"rL=== 229
(= o; sfddf d's// / ePsf dflg;xdf s'g} dflg; s]xL sfd ljifon] vl6P/ jf labfdf sxL
uPsf] eO{ cyjf sfd ug{ g;Sg] s]xL a]xf]/f eof] eg] ;f] dflg;n] u/]sf] sfd To; b]lv d'lgsf]
hf] 5 p;n], sfd c8sfp gf]S;fg gx'g] u/L P]g ;jfn ;gb df 7Ls sfd sfh ug'{ u/fpg' k5{ .
;f] d'lgsf] dflg; sfd nfpg g;Sg] lsl;dsf] eP ;f] va/ t'?Gt 6]lnkmf]g OlGhlgo/nfO{ lbg',
lghn] klg h;af6 sfd u/fpg' d'gfl;j kb{5 u/fpg' -bkmf !!_ .
!)= 6]lnkmf]gsf sfd 6foddf, P]g ;jfn sfObf dflkms sfd rn] grn]sf] rLkm On]lS6sn OlGhlgo/n]
egL n]lvPsf] afx]s c? snddf a/fa/ x]/L afwf c8sfp ePdf ;fw ;f]w hf] ug'{ k5{ 6]lnkmf]g
OlGhlgo/n] tfn'sjfnf dfkm{t u/L u/fO{ 6fod 6foddf ug'{ u/fpg' k5{ . s;}sf] ;'l:tn] l9nf
ePsf] b]lvPdf P]g ;jfndf v'n]df P]g ;jfn adf]lhd thlahn], tflstL hl/jfgf hf] ug'{ kg]{
u/L tfd]n u/fpg' eGg] ;d]t af/]sf] -bkmf !@_
!#= 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfdnfO{ ;fn j;fn jif{ ! PsnfO{ rflxg] b]zfj/af6 lemsfpg kg]{ dfn ;fdfg
lemsfpgnfO{ cufj} df}Hbft x]/L hfFrL rflxg] dfnsf] lkml/:t rLkm OlGhlgo/f/ tof/ u/fO{
tfn'sjfnf dfkm{t hfx]/ u/L ug]{ ug'{ -bkmf !$_ .
!$= 6]lnkmf]gaf6 ePsf] sfddf s;}sf] s]xL s'/fsf] ph'/ kg{ cfPdf tfn'sjfnfn] a'emL 7x/] P]g
;jfnadf]lhd ug'{ -bkmf !%_ .
!%= rnfpg] va/df nfUg] dx;'n ln+bf b/aGbLn] nfUg] dx;'n lnO{ ;f] lnofsf] ?k}ofFsf] dx;'n
a'emfpg]nfO{ kmf/fd /l;bdf a'emfofsf] ?k}ofsf] c+s vf]nL / ;/sfl/of c88fvfgfaf6 / b'lgof
tkm{af6 l6s6} 6fF;L cfPsf] va/df dx;'n jfkt l6s6 cfPsf] eGg] hgfO{ ;f] va/ a'em\g]sf]
;xL5fk u/L clkm;sf] 5fk nufOlbg' -bkmf !^_ .
!^= va/ rnfpFbf klxnf efudf n]lvPsf sfO{bf;Fu 3G6L lbg', h'g clkm;nfO{ af]nfpg' k5{ af]nfO{
p; clkm;sf] ck/]6/ clkm;df xflh/ ePkl5 va/ rnfpg] clkm;n] cfkm\g' clkm;sf] gfpF lbO{
k7fpg', lnPsf] va/sf] gDa/;Fu ;Fu} eGg' -bkmf !*_ .
!&= va/ lng] ck/]6/n] 3G6L cfpg] ljlQs} t'?Gt 6]lnkmf]g OG:6'd]G6 lnO{ sf] xf] egL ;f]Wg', va/ lbg]
ck/]6/n] dfly !* bkmfdf n]lvof adf]lhd k7fpg] clkm;sf] gfd lbPkl5 kmf/fd n]Vbf rnfg
ug]{ clkm;n] qmd};Fu eg]sf] s'/f h'gh'g v08df n]Vg' k5{ n]Vg] ug'{ -bkmf !(_ .
!*= cfPsf va/x kmf/fd n]lv;s]kl5 gSsn ;Ssn u/L ! k|lt clkm;df /fvL csf]{ ! k|lt vfd
aGbL u/L va/sf] gDa/ kfpg]sf] gfd 7]ufgf ktf vfddf n]vL cl3Nnf] k6s af8\g uPsf] xns/f
kms]{kl5 csf]{ xns/f k7fpg] u/L !.! 3G6fdf hDdf ePsf] af8\g k7fO{ a'lemlng]sf] e/kfO{ lng]
ug'{ -bkmf @)_ .
!(= ck/]6/n] ug'{kg]{ sfd -bkmf @!_
-v_ cdn]vu+hsf] ck/]6/n] va/ lng] lbg] a'em\g] hDd} sfdsf] lhDdfjf/ eO{ oxL ;d]t a'emfpg' k5{ .
-u_ ck/]6/xn] b]xfPsf] 6foddf b]xfo adf]lhd u/L va/ rnfpg' k5{ .
a}zfv b]lv r}q d;fGt ts lbgsf] !) ah] b]lv a]n'sL $ ah];Dd cfpg] hfg] va/x
rnfpg] sfd / a]n'sL $ ah] b]lv ef]ln kN6 !) ah];Dd cfPsf va/x ;d]t rnfpg'
k5{ . cf]e/ 6foddf rnfPsf va/x / s'/f u/fpFbf ;jfn adf]lhd n]6\ kmL lnO{ rnfO{
lbg' .
-3_ g]kfn x]8 clkm;sf] ;f] clkm;sf v/bf/n] / jL/u+h ;jclkm;sf] clkm;sf /fO6/n]
dx;'nxsf] jxL ;d]t a'emfpg] x'gfn] g]kfn, jL/u+h ck/]6/n] axL a'emfpg' kb}{g .
-@)_ g]kfn x]8 clkm;sf] vl/bf/n] x]8 clkm;sf sfd sfdsf] gubL cfDbfgL vr{ jfl;n afFsL /
dx;'nsf] uf]Zjf/f kmf/fd v8f u/L ;f] ;d]t axL a'emfpg' kg]{ aL/u+h ;j clkm;sf /fO{6/n] jL/u+h
;a clkm;sf] dx;'nxsf] uf]Zj/f kmf/fd ;d]t v8f u/L axL a'emfpg', c? k/L cfPsf] uf]Zjf/f
sfd ug'{ k5{ -bkmf @@_ .
-@!_ lkogxn] va/x 7Ls 7]ufgf nufO{ a'emfpg' k5{ -bkmf @#_ .
-@@_ 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfdnfO{ ge} gx'g] rflxg] dfn vl/b ugf{nfO{ sG6]glhG;L jfkt jif{ ! sf] df]? !%)
Ps ;P krf; ?k}ofFsf b/n] ;fn j;fn sf};L tf];fvfgfaf6 lhDdjf/L lnO{ tfn'sjfnfsf b:vt
adf]lhd vr{ ug]{ ug'{, tfn'sjfnfsf b:tvt / lng] kfpg]sf] /;Lb ekf{O{ adf]lhd ldgfxf x'g]5
-bkmf @$_ .
-@#_ To; clkm;df h8fg e}/x]sf] lah'nLsf] lah'nL c8\8f ltg{ kg]{ vr{ jf d/dt hf] ug'{ kg]{ ugf{nfO{
dfn dbt sfnLu8 dh'/nfO{ vr{ ug'{ kbf{ tfn'sjfnfsf] b:vt u/fO{ sG6]glhG;Laf6} vr{ ug]{
ug'{, eGg] ;d]tsf] -bkmf @%_ .
-@$_ 6]lnkmf]gsf sfddf lhG;L dfnx OlGhlgo/n] eg] adf]lhd vr{ ug'{ kbf{ x]8 clkm;af6 vr{ x'g]
/ ! g+= yfgsf]6 6f]nLaf6 vr{ x'gd] f tfn'sjfnfsf b:vt adf]lhd vr{ ug]{ / c? 6f]nL 6f]nLaf6 /
clkm; clkm;af6 vr{ ePsf] ;d]t jL/u+h ;j clkm;sf] / ledkm]bL a|fGr clkm;sf] uf]/Zjf/f lhG;L
lstfkdf cfDbfgL vr{ n]Vg] x'gfn] ;f] lstfkdf cfDbfgL vr{ n]lvPsf] 7Ls 5 5}g OlGhlgo/n] hfFrL
;xL 5fk u/L ;fn ! Pssf] Ps} k6s tfn'sjfnfsf b:vt u/fO{ bflvn ug]{ ug'{ -bkmf @^_ .
-@%_ 6]lnkmf]gsf] nfOg d/dt u/L agfpFbfdf / c? sfdaf6 ;d]t tf/ ;fdfg OToflb 6'6 km'6 e} cfPsf]
lhG;L dfnx lkmtL{ cfDbfgL afFWg' . ;f] 6'6 km'6 j]sDjf lkmtf{ cfDbfgL afFlwPsf] c? clkm;
6f]nLdf /x]sf] ;d]t sfd nfUg] gnfUg] 5'6\ofO{ sfd nfUg] hlt nfOgs} sfddf /fvL, sfd gnfUg]
hlt !@ ;fnsf] hDdf u/L j]sDjf sfd gnfUg] of] of] ;fn olt olt egL kmfF6 vf]nL tfn'sjfnf
5]p kmfF6jf/L hfx]/ u/L ;f] kmfF6jf/L tfn's jfnfn] ;b/ ul/lbPkl5 ledkm]bLb]lv jL/u+h;Ddsf],
jL/u+h uf]Zj/fsf bhf{ k'u]sf dflg; ;f5L /flv / g]kfn x]8 clkm; Onfsfsf hlt g]kfn x]8
clkm;df lhG;L c8\8fsf gfoj ;Ddsf bhf{ k'u]sf dflg; ;f5L /fvL lnnfd laqmL ug]{ ug'{ . ;f]
lnnfd laqmL ubf{ lhG;L vr{ n]vL jL/u+hdf lnnfd laqmL ePsf] ;d]t cfPsf] gubL jfl;n
afFsLdf cfDbfgL afFwL ;b/ d'n'sL vfgfdf bflvn ug'{ -bkmf @&_ .
-@^_ o; sfdsf] 6]lnkmf]gdf nfUg] dx;'nsf] l6s6} 6fFl;g] / l6s6sf] cfDbfgL lhDdfjf/L lnPsf] 7fpFdf
bflvn ug]{ e} gubLsf] cfDbfgL vr{ ug'{ kg]{ x'gfn] rnfPsf va/sf] sfuhx b]xfo adf]lhdsf]
l/t k'ofO{ rnfgL ;fy 6fod 6foddf >L s'df/Lrf]s g]kfn k}nf kmfF6df bflvn u/L kmf/v lng]
ug'{, :ofxf 9kf]6 v8f ul//xg' kb}{g -bkmf @!_ .
cg';"rL=== 231
-s_ dx;'n nflu rnfg eP u/]sf va/ n]lvPsf nfUg] dx;'nsf] l6s6 6fFl;Psf kmf/fd
l;nl;n]af/ gDa/ ldnfO{ gTyL u/L ;f] kmf/fd / c;'n ePsf dx;'nsf] clkm;df /x]sf
/;Lblstfk dlxgf dlxgf lbgsf] dlxgf gf3]sf & lbgleq bflvn ug'{ .
-v_ ;f] kmf/fd /l;bx k7fpFbf kmf/fd adf]lhd dlxgf lbgsf] 9fFrf gDa/ @ sf] uf]Zj/f kmf/fd
v8f u/L ;fy}df k7fpg] ug'{ .
-u_ lhG;L tkm{sf] ;fn e/sf] lstfk clkm; clkm;n] 5'6\6f 5'6\6} v8f u/L ;fn tdfd ePkl5
t]l/h jfl;n afFsL u/fO{ afFsL lhDdfjf/L ;f/L ;fn tdfd ePsf #% lbgleq x]8 clkm;
dfkm{t bflvn ug]{ ug'{ .
-@&_ ;f] bflvn ePsf] >]:tfaf6 s'df/Lrf]sn] dlxgf /f]h bflvn ePsf !% lbg leqdf kmf/v ug]{
x'gfn] Dofb Dofbdf k7fpg' kg]{ sfuh Dofb Dofbdf k7fpg] ug'{, Dofb gf3]df s'df/Lrf]ssf ;jfn
adf]lhd ug]{ 5 -bkmf #@_ .
-@*_ o; sfdsf] lgsf;L k}7f/L jL/u+h ;a clkm;, cdn]vu~h clkm;, ledkm]bL clkm;n] ;d]t x]8
clkm; dfkm{t hfx]/ u/L ;f] hfx]/Laf6 lgsf;f ug'{ kg]{ / x]8 clkm;n] x]8 clkm;s} sfdsf] hfx]/
ug'{ kg]{ tfn'sjfnf dfkm{t hfx]/ u/L lgsf;f eP adf]lhd ug]{ ug'{ -bkmf ##_ .
-@(_ 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfdnfO{ x/ jvt ?h' /xg' kg]{ c? avt labf gkfpg] x'gfn] 6f]nL 6f]nLsf nfOG;d]g,
OG:k]S6/, s'NnLx !! dlxgf sfd ul/;s]kl5 ! dlxgf tna ;fysf] ljbf kfpg] u/L s'NnLxnfO{
sfd gc8\sg] u/L nfOg OG:k]S6/sf thljhn] cfnf] kfnf] u/L lbO{ ;f] ljbf lbPsf] / nfOg
OG:k]S6/nfO{ ljbf lbg lng ;d]t x]8 clkm;df hfx]/ u/L k7fpg] 5 . lstfk v8f u/L s'NnLx
ljbf 5'6]sf] / xflh/ ePsf] hgfp cfP adf]lhd lstfkdf hgfO /fVg] / nfOG;d]g, OG:k]S6/xn]
ljbf kfpF egL hfx]/L bvf{:t cfPdf tfn'sjfnf;Fu ;f]wL kfpg] 7xl/Psf] lghn] tf]lslbPsf]
ljbfdf hfg] lgsf; lbOk7fO{ lstfkdf hgfO{ ljbfleq xflh/ eP gePsf] a'emL hgfO{ /fVg] ug'{,
ljbf gf3]df P]g ;jfn adf]lhd ug'{ -bkmf #$_ .
-#)_ b]jfgL, kmf}hbf/L u/]df ;jfndf n]lvP adf]lhd x'g] afx]s ;jfn alv{nfkm sfd u/]df nfOG;d]g,
OG:k]S6/, s'NnLxnfO{ klxnf efusf] & gDa/sf] -3_ bkmf df n]lvP adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{ kg]{,
k/L cfPdf tfn'sjfnf;Fu ;f]wL tf]lslbPsf ;hfo ug{nfO{ x]8 clkm;af6 n]lv k7fO{ ug'{ u/fpg'
-bkmf #%_ .
-#!_ sfh ;/sfl/of ljifodf jL/u~h uf]Zj/fsf] a8f xflsd jf lgh gkfPsf avt cl;6]G6n] lr;fkfgL
u9Lsf] clkm;/ jf lgh gePsf avt lgh d'lgsf clkm;/n] k7fPsf va/xsf] ;d]t dx;'n
jfktdf l6s6 6fF:g va/ k7fpg] c8\8}af6 6fF;L k7fpg] x'gfn] ;f] l6s6 6fF;gfnfO{ c8\8f c8\8fdf
;d]t b/ b/sf l6s6 /xg]5 . ;f] va/ k7fpg] c8\8f c8\8faf6 va/sf] ;fy 6fFl;Psf] l6s6sf]
dx;'n k'u] gk'u]sf] hfFrL l6s6 6fFl;P hltsf] /l;b ekf{O{ lbg] ug'{ -bkmf #^_ .
-#@_ -s_ cdn]vu~h b]lv 3f]l;{ ledkm]bL;Ddsf af6f] k'nsf] xfn va/ t'?Gt t'?Gt hfx]/ ugf{
lgldQ e};]df /x]sf] OlGhlgo/ clkm;/sf] ;fydf 6]lnkmf]gsf k]6L ! Ps /fvL lbg] ug'{ .
-v_ ;fn ;fn lxpFbdf ;f] af6f] sfd rn]kl5 e}+;d] f OlGhlgo/ clkm;/sf] ;fydf /x]sf] k]6L ;f]
af6f] sfd rn'gHofn;DdnfO{ ;f] sfddf vl6O{ uPsf tfn'sjfnfn] hfxfF /fVg' eG5 ;f] 7fpFdf
/flvlbg', af6f] sfd p7]kl5 e}+;]df OlGhlgo/ clkm;/ s} ;fydf /flvlbg] ug'{ .
-u_ ;f] af6f] sfdsf] af/]df vl6Psf] / 7]lsO/x]sf tfn'sjfnf clkm;/ OlGhlgo/, cf]e/l;o/
af6f] sfh uf]Zj/fsf xflsd, tx/L/, sfl/Gbf ;d]tn] g]kfnb]lv jL/u~h;Dd 7fpF 7fpF clkm;
6f]nLdf ;d]t ;/sfl/of sfd ljifo s'/f ubf{ h?/L gu/L gx'g] eP s'/f ug{ lbg', d];]h va/
k7fPdf eg] h'g ;'s} 6fod klg rnfO{ lbg' .
-3_ ;f] s'/f ubf{ nfUg] / kmf]g lb+bf nfUg] dx;'nsf] ldgfxfsf] ;gb u/fO{ lng' .
-_ ;f] sfdsf dflg;xn] ;/sfl/of sfd afx]s 3/fo;L ljifodf 6]lnkmf]g k]6L /x]sf 7fpFaf6
s'/f ug{ cfPdf, va/ k7fPdf, jL/u~h tkm{ k7fPsf] va/sf] jL/u~h ;a clkm;af6 /
g]kfn tkm{ k7fPsf va/sf] g]kfn 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;af6 ;jfn ;gb adf]lhd dx;'n
lnO{ rnfOlbg] ug'{ .
-##_ dfly bf];|f efusf] ( g+= sf -u_ bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd cf]e/ 6foddf / c? ljbfsf] lbgdf
rnfPsf va/xdf / s'/f u/]rf]df ;d]t ;f] -u_ bkmfdf n]lvP adf]lhd n]6\ kmL lnO{ s'/f ug{
lbg] / va/ ;d]t rnfpg] ug'{ -bkmf @(_ .
-#$_ 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfd sfdnfO{ rflxg] lhG;Ldfnx clkm; clkm;af6 clkm; 6f]nLdf ;d]t lhG;L
dfnx lhDdjf/L lng] lbg] ug'{ kbf{ ;gb u/fO/xg' kb}{g, tfn'sjfnfsf b:tvt adf]lhd lhDdjf/L
lng] lbg] ug'{ -bkmf $)_ .
-#%_ d;nbsf] cfDbfgL vr{ ug]{ xsdf d'n'sL ;jfn adf]lhd ug'{ -bkmf $!_ .
-#^_ 6]lnkmf]g sfdsf gubL afl;n afFsL / lhG;Lsf] lstfk v8f ug'{ kg]{ x'gfn] ;f] gubL lhG;Lsf]
cfDbfgL vr{ ug'{ kbf{ bkmf bkmfdf n]lvPsf ;jfn adf]lhd /Lt k'ofO{ cfDbfgL vr{ ug]{ ug'{ . ;f]
gubL lhG;Lsf] cfDbfgL vr{ n]lvPsf] tfn's jfnfsf b:vt / lbg] kfpg]sf] ;xL5fk adf]lhd
a9L a'em\bf df]h/f xf]nf -bkmf $@_ .
-#&_ 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;, jL/u~h ;a clkm;, u9L ledkm]bL, a|fGr clkm;, cdn]vu+h clkm;af6
;d]t 6]lnkmf]gaf6 va/ rnfpFbf / s'/f ubf{ ;jfn adf]lhd nfUg] dx;'nsf] l6s6 6fFl;Psf] l6s6
vr{sf] lx;faaf6 / l6s6 g6fFl;Psf] x'sd dhL{ adf]lhdsf] 6]lnkmf]g rnfpFbfsf] / s'/f ubf{sf]
;d]t /]Nj]tkm{sf] jL/u~h k;f{ dfndf cfDbfgL afFWg] ;d]t ;jfn adf]lhdsf] dx;'n cfDbfgL
;fn e/sf] hDdf olt, To;df ;/sfl/of sfdsf] ;/sf/L oxL c8\8faf6 cfPsf] / ldgfxf ePsf]
olt, /]Nj] tkm{sf] k;f{ dfndf cfDbfgL, afFw]sf] olt, b'lgofbf/sf] va/ rnfpFbfsf] / s'/f ubf{sf]
cfDbfgL olt, eGg] v'nfO{ / ;f] hDdf cfDbfgL dWo] vr{;fn a;fnL 7]lsPsf] sfdbf/, sfl/Gbf,
s'NnLnufotsf] tna d;n+b OToflb / ;fn ;fndf lgsf;f eO{ vr{ ePsf] n7\7f kmf]g{ nfOg
d/dt ug{] OToflb, 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfddf ;fn e/gf vr{ ePsf] hDdf olt eGg] n]vL ;fn ;fnsf
gfkmf gf]S;fg k|i6 b]vfO{, vf]hL ePdf t'?Gt b]vfpg ;Sg] u/L, ;fn ;fndf o; clkm;af6 lstfk
v8f u/L c8\8}df /fvL xfn ;fljs ePdf a'emfpg] ug{' . n]lvP adf]lhd ;fn ;fnsf] cfDbfgL
vr{sf] lx;fa ;fn ;fndf xfd|f xh'df{, ;fn tdfd ePsf #% lbgleq, c8\8f hfFrdfkm{t\ hfx]/
ug{] ug{' -bkmf $(_ .
cg';"rL=== 233
#*_ 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfdnfO{ rflxg] kmf/fdx ;fn a;fn ! sf] b]xfodf n]lvPsf kmf/fdxdf ga9fO{
;fn ;fnnfO{ rflxg] kmf/fdsf] kmfF6 tfn'sjfnfsf] b:vt uf]/vfkq 5fkfvfgfdf k7fO{ 5kfO{ lnO{
sfd rnfpg' . n]lvPsf kmf/fdaf6 gk'uL a9L kmf/fd rflxof] eg] hfx]/ u/L lgsf;f u/fO{ lnO{
sfd rnfpg' .
d];]h kmf/fd tfp ! sf] $ sf b/n] tfp @%))) sf] yfgsf] Ps nfv !)),)))
/l;b tfp ! sf] !@ sf b/n] tfp @%)) sf] yfg tL; xhf/ #),)))
uf]Zjf/f kmf/fd tfp b'O{ xhf/ @)))
ekf{O{ kmf/fd tfp ! sf] @ sf b/n] tfp $)) sf] yfg cf7 ;o *))
afl;n afFsL kmf/fd tfp ! sf] @ sf b/n] tfp !)) sf] yfg b'O{ ;o @))
#(_ ;/sf/ of sfddf b]ztkm{ / db]z t/fO{ lhNnf lhNnfdf ;d]t tf/va/ k7fpg] ;b/ l6 jL/u~h
6]lnkmf]gsf ck/]6/sf] gfpFdf 6]lnkmf]g cfPdf / ;f] 6]lnkmf]g adf]lhd hxfF hxfF tf/ lbg'k5{
ck/]6/n] tf/ lbg' . ;f] tf/ lbFbf nfUg] dx;'n lbg xsdf d'NsL ;jfnsf %$ bkmf adf]lhd ?=
$)). ;Dd a8fxflsdsf b:vt k'hL{n] jL/u~h km/dfo;L dfkm{t\ ?= !)) . Ps ;osf] k6s
u/L jL/u~hsf] ck/]6/n] e/kfO{ u/L a'emL NofO{ tf/ k7fpFbf nfUg] vr{ u/L dlxgf dlxgfdf vr{
ePsf] kmfF6 / 8fFs vfgfaf6 cfPsf /l;b k'hf{x ;d]t jL/u~h kmdf{P;Ldf a'emfO{ ekf{O{ lng'
lbg', To;sf] :ofxf >]:tf s]xL a'emfpg' kb{}g -bkmf %^_ .
$)_ lah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g b'j}tkm{sf] sfd /f]sfj6 x'g gkfpg] u/L lah'nLsf] sfdnfO{ rflxg] 6]lnkmf]g tkm{sf]
O:6f]/af6 6]lnkmf]g tkm{sf sfdnfO{ rflxg] lah'nL c8\8fsf Oi6f]/ uf]bfdaf6 kl5 dfn} ;f egf{
ug{] u/L e/kfO{ u/fO{ ;fk6 lnO{ sfd rnfpg] u/L lng] lbg] ug{', ;f] lnP lbPdf c? >]:tf ul//xg'
kb{}g -bkmf %&_ .
$!_ ledkm]bL lr;fkfgL 6]lnkmf]gsf] txlan df}Hbft lr;fkfgL u9Laf6 hfFr ug{ cfPdf hfFr ug{ lbg]
ug{' -bkmf ^#_ .
a'ema'emf/y ug{] sfd
$@_ To; c8\8fsf xflsd cbnL abnL x'Fbf hf] a'emfpg'kg{] sfuh kq gubL lhG;L ;d]t h] h] u}x
P]g;jfn adf]lhd xfn ;fljs ePsf #% k}tL; lbgleq cs0f{ ekf{O{ tof/ u/L u/fO{ v;f] vf;
a'em\g] a'emfpg] ug{' -bkmf ^$_ .
;jfnsf] lstfadf 5fnfsf] lhNnf xfNg] sfd
$#_ of] ;jfnsf] lstfkdf d;n+bsf ?k}of dWo]af6 5fnsf] lhNnf xfnL lxkmfht ;fy /fVg' . kl5
To;df vf/]h jf yk ;jfn e} cfPdf ;d]t o;} lstfksf k'5f/df ykL /fVg] ug{' -bkmf ^%_ .
;/sf/sf] lu/fgL gf]S;fgL ePdf t'?Gt hfx]/ u/L ;jfn ;Rofpg] sfd
$$_ To; c8\8fsf] sfd ugf{nfO{ of] gofF ;jfn ul/Psf] x'gfn] ;fljs ;jfn ;gbadf]lhd ug{'kg{]
sfdsf] ;jfn, of] ;jfndf 5'6\g uPsf] / of] ;jfnn] sfd ugf{nfO{ afwf c8\sfp jf ;/sf/sf]
gf]S;fgL lu/fgL x'g] b]lvof] cyjf ug{'kg{] sfdsf] ;jfn 5'6\g uPsf] /x]5 eg] gf]S;fgL lu/fgL x'g
gkfpFb} / ;f] ;jfndf n]lvPeGbf a9L kmfObf / rfF8f] sfd x'g] s'/f b]lvof] eg] ;f] ;d]t ;jfn
abNg'kg{] ePdf ca ug{'kg{] ;jfn;d]t thlah u/L t'?Gt hfx]/ u/L ;jfn ;Rofpg'kg{] ;RofO{
/ gofF gofF u/fpg'kg{] u/fO{ lnO{ sfd rnfpg' . ;f] adf]lhd gu/L ;jfn ;gbdf gePsf] egL
ug{'kg{] sfd gu/L ;/sf/sf] gf]S;fgL lu/fgL / sfd /f]lsg uof] eg] To; c8\8faf6 a'emfpg' knf{
-bkmf ^^_ .
kl5 yk36 e} cfPdf ug{] sfd
$%_ of] ;fnsf] bkmf sf6L jf gofF sfdsf] c8\8f c8\8faf6 ;gb k'hL{ e} cfPdf ;f] adf]lhd ug{'kg{]
sfd rnfO{ k6s] afx]s ;fn a;fnL, hltsf] ;f] adf]lhd ;fljssf] ;jfnsf] bkmf vf/]h u/L
csf{] bkmfsf] ;jfn jf yk ;jfn u/fO{ lngfnfO{ ;gb k'hL{ bflvnf ePsf !% lbgleq sf};n
dfkm{t\ hfx]/ u/L ;jfn u/fO{ lng' -bkmf ^&_ .
vf/]hL ;jfn a'emfpg] sfd
$^_ To; c8\8fsf gfpFdf e} /x]sf ;fljs ;jfn ;gb u}x dWo] k6s] afx]s ;fn a;fn sfodL ldNg]
hltsf ;a} c8\8fnfO{ ldNg] s'/fsf] pbL{sf ;gb k'hL{x P]g d'nsL ;jfnxdf /fVg] u/L c?
;f] ;jfndf /fVg'kg{] hlt o;}df /fvL ;fljssf] ;gb ;jfn vf/]h ul/Psf] x'gfn] ;f] vf/]hL
;jfn ;gbx / sfdtfd]nL k6s] ;jfn ;bgx a'emfpgfnfO{ sfuh hfFrsf @# gDa/sf P]gn]
;jfn ;gb e} cfPsf c88fdfkm{t\ s'df/L rf]s uf]Zjf/f txlandf a'emfpg kg{] xf] tfklg ;f]em}
To; c8\8fn] a'emfOlbg] ul/Psf] 5, n]lvP adf]lhd ;a} c8\8fnfO{ ldNg] b]xfosf ;gb k'hL{x
hlt P]g d'n'sL ;jfndf k/L gcfP;Dd ;f]xL adf]lhd ub{} /xL P]g d'n'sL ;jfndf kl/cfPkl5
p;} avt / c? of] ;fnaf6 vf/]h ePsf] sfd ug{' gkg{] vf/]hL ;fjn ;gb htL xfn} To;
c8\8faf6 rnfgL ;fy >L s'df/L rf]s uf]Zjf/f txlandf a'emfO{ ekf{O{ lng' -bkmf ^*_ .
d'n'sL ;jfndf gv'n]sf] sfd s'/f kl/cfPdf ug{] sfd
$&_ To; c8\8faf6 sfdsfh ubf{ P]g ;jfndf v'n]sf] sfd s'/fdf ;f]xL P]g ;jfn adf]lhd ug{' .
P]g ;jfndf gv'n]sf] sfd s'/f e} kl/cfof] eg] ;/sf/sf] xfgL gf]S;fgL x'g gkfpFb} t'?Gt} hfx]/
u/L lgsf;f adf]lhd ug{] ug{' .
O{tL ;Dat !((! ;fn kf}if @ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .
***
cg';"rL=== 235
cg';"rL M @
6]lnkmf]g ;DaGwL lhG;L dfnsf] >]:tf /fVg] af/] ljleGg ldltsf cfb]zx
@))#.#.@&.% df ePsf] v8\u lg;fgfsf] bkmfx

g]kfn lhG;L kmfF6, uf}/ kmfF6, /fhlj/fh kmfF6, lj/f6gu/ kmfF6af6 dfn;fdfg vr{ ubf{ OlGhlgo/n]
eg] adf]lhd vr{ u/L vr{ ug{] x:t] >]:tfdf vr{ n]vL cfDbfgL vr{ ePsf dfnsf] >]:tf
OlGhlg/sf] lg:;f u/fO{ /fvL ^.^ dlxgf dlxgf e'Qmfg ePsf #% lbgleq x]8 clkm;df k7fO{ lbg]
/ rLkm OlGhlgo/n] hfFrL tfn'sjfnfsf] lg:;f u/L lkmtf{ k7fO{ lbg]5 . ;f] lhG;L lstfk vf]hL
ePsf avtdf kfpg] u/L lxkmfht ;fy /fvL a'em a'emf/ydf klg rnfpg] ug{' . lhG;Lsf] >]:tf
s'df/L rf]sdf bflvnf u/L hFrfO{ kmf/s u/fO/xg' kb{}g . s'df/L rf]sn] c? >]:tf;Fu lhDd]jf/L
le8fpg'kg{]df le8fO;s]kl5 dfq ;f] lhG;L lstfk ;f] kmfF6 kmfF6df lkmtf{ k7fOlbg' eGg] @)))
;fn >fj0f @* ut] l/kf]6{ ;b/ e} @))) ;fn cflZjg b]lv ;f] adf]lhd sfd ePsf]af6 c8\8f
c8\8fdf u} ;a} lhDd]jf/L u/L le8fpg'kg{]
le8fO{ s'df/L rf]saf6 ug{'kg{] sfd 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;af6 / tfn'sjfnf rLkm OlGhlgo/;d]tn]
u/L km/kmf/s ;d]t ug{'kg{] eof], cl3 6]lnkmf]g l8kf6{d]G6sf] lhG;L lstfk >L s'df/Lrf]s g]kfn
bf]>f kmfF6n] hfFrL km/kmf/s u/L cfPsf] ;f] hfFrL kmf/v lbg] sfd s'df/L rf]ssf] x'gfn] ;f] kmfF6
$ sf] @))# ;fn a}zfv ! ut]b]lv jif{ ! Pssf] lhG;L lstfk kmfF6 ! Pssf] ! Ps u/L ;fn
;fnsf] ;fn tdfd ePsf] #% k}tL; lbgleq kmfF6 kmfF6af6} >L s'df/Lrf]s g]kfn bf]>f kmfF6df
bflvnf ug{, vr{ ePsf] dfnsf] lhG;L lstfkdf OlGhlgo/s} lg:;f /xg], >]:tf hfFr s'df/L
rf]saf6 ug{] ePsf]n] rLkm OlGhlgo/ tfn'sjfnfsf] ;f] lhG;L lstfkdf lg:;f ul//xg'kb{}g .
lhG;L dfnsf] >]:tf /fVg] / jxL a'emfpg] af/] ;d]t
@))$.$.@* df 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;sf] gfpFsf] tf]s ;b/sf bkmfx
g]kfnaf6 tfn'sjfnf OlGhlgo/n] b]zaf6 lemsfPsf dfnsf] aLnsf] pn7f adf]lhd / vl/b
ePsf dfnsf] ;d]t lhG;L cfDbfgL afFWg] lhG;L cfDbfgL afFw]kl5 a]xf]/f hgfO{ jfl;nafFsLdf
gubL vr{ n]Vg' .
sfd sfddf gubL vr{sf] g]kfn x]8 clkm;sf] !, uf}/ kmfF6sf] !, /fhlj/fh kmfF6sf] !, lj/f6gu/
kmfF6sf] !, ;d]t jfl;nafFsL ;fn tdfd ePsf #% lbgleq s'df/L rf]s g]kfn klxnf kmfF6df
a'emfO{, hFrfO{ kmf/s lng] ug{' .
g]kfnb]lv lj/f6gu/;Dd /x]sf] lhG;L dfn Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFsf] sfdnfO{ rflxg] e} lhDdfjf/L
lng' lbg'kg{] ePdf tfn'sjfnfsf b:vt adf]lhd lhDdjf/L lng' lbg] ug{' . x]8 clkm;df vr{tkm{
gofF k'/fgf] 6]lnkmf]gsf] 5'f5'} jfl;nafFsL >]:tf e}/x]sf] ca pk|fGt Ps} >]:tf ug{] ug{' .
x]8 clkm;df dx;'nsf] cfDbfgLsf] ;f]xL jxL k'/fgf tkm{sf] vl/bf/n], gofFtkm{sf] ck/]6/n] a'emfpg]
eO/x]sf]df ca pk|fGt gofF k'/fgfsf] l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/ >]:tf Ps} u/L vl/bf/n] jxL a'emfpg' .
k'/fgf 6]lnkmf]g tkm{sf] gubL lhG;Lsf] g]kfnb]lv /S;f}n;Ddsf] dlxgf dlxgfsf] df:s]jfl/
c8\8f hfFrdf dlxgf dlxgfdf / gofF tkm{sf] lhG;Lsf df:s]jf/L gk7fpg] gubLsf] df:s]jf/L x]8
clkm;af6 lnO{ csf{] dlxgfsf] d;fGt;Dddf uf]Zjf/f df:s]jf/L tof/ u/L c8\8f hfFrdf bflvnf
ug{] ul/Psf]df ca pk|fGt lhG;Lsf] df:s]af/L k7fpg gkg{], gubL cfDbfgL vr{sf] dlxgf dlxgfsf]
df:s]af/L ;a} clkm;sf kmfF6af6 x]8 clkm;df bflvnf ug{] x]8 clkm;af6 x]8 clkm;sf] ;d]t
cfDbfgL vr{ /fvL uf]Zjf/f df:s]af/L v8f u/L csf{] dlxgfsf] d;fGtleqdf c8\8f hfFr >]:tf
kmfF6df bflvnf ug{] ug{' .
va/ lng] / afF8\g] af/]
@))% ;fn r}t @^ ut]sf] v8\u lgzfgfsf] ;lqmo bkmfxsf] ptf/M
;f] cfsfz jf0fL clkm;af6 va/ lng] k7fpg] ;b/df x]8 clkm; / lhNnfdf hxfF h'g 7fpFdf
tf]lsG5 ;f] 7fpFdf /x]sf clkm;xaf6 va/x lng] / ;f] clkm;xdf k7fpg] va/ af8\g] sfd
ug{'k5{ .
n]lvP adf]lhd k7fpg] va/ ;f] sfdsf] kmf/fddf n]vL k7fpg] x'gfn] rflxg] kmf/fdx clkm;df
df}Hbft /fvL b'lgofFn] rnfpg] va/nfO{ kmf/fd dfu]df !.@ tfp hlt rflxG5 d'gfl;a dflkmssf]
lbO{ ;f]xL kmf/fddf n]vfpg] ug{' . sbflrt kmf/fd gePdf ;fwf sfuh, ;f] kmf/fdsf] gfk ldnfO{
g]kfnL jf b]zL sfuhdf kmf/fdsf] 9fFrf n]vL NofPsf]af6 klg rnfpg'x'G5 . ! kmf/fddf dfq
n]Vbf n]Vg] v08df n]Vbf g c6fpg] eP csf{] kfgfdf n]vL ldnfO{ gyL u/L rnfP klg x'G5 .
;f] cfsfz jf0fLaf6 va/ k7fpFbf b'lgofFbf/n] 3/jf:tf;Dd n]Vg k7fpg x'G5, /fhsfh ljifosf]
cyjf ;/sf/sf] gf]S;fg kg{] ;/sf/L sfddf vt/f kg{] jsafbL jf c? sf}g} t/xaf6 ;/sf/sf]
j/lvnfk x'g] va/x k7fpg x'Fb}g, To:tf] va/x k7fpg vf]Hg] dflg;xnfO{ kqmL k'ln;
uf]Zj/f a'emfO{lbg' . hfgL hfgL To:tf] va/ k7fpg] h'g clkm;sf] h;n] rnfof] p;nfO{ ;d]t
k'ln; uf]Zjf/fdf / df]km;nsfnfO{ uf]Zjf/f jf cldgLdf a'emfO lbg'===
;f] va/ rnfpFbf ;/sfl/of x's"d dhL{af6 hfg]df va/ rnfg ug{] k7fpg] clkm/ / ;f] clkm;sf
d'Vo xflsdsf] ;xL b:vt k7fpg'k5{ . b'lgofFbf/n] rnfpg NofPsf] va/df klg k7fpg]sf]
;xL b:vt /xg'k5{ . ;f] ge} va/ rnfpg x'Fb}g . ;/sfl/of va/x cufl8 rnfO;lssg dfq
b'lgofFbf/sf] rnfg ug{'k5{ .
k7fpg] va/x kj{t] af]nLdf jf c+u|]hL af]nLdf ;/f;/ a'lemg] efiffdf / ;/sf/af6 kf; ePsf]
sf]8af6 dfq n]Vg'k5{ . ;f] afx]s c? sf]8, ;+s]t, c+s ;'Gg]sf] af]nLdf / ;fO{km/df n]lvPsf]
rnfpg' x'Fb}g . s'/f ubf{ a'em\g\ kj{t] af]nL / c+u|]hL af]nLdf dfq ug{ kfOG5 ===
;/sfl/of va/sf] / b'lgofFbf/sf] va/sf] cf} clkm; ljifo cfP uPsf va/sf] 5'f5} l;nl;n]jf/
gDa/ /fvL rnfpg] ug{' . ;f] adf]lhd cfP uPsf] va/ n]lvPsf kmf/fdxsf] ! k|lt clkm;df
/fvL csf{] ! k|lt vfdaGbL u/L va/sf] gDa/ k7fpg]sf] gfd, 7]ufgf, kQf ;d]t n]vL 6]lnkmf]gaf6
cfPsf va/x afFl8g] ?n sf/afxL adf]lhdsf] l/t k'ofO{ af8Llbg] ug{'===
cg';"rL=== 237
o; sfdsf] gubL lhG;L >]:tf v8f ug{ / jxL a'emfpg] sfd ;b/ clkm;sf] 7]lsPsf xflsdn]
/ lhNnf clkm;sf] clkm; clkm;df d'Ss/ ePsf ck/]6/ xflsdn] lhDdfjf/ e} jxL ;d]t
a'emfpg'k5{ . >]:tf v8f ubf{ gubL cfDbfgL vr{sf] jfl;nafFsL / dx;'nsf] uf]Zjf/f kmf/fd v8f
u/L ;f] ;d]t axL a'emfO{ c? kl/cfPsf] uf]Zjf/f sfd klg ug{'k5{ ===
k7fpg] rnfpg] va/sf] b/aGbL adf]lhdsf] dx;'n lnO{ l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/ ldn]sf] cw sL
kmf/fddf cfDbfgL afFwL xfkm kmf/fddf a'emL lng]sf] ;xL 5fk u/L dx;'n a'emfpg]nfO{ lbg] / xfkm
kmf/fddf ;f]xL adf]lhd n]vL c8\8fdf /fvL d}Gxf lbgsf] hlt hDdf x'g cfpF5 of] gDa/b]lv
of] gDa/;Ddsf] kmf/fd hDdf olt eGg] d}Gxf lbgdf hDdf c uf]:jf/f kmf/fddf cfDbfgL afFwL
lhNnfn] ?= @)) b'O{ ;o k'ugf ;fy / ;b/ n] ?= %)) kfFr ;o k'u]kl5 lhNnfsfn] Onfsf
dfndf / ;b/ clkm;n] ;b/ d'nsLvfgf bflvnf u/L ;f] ;d]t jxL a'em\g] s'df/L rf]s g]kfn
kmfF6df b]xfo adf]lhd bflvn ug{] ug{'===
dx;'n nfuL rnfg eP u/]sf va/ n]lvPsf kmf/fd l;nl;n]jf/ va/ ldnfO{ gTyL u/L ;f] kmf/fd
/ c;'n ePsf dx;'nsf] clkm;df /x]sf] cw{sL lstfk dlxgf lbgsf], dlxgf gf3]sf] & ;ft
lbgleq bflvn ug{', ;f] kmf/fd /l;bx k7fpFbf cw{sL adf]lhdsf] uf]Zjf/f kmf/fd v8f u/L
;fy}df k7fpg] ug{'===
lhG;L tkm{sf] ;fne/sf] lstfk clkm; clkm;n] 5'f5'} v8f u/L ;fntdfd ePkl5 afFsL
lhDd]jf/L ;f/L ;fntdfd ePsf #% lbgleq ;b/ clkm; dfkm{t\ bflvn ug{] ug{' ===
;f] bflvnf ePsf >]:tfaf6 s'df/L rf]sn] dlxgf dlxgfsf] bflvn ePsf] kl5Nnf dlxgfdf hfFrL
kmf/v ug{] x'gfn] Dofb Dofbdf k7fpg'kg{] sfuh kq Dofb Dofbdf k7fpg] ug{' . ;f] Dofb gf3]df
s'df/L rf]ssf ;jfn adf]lhd ug{]5 ===
clkm; clkm;n] rnfg u/]sf va/sf] nfUg] dx;'n hfFRbf gk'uL gf]S;fg x'g uPsf], h'g clkm;af6
rnfg ePsf] va/ jf gk'u]sf] xf] p;} clkm;sf jxL a'emfpg]n] a'emfpg'k5{ ===
o; sfdsf] lgsf;L k}7f/L lhNnf clkm;n] ;b/ clkm;dfkm{t hfx]/ u/L ;f] hfx]/Laf6 lgsf;f
ug{'kg{] / ;b/ clkm;n] hfx]/ ug{'kg{] tfn'sjfnfdfkm{t\ hfx]/ u/L lgsf;f eP adf]lhd ug{] ug{'===
sfd sfdnfO{ ;fn a;fnL vr{ lgldQ 7]lsPsf] ?lkofF ;fn ;fndf vr{ u/L afFsL /xg cfPsf]
csf{] ;fnnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lnFbf ;f] afFsL /x]sf] s6fO{ gk'u dfq lng] ug{'===
;/sfl/of x'sd' dlh{af6 cfP uPsf] va/xsf] dx;'n lng'kb{g} , To;sf] kmfF6 tof/ u/L /fvL ;fn
;fnsf] ;fntdfd ePsf dlxgf lbgleq hfx]/ ug{] / b'lgofF tkm{sf] va/ rnfpFbf / s'/f ubf{ u/fpFbf
dx;'n lng] xsdf df]x/ k};fsf] dfq b/aGbL ubf{ dWo]; tkm{ sDkgLsf] rNtL e}, dx;'n lng]df b/ efp
u/L a'emL dfq lng'kg{] e} l9nf x'g] x'gfn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] dx;'n lng] b/aGbL eP /f]sfj6 geO{ ;/f;/}
sfd rNg] eGg] a]xf]/f hfx]/ x'gfn] ;b/ g]kfn kxf8nfO{ / dw]z t/fO{nfO{ b/aGbL adf]lhd dx;'n lng]
ug{' u/fpg'===
c;fdL=== zx/ kxf8 dw]z t/fO{
nfO{ df]x? nfO{ s+= ?=
va/ rnfpFbf ! Ps cIf/sf] .@ b'O{ k};f $ rf/ kfO{,

s'/f ug{ # tLg ldg]6 @. b'O{ k};f @ b'O{ ?lkofF
c+u|]hLdf d];]h k7fpFbf njh ! Pssf]=== .* cf7 k};f !^ ;f]x| kfO{
n]6\kmL=== .%) krf; k};f .. cf7 cfgf
va/ rnfpFbf dfly n]lvP adf]lhdsf]
b/aGbLaf6 rNg]df yfg Pssf] 36Ldf lng] .%) krf; k};f cf7 cfgf
;/sfl/of c8\8faf6 kf; ePsf] sf]8af6
va/ rnfg ubf{ ! Ps cIf/sf]=== .# tLg k};f ^ kfO{===
@))^ ;fn kf}if===== ut]======/f]hsf] v8\ulg;fgf

6]lnkmf]g l8kf6{d]G6sf] d];]h kmf/fdsf] gSsn, lkog lstfk OToflb sfutx ^ dlxgfsf] afFsL /fvL
c? k7fpg] af/] s] u/] 7Ls k5{ To; c8\8fn] hfx]/ ug{] gSsn n]lvPsfnfO{ ;f] 6]lnkmf]g l8kf6{d]G6sf]
d];]h kmf/fd ;Ssn jxL a'em\g] s'df/L rf]sdf /x]s} x'gfn] d];]h kmf/fdsf] gSsn, lkog lstfk OToflb
sfuhx ^.^ dlxgf;Ddsf] afFsL /fvL c? sfuhx 3/]n' sfuh ljefudf k7fO{ 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;sf
dflg; ;fIfL /fvL hgfpg Nofpg] ug'{ .
***
cg';"rL=== 239
cg';"rL M #
6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] ;'/Iff ;DaGwL Ol:txf/ -lj=;+= @))&_
7fpF 7fpF df nfu]sf 6]lnkmf]gsf] nfOg a/fa/ sfl6lbg] u/]sf]df km]l/ gofF tf/ nuL h8fg x'gf;fy
ef]nLkl;{kN6 sf6L rf]/L u/L nu]sf] x'Fbf klZrdtkm{sf] nfOg aGb} h:tf] eO/x]5 . To:tf] abdf; ug{]xnfO{
o:tf] ;hfo x'G5 eGg] @))& ;fn ut] /f]h df OlZtxf/ klg hf/L ePsf] 5 . k'nL; / ldln6/Lf/f kQf
nufpg] r]i6f eO/x]5 . kqmfp ePdf ;/sf/n] ;Vt ;hfo ug{ afFsL /fVg] 5}g .
nfOg glhs /x]sf ;Gt, dxGt, enfbdL, y/L, d'lvof / hgtfn] klg cfgf] cf]8f Onfsfleq
k/]sf nfOgsf] x]/ljrf/ ug{'kg{]5 . nfOgdf abdf;L x'g lbg x'Fb}g . To:tf] abdf;L x'g nfu]sf] b]v], ;'g]df
ghLs c8\8fsf] d2t lnO{ abdf;xnfO{ ksL c8\8fdf ;'k'b{ ul/lbg'kb{5 . Ps 7fpFdf h:tf] klZrd
! g+= xfF;]nLdf #.$ k6s rf]/L eO;Sof] . ;b/df klg 5]qkf6L ksgfhf]ntkm{ rf]/L ePsf] 5 . glhssf
dflg;xn] /fd|f] /]vb]v k'ofOlbPsf] eP To:tf] cj;] x'g kfpg] lyPg . cfOGbfb]lv klg To:tf] lsl;d;Fu
rf]/L x'g uPdf sn]S6Le kmfOg -;fd"lxs hl/jfgf_ nfUg]5 . of] ;a}n] a]xf]g{' kg{]5 .
Ol:txf/
cfu] g]kfn ;/xbsf hfuL/ 9f]s /}tL b'lgofF tfn'sbf/, lhDdfjfn, y/L, d'lvof ;Gt, dxGt, u}xs]
oyf]lrt pk|fGt klZrd 6]lnkmf]g nfOg h8fg ePsf]df 9'+uf, Of, n7\7Ln] xfgL n7\7fdf r9L tf/ r'F8fnL
v;fnL O{G;'n]6/ km'6fOlbg] tf/ rf]/L n7\7f 9fnL gf]S;fg ul/lbg] u/]sf] eGg] a]xf]/f hfx]/ eof] . 6]lnkmf]g
/xFbf hf];'s} klg h?/L s'/fsf] va/ ug{ s'/f sxfgL plQgv]/} ug{ kfpg] / cfkm"nfO{ s;}n] lyrf]ldrf] u/]sf]
cGofo u/]sf] s'/fdf ph'/, afh'/;d]t ug{ df}sf kfO slt s'/fsf] cfkm"nfO{ ;'ljwf x'g] xf], ;f] ltgLxn]
a'em]s} xf]nfpm /}tL b'lgofFs} ;'lj:tfsf] lgldQ xfn /flvaS;]sf] / cl3 /x]sf] dw]zlt/sf] nfOgsf] ;d]t
tf/ 6]lnkmf]g n7\7f OG;'n]6/ OToflb 6]lnkmf]gsf] dfn ;fdfg s;}n] rf]g{ gf]S;fgL ug{ x'Fb}g, gug{" .
rf]/L jf gf]S;fgL u/] ;/sf/L c8\8fvfgf / kfnf] a;]sf ;d]tn] ksL P]g ;jfnadf]lhd ;hfoF
lbOg] 5 . kqmfp ubf{ hah{:tL x"n x'Hht u/L efUg pDsg vf]Hof] eg] To:tfnfO{ aGb's xft xltof/
rnfO{ uf]nL xfgL ksg]5 . xft xltof/ rnfO{ aGb'sn] xfGbf dflg; d/] klg xfGg]nfO{ aft nfUb}g .
of] s'/f ;a}n] yfxf kfpgf lgldQ OlZtxf/ hf/L ul/aS;of}F .
Olt ;+jt\ @))& ;fn ut] /f]h z'ed\ .
;|f]tM g]kfn uh]6, @))* ;fn kmfu'g @) ut]
***
cg';"rL M $
6]lnkmf]g dx;'n ;DaGwL Joj:yf -lj=;+= @)!!@)!*_
klAns jS;{ ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] ;os8f %) dx;'n a9fpg] af/] ldlt M ^.!).@)!! sf] cfb]z
cy{ dGqfno -cfo ljefu_ sf] kq ;+Vof !!. k= ! lj= #&.^$^% ldlt @)!!.!).^ sf] kq
adf]lhd 6]lnkmf]g / cfsfzjf0fLsf] /]6x, ofg] ;os8f %) cfh}b]lv a9fpg] ug{] eGg] n]lvcfPsf]n] ;f]
adf]lhd ;fljs dx;'ndf ;os8f %) a9fO{ dx;'n c;'n pk/ ul/lbg] sfd ug{'xf]nf .
sfuhkq / l/kf]6{df ;xL 5fk nufpg] af/]sf] k=j=;+= laefusf] (.^.^ sf] ;"rgf
ljefuaf6 cfpg] lr7L kq tyf l/kf]6{xdf To; ljefusf xflsd -xflsdsf] cg'kl:yltdf sf=d'=
xflsd_ / OlGhlgo/sf] ;d]t l/tk"j{ssf] ;xL5fk eO{ cfpg'k5{, ;f] adf]lhd gePsf] sfuhkq tyf
l/kf]6{x lkmtf{ x'g]5 .
;os8f %) dx;'n a9fpg] af/] k=j= ;+ dGqfnosf] )!!.!).^ sf] cfb]z
cy{ dGqfno cfo ljefusf] kq ;+Vof !!.*.! lj= #&. ^$^% ldlt @)!!.!).^ sf] kq adf]lhd
6]lnkmf]g / cfsfzjf0fLsf] /]6x klg ;o s8f %) cfh}b]lv a9fpg] ug{] eGg] n]lvPcfPsf]n] ;f] adf]lhd
;fljs dx;'ndf ;os8f %) a9fO{ dx;'n c;'n pk/ u/L lng' .
>]:tf a'lemlng' eGg] ;d]t
pQmaf/] jfl;nafFsL >]:tf a'emfOg] u/]sf]df cab]lv dlxgf dlxgfdf :ofxf cfjfh{] bflvnf
u/] ;fn k'u]kl5 9kf]6 bflvnf ug{] lgsf;f kfpF eGg] ;d]t cf=jf= c= sf= l/kf]6{ lhsL/ adf]lhd
d'gfl;j egL k=j= ;~rf/ dGqfnoaf6 n]vL k7fpg'ePsf]n] ;f] c8\8faf6 dlxgf dlxgfsf] :ofxf
cfjfh{] / ;fn k'u]kl5 ;f] 9kf]6 a'emfpg NofPdf a'lemlnO{ cab]lvnfO{ klg dlxgf gf3]sf & lbgleq
:ofxf cfjfh{] / ;fn k'u]kl5 9kf]6 lnO{ P]g ;jfn adf]lhd hfFrL lbg'xf]nf . cf=jf= x]=c= sf]
l/kf]6{ !, cf=jf= x]= csf]{ kq !, k=j= ;+rf/ dGqfnosf] kq ! ;d]t o;} ;fy k7fPsf] 5 egL >L
s'= g]= t]>fnfO{ @(.$.)!# df n]vL uPsf] 5 egL PsfpG6]G6 hg/n clkm;af6 af]wfy{ k7fOlbPsf]
x'gfn] ;f] af]wfy{ adf]lhd ug{] af/] k=k= t= ;+rf/ dGqfnosf] ldlt !.!.%.)!# sf] ;"rgf .
cfsfzjf0fL / 6]lnkmf]g l8kf6{d]06
bHof{gL d tna gofF tnasf] xfn kfpg] s}lkmot
df]= eQf bHof{gL :s]n tna eQf
ck/]6/, pxL $%*) o ;]=6]=c= ;a} c8\8fsf] 6]lnkmf]g
c= ck/]6/ ck/]6/xnfO{ oxL :s]n
adf]lhd v'jfpg]
x]8 ck/]6/ x]8 ck/]6/ $%*) jfo/n];sf ck/]6/nfO{
o; :s]ndf dfl;s eQf
?= % / x]8 eO{ sfd ug{]nfO{
dfl;s eQf ?= * yk .
:s]neGbf a9L vfO{cfPsfn]
oL eQf kfpg] 5}gg\ .
cg';"rL=== 241
6]lnkmf]gsf] x]8
ck/]6/nfO{ dfl;s
eQf ?= # yk
x]8 nfOG; d]g #)$% x]8 nfOG;d]gs] ?= @
nfOG; d]g,
nfOG;d]g /
3= nfOG;d]g bf];|f] bhf{sf] #%^)
Go"hsLk/ sfl/Gbf
l;= cf6]08]G6 #)$% x]8 e} sfd u/]jfkt #
cf6]08]06
sflnu9 sflnu9 @&#%
x]= ld:qL, h'lgo/ $%*) oL bHof{gLx dWod dfl;s tna
ld:qL, ld:qL
d]sflgS;
#) $! ?= %) -krf;_ ;Dd vfg]nfO{
h'lgo/ ld:qL / ;f]eGbf a9L
vfg]nfO{ l;lgo/ ld:qsf] bhf{
sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
%)
%$ l;lgo/ &)!#)
^^
&)
*#
!##
sDkfp08/ sDkfp08/ $%*)
6fG;n]6/ pxL &)!#)
6]lSgsn cl;i6]G6 pxL !@)@$)
8fO/]S6/ 6]lnkmf]g !*)#^) gofF tna
OGrfh{ baGbL
;DaGwL
lgodfg';f/
gubL / lhG;L dfn cfDbfgL vr{ af/] klAnsjS;{ tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] )!#^!!# sf]
cfb]z
!= cfsfzjf0fLsf] sfddf vr{ ug{ lgsf;f ePsf] gubL vr{ ug'{ kbf{ k|rlnt P]g;jfn / ;s'{n/
adf]lhd u/] x'Fbf 5'6} lgsf;f lbg gkg]{ ;d]t P]g ;jfnsf] /Lt k'ofO{ ug'{ u/fpg' .
@= o; cfsfzjf0fLsf] clkm; / pkTosfsf c? zfvf clkm;xdf ;d]t /x]sf cf=jf=sf ;]6x
lau|]df ;f] lau|]sf] dfn ;fdfgxsf] ;fdf c? gofF dfn ;fdfgx h8fg u/L sfd rnfpgfnfO{
rflxg] dfn ;fdfg lbgnfO{ OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{sf cf8{/ adf]lhd / lghsf] cg'kl:yltdf c?
OlGhlgo/sf cf8{/ adf]lhd rflxg] dfn ;fdfgx vr{ u/L O{=O{ sf cf8{/ / dfn a'lemlng]sf]
ekf{O{ ;d]t ;fd]n /fvL 8fO{/]S6/ 5]p l/kf]6 hfx]/ u/L 8fO{/]S6/n] ;b/ ul/lbPkl5 >]:tfdf vr{
n]Vg] ug'{ .
#= pkTosf aflx/ c? zfvf clkm;xdf /x]sf cf=jf= ;]6x lau|]df k"j{ tkm{sf] sfd ug{ lj/f6gu/
dd{t s]Gb| / klZrd tkm{sf] sfd ug{ g]kfnu~hdf dd{t s]Gb| :yflkt eO;s]sf]n] ;f] 7fpFxdf hf]
rflxg] dfn ;fdfgx 8fO/]S6/sf cfb]z adf]lhd df}Hbft /fVg lbO{ dfly @ bkmfdf n]lvPadf]lhd
ug]{ u/fpg] ug'{ .
$= pkTosf aflx/sf zfvf clkm;xdf dd{t ugf{nfO{ rflxg] cfjZos kf6{k"hf{ dfn ;fdfgx ;d]t
8fO/]S6/sf cfb]z adf]lhd g]kfnu~h tyf lj/f6gu/ dd{t s]Gb|sf axL a'emfpg] l;= Nss{xsf
lhDdf lhDdfjf/L vr{ n]lvlbg] ug'{ .
%= dd{t s]Gb|x, clkm;xdf gePsf cyjf ePsf ;fdfgxaf6 gk'u ePdf ToxfF sfd ug]{ sfdbf/sf]
l/kf]6{ lnO{ ;f] l/kf]6{ adf]lhd dfnx o; x]8 clkm;af6 k7fpg' k/]df l/kf]6{ ubf{ lhNnf, uf}8f,
uf]Zjf/fsf a8f xflsd ;d]tsf] ;f] dfn hn]sf], eTs]sf], lau|]sf] xf] eGg] l;kmfl/; ;fysf] l/kf]6{
ePkl5 dfq ;f] dfnx 8fO/]S6/n] lgsf;f lbPadf]lhd 7fpF 7fpFsf sfdbf/ sd{rf/L lhDdf
lhDd]jf/L vr{ n]lvlbg' .
^= gofF cf=jf= zfvfx vf]lng]df ;f] 7fpFdf rflxg] dfn ;fdfgx lgo'lQm eO{ cfPsf xflsd
ck/]6/ lhDdf lhDdfjf/L 8fO/]S6/sf cfb]z adf]lhd vr{ n]lvlbg] ug'{ .
&= o; x]8 clkm; cGt/utsf dd{t s]Gb|xaf6 ;d]t gofF dfn ;fdfgx vr{ n]lv k'/fgf] lemsL
cfPdf a]sDdf dfnx lnnfdlaqmL ug'{ kbf{ dfn ;Dk"0f{ a]xf]/f / k/n df]nx;d]t v'nfO{
P]g;jfnsf] l/t k'ofO{ OlGhlgo/sf ;d]t 7x/ adf]lhdsf] l/kf]6 dGqfnodf u/L lgsf;f lbP
adf]lhd ug'{ .
klAnsjS;{ tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno )!$ ;fn efb| # ut]

6]lnkmf]g lbg] af/]df ;/sf/n] b]xfodf n]lvPadf]lhdsf] lgod tf]s]sf] 5 .
!= 6]lnkmf]g nfOG; lsl;d M 6]lnkmf]g nfOg # lsl;dsf x'g]5g\ .
cg';"rL=== 243
-s_ Dofg'on Dofug]6f] .
-v_ l;=lj= .
-u_ c6f]d]l6s .
@= w/f}6L M 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g lng rfxg] x/]s u|fxsn] s'g} lsl;dsf] Ps nfOgsf] lgldQ df]x?
#)) tLg ;o w/f}6L /fVg'kg]{5 .
#= dfl;s dx;'n M b]xfosf nfOgxdf b]xfo adf]lhd nfUg] 5 .
-s_ Dofg'on Dofug]6f] nfOg ! s] df]x? kRrL; @%
-v_ l;=lj= nfOg ! s] df]x? kRrL; @%
-u_ c6f]d]l6s nfOg ! s] df]x? tL; #)
$= dx;'n a'emfpg] M -!_ u|fxsxn] dfly bkmf # df n]lvP adf]lhd dfl;s dx;'n x/]s dlxgfsf]
@@ ut]leq a'emfO;Sg' kb{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df tf]lsPsf] ldltdf ga'emfO{ To; dlxgfsf] d;fGt;Dddf a'emfpg NofPdf ;f]
a'emfpg] u|fxsn] df]x? ! Ps ?lkofF hl/jfgf ltg'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ df tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq ga'emfO{ csf]{ dlxgf nfu]df, To; dlxgfsf] d;fGt;Dddf
a'emfpg NofPdf ;f] a'emfpg] u|fxsn] df]x?= % kfFr ?k}of hl/jfgf ltg'{kg{] 5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ df tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq dx;'n ga'emfpg] u|fxssf] gfpFdf /x]sf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg
sf6L ;f] u|fxs;Fu c;'n pk/ ug'{kg]{ /sd bkmf -@_ adf]lhd /x]sf] w/f}6Laf6 P]g ;jfn
adf]lhd sL u/L c;'n pk/ ul/g]5 .
%= Knu, ;s]6 / PS;6]G;g M Knu, ;s]6 / PS;6]G;gdf b]xfo adf]lhd jflif{s dx;'n nfUg]5 .
-s_ Knu / ;s]6
-!_ Ps Knu / b'O{ ;s]6sf] df]x? krf; %).
-@_ Ps Knu, # ;s]6sf] df]x? krxQ/ &%.
-v_ PS:6]G;g
-!_ Ps Knu / b'O{ ;s]6sf] df]x? krf; %).
-!_ leqL
-s_ Dof/nn df]x? Ps ;o k}tL; !#%.
-v_ cfO{;LPkm df]x? Ps ;o pG;f7L !%(.
-u_ 6j]n ;'Or df]x? Psf;L *!.
-@_ aflx/L -cfwf ldn;Dd_ M
-s_ Dof/nn df]x? Ps;o pgfGgAa] !*(.
-v_ cfO{=O{=l;=Pkm= df]x? b'O{ ;o t]x| @!#.
-u_ 6j]n ;'Or df]x? Ps;o k}+tL; !#%.
t/ -!_ aflx/ PS;6]G;g cfwf dfOneGbf a9L ePdf k|To]s a9L cfwf dfOnsf] jflif{s
df]x? rf}jGg %$. yk dx;'n nfUg]5 .
-@_ d]g/ PS;6]Gzg lardf l8=kL= -l8li6Jo';g kf]n_ gePdf dfq aflx/, PS;6]G;g lbOg]5 .
^= PS;f6fj]n M k|To]s PS;f6fj]nsf] jflif{s df]x? krf; nfUg]5 .
&= PS;6f n]S;Ljn jfo/ M k|To]s !) uh PS:6f n]lS;jn jfo/sf] jflif{s df]x? %). dx;'n
nfUg]5 .
*= Sofh'on sg]S;g M s'g} u|fxsn] ! dlxgfeGbf sd cjlwsf] lgldQ s'g} lsl;dsf] 6]lnkmf]g
sg]S;g lnPdf k|To]s lbgsf] df]x? b'O{ ?lkoFf krL; k};f @.@% sf] b/n] dx;'n nfUg]5 .
(= c:yfoL sg]S;g M ! dlxgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L cjlwsf] lgldQ c:yfoL 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g lnPdf
b]xfo adf]lhd dfl;s dx;'n nfUg]5 .
-s_ Dofg'on DofUg]6f]s] df]x? k}tL;=================== #%.
-v_ l;=la= s] df]x? k}+tL;================================ #%.
-u_ c6f]d]l6ss] df]x? krf;============================= %).
!)= Hofnf dh"/L M 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ul/;s]sf]df / ca h8fg ug{'kg{] ePdf an];Lleq sfd ubf{
OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{ jf 6]lSgsn cl;i6]G6n] nut lbP adf]lhd b]xfodf n]lvP adf]lhd Hofnf
dhb"/L, dx;'n a'emfpg], Dofbleqdf a'lemlng] / u|fxsn] a'emfpg'kg{]5 .
-s_ sflnu9 ! s] /f]h ! sf] df]x? b'O{================= @.
-v_ s'NnL ! s] /f]h ! sf] df]x? Ps ?lkofF krf; k};f==== !.%)
-u_ nfOgDofg ! s] /f]h ! sf] df]x? Ps ?lkofF======== !.
!!= dfn ;fdfg M 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ul/;s]sf] / ca h8fg ubf{ ;/sf/ tkm{af6} vr{ u/L h8fg ul/lbg]
/ 3/sf] an];Lleq nfUg] dfn;fdfg u|fxsn] cfgf] tkm{af6 /fVg rfx]df OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{n]
l;kmfl/; u/]adf]lhdsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 / dfn;fdfg /fVg lbOg]5 .
6]lnkmf]g nfOg sf6]kl5 u|fxstkm{af6 nufPsf] dfn;fdfg gf]S;fg ePdf ;/sf/ hjfkmb]xL x'g]
5}g .
t/ ;/sf/tkm{af6 /flvkfpF eg]df 6]lnkmf]gsf] >]:tfaf6 dfnsf] df]n gv'n]sf]df OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{n]
df]n lsl6lbPadf]lhd / df]n v'n]df ef= ?= $. sf] df]x? ^ . 5 ?lkofFsf] b/n] / g]kfndf vl/b
ePsf dfnsf] k/n df]n lauf] vf]nL OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{ jf 6]lSgsn cl;:6]G6n] nut lbP adf]lhd
c;'n pk/ ul/g]5 .
!@= -s_ nf]sn sn M ;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L nf]sn sn Pl/of tf]ls lbg]5 .
-@_ nf]sn sn s'g} dx;'n ltg{' / lng' kb{}g . va/ rnfpg cfPdf eO/x]sf] ;jfn adf]lhd
dx;'n lnO{ va/ rnfOlbg]5g\ .
cg';"rL=== 245
!#= 6+sn, -!_ nf]sn Pl/ofb]lv aflx/sf] snnfO{ 6+sn elgg]5 .
-@_ 6+ssn ug{ rfxg] u|fxsn] df]x? !)). Ps ;o ?k}of yk w/f}6 /fVg'kg{]5 .
-#_ 6+ssnsf] dx;'n b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_ k|To]s 6+ssnsf] dx;'n pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd /x]sf] w/f}6af6 sf u/L lnOg]5 .
-%_ pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd dx;'n pk/ u/]kl5 pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd /x]sf] w/f}6Lsf] c+s df]x?
!)) . gk'ofP;Dd 6+ssn ug{ lbOg]5}g / ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
-^_ 6+sn ug{] u|fxsn] sd;]sd ! 306f cufl8 x]8 clkm;df ;"rgf lbO{ sn a's ug{'k5{ /
o;/L a's u/]sf] sn SofG;n u/]df ;f] a's u/]sf] sn SofG;n ug{] u|fxsn] df]x? .#^
5QL; k};f dx;'n ltg{'kg{]5 . t/ x]8 clkm;n] s'/f u/fpg] k|aGw ldnfpg g;s]sf] jf
c? g} o:t} s'g} sf/0fn] sn SofG;n ePdf s'g} dx;'n lbOg] / nfUg] 5}g .
!$= c? s'/f 6]lnkmf]gnfO{ eO/x]sf] ;jfn adf]lhd ug{] u/fpg] .
!%= dx;'n c;'n ubf{ df]x? !) . bz gf3]df ;jfn adf]lhd l6s6 b:t'/ lng] ug{] .
!^= of] lgodfjnL uh]6df k|sflzt ePkl5 l;=la= 6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n / dfnsf] df]n )!@ ;fnb]lv
c;'n x'g gkfPsf]n] ca Ps} d'i6 u/L c;'n pk/ u/L lnFbf u|fxsnfO{ dsf{ kg{ hfg] b]lvPsf]
a'emfpg ;Sg] u|fxsxn] Ps d'i6 u/L a'emfP klg x'G5 . Ps} d'i6 a'emfpg g;Sg] u|fxsn] of] lgod
k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] ! Ps jif{leq ^ ls:tf u/L a'emfO;Sg'kb{5 . ;f] ga'emfPdf P]g;jfn
adf]lhd c;'n pk/ ul/g]5 .
!&= cbn abn M sfd u/L NofpFbf afwf c8\sfp k/]sf] s'/fdf ;/sf/n] cfjZos 7fg]df ;do ;dodf
tL lgodxdWo] s'g} jf ;a} lgodxdf cfjZos cbn abn ug{ ;S5 .
!*= dWo:ytf M oL lgodsf tf]lsPsf s'g} s'/fdf s'g} lsl;dsf] emu8f p7\g uPdf o:tf] emu8f
;/sf/n] tf]lsPsf] lhNnf GofofwLz jf clkn c8\8fsf] xflsd 5]p k]z ul/g]5 / To; emu8fdf
lghn] u/]sf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 .
kqsf/xnfO{ ;~rf/;DaGwL ;'ljwf lbg] af/] k=j= dGqfnosf] ldlt )!%.%.#!.# sf] cfb]z
!= kqsf/xnfO{ clkm;df h8fg ul/lbPsf] 6]lnkmf]gdf ;fwf/0f dx;'nsf] k|ltzt s6fO{,
ofg] nflu/x]sf] dx;'nsf] *) k|ltzt dfq lnO{ ;x'lnot k|bfg ug{] .
@= df]x?= !)). Ps ;o l8kf]lh6 /fv]df 6]lnkmf]g 3/df x'g] kqsf/xnfO{ 3/}af6 6+sn ug{ kfpg]
;'ljwf lbg] .
#= kqsfl/tf ;DalGwt va/x cfsfzjf0fL / 6]lnkmf]gaf6 cfbfg k|bfg ubf{ kqsf/xnfO{ ;fwf/0f
dx;'ndf lgDglnlvt ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{] .
-s_ klxnf] ! cIf/b]lv %)) cIf/;DdnfO{ nflu/x]sf] dx;'nsf] !# Ps ltxfO{ ofg] # v08sf]
! v08 dx;'n dfq lng] .
-v_ %)! b]lv !))) cIf/;DdnfO{ nflu/x]sf] dx;'nsf] !@ cfwf dx;'n lng] .
-u_ !))) eGbf a9L cIf/nfO{ eO/x]sf] dx;'ndf @) k|ltzt 36fO{ dx;'n lng] .
$= kqsf/xnfO{ cf=jf= 6]lnkmf]gaf6 va/x cfbfgk|bfg ug{] ljifodf kl5 bf];|f k|fyldstf k|bfg
ug{] .
d];]h kmf/fd cfDbfgL afFWg'kg{] af/]sf] @)!%.^.(.% sf] k=;= ;lrjfnosf] cfb]z
-l/kf]6{ ubf{ l6Kk0fLsf] ?kdf k]z ug{' eGg] )!$.!@.!!.@ sf] k=;= ;lrjfnosf] ;"rgf_
ca pk|fGt To; ljefuxaf6 hf] l/kf]6{x ul/g] xf] ;f] ;a} l/kf]6{x l6Kk0fLsf] ?kdf #.# k|lt
n]lvk7fpg' .
l6Kk0fL lgDg n]lvof adf]lhd /Lt k'ofO{ k7fpg' eGg] )!%.!.$.$ sf] k=;= ;lrjfnosf] cfb]z
!= sfuhx km'ln:s]k ;fOhsf] kfgfdf l6Kk0fL n]vL tf]s n]VgfnfO{ rflxg] hu]8f kfgf ! ;d]t
/flvk7fpg] .
@= k]h} lkR5] gDa/ ljifo ;d]t /fvL Nofpg] . k]hdf lgrf]/;Dd gn]vL @# x/km afFsL /fvL To;df
k]h}lkR5] xflsd, rLkm O{lGhlgo/, 8fO/]S6/;d]t tf]s n]Vg] ;a}sf] ;lx5fk u/L u/fO{ Nofpg] .
#= d]=df]= b'j} k\lQmdf dfly n]lvP adf]lhd u/L ;a}sf] ;xL5fk u/L Nofpg] .
$= yk s]/d]6df klg P]g ;jfnsf] /Lt k'ofO{ 5fk b:tvt u/L Nofpg] .
%= ;DalGwt sfuhx s]/L df/L /xg gkg{] u/L l6Kk0fL;Dd k7fpg] .
lgnf] xl/of] p8\g] d;Ln] gn]Vg' eGg] lgdf{0f tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] )!%.(.*.# sf] kl/kq
ca pk|fGt lgnf] xl/of] p8\g] d;Ln] cfkm"n] / cfgf dftxt, c8\8f ljefu ;d]tn] gn]Vg], n]Vg gkfpg] ug{' .
cf=jf= / 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfd 6]lnsDo'lgs]zgn] ug{] lgdf{0f tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] @)!^.%.* sf] cfb]z
cfsfzjf0fL 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfd ;d]t 6]lnsDo'lgs]zg ljefucGtu{t ug{k' g{] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lj1lKt
k|sflzt ePcg';f/ eO/x]sf] ?n lgod adf]lhd pQm cfsfzjf0fL tyf 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfd To; ljefun] ug{' .
d];]h kmf/fd 5kfpFbf >]:tfdf cfDbfgL afFWg'kb{}g eGg] af/] )!%.&.!( sf] cfb]z
lgdf{0f ;~rf/ dGqfnoaf6

o;df ;fljsb]lv d];]h kmf/fd cfDbfgL afFw]sf] gb]lvFbf cfDbfgL afFWg gkg{] / 8fO/]S6/sf] 7x/
adf]lhd /f]h /f]h vr{ ePsf] kmf/fdx /f]hgfdf lx;fa v8f u/L /fVg] ug{' eGg] / cf=jf= x]=cf=af6 k]z
u/]sf] l6Kk0fLdf dGqfnon] ljrf/} gu/L rflxFbf] n]vf k9L gul/sg P=h=c= af6 n]lvcfPsf] x'gfn] ;f]
n]vL cfP adf]lhd ug{' egL tf]s nfuL cfPadf]lhd eGg] n]vfO kfOG5 . lgsf;f lbg] clkm;nfO{ ljrf/}
gu/L rflxFbf] n]vfk9L gu/L eGg] g/fd|f] cf/f]k nufpg] cf=jf= x]=cf=sf] ;f/} czf]egLo sfo{sf] nflu of]
Ps k6s s8f gl;+xt lbg] / ;~rf/ 8fO/]S6/nfO{ klg cGtu{t c8\8fn] lgsf;f lbg] clkm;nfO{ To:tf]
grflxFbf] n]v n]v]df x]/L cfOGbf o:tf] gx'g kfpg] ug{'xf]nf egL cfb]z lbg];d]t u/L ^.^.)!% df l6Kk0fL
;b/ ePsf] x'Fbf pk/f]Qm cfb]zcg';f/ ug{' u/fpg'xf]nf egL lgdf{0f tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnoaf6 ;Djt\ @)!%
;fn cflZjg ( ut] /f]h % df tf]s cfb]z e}cfPsf] x'Fbf pQm tf]s cfb]z adf]lhd lgsf;f lbg] dflysf]
clkm;nfO{ To:tf] grflxFbf] n]v slxn] klg gn]Vgsf] nflu ;"lrt ul/Psf] 5 . ldlt )!%.&. . .
cg';"rL=== 247
lgdf{0f tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnonfO{ rL= O{= 6]lnsDo'lgs]zg ljefusf gfpFsf] )!^.%.!* sf] cfb]z kq
>L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lj1lKt egL g]kfn /]l8of]af6 ;"rgf k|sflzt eP cg';f/ cf=jf= / 6]lnkmf]gsf]
sfd To; 6]lnsDo'lgs]zg ljefucGtu{t ug{'kg{] b]lvgfn] e}/x]sf ?n lgod adf]lhd 8f= ;~rf/ ljefun]
ul/cfPsf] pQm cf=jf= tyf 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfd To; ljefuaf6 ug{'xf]nf .
sf]8af6 va/ k7fpg] ;DaGwdf lgdf{0f tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] ldlt )!*$@@! sf] cfb]z
>L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ldlt )!*$# sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd ;"lrt ul/G5 ls uf]Ko d];]hx sf]8df
k7fpg] u/]df ;/sf/L va/ uf]Ko /xghfg] ePsf]n] h'g dGqfnosf] h'g s'/fsf] sf]8 d];]h lhNnfdf k7fpg'
k5{, ;f] c? dGqfnodf k7fpg] ug'{xf]nf, sf]8f/f d];]h k7fpg n]lvk7fpg' x'Fbf lgDglnlvt s'/fnfO{
Wofg lbg'x'g]5 .
Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx
!= sf]8f/f k7fpg] d];]h cToGt uf]Ko, gofF, plQs} h?/L klg x'g' kb{5 .
@= d];]h ;s];Dd ;+If]k geOsg a'lemg] x'g'kb{5 .
#= d];]h ;a} a]xf]/f sf]8 ug{ cfjZos geO{ s]jn s'g} jfSo, jfSof+z jf ;2yf8f sf]8f ePdf klg
x'g] eP ;f]xL s'/f ;DalGwt dGqfno tyf ljefun] :ki6;Fu c+lst u/L k7fpg'x'g] 5 . o;f] ePdf
d];]h sf]8 l8sf, 8\of; tyf ;~rf/ ug{ ;d]t cfjZos a9L ;do gnfUg] x'G5 .
$= d];]h u[x dGqfnodf k7fpg'eGbf cufl8 ;f] d];]h s;nfO{ k7fpg] xf], To;tkm{ cf=jf= 6]lnkmf]g
rN5 rNb}g ;DalGwt dGqfno ljefun] a'emL 6]lnkmf]g cf=jf= s'g ;fwgaf6 k7fpg] xf] k|i6
v'nfO{ n]lvk7fpg' k5{ cGoyf b'j}tkm{sf] ;do / sfd ;d]t Joy{} x'g ;Sb5 .
%= ;~rf/ ;fwgdf klg olb cfjZos 5 eGg] cu|flwsf/ kfpg] k|o'Qm ;DalGwt dGqfno ljefuaf6}
ul/g]5 .
^= s]jn d];]h sf]8 u/L k7fOlbPsf] sf/0faf6 d];]hdf n]lvPsf] s'/fdf u[x dGqfno s'g} k|sf/n]
;/f]sf/ tyf hjfkmb]xL x'g] 5}g .
k'ln; x]8 Sjf6;{af6 cfPsf] sf]8 d];]h rnfO{ lbg]
;a} dGqfno ljefuaf6 sf]8af6 rnfpg k/]df u[x dGqfnodf k7fpg] eGg] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] eP
klg k'ln; x]8 Sjf6;{sf] sf]8 a]Un} ePsf] x'gfn] k'ln; x]8 Sjf6{af6 lhNnf lhNnfdf d];]h sf]8df
n]lvk7fPdf ;f] sf]8 d];]h rnfOlbg] / lhNnf k'ln; clkm;xaf6 klg sf]8faf6 va/ k7fPdf ;f] d];]h
lnO{ rnfO{ lbg] ug{ lhNnf cf=jf= clkm;xnfO{ ;"rgf ul/lbg' eGg] u[x dGqfnosf] )!*.$.#@ sf] cfb]z .
n]vfk/LIf0f ug]{
pk/f]Qm kq k|fKt eof], pQm ;DaGwdf >L p=s' klxnfaf6 bflvn eO/x]sf >]:tf sxfF k7fpg] xf] eGg]
;f]wgL eOcfPsf]n] c8\8f c8\8fsf] >]:tf c8\8f c8\8fd} /fvL ljefuLo n]vf k/LIf0f u/L ;f] ljefuLo
n]vf k/LIf0f ePsf] ;"rgf cfPkl5 dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ x'Fbf ;f] adf]lhd ug{
u/fpg tyf s'df/Lrf]sdf bflvn eO/x]sf o; ljefuaf6 If]q tf]lsPsf )!* ;fn >fj0f ! ut]b]lvsf
>]:tf c8\8f c8\8fsf] c8\8f cf8\8fd} k7fpg s'df/L rf]s;d]t ;DalGwt ljefunfO{ ;"rgf ug{ x'g
lgb{]zg cg';f/ cg'/f]w ub{5' egL dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 P=h= clkm;nfO{ ldlt )!*&!^ sf]
kq n]vL To;sf] af]wfy{ o; dGqfnodf k|fKt ePsf] x'gfn] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ;"rgf ul/Psf] 5 eGg] >L
lg= tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] kq ;+Vof #@(% k| )!*(!@) sf] kq k|fKt x'g cfPsf]n] ;f] adf]lhd
ug'{ u/fpg' xf]nf .
>L 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm; .
>L cfsfzjf0fL x]8 clkm; .
6]lnsDo'lgs]zg ljefusf] 6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n lng] af/]sf] ldlt @)!*#@(% sf] kq
pk/f]Qm ljifo o; ljefuaf6 k]z u/]sf] k|:tfjdf ;/sf/L vr{df 6]lnkmf]g /fVg kfpg] 7xl/Psf
ofjt ;a}n] 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g /fVgkg]{ / ;f] jfkt xfnnfO{ @)!@ ;fnsf] cfly{s jif{b]lv ;f] kfpg]n]
Ps sg]S;gsf] nfUg] dfl;s dx;'nsf] ;os8f bz cfkm}+n] ltg'{kg]{ u/L ;b/ eOcfPsf]n] ;/sf/L ;/x
6]lnkmf]g kfO/x]sf dxfg'efjxsf] 6]lnkmf]g pk/ oxL @)!* ;fn >fj0f ! ut]b]lv xfnnfO{ sg]S;g ! sf]
nfUg] dfl;s dx;'nsf] ;os8f !) bzsf] b/n] dfl;s dx;'n nfUg] ePsf] / 6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n k|To]s
dlxgfsf] @@ ut]leqdf 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;df a'emfO;Sg' kg]{ ePsf] x'gfn] dftxt ljefux ;d]tdf ;"rgf
ul/lbgx'g klg oxL kqf/f cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 .
lgdf{0f tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno
6]lnsDo'lgs]zg ljefu
l;+xb/jf/
ldlt M @)!**!# sf] cfb]z
zfxL ;]gfsf / k'ln;kmf];{sf clkm;/ / hjfgxnfO{ ;le{; :6fDk gnufO{ s'/f ug{ jf d];]h k7fpg
lbg]
zfxL ;]gf jf k'ln; kmf];{sf clkm;/ jf hjfgxn] h?/L k/L 6]lnkmf]g jf cfsfzjf0fLaf6 ;/sf/L
sfddf s'/f ug{ jf d];]h k7fpg rfx]df ;le{; l6s6 gnufOsg d];]h k7fpg / s'/f ug{ ;d]t k|aGw
ul/lbg ;b/ / df]km;ndf /x]sf 6]lnkmf]g / cfsfzjf0fL clkm;xnfO{ oyfzL3| rfF8f] kl/kq ul/lbg' xf]nf .
>L % sf] ;/sf/
lgdf{0f tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno
-6]lnsDo'lgs]zg ljefu_
6]lnsDo'lgs]zg of]hgf cGt/ut h8fg ul/g] pkTosf leqsf] c6f]d]l6s nf]sn 6]lnkmf]gaf/] >L % sf]
;/sf/n] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] 5 .
!= 6]lnkmf]gsf] lsl;dM c6f]d]l6s nf]sn 6]lnkmf]g .
@= dfl;s dx;'n M
cg';"rL=== 249
-s_ :yfoL sg]S;g M
6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g lng rfxg] u|fxsn] lgj]bg lb+bf olt ;do;Ddsf] nflu sg]S;g kfpF egL gtf]sL
cyjf ! Ps jif{eGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu sg]S;g kfpF egL ls6]/ sg]S;g dfuL h8fg ePdf To:tf] sg]S;gnfO{
:yfoL sg]S;g dflgg]5 / k|To]s sg]S;gsf] b]xfo adf]lhd dfl;s dx;'n nfUg] 5 .
-!_ d]g sg]S;gsf] g]=?= aL; ====== @)
-@_ PS;6]G;g sg]S;g M
leqL -;fwf/0f ;]6_ s] g]=?= afx| ==== !@
aflx/L -;fwf/0f ;]6_ g]=?= kGw| ===== !%
leq -cfO=l;=Pkm=:jLr_ s] g]=?= rf}w ===== !$
aflx/L -cfO=l;=Pkm=:jLr_ s] g]=?= ;q ==== !&
-#_ b'O{ ;s]6 s] g]=?= b'O{ ==== @
b'O{eGbf a9L ;s]6 nufPdf b'OeGbf dfly k|To]s ;s]6 sf] g]=?= ! Ps a9L dx;'n nfUg] 5 .
-v_ c:yfoL sg]S;g M
u|fxsn] 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g kfpF egL lgj]bg lb+bf lgj]bgdf ! jif{ cyjf jif{eGbf a9L t/ Ps
dlxgfeGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g dfuL h8fg ePdf :yfoL sg]S;gnfO{ c:yfoL sg]S;g
dflgg] 5 . k|To]s sg]S;gsf] b]xfo adf]lhd dfl;s dx;'n nfUg] 5 .
-!_ d]g sg]S;gsf] g]=?= kRrL; === @%
-@_ PS;6]G;g sg]S;g
leqL -;fwf/0f ;]6_ s] g]=?= kGw| === !%
aflx/L -;fwf/0f ;]6_ s] g]=?= c7f/ ==== !*
leqL -cfO=l;=Pkm=:jLr_ s] g]=?= ;q ===!&
aflx/L -cfO=l;=Pkm=:jLr_ s] g]=?= ==== @)
-#_ b'O{ ;s]6 s] g]=?= tLg ==== #
b'O{eGbf a9L ;s]6nufPdf b'O{eGbf dfly k|To]s ;s]6 s] g]=?= !=%) sf b/n] a9L dx;'n nfUg]
5.
-u_ Sofh'Pn sg]S;g M
s'g} u|fxsxn] ! Ps dlxgfeGbf sd cjlwsf] lgldQ sg]S;g lnPdf ! dlxgfleq hlt;'s} lbg
lnP klg lgDgk|sf/sf] dx;'n nfUg] 5 / To:tf] sg]S;gnfO{ Sofh'Pn sg]S;g elgg]5 .
-!_ d]g sg]S;g s] g]=?= krf; ====== %)
-@_ PS;6]G;g sg]S;g M
leqL -;fwf/0f ;]6_ s] g]=?= tL; ==== #)
aflx/L -;fwf/0f ;]6_ s] g]=?= 5QL; === #^
leqL -cfO=;L=Pkm=:jLr_ s] g]=?= rf}tL; === #$
aflx/L -cfO=;L=Pkm=:jLr_ s] g]=?= rfln; ==== $)
-#_ b'O{ ;s]6 s] g]=?= 5 === ^
b'O{eGbf a9L ;s]6 nufPdf b'O{eGbf dfly k|To]s ;s]6sf] g]=?= # sf b/n] a9L dx;'n nfUg]5 .
Sofh'Pn sg]S;g lng] u|fxsxn] Ps dlxgf e'Qmfg ePkl5 klg c? yk ;do ;f]xL sg]S;g rfn'
/fv]df k|To]s yk lbgsf] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] dx;'n nfUg] 5 .
-!_ d]g sg]S;g s] g]=?= b'O{ ==== @
-@_ PS;6]G;g sg]S;g ===
leqL -;fwf/0f ;]6_ s] g]=?= Ps ?k}of krf; k};f ==== !=%)
aflx/L -;fwf/0f ;]6_ s] g]=?= Ps ?k}of krxQ/ k};f ==== !=&%
leqL -;fwf/0f ;]6_ cfO{=;L=Pkm=:jLr_ s] g]=?= === !=&%
aflx/L -cfO{=;L=Pkm=;L= :jLr_ s]= g]=?= Ps ?k}of krf;L k};f !.*%
-#_ b'O{ ;s]6 s] g]=?= tL; k};f ==== #)
b'O{eGbf a9L ;s]6 nufPdf b'Oe{ Gbf dfly k|To]s ;s]6sf] g]=?= @% sf b/n] a9L dx;'n nfUg] 5 .
-3_ k|fOe]6 PS;6]G;g af]8{ M
s'g} u|fxsn] cfkm" sxfF k|fOe]6 PS;r]Gh af]8{ v8f u/L ;]G6n PS;r]Ghsf] nfOgnfO{ hS;g
nfOg agfO{ sfd lng] :jLs[lt kfPdf k|fOe]6 PS;r]Gh af]8{sf] 5'} lgDgk|sf/sf] a9L dfl;s dx;'n
nfUg] 5 .
-!_ @% nfOg;Ddsf] k|fOe]6 PS;r]Gh af]8{ s] g]=?= kfFr ==== %
-@_ @% nfOgb]lv %) nfOg;Ddsf] k|fOe]6 PS;6]G;g af]8{ s] g]=?=;ft ?k}of krf; k};f &.%)
-#_ %) nfOgb]lv a9L nfOgsf] k|fOe]6 PS;r]Gh af]8{ s] g]=?= bz === !)
u|fxs sxfF 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ubf{ k|To]s :yfoL jf c:yfoL sg]S;g s] g]=?= #) tL; / k|To]s
Sofh'Pn sg]S;g s] g]=?= !) bz OG:6n]zg rfh{ nfUg] 5 .
$= s'g} u|fxssxfF h8fg eO/x]sf] 6]lnkmf]g cfkm\g} 3/df ;fg{ vf]h]df g]=?= !% kGw| l;lkm\6 rfh{
(Shifting Charge) nfUg]5 .
%= s'g} u|fxssxfF h8fg eO/x]sf] 6]lnkmf]g u|fxssf] ;f]xL 3/leq, Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf ;fg{
k/]df g]=?= % kfFr l;lkm\6 rfh{ (Shifting Charge) nfUg] 5 .
^= s'g} :yfoL sg]S;g lng] u|fxsn] 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ePsf] ! jif{ k'Ug'eGbf klxn] g} sg]S;g s6fPdf
To:tf] sg]S;gnfO{ c:yfoL sg]S;g egL ;f]xL adf]lhd :yfoL sg]S;gsf] dx;'n nfUg] 5 .
&= s'g} d]g sg]S;gaf6 PS;6]G;g sg]S;g h8fg ul/Pdf To:tf] d]g / PS;6]G;g b'j} PS;6]G; sg]S;g
dflgg]5g\ / b'j}sf] PS;6]G;g sg]S;gsf] dx;'n nfUg]5 .
*= ;/sf/L vr{df 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g /fVg kfpg] 7xl/Psf ofjt ;a}n] 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g /fVg}kg]{ / ;f]
cg';"rL=== 251
jfkt xfnnfO{ @)!* ;fnsf] cfly{s jif{b]lv ;f] kfpg]n] Ps sg]S;gsf] nfUg] dfl;s dx;'nsf]
;o s8f bz cfkm}n] ltg'{ k5{ .
(= u|fxsn] cfkm\gf] k|fOe]6 PS;r]Gh af]8{af6 cfkm\gf] 3/leq cyjf 3/sf] sDkfp8leq, cfkm"n] g}
ef]u rng ul//x]sf] 3/ eP ;f] 3/;Dd dfq nfOg n}hfg kfpg] 5 .
!)= 6]lnkmf]g h8fg eO{ rfn' ePsf ldlt hgfO{ OlGhlgo/af6 nut lnO{ ;f] nut adf]lhd h'g ldltdf
6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g rn]sf] xf] ;f] ldltb]lv dx;'n lng] u/L x/]s dlxgfsf] !% ut];Dddf kl5Nnf]
dlxgfsf] dx;'n c;'n pk/ ug'{ kb{5 / u|fxsxn] klg x/]s dlxgfsf] !% ut]leq a'emfO ;Sg'
k5{ . ;f] ldltdf ga'emfO{ To; dlxgfsf] @@ ut];Dddf a'emfpg NofPdf g]=?= ! Ps yk dx;'n
;d]t ltg'{ kb{5 . @@ ut];Dddf klg ga'emfO{ To; dlxgfsf] d;fGt;Dddf a'emfpg NofPdf csf]{
g]=?= % ;d]t hDdf g]=?= ^ yk dx;'n ltg'{ kb{5 . / To; dlxgfsf] d;fGt;Dddf klg dx;'n
ga'emfPdf To:tf u|fxssf] gfpFdf /x]sf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg sfl6g] 5 . dx;'n, yk dx;'n ga'emfO{
nfOg sfl6Psf]df !% lbgleq u|fxssf] lgj]bg kg{ cfPdf cj:yf ljrf/ u/L rLkm OlGhlgo/n]
u|fxsnfO{ nfu]sf] dx;'n / yk dx;'n ltg{ nufpg] u/L OG:6n]zg rfh{ glnO{ yfldlbg ;Sg]5g\ .
!!= Sofh'Pn sg]S;g lng] u|fxsn] 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 / nfO6lg P/]i6/sf] hlt df]n xf] Tolt ?k}ofF
g]=6]=x]=cf= gubL kmfF6df w/f}6L /fVg' kb{5 / sg]S;g nfUg' eGbf cufj} Ps dlxgfsf] dx;'n
a'emfpg' kb{5 . sg]S;g sf6]kl5 ;]6 / P/]i6/ a'emfpg NofPdf w/f}6L /fv]sf] ?k}ofaf6 g]=?= @
b'O{ sf u/L afFsL ?k}of lkmtf{ lbOg]5 . ;]6 / P/]i6/ klg gf]S;fgL ePdf dd{t ug{ ;lsg] cj:yfsf]
eP xfgL gf]S;fgL ePsf] kf6{sf] bfd w/f}6Laf6 sf ul/g] 5 . olb dd{t x'g ;lsg] cj:yfsf]
gePdf ;]6 / P/]i6/ lkmtf{ lnOg] 5}g / ;f] w/f}6L bflvn ul/g]5 . ;]6 / P/]i6/ afx]s u|fxssf] 3/
afn];Lleq nfu]sf] c? dfn ;fdfg ;/sf/n] lkmtf{ lng] 5}g .
!@= 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ubf{ ;/sf/ tkm{af6 dfn;fdfg vr{ u/L h8fg ul/lbg] / 3/sf] an];Lleq nfUg]
dfn ;fdfg u|fxsn] cfkm\g} tkm{af6 /fVg rfx]df 6]lnkmf]gsf] OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{n] l;kmfl/; u/]
adf]lhd 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 / dfn ;fdfg /fVg lbOg]5 . 3/ an];Lleqsf] dfn ;fdfg ;/sf/ tkm{af6}
/fVg kfpF egL eg]df 6]lnkmf]gsf] >]:tfaf6 dfnsf] df]n gvf]n]sf]df OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{n] dfnsf]
df]n lsl6lbP adf]lhd / dfnsf] df]n v'n]sf]df dfnxsf] df]n tyf c? ;a} lsl;dsf] vr{
;d]tsf] lx;faaf6 v'b kg{ cfpg] rfh{df ga9fO{ OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{af6 ;f] eGbf d'lgsf] OlGhlgo/n]
lsl6lbP adf]lhd / ef=?= tyf 8n/sf] rflxg] ;/sf/L b/ adf]lhd x'g cfpg] g]=?= df g} rfh{
lnOg] 5 .
!#= c6f]df]l6s 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ePkl5 cl3 d]Ug]6f] / l;=aL 6]lnkmf]gx h8fg ul//x]sf u|fxsxn]
;f] d]Ug]6f] cyjf l;=aL=sf] ;]6x a'emfpF5' eg]df ;f] ;]6x OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{n] hfFrL lng x'g]
7xl/Pdf u|fxsxn] hlt df]ndf vl/b ePsf] lyof] ;f] df]naf6 OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{n] tf]lslbPsf]
l8lk|l;Pzg df]n sf u/L, lkmtf{ lnO{, gofF c6f]d]l6s ;]6 h8fg ul/g] 5 . l8lk|l;Pzg df]n sf
u/L ;]6sf] df]n hlt x'g cfpF5 ;f] gofF c6f]d]l6s 6]lnkmf]g ;]6sf] df]n eGbf a9L ePdf hlt
a9L k5{ Tolt 6]lnkmf]gsf] gofF u|fxsxnfO{ ;]6 laqmL u/L cfPsf] ?k}of dWo]af6 r'QmL ul/g] 5 .
o; k|sf/ pQm klxn]sf u|fxsxn] DofUg]6f] / l;=aL= ;]6x lkmtf{ lnOg] cjyf gofF c6f]d]l6s
6]lnkmf]g rfn' ePsf] ldltb]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd /xg] 5 . To; cjlwkl5 lkmtf{ a'emfpg NofPdf ;]6x
lkmtf{ lnOg] 5}g . olb gofF c6f]d]l6s ;]6sf] df]n k'/fgf] u|fxsx sxfFaf6 a'emfpg NofPsf] ;]6sf]
df]n -l8k|]l;Pzg sf u/]sf]_ eGbf a9L ePdf hlt a9L x'G5 Tolt dfq c;'n pk/ u/L ;]6 lkmtf{
lnO{ gofF c6f]d]l6s ;]6 h8fg ul/g]5 .
!$= s'g} u|fxsn] ;/sf/af6 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 / nfO6lg P/]i6/ vl/b u/]sf] 5 eg] ;f] u|fxssf] nfOg
sfl6Pkl5 pQm ;]6 / P/]i6/ lkmtf{ ug{ NofPdf ;f] df]n klg bkmf !# df n]lvP adf]lhd u/L
u|fxsxnfO{ lbg' kg]{ df]n r'QmL ul/g]5 .
!%= 6]lnsDo'lgs]zg of]hgf cGt/ut cd]l/sg ;/sf/sf] ;xfotff/f pkTosfdf h8fg ePsf] dfn
;fdfgx dWo] of]hgf ;dfKt x'g'eGbf cufj} cd]l/sg ljz]if1xf/f u|fxsx sxfF h8fg
ePsf] dfn ;fdfgxsf] xsdf k|To]s u|fxssxfF h8fg ePsf] dfn ;fdfgsf] nut pQm cd]l/sg
ljz]if1xaf6 g]=6]= / cf= lhG;L kmfF6n] lnO{ lr=O{= ;d]tsf] tf]s nufO{ lhG;L lstfjdf cfDbfgL
b]vfpg' kb{5 .
!^= 6]lnsDo'lgs];g of]hgf cGt/ut pkTosfdf h8fg x'g] c6f]d]l6s 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfd ;dfKt eO{
cd]l/sg ljz]if1xn] a'emfpg NofOPsf] 6]lnkmf]gsf] dfn ;fdfgx lhG;L kmfF6n] a'lemlnO{
lhG;L lstfadf cfDbfgL afFwL / ;fljs ;jfn, ;gb adf]lhd cfDbfgL vr{ ul/g] 5 .
!&= k|To]s dlxgfsf] & ut]leq g]=6]= x]=cf= lhG;L kmfF6n] :6f]/ df}Hbft /x]sf] dfn ;fdfgsf] nut
OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{sf] clkm;df k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
!*= s'g} nfOg sfl6O{ lkmtf{ cfpg] dfn ;fdfgx klxn] h8fg x'Fbf hlt ;/;fdfgx vr{ ePsf] 5
;f] kmfF6af/L gubL kmfF6n] lhG;L kmfF6nfO{ nfOg sf6]sf] ;"rgf lbPkl5 lhG;L kmfF6af/L le8fO{
lkmtf{ cfDbfgL afFWg] / s'g} sf/0f dfn ;fdfg 6'6 km'6 x'g uO{ gk'u cfPdf jf s'g} nfOg sfl6Paf6
aflx/ h8fg ePsf] ;/sf/L dfn ;fdfgx lkmtf{ cfpg' kg]{ xf] tfklg ;f] 7fpFaf6 cGt s;} sxfF
6]lnkmf]g nfOg h8fg ug{ kfos kg]{ x'g cfPdf ;f] ;fdfgx glemsL To;}af6 c? 7fpFdf nfOg
h8fg ul/lbg] u/]df lkmtf{ cfpg] dfn ;fdfgx ;d]tsf] kmfF6 vf]nL, lkmtf{ bflvn gx'gfsf]
sf/0f :ki6 v'nfO{ lr=O{ jf, O=O{ jf, lgheGbf d'lgsf] OlGhlgo/nfO{ l/kf]6{ u/L pxfFxn] dgfl;j
7x/fPdf pxfFx ;d]tsf] lg:;fsf ;fy lhG;L lstfadf :ki6 a]xf]/f hgfO/fVg] / To;/L a]xf]/f
hgfO{ /fv]sf] s'/f dgfl;j ePdf lhG;L >]:tf hfFr ug]{ c? clVtof/jfnf c8\8f tyf ljefun]
o; lsl;daf6 ;fdfg gk'u ePsf] egL kqmfp ug]{ 5}g .
!(= u|fxssf] an];Lleq s'g} lsl;dsf] dd{t ug'{kg]{ ePdf To;sf] ;"rgf OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{nfO{ n]lv
k7fpg' kb{5 / To:tf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePkl5 oyfzL3| OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{n] ld:qL, sflnu9 v6fO{
gubL kmfF6df hgfO{lbg] / To:tf] dd{t ul/Psf] rfh{ g]=?= $.!^ rf/ ?k}of ;f]x| k};f nfUg] 5 . ;f]
rfh{ dfl;s dx;'n a'emfpFbf g} a'emfpg' kb{5 .
@)= 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g ljt/0f ug]{ / s'g} u|fxs sxfF 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ;d]t
clVtof/L lrkm OlGhlgo/ 6]lnsDg'lgs]zG; ljefudf /xg]5 .
@!= Pay Station -k};f v;fn]/ s'/f ug]{ ;]6_f/f s;}n] 6]lnkmf]gsf] k|of]u ug{ rfx]df @)!% ;fnsf]
lqz'n, rGb| lrGx ePsf] b; k};] 9\ofs Ps v;fnL s'/f ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . >L % sf] ;/sf/n] Psgfd
;fOh, cfsf/ / tf}n (Standard Size, Shape and Weight) x'g] u/L pQm 9\ofs k|z:t
cg';"rL=== 253
;+Vofdf a/fa/ rNtLdf /flv/xg]5 .
@@= pkTosfleq s'g} Ps 6]lnkmf]gaf6 csf]{ 6]lnkmf]gdf s'/f u/]df To:tf] snnfO{ nf]sn sn elgg]5
/ lgDgk|sf/ dx;'n nfUg] 5 .
# ldg]6;Dd ===== .!)
^ ldg]6;Dd ===== .@)
( ldg]6;Dd ===== .#)
!@ ldg]6;Dd ==== .$)
@#= 6+s sn
-!_ pkTosfb]lv aflx/sf] snnfO{ 6+s sn elgg] 5 .
-@_ 6+s sn ug{ rfxg] 6]lnkmf]gsf] u|fxsn] g]=?= !)) Ps ;o ?k}of w/f}6L /fVg'kb{5 .
-#_ 6+s snsf] dx;'n ;fljs adf]lhd /xg]5,
-$_ k|To]s 6+s snsf] dx;'n pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd w/f}6Laf6 sf u/L lnOg]5 .
-%_ pk bkmf -$_ adf]lhd dx;'n pk/ u/]kl5 pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd /x]sf] w/f}6Lsf] c+s g]= ?=
!)) Ps ;o ?k}of gk'ofP;Dd 6s sn ug{ lbOg] 5}g / ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
^= 6+s sn ug]{ u|fxsn] sd;]sd Ps 306fcufl8 x]8 clkm;df ;"rgf lnO{ sn a's ug'{
kb{5 . o;/L a's u/]sf u|fxsn] s]xL u/L sn SofG;n ug'{ kbf{ a's u/]sf 6fod / s'/f ug{
af]nfPsf] 6fOd hf]8L To;sf] krf; k|ltzt 6fOdleq SofG;n]zg u/fpg vf]h]df u|fxsn]
g]=?= .#^ k};f SofG;n]zg rfh{ ltg'{ kb{5 . ;f]eGbf kl5 SofG;n]zg u/fpg vf]h]df sn
a'ssf] dx;'n lkmtf{ x'g] 5}g . t/ x]8 clkm;n] s'/f u/fpg] k|aGw ldnfpg g;s]df ;f]
g;s]sf] Joxf]/f hgfO{ 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;n] OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{ / lghsf cg'kl:yltdf ;f]
eGbf d'lgsf] 6]lSgsn sd{rf/Lf/f ;l6{kmfO{ u/fO{ /fvL s'g} dx;'n lnOg] / nfUg] 5}g .
@$= ljb]zL /fhb'tfjf;df h8fg ePsf] 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;jfn adf]lhd dfl;s z'Ns bkmf !) df
n]lvPcg';f/ Dofbleq a'emfpg gNofO{ nfOg sf6\g'kg]{ ePdf dftxt ljefudf hfx]/ u/L
lgsf;f eP adf]lhd dfq ug'{kg]{5 .
@%= o; ljifosf] gubL, lhG;L cfDbfgL vr{sf] >]:tf / gubL df:s]jf/L, gofF lx;fa hfFr k|0ffnL
adf]lhd >L dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6} hfFrL km/kmf/s x'g] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
@^= c? s'/f 6]lnkmf]gnfO{ eO{ /x]sf] ;jfn adf]lhd ul/g] 5 .
***
cg';"rL M %
/]l8of] P]g, lj=;+= @)!$
@)!$ ;fnsf] P]g g+= @^

:jl:t>L lul//fh rqmr"8fdl0f g/gf/fo0f]Toflb ljljw lj?bfjnL lj/fhdfg dfgf]Ggt cf]hl:j/fhGo
k|f]HHjn g]kfn tf/f cltcf]h:jL lqe'jg k|hftGq >Lkb /fdk ct'n Hofltd{o lqzlQmk cltk|jn
uf]/vfblIf0fafx' dxflwklt lkmN8dfz{n / ;jf]{Rr sDof08/ OgrLkm >LdGdxf/fhflw/fh >L >L >L >L
dxf/fh dx]Gb| jL/ ljqmd haxfb'/ zfxaxfb'/ zDz]/ hb]jfgfd\ ;bf ;d/ ljhlogfd\ .
g]kfndf /]l8of] oGq /fVg], agfpg] / k|of]u ug]{ sfd sfo{xnfO{ lgolGqt / lgoldt ug]{ P]g
g]kfndf /]l8of] oGq /fVg], agfpg] / k|of]u ug]{ sfd sfo{xnfO{ lgolGqt / lgoldt u/L zflGt /
Joj:yf Pj+ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;bfrf/ sfod /fVg jf~5gLo ePsf]n] >L % dxf/fhflw/fhaf6 of] P]g
agfO{ hf/L ul/aS;]sf] 5 .
!= ;+lIfKt gfd, lj:tf/ k|f/De M

-!_ o; P]gsf] gfd /]l8of] P]g, @)!$ /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ of] P]g g]kfn e/ d'n'sdf nfu" x'g]5 .
-#_ of] P]g >L % sf] ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]lslbPsf ldltb]lv k|f/De
x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiffM ljifo jf k|;n] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; P]gdf
-s_ /]l8of] oGq eGgfn] nuftf/ tf/sf] sg]S;glagf /]l8of] t/f/f va/ k|fKt ug]{ jf
k7fpg] sfdsf] lgldQ k|of]u ul/Psf] /]l8of] l/l;e/, /]l8of] 6fG;ld6/ / To:t} k|sf/sf c?
;/;fdfgxnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
-v_ tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] eGgfn] of] P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgoddf tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsP
adf]lhdsf] ;Demg'k5{ .
#= nfO;]G; glnO /]l8of] oGq /fVg, agfpg / k|of]u ug{ gkfpg] M bkmf $ df cGoyf n]lvPb]lv afx]s
s'g} JolQmn] of] P]g adf]lhd nfO;]G; glnO{ /]l8of] oGq /fVg, agfpg jf k|of]u ug{ x'Fb}g .
$= s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yf jf /]l8of] oGqsf ;DaGwdf of] P]g nfu" gx'g] ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ M
of] P]g cGtu{t lgod agfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] s]xL zt{ tf]sL jf gtf]sL s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfsf]
;DaGwdf jf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] s'g} /]l8of] oGqsf ;DaGwdf of] P]gsf] s'/fx nfu" gx'g] ug{ ;S5 .
s]xL g]kfn sfg"g -;+zf]wg / k'gM Joj:yfkg_ P]g, @)@) f/f ;+zf]lwt .
cg';"rL=== 255
%= nfO;]G; k|fKt ug]{ tl/sf M
-!_ of] P]g cGtu{t nfO;]G; k|fKt ug{ rfxg] s'g} JolQmn] tf]lsPsf] b:t'/;lxt tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfsf]
b/vf:t >L % sf] ;/sf/ jf >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L 5]p lbg'k5{ To:tf]
b/vf:t bflvn ePkl5 cj:yfg';f/ >L % sf] ;/sf/ jf >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 tf]lsPsf]
clwsf/Ln] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] zt{ /fvL b/vf:tjfnfnfO{ tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfsf] nfO;]G; lbg
;S5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ cGtu{t lbOPsf] k|To]s nfO;]G;sf] cjlw / To;nfO{ l/Go" ug]{ tl/sf / To;/L
l/Go" ubf{ nfUg] b:t'/ tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd bflvn u/]s]f b/vf:tdf nfluP adf]lhdsf] nfO;]G; lbg >L
% sf] ;/sf/ afx]s >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 tf]lsPsf] c? clwsf/Ln] c:jLsf/ u/]df To;af6
dsf{ kg]{ JolQmn] ;f] c:jLsf/L cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] #% lbgleq ;f] cfb]z pk/ >L
% sf] ;/sf/ 5]p k'g/fj]bg lbg ;S5 / To:tf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 ePsf]
lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 .
^= ;fho M
-!_ bkmf # pNn+3g u/L s;}n] s'g} /]l8of] oGq /fv]df, agfPdf jf k|of]u u/]df lghnfO{ >L % sf]
;/sf/n] g]=?= !)) Ps ;o;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;S5 / ;f]xL s;"/ km]l/km]l/ klg u/]df k6s}
lkR5] lghnfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] klxnf] k6s ePsf] hl/jfgfdf yk ?= !)) Ps ;o;Dd
hl/jfgf ug{ ;S5 .
-@_ s;}n] of] P]g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s;"/ Ps k6seGbf a9L u/]sf] 7xl/g cfPdf >L % sf]
;/sf/n] lgh;Fu /x]sf] ;f] s;"/;Fu ;DalGwt /]l8of] oGq hkmt ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ug{ ;S5 .
&= c~rnflwzn] vfgtnf;Lsf] jf/]06 hf/L ug{ ;Sg] M
-!_ of] P]g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s;"/;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} /]l8of] oGq s'g} 3/ hUuf jf s'g} lsl;dsf]
;jf/Ldf 5 eGg] z+sf x'g] dgfl;j sf/0f ePdf c~rnflwzn] h'g;'s} ;dodf ;f] 3/ hUuf
jf ;jf/Lsf] vfgtnf;L ug]{ jf/]06 hf/L ug{ ;S5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ cGtu{t vfgtnf;L ug]{ jf/]06 k|fKt clws[tn] ;f] jf/]06df pNn]v ePsf]
s'g} 3/ hUuf jf ;jf/Ldf k|j]zdfu{ / of] P]g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s;"/;Fu ;DalGwt egL
cfkm"nfO{ z+sf nfu]sf] s'g} /]l8of oGq pk/ sAhf ug{ ;S5 .
*= hkmt ePsf] /]l8of] oGq >L % sf] ;/sf/ nfUg] M bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ cGtu{t hkmt ePsf ;a}
/]l8of] oGq / a]jfl/; /]l8of] oGq >L % sf] ;/sf/ nfUg]5 .
(= k'g/fj]bg M bkmf ^ adf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/n] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ s;}sf] lrQ ga'em]df lghn] ;f] lg0f{o
pk/ If]qLo cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
ldlt @)!^.(.!# sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ @)!^.(.!^ b]lv P]g k|f/De x'g] u/L tf]lsPsf] .
!)= lgod agfpg] clwsf/ M
-!_ o; P]gsf] p2]Zo k"lt{ ug{sf] lgldQ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L
lgodx agfpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ n] lbPsf] clwsf/sf] ;j{ ;fdfGotfdf s'g} k|lts"n k|efj gkf/L vf; u/]/
tL lgodxdf b]xfosf s'/fx ;d]tsf] Joj:yf x'g ;S5M
-s_ o; P]gsf] tfTko{sf] nflu /]l8of] oGq egL dflgg] jf gdflgg] ;/;dfgx .
-v_ of] P]g nfu" gx'g] JolQm jf ;+:yfx,
-u_ nfO;]g; lbg], l/Go" ug]{, :yflut ug]{ / /2L ug]{ sfo{ ljlw / zt{ nfO;]G;sf] 9fFrf /
nfO;]G; lb+bf l/Go" nfUg] b:t'/ .
-3_ /]l8of] oGqdf Jofkf/Lxn] k|fKt u/]sf / laqmL ljt/0f u/]sf cfkm";fy /fv]sf /]l8of]
oGqxsf] nut /fVg],
-_ /]l8of] oGq agfpg] jf To;sf Jofkf/Lxn] /]l8of] oGq agfpFbf jf laqmL ljt/0f ubf{
kfng ug'{kg]{ zt{x /
-r_ of] P]g adf]lhd tf]Sg' kg]{ c? s'/fx .
-#_ o; bkmf cGtu{t ag]sf lgodx pNn+3g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ To:tf] k|To]s lgodsf] pNn+3g jfkt ?
!)) Ps ;o;Dd hl/jfgf x'g] u/L ;f]xL lgoddf >L % sf] ;/sf/n] Joj:yf ug{ ;S5 .
l6Kk0fL M
-!_ g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)!% adf]lhd ;/sf/ eGg] zAbsf]
;f >L % sf] ;/sf/ eGg] zAb /flvPsf] 5 .
-@_ g]kfn sfg"g -;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)@$ adf]lhd ?kfGt/ ePsf zAbx M clkn sf] ;f
k'g/fj]bg uh]6 sf] ;f /fhkq .
;|f]tM
nfndf]x/ ;b/ ldlt g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt
@)!$.!@.!( @)!%.!.$
;+zf]g ug]{ P]g nfndf]x/ / k|sfzg ldlt
!= s]xL g]kfn sfg"g -;+zf]g / k'gM Joj:yfkg_ P]g, @)@) @)@).!!.!^
@= Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! @)#!.$.!*.^
***
cg';"rL=== 257
cg';"rL M ^
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg P]g, lj=;+= @)!(
@)!( ;fnsf] P]g g+= %#

:jl:t>L lul//fh rqmr"8fdl0f g/gf/fo0f]Toflb ljljw lj?bfjnL lj/fhdfg dfgf]Ggt dx]Gb|dfnf
cf]h:jL/fhGo clt t]h:jL lqe'jg k|hftGq >Lkb cltsLlt{do g]kfn >Lkb k|f]HHjn g]kfntf/f
/fdk ct'nHof]ltd{o lqzlQmk cltk|jn uf]/vfblIf0fafx' dxflwklt clt/yL k/d ;]gflwklt >L >L >L
>L >LdGdxf/fhflw/fh dx]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]j b]jfgfd\ ;bf ;d/ ljhlogfd\ .
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]g

k|:tfjgf M zflGt / Joj:yf Pj+ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;'ljwf sfod /fVg g]kfn clw/fHosf nflu
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg ;DaGwL Ps 5'} P]gsf] Joj:yf ug'{ jf~5gLo ePsf]n],
>L % dxf/fhflw/fh dx]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f (# cg';f/ of] P]g
agfOaS;]sf] 5 .
kl/R5]b !
k|f/lDes
!= ;+lIfKt gfd, lj:tf/ / k|f/DeM
-!_ of] P]gsf] gfd 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg P]g, @)!( /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ of] P]g g]kfn clw/fHoe/ nfu" x'g]5 / hxfF;'s} /x] a;]sf] eP tfklg g]kfn clw/fHosf ;a}
gful/snfO{ ;d]t nfu" x'g]5 .
-#_ of] P]g t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiffM ljifo jf k|;n] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; P]gdfM
-s_ 6]lnu|fkm eGgfn] ljB'tLo -On]lS6s_, Uofneflgs jf r'DasLo -DofUg]l6s_ 6]lnu|fkmsf
;fy} 6]lnu|flkms, 6]lnkmf]lgs / To:t} lsl;dsf c? ljB'tLo, Uofneflgs jf r'DasLo
oGqf/f ;~rfng ul/g] sfd / ;fwgx ;Demg'k5{ / of] zAbn] tf/ jf a]tf/f/f ul/g] ;~rf/
Joj:yfsf ;fwfg / sfdnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
-v_ 6]lnu|fkm clws[t eGgfn] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ;+/If0f jf P]g cGtu{t nfO;]G; k|fKt u/]sf]
s'g} JolQmn] 6]lnu|fkmsf] ;+/If0f b]v/]v cyjf rfn" u/fO{ /fVgfsf] lgldQ :yfoL jf c:yfoL
?kn] sfddf nufPsf] JolQm ;Demg'k5{ .
-u_ va/ eGgfn] 6]lnu|fkmf/f ul/g] s'g} klg ;+rf/ cyjf 6]lnu|fkm clws[tnfO{ 6]lnu|fkmf/f
k7fpg jf afF8\g lbgPsf] va/ ;Demg'k5{ .
-3_ 6]lnu|fkm nfOg eGgfn] 6]lnu|fkmsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] Ps cyjf a9L tf/ jf tT;DaGwL
s]xL g]kfn sfg"g -;+zf]wg / k'gM Joj:yfkg_ P]g, @)@) f/f ;+zf]wg .
pks/0fxnfO{ ;d]t ;Demg' k5{ .
-_ nf eGgfn 6]lnu|fkm nfOg em'08\ofpg] cyjf ;DefNg] nf, kf]n, :6f088{:6], :6"6 jf
e"lddfly k|of]u ul/g] tT;DaGwL c? pks/0fnfO{ ;d]t ;Demg'k5{ .
-r_ rLkm O{lGhlgo/ eGgfn] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] 6]lnsDo"lgs]zG; ljefusf] rLkm OlGhlgo/ jf
o; P]g cGtu{t hDd} cyjf s'g} sfd ;DkGg u/fpg lghaf6 clVtof/ kfPsf clws[tnfO{
;Demg' k5{ .
-5_ :yfgLo clwsf/L eGgfn] s'g} gu/ k~rfot, lhNnf k~rfot jf s'g} :yfgLo sf]ifsf] lgoGq0f
jf b]v/]v ug{ s'g} sfg"g adf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 v6fOPsf] clwsf/L ;Demg'k5{ .
kl/R5]b @
>L % sf] ;/sf/sf] xs / ljz]ifflwsf/x
#= 6]lnu|fkm ;DaGwL ljz]ifflwsf/ / nfO;]G; lbg] xs M >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] 6]lnu|fkm ;DaGwL b]xfodf
n]lvP adf]lhdsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ / nfO;]G; lbg] xs x'g]5 .
-!_ g]kfn clw/fHoleq 6]lnu|fkm h8fg ug]{ /]vb]v ug]{ / rnfpg] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ >L % sf]
;/sf/df /xg]5 .
t/ o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgodxnfO{ g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/n] plrt
;Dem]sf zt{ / aGb]h /fvL s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ 6]lnu|fkm h8fg, /]vb]v jf rnfpgnfO{ :jLs[lt lbg ;Sg]5 .
-s_ g]kfn clw/fHo leq / g]kfn clw/fHosf] cfsfzdf jfo'ofg l;t j]tf/sf] 6]lnu|fkmL
;~rf/ .
-v_ g]kfn clw/fHo leq a]tf/sf] 6]lnu|fkmafx]s cGo lsl;dsf] 6]lnu|fkm .
-@_ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cj:yf / kl/l:yltcg';f/ 7Ls 7x/fPsf] /sd / To;sf] e'QmfgL k|0ffnL
lgwf{l/t u/L s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] s'g} efudf 6]lnu|fkm h8fg ug]{, b]v/]v
ug]{ jf rnfpgsf] nflu nfO;]G; lbg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ pk bkmf -!_ / -@_ df n]lvPsf clwsf/x dWo] s'g} cyjf hDd} >L % sf] ;/sf/n]
rLkm OlGhlgo/nfO{ lbg ;Sg]5 / rLkm OlGhlgo/n] o;/L kfPsf] clwsf/sf] pkof]u >L %
sf] ;/sf/n] 7Ls 7x/fPsf] zt{ / aGb]h adf]lhd ug'{k5{ .
$= nfO;]G; k|fKt 6]lnu|fkmnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ / va/sf] cfbfgk|bfg /f]Sg] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf]
clwsf/ M
-!_ hg;+s6sfnLg cj:yfdf cyjf hg;'/Iffsf] nflu >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cyjf >L % sf]
;/sf/af6 o; ;DaGwdf ljz]if clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] b]xfosf] sfd ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ o; P]g cGtu{t s'g} klg JolQmn] nfO;]G; k|fKt u/L h8fg u/]sf], b]v/]v u/]s]f jf
rnfO{ /fv]sf] 6]lnu|fkmnfO{ c:yfoL tj/df >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ x:tfGt/ ug]{ .
cg';"rL=== 259
-v_ s'g} vf; lsl;dsf] ljifo, JolQm jf ;d'bfol;t ;DaGwL 6fG;ldzgsf] nflu NofOPsf]
jf 6]lnu|fkmf/f jf >L % sf] ;/sf/n] v6fPsf] clws[tnfO{ a'emfpg] .
-@_ hg;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] cl:tTjaf/] cyjf pkbkmf -!_ cGtu{t hg;'/Iffsf] nflu
p7fOPsf] s'g} sbdaf/] s'g} lsl;dsf] k|Zg p7]df >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 .
%= /]Nj] e"lddf 6]lnu|fkm h8fg ug]{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ M >L % sf] ;/sf/n] rfx]df s'g} klg
/]Nj]n] e"lddf 6]lnu|fkm h8fg ug{, /]vb]v ug{ / ;~rfng ug{ lbg'k5{ / 6]lnu|fkm;DaGwL sfo{nfO{
rflxg] ;a} ;'ljwf k'ofpg' k5{ .
^= nfO;]G; /2 x'g] M >L % sf] ;/sf/n] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -@_ cGtu{t lbOPsf] nfO;]G; of] P]g,
jf of] P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod jf kfng ug'{kg]{ zt{sf] alv{nfk u/]df /2 ug{ ;lsg]5 .
&= xfgL gf]S;fgLdf hjfkmb]xL gx'g] M va/ afF8\bf cyjf va/sf] cfbfgk|bfgdf s'g} 6]lnu|fkm clws[tn]
cfkm\gf] st{Jo kfng gu/]sf] sf/0fn] s'g} JolQmnfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] xfgL gf]S;fgL x'g uPdf >L %
sf] ;/sf/sf] hjfkmb]xL x'g]5}g . s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] nfk/jfxL, ]if cyjf wf]vf lbg] lgotn] afx]s
cGo sf/0fn] ubf{ ePsf] xfgL gf]S;fgLsf] hjfkmb]xL s'g} klg sd{rf/L x'g]5}g .
kl/R5]b#
6]lnu|fkm nfOg / nf h8fg ug]{ clwsf/
*= 6]lnu|fkm nfOg h8fg ug]{ / /]vb]v ug]{ M rLkm OlGhlgo/n] s;}sf] lglh jf s'g} ;fj{hlgs
;DklQdf 6]lnu|fkm nf uf8\g] / o;/L ufl8Psf nfd'lg, dfly, ;Fu;Fu} / Ps nfaf6 csf]{
nf;Dd nfOg h8fg ug]{ / /]vb]v ug{ ;Sg]5 M
t/
-s_ rLkm OlGhlgo/n] o; P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u >L % sf] ;/sf/n] h8fg ul/g] jf
ul/Psf] cyjf b]v/]v ul/g] jf ul/Psf] 6]lnu|fkmdf afx]s cGtu{t ug]{ 5}g .
-v_ rLkm OlGhlgo/n] 6]lnu|fkm nfOg cyjf nf /fv]sf] 7fpF d'g, dfly, nf ;Fu;Fu} cyjf Ps
nfaf6 csf]{ nfsf] e"lddf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k|of]ustf{sf] x}l;otsf] afx]s cGo s'g}
lsl;dsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ 5}g .
-u_ rLkm OlGhlgo/n] o; bkmf cGtu{t kfPsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u s'g} :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf]
:jfldTj, lgoGq0f cyjf /]vb]vdf /x]sf] ;DklQdf ;DalGwt :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] :jLs[lt
a]u/ ug]{ 5}g .
-3_ rLkm OlGhlgo/n] o; bkmf cGtu{t kfPsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;s];Dd gf]S;fg gx'g]
u/L ug]{5 / v08 -u_ df pNn]v ul/Psf] ;DklQafx]s cGo ;DklQdf ;f] clwsf/sf] k|of]u
6]lnsDo'lgs]zg -;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)@@ f/f ;+zf]lwt .
ubf{ s'g} xflg gf]S;fgL x'g uof] eg] ;f] ;DklQ;Fu ;DaGw ePsf] JolQmxn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg
;Sg]5 .
(= 6]lnu|fkm nfOg hfFRg, d/dt ug{ jf Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf ;fg{ s;}sf] ;DklQdf k|j]z ug]{
clwsf/ M rLkm OlGhlgo/ 6]lnu|fkm nfOg jf nf hfFRg, d/dt ug{ jf ;fg{sf nflu s'g}
;dodf klg 6]lnu|fkm nfOg cyjf nf ePsf] 7fpF d'lg, dfly cyjf nf ;Fu;Fu}sf] 7fpFdf k|j]z
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
kl/R5]b$
:yfgLo clwsf/Lsf lgoGq0f, /]vb]v cyjf clwsf/df /x]sf] ;DklQ
!)= :yfgLo clwsf/Ln] zt{ /fvL cg'dlt lbg] M rLkm OlGhlgo/n] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{ :yfgLo
clwsf/LnfO{ kg]{ vr{ afkt cyjf ;do jf sfddf tl/sf tf]Sg jfkt cyjf rLkm OlGhlgo/n]
ug]{ sfd ;DaGwL cGo s'/f afkt :yfgLo clwsf/Ln] bkmf * sf] v08 -u_ cGtu{t :jLs[lt lb+bf
cfkm"n] hfoh 7x/fPsf] zt{ adf]lhd cg'dlt lbg ;Sg]5 .
!!= 6]lnu|fkm nfOg jf nf lemSg jf ;fg{ nufpg] clwsf/ M rLkm OlGhlgo/n] :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf
clwsf/, lgoGq0f cyjf ;~rfngdf /x]sf] ;DklQ dfly, tn, ;Fu;Fu} /fvL ;s]sf] 6]lnu|fkm nfOg
cyjf nf lemSg jf ;fg{ :yfgLo clwsf/Ln] cfjZos Jox/fPdf rLkm OlGhlgo/f/f ;f] nf
jf nfOg lemSg cyjf ;fg{ nufpg ;Sg]5 .
!@= Uof; jf kfgLsf kfOk cyjf 9n ;fg]{ clwsf/ M o; P]g cGtu{t kfPsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{nfO{
rLkm OlGhlgo/n] :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf clwsf/, lgoGq0f cyjf ;~rfngdf /x]sf] ;DklQleq
kg]{ kfgL cyjf Uof; kfOk -d"n kfOkafx]s_ jf 9n -d"n 9nafx]s_ sf af6f] :yfgfGt/0f ug{
nufpg ;Sg]5 .
t/
-s_ rLkm OlGhlgo/n] o; lsl;dsf kfOk cyjf 9nsf] :yfgfGt/0f u/fpg rfx]df lghn] :yfgLo
clwsf/LnfO{ plrt ;dosf] Dofb lbO{ cfkm"n] ;f] sfo{ k|f/De u/fpg] ;do tf]sL ;"rgf
ug'{kg]{5 / olb ;f] kfOk cyjf 9n :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] lgoGq0fdf 5}g eg] o:tf] ;"rgf
;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lbg'k5{ .
-v_ v08 -s_ adf]lhd ;"rgf kfPsf JolQm cyjf :yfgLo clwsf/Ln] sfdsf] lg/LIf0f ug{nfO{
cfkm\gf] dflg; v6fpg ;Sg]5 / o;/L v6fOPsf] dflg;nfO{ rLkm OlGhlgo/n] ;Gtf]if x'g]
lsl;dn] sfd ug]{ u/fpg]5 .
!#= rLkm OlGhlgo/ / :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf aLr emu8f pTkGg ePdf M
-!_ :yfgLo clwsf/Ln] bkmf * sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd cg'dlt k|bfg ug{ c:jLsf/ ugf{n] jf
6]lnsDo'lgs]zg -;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)@@ .
cg';"rL=== 261
bkmf !) cGtu{t s'g} zt{ tf]Sgfn] jf rLkm OlGhlgo/nfO{ :yfgLo clwsf/Ln] bkmf !!
cGtu{t tf]s]sf] s'g} sfd 5'6fpgfn] jf o; P]g cGtu{t lbOPsf ljleGg clwsf/ k|of]u
ugf{n] :yfgLo clwsf/L / rLkm OlGhlgo/sf] aLr s'g} em} emu8f pTkGg ePdf ;f] s'/f rLkm
OlGhlgo/n] >L % sf] ;/sf/df hfx]/ ug'{ kb{5 / >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 To;sf] nflu d's//
ePsf] clwsf/Laf6 lg0f{o ul/g]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd d'// ePsf] clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{olj?4 >L % sf] ;/sf/df k'g/fj]bg
nfUg ;Sg]5 / ;f] ljifo >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 .
kl/R5]b%
:yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] ;DklQafx]s cGo ;DklQ
!$= :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] ;DklQafx]s cGo ;DklQdf clwsf/ k|of]u ubf{ / Ifltk"lt{ af/]sf] em}emu8f M
-!_ bkmf * sf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;f]xL bkmfsf] v08 -3_ df pNn]v ePsf] ;DklQdf ubf{ s'g}
lsl;dsf] afwf cyjf ?sfj6 pTkGg ePdf ;DalGwt c~rnflwzn] cfkm\gf] :jljj]sdf
rLkm OlGhlgo/n] ;f] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd cfb]z eO{ ;s]kl5 klg olb s'g} JolQmn] rLkm OlGhlo/sf clwsf/sf]
k|of]udf afwf lj/f]w u/]df jf s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQdf lghn] s'g} clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;f]
JolQmn] ;f] clwsf/LnfO{ rflxg] ;'ljwf glbPdf ;f] JolQmn] ck/fw u/]sf] 7xl/g]5 .
-#_ bkmf * sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd kfpg ;Sg] Ifltk'lt{sf] /sdsf] c+ssf] cf}lrToaf/] s'g}
em}emu8f pTkGg ePdf rLkm OlGhlgo/n] ;f] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]5 / ;f] lg0f{odf lrQ
ga'em\g] JolQmn] ;DalGwt c~rnfwLz sxfF ;f] lg0f{o ePsf] & lbgleq ph'/ ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ Ifltk"lt{ /sd kfpg] xsbf/ cyjf xsbf/xn] kfpg] Ifltk"lt{ /sdsf] c+saf/] s'g} em}emu8f
pTkGg ePdf rLkm OlGhlgo/n] cfkm"n] plrt 7x/fPsf] cyjf pkbkmf -#_ cGtu{t plrt
7x/fPsf] /sd ;DalGwt c~rn cbfntdf hDDf ug]{5 / c~rn cbfntn] ;f] /sddf
bfjL ug]{ JolQmxsf] xssf] cf}lrTo 7x/fO{ plrt c+zdf ;f] /sdsf] afF8kmfF8 ;DalGwt
JolQmxdf u/L lbg]5 .
-%_ c~rn cbfntn] pkbkmf -$_ cGtu{t u/]sf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 . t/ rLkm OlGhlgo/af6
Ifltk"lt{sf] /sd kfpg] JolQmaf6 hDd} cyjf cf+lzs /sd kfpg] s'g} JolQmsf] sfg"gL
xsdfly o; pkbkmfn] s'g} k|efj kfg]{ 5}g .
!%= :yfgLo clwsf/Lsf] ;DklQafx]s cGo ;DklQaf6 6]lnu|fkm nfOg jf nf lemSg] jf ;fg]{ M
-!_ olb :yfgLo clwsf/Lafx]s cGo s'g} JolQmsf] :jfldTj, lgoGq0f cyjf /]vb]vdf /x]sf]
;DklQ dfly, d'lg, cyjf ;Fu;FuL rLkm OlGhlgo/n] o; P]g cGtu{t 6]lnu|fkm nfOg cyjf
Gofo k|zf;g -ljljw Joj:yf_ -;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)@! f/f lhNnf cbfnt sf] ;f c+rn cbfnt eGg] ?kfGt/ ePsf] .
nf h8fg u/]sf] 5 / ;DalGwt JolQmn] ;f] ;DklQsf] pkof]u ubf{ nf jf jfOg jf cGo
s'g} pks/0f lemSg jf ;fg{ dflyNnf] cyjf tNnf] txdf /fvg cyjf To;sf] cfsf/df
kl/jt{g u/fpg cfjZos 7fG5 eg] lghn] rLkm OlGhlgo/af6 ;f] u/fpg ;Sg]5 . t/ bkmf *
sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhd lghn] Ifltk"lt{ kfO;s]sf] eP To:tf] sfd u/fpg rfx]df ;f] sfddf
nfUg] /sd cyjf Ifltk"lt{sf] /sdsf] cfwf, h'g yf]/} 5, s6fO{ afFsL kl5 kfpg] u/L rLkm
OlGhlgo/ sxfF hDdf ug'{k5{ .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd u/]s]f cfu|xnfO{ rLkm OlGhlgo/n] k"/f gu/]df cfu|x ug]{ ;f] JolQmn]
;DalGwt c~rnflwz sxfF 6]lnu|fkm ;fg{ jf x6fpg] cfb]zsf nflu lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ df n]lvPadf]lhd lgj]bg kg{ cfPdf ;DalGwt c~rnflwzn] cfkm\gf] :jljj]sn]
o:tf] lgj]bgnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ cyjf zt{ a]u/ 6]lnu|fkm nfOg jf kf] ;DklQsf] s'g} csf]{ efudf
jf dflyNnf] cyjf tNnf] ;txdf ;fg{ jf To;sf] cfsf/ abNg] cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f] cfb]z
adf]lhd ug'{ ;DalGwt clwsf/Lsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
kl/R5]b^
;a} ;DklQ ;DaGwL
!^= 6]lnu|fkm ;~rf/df afwf k'ofpg] ?v 9fNg] M

-!_ 6]lnu|fkm nfOglg/ ePsf] s'g} ?v jf lj?jfn] ubf{ 6]lnu|fkm ;~rf/df afwf kg{ uPsf] 5
cyjf afwf kg]{ ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 eg] ;DalGwt c~rnflwzn] rLkm OlGhlgo/sf]
cg'/f]wdf To:tf ?v jf lj?jf To; 7fpFaf6 x6fpg cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ 6]lnu|fkm nfOg h8fg ug'{eGbf klxn]b]lv g} ePsf] ?vnfO{ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd x6fpFbf
;DalGwt c~rnflwzn] rLkm OlGhlgo/sf] cg'/f]wdf To:tf ?v jf lj?jf To; 7fpFaf6
x6fpg cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .
!&= of] P]g nfu" x'g'eGbf cl3 h8fg ul/Psf 6]lnu|fkm nfOg / nfaf/] M of] P]g nfu" x'g'eGbf cl3
s'g} klg ;DklQdf h8fg ul/Psf -s'g} klg 6]lnu|fkm nfOg jf nf_ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] /]vb]v
cyjf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] 6]lnu|fkm nfOg jf nf o;} P]g cGtu{t h8fg ul/Psf] dflgg]5 .
!*= sfg"gn] kfPsf] xssf] k|of]u ubf{ 6]lnu|fkmsf] xflg gf]S;fgL x'g] jf 6]lnu|fkm ;~rf/ /f]lsg hfg]
;Defjgf x'Fbf ;DalGwt JolQmn] cufj} ;"rgf lbg'kg]{ M
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] s'g} klg ;DklQdf sfg"gn] lbPsf] clVtof/Lsf] k|of]u ug{ vf]Hbf o; P]g cGtu{t
/flvPsf] 6]lnu|fkm nfOg jf nfsf] xflg gf]S;fgL x'g] cyjf 6]lnu|fkm ;~rf/ /f]lsg hfg]
;Defjgf b]lvPdf lghn] o:tf] sfg"gL xs k|of]u ug'{eGbf 36Ldf ! dlxgf cufj} ;f] s'/fsf]
lnlvt ;"rgf rLkm OlGhlgo/ cyjf ;f] clwsf/Laf6 o;af/] clwsf/ k|fKt 6]lnu|fkm
clws[tnfO{ lbg'k5{ .
cg';"rL=== 263
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] pNn+3g u/L s'g} JolQmn] klg ;DklQsf] pkof]u ubf{ 6]lnu|fkmn nfOg jf
nfdf xflg gf]S;fgL x'g] ;Defjgf ePdf cyjf 6]lnu|fkm ;~rf/df afwf kg{ uPdf cyjf
afwf kg]{ ePdf ;DalGwt c~rfnflwzn] rLkm OlGhlgo/sf] cg'/f]wdf ;f] JolQmnfO{ ;f]
;DklQsf] pkof]u ug]{ cfb]z lbPsf] ldltaf6 Ps dlxgf;Dd ug{ gkfpg] cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5
/ ;DalGwt c~rnflwzn] 6]lnu|fkmsf] xflg gf]S;fgL gx'g lbg / 6]lnu|fkmsf] ;~rf/df s'g}
klg afwf gk'ofpg lbg cfkm\gf] :jljj]sn] sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ JolQmut rf]6k6ssf] vt/f cyjf cGo JolQmnfO{ To:t} lsl;dsf] cjZoDefjL vt/fsf]
kl/l:yltdf s'g} JolQmn] s'g} ;DklQdf sfg"gL xssf] k|of]u ubf{ lghn] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd
u/]s]f ;Demg]5 .
t/ lghn] cfkm\gf sfg'g" xssf] k|of]u ubf{ kl/l:yltcg';f/ oyf;Dej cufj} ;"rgf lbg'k5{ . o;
k|sf/sf] vt/fsf] l:yltsf] ;fdgf ubf{ lghn] cufj} ;"rgf lbg c;Dej ePdf lghn] cfkm\gf] sfg"gL
xssf] k|of]u u/L ;s]kl5 t'?Gt} ;f] s'/fsf] ;"rgf rLkm OlGhlgo/ cyjf ;f] clwsf/Laf6 clVtof/L kfPsf
clws[tnfO{ lbg'k5{ .
kl/R5]b&
b08 ;hfo
!(= nfO;]G; a]u/ 6]lnu|fkm h8fg u/]df, rnfPdf jf /]vb]v u/]df x'g] M
-!_ bkmf # cyjf To; cGtu{t ag]sf lgodsf] alv{nfk s'g} JolQmn] g]kfn clw/fHoleq
6]lnu|fkm h8fg ug]{, rnfpg] jf /]vb]v;DaGwL sfd u/]df lghnfO{ Ps jif{;Dd s}b jf g]=
?= !))) Ps xhf/ hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g ;Sg]5 .
-@_ s'g} klg JolQmn] o; bkmf cGtu{t jfo/n]; 6]lnu|fkm;DaGwL cleof]u u/]df lghnfO{ h'g;'s}
avt lu/km\tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ ;f] ck/fwdf hdfgt nfUg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ of] bkmfcGtu{t ck/fw u/]s]f JolQmnfO{ ;DalGwt cbfntn] ;hfo lbg'eGbf cufj} ;f]
ck/fw;Fu ;DaGw ePsf] 6]lnu|fkmsf] s'g} c+z jf hDd}nfO{ % sf] ;/sf/n] hkmt ug]{ cfb]z
lbg ;Sg]5 .
@)= nfO;]G;sf] zt{ e u/]df x'g] M bkmf # cGtu{t nfO;]G; k|fKt JolQmn] nfO;]G;sf] s'g} zt{ e
u/]df lghnfO{ g]=?= !))) . Psxhf/;Dd hl/jfgf x'g ;Sg]5 / zt{ e u/L /fv]sf] k|To]s
;Ktfxsf nflu g]=?= %)). kfFr;o;Dd hl/jfgf x'g ;Sg]5 .
@!= clwsf/ k|fKt gePsf 6]lnu|fkm k|of]u u/] afkt x'g] ;hfo M s'g} 6]lnu|fkmsf] h8fg lgoGq0f /
/]vb]v o; P]gcg';f/ ePsf] 5}g eGg] s'/f yfxf 5Fbf5Fb} jf yfxf x'g] sf/0f 5Fbf5Fb} s'g} JolQmn]
o:tf] 6]lnu|fkmaf6 va/ lng] jf lbg] jf o:tf] lsl;dsf] sfd u/]df jf To:tf 6]lnu|fkmnfO{ va/
6fG;ld6 u/]df jf To;af6 cfPsf] s'g} va/ :jLsf/ u/]/ lnPdf lghnfO{ g]=?= %). krf;Dd
hl/jfgf x'g ;Sg]5 .
@@= /]Nj] e"lddf 6]lnu|fkm h8fg ubf{ lj/f]w u/]df M s'g} /]Nj] clws[tn] bkmf % df pNn]v ePsf
zt{x kfng gu/]df jf To;sf] nfk/jfxL u/]df ;f] u/]sf] cjlwe/sf] k|To]s lbgsf] nflu >L %
sf] ;/sf/af6 lghnfO{ g]=?= !))). Psxhf/ ;Dd hl/jfgf x'g ;Sg]5 .
@#= l;ugn kdf cgflwsf/ k|j]z u/]df jf 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no cltqmd0f u/]df jf afwf k'ofPdf
M b]xfodf n]lvPsf s'g} klg sfd ug]{ JolQmnfo{ g]=?= %)) kfFr;o;Dd hl/jfgf x'g ;Sg]5 M
-s_ clwsf/jfnf JolQmsf] cg'dlt a]u/ >L % sf] ;/sf/ cyjf o; P]g cGtu{t nfO;]G; k|fKt
JolQmsf] 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] l;ugn ?dleq k|j]z u/]df,
-v_ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] SofDkdf nufPsf] k|j]z ug{ dgfxL ul/Psf] af/leq k;]df,
-u_ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] clws[t jf sd{rf/Ln] cg'/f]w ubf{ ub}{ klg l;ugn ?d jf SofDk
aflx/ uPdf,
-3_ hfgLhfgL 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf clws[t jf sd{rf/lsf] sfddf afwf k'ofPdf .
@$= va/sf] Joxf]/f u}/sfg"gL tl/sfaf6 a'em\g vf]h]df M s'g} JolQmn] bkmf @# df n]lvPsf u}/sfg"gL
tl/sfaf6 s'g} va/sf] Joxf]/f a'em\g] k|of; u/]df ;f]xL bkmfdf pNn]lvt hl/jfgfsf cltl/Qm !
jif{;Dd s}bsf] ;hfo klg s'g ;Sg]5 .
@%= hfgLhfgL 6]lnu|fkmsf] xflg gf]S;fgL ug]{ jf ug{ vf]h]df M s'g} JolQmn] hfgLhfgL b]xfosf s'g}
klg sfd u/]df lghnfO{ # jif{;Dd s}b jf g]=?= !))). Ps xhf/;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo
x'g ;Sg]5 M
-s_ va/sf] 6fG;ldzg jf 8]lne/Ldf afwf jf ?sfj6 k'ofpg vf]h]df,
-v_ va/nfO{ cGt/lj?4 -OG6/;]K6_ ug]{ lgot u/]df jf va/sf] Joxf]/f a'em\g vf]h]df,
-u_ s'g} Aof6L, d]zLg, 6]lnu|fkm nfOg, nf jf 6]lnu|fkm;DaGwL c? s'g} lrhnfO{ rnfpg],
b'?kof]u ug]{, ;fg]{ jf xflg gf]S;fgL ug]{ sfd u/]df .
^= 6]lnu|fkm nfOg jf nfdf xflg gf]S;fgL cyjf afwf k'ofP aftk M bkmf @% df pNn]v gePsf]
s'g} klg cj:yfd folb s'g} JolQmn] s'g} klg ;DklQsf] pkof]u ubf{ hfgLhfgL cyjf nfk/jfxLn]
o; P]g adf]lhd s'g} ;DklQdf /flvPsf 6]lnu|fkm nfOg cyjf nfsf] xflg gf]S;fgL u/]df To;sf]
dd{t ubf{ nfUg] vr{ lghn] rLkm OlGhlgo/nfO{ a'emfpg' k5{ . o; lsl;dsf] xflg gf]S;fgLn] ubf{
6]lnu|fkm ;~rf/df afwf kg{ uPdf ;f] JolQmnfO{ g]=?= !))). Ps xhf/;Dd hl/jfgf klg x'g
;Sg]5 .
t/ bkmf !* sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd sfd ubf{ s'g} xflg gf]S;fgL ePdf cyjf 6]lnu|fkm ;~rf/df
s'g} lsl;dsf] afwf kg{ uPdf of] bkmf nfu" x'g] 5}g .
@&= 6]lnu|fkm sd{rf/L jf cGo sd{rf/Ln] va/ rf]g]{, u}/ sfg"gL tj/af6 va/ /f]Sg] jf va/sf]
Joxf]/f lauf/] jfkt M 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no jf sfof{nosf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] s'g} sfof{nol;t
;DaGw ePsf] 6]lnu|fkm clws[t jf c? s'g} JolQmn] b]xfosf] s'g} sfd u/]df lghnfO{ # jif{;Dd
s}b jf g]=?= !))). Psxhf/;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g ;Sg]5 .
cg';"rL=== 265
-s_ cfkm"n] 6fG;ld;g cyjf 8]nLe/Lsf nflu kfPsf] va/ hfgLhfgL ufoa u/]df jf va/sf]
Joxf]/f lauf/]df jf va/ /f]s/ /fv]df,
-v_ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cfb]z cyjf ;/sf/af6 clVtof/L kfPsf clws[tsf] cfb]z a]u/
6]lnu|fkm sd{rf/Ln] hfgLhfgL cyjf nfk/jfxLn] va/ 6fG;ld6 gu/]df jf va/ cGt/lj?4
-O06/;]K6_ u/]df jf va/ k7fpg ;':tL l9nfO{ u/]df jf s'g} va/sf] hDd} cyjf cf+lzs
Joxf]/fsf] clVtof/L k|fKt gePsf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ atfPdf,
-u_ 6]lnu|fkm ;Gb]zsf] cy{ grflxg] JolQmnfO{ eg]df .
@*= 6]lnu|fkm sd{rf/Ln] dx;"n a]u/ wf]vf u/L va/ k7fP afkt M s'g} 6]lnu|fkm sd{rf/Ln] tf]lsPsf]
dx;''n a]u/ >L % sf] ;/sf/ cyjf nfO;]G; k|fKt JolQml;t wf]vf u/L 6]lnu|fkmf/f s'g} va/
k7fPdf lghnfO{ # jif{;Dd s}b jf g]=?= !))). Ps xhf/;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g
;Sg]5 .
@(= b"/fr/0f M s'g} 6]lnu|fkm clws[t jf 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nol;t ;DalGwt s'g} JolQmn] /S;L vfFbf
jf nfk/jfxL jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] b'/fr/0f ubf{ va/sf] 6fG;ld;g cyjf 8]lne/Ldf ljnDa
cyjf afwf x'g uPdf lghnfO{ # dlxgf;Dd s}b jf g]=?= !)). Ps;o;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j}
;hfo x'g ;Sg]5 .
#)= hfnL va/ k7fPdf x'g] M s'g} JolQmn] hfgLhfgL jf em'f va/ k7fPdf jf k7fpg nufPdf lghnfO{
# jif{;Dd s}b jf g]=?= !))). Ps xhf/;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g ;Sg]5 .
#!= uNtLn] afF8]sf] va/ /f]s] jfkt M s;}n] kfpg' kg]{ va/ uNtLn] cGo JolQmnfO{ afFl8Pdf / To;
JolQmn] hfgLhfgL To; va/nfO{ /f]Sg], n'sfpg] jf rf]g]{, sfd ubf{ cyjf 6]lnu|fkm clws[tn]
;f] va/ kfpg' kg]{ JolQmnfO{ lghn] a'emfO{ lbg'eGbf lghn] ;f] dfGg c:jLsf/ u/]df lghnfO{ @
jif{;Dd s}b jf g]=?= %)). kfFr;o hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g ;Sg]5 .
#@= ck/fw ug]{ k|oTg u/] afkt M s'g} JolQmn] o; P]g cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] ck/fw ug]{ k|oTg u/]df
lghnfO{ ;f] ck/fwsf] ;DaGwdf pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] ;hfo x'g ;Sg]5 .
kl/R5]b*
ljljw
##= 6]lnu|fkml;t a/fa/ x"n x'Hht eO/x]sf] 7fpFdf cltl/Qm k|x/L v6fpg] clwsf/ M
-!_ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ljrf/df s'g} 7fpFdf a/fa/ o:tf] sfo{ x'G5 h;n] ubf{ 6]lnu|fkmnfO{ xflg
gf]S;fgL ePsf] cyjf x'g] ;Defjgf 5 eGg] >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ nfu]df To:tf] sfo{ /f]Sg
;f] 7fpFdf cfjZos ;Dem]sf] cjlw;Dd cltl/Qm k|x/L v6fpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd vl6Psf cltl/Qm k|x/Lsf vr{ ;f] 7fpFsf lgjf;Lxn] a]xf]g'{ k5{
/ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] cfb]z adf]lhd ;DalGwt c~rnflwzn] JolQn ljz]ifsf] cfo:tf
ljrf/ u/L ;f] vr{sf] /sd ltgLxaf6 c;"n pk/ ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ cGtu{tsf] /sd ;DalGwt c~rnflwzsf] cfb]z adf]lhd ;alGwt JolQmxsf]
rn ;DklQ laqmL u/]/ klg c;'n pkr/ ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ o; bkmfsf nflu >L % sf] ;/sf/n] lnlvt cfb]zf/f s'g} If]qsf] lj:tf/ tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
#$= lgod agfpg] clwsf/ M
-!_ of] P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{lGjog ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] cfjZos lgodx agfpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] ;j};fdfGotfdf s'g} k|lts"n k|efj gkf/L tL lgodxdf b]xfosf] Joj:yf
ug{ ;lsg]5 M
-s_ ljleGg k|sf/sf] va/ cfbfgk|bfg / ;f] ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw lgwf{l/t ug]{,
-v_ va/ cfbfgk|bfg jf 8]lne/L ubf{ nfUg] dx;"n / cGo b:t'/x tf]Sg] / ;f] ;DaGwL
cGo zt{ / aGb]h lgwf{l/t ug]{,
-u_ dx;'n / cGo b:t'/x c;'n ug]{ ljleGg tl/sf lgZrt ug]{,
-3_ va/sf] cfbfgk|bfg x'Fbf cg'lrt tj/n] va/ lbg] jf k|fKt ug]{ jf va/nfO{ cglws[t
?kn] k|sflzt ug{af6 /f]Sgsf] nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{,
-_ 6]lnu|fkm clws[tsf] clwg jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] 6]lnu|fkm jf cGo lnvtx ;'/lIft
/fVg],
-r_ 6]lnu|fkm clws[tsf lgoGq0fdf /x]s]f 6]lnu|fkm jf cGo lnvtxsf] lg/LIf0f ubf{
ltg'{kg]{ b:t'/ tf]Sg] .
-5_ 6]lnu|fkmsf] k|of]u ubf{sf] b:t'/ / tT;DaGwL Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug]{,
-h_ g]kfn clw/fHo / c? ljb]zL /fi6sf aLrdf ePsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd tyf O06/Gof;gn
6]lnsDo'lgs]zg o'lgog -cGt/f{li6o 6]lnsDo'lgs]zg ;+3_ sf] sGe]g;g adf]lhd
cGt/f{li6o va/sf] cfbfgk|bfg / ;f] ;DaGwL dx;'nsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / To; ;DaGwdf
c? zt{ / aGb]h lgwf{l/t ug]{,
-em_ 6]lnu|fkm clws[txsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]Sg] /
-`_ o; P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{lGjt ug{ cGo cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ .
;+zf]wg / vf/]hL M of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod;Fu aflemg] hlt k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g
vf/]h ePsf] jf cj:yfg';f/ of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod;Fu ldNg]u/L ;+zf]lwt ePsf]
dflgg]5 .
;|f]tM nfndf]x/ / k|sfzg ldlt
@)!(!@#)
nfndf]x/ / k|sfzg ldlt
;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g
!= s]xL g]kfn sfg"g -;+zf]wg / k'gM Joj:yfkg_
P]g, @)@) @)@)!!!^
@= 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg -;+zf]wg_
P]g, @)@@ @)@@%^
***
cg';"rL=== 267
cg';"rL M &
:yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL, lj=;+= @)@@
6]lnsDo"lgs]zG; P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf #$ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/n]
lgDglnlvt lgodx agfPsf] 5 M
kl/R5]b !
k|f/lDes
!= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De M
-!_ oL lgodxsf] gfd :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL, @)@@ /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ of] lgodfjnL >L % sf] ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]lsPsf] If]qdf ;f]xL
;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] ldltb]lv k|f/De x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;n] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df of] lgodfjnLdf M
-s_ sg]S;g eGgfn] c6f]d]l6s cyjf ;L=aL= cyjf DofUg]6f] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgdf h8fg ul/Psf]
6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g ;Demg'k5{,
-v_ sn eGgfn] 6]lnkmf]gdf Psk6s s'/f u/]sf]nfO{ ;Defg'k5{,
-u_ 6n eGgfn] tf]lsPsf] :yfgLo If]q aflx/sf] snfnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ ,
-3_ d]g sg]S;g eGgfn] d'Vo 6]lnkmf]g ;]6nfO{ ;Demg'k5{ ,
-_ PS;6]G;g sg]S;g eGgfn] d]g sg]S;g;Fu hf]l8Psf] sg]S;gnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-r_ k6s] sg]S;g eGgfn] d]g sg]S;g;Fu hf]l8Psf] sg]S;gnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ ,
-5_ c:yfoL sg]S;g eGgfn] Ps dlxgfeGbf a9L Ps jif{;Ddsf] cjlwsf] nflu lnPsf]
sg]S;gnfO{ ;Demg'k5{,
-h_ u|fxs eGgfn] lgod # adf]lhd 6]lnkmf]gsf] sg]S;g kfpg] JolQm ;Demg'k5{,
-`_ :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{no eGgfn] lgod ! sf] pklgod -@_ cGtu{t lgsflnPsf] ;"rgfdf
tf]lsPsf] If]qsf] 6]lnkmf]g sfof{no ;Demg'k5{ .
kl/R5]b@
6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f h8fg vr{;DaGwL Joj:yf
#= b/vf:t lbg'kg]{ M 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g lng rfxg] JolQmn] lgDg lnlvt s'/fx v'nfO{ :yfgLo
6]lnkmf]g sfof{nodf b/vf:t lbg' kb{5 M
-s_ u|fxssf] k"/f gfd, y/, jtg -3/sf] Ans gDa/ eP ;f] ;d]t_,
-v_ sg]S;g :yfoL, c:yfoL jf k6s],
6]lnsDo'lgs]zg -;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)@@ f/f ;+zf]lwt . v08 -r_ b]lv v08 -`_ ;Dd rflx+ ;f]xL P]g f/f yk ePsf] .
-u_ rLkm OlGhlgo/n] tf]lslbPsf cGo s'/fx .
$= 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ug]{ / gfd;f/L ug]{ clwsf/ M
-!_ lgod # adf]lhd b/vf:t lbg] JolQmnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g lbg] glbg] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug]{
clwsf/ rLkm OlGhlgo/ jf lghn] clwsf/ lbPsf] :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{nosf] ;DalGwt
clws[txnfO{ x'g]5 .
-@_ s'g} u|fxssf] gfd /x]sf] 6]lnkmf]g lgh u|fxs d/L jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] gfd;f/L ug'{kg]{
eO{ gfd;f/L ul/kfpg] xsjfnf jf cGo s'g} ;DalGwt JolQmsf] lgj]bg :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g
sfof{nodf kg{ cfPdf cfjZos ;a} s'/f a'em\g & lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ :yfgLo kqklqsfdf
;"rgf k|sflzt ug'{kg]{5 . o;/L Dofbleq kg{ cfPsf] ph"/Lxdfly ljrf/ u/L 6]lnkmf]g
gfd;f/L ug]{ gug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] l0f{o rLkm OlGhlgo/ jf lghn] clwsf/ lbPsf] :yfgLo
6]lnkmf]g sfof{nosf] ;DalGwt clws[tnfO{ x'g]5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f b]lvPsf] ePtf klg clw/fHol:yt ljb]zL lgof]usf s'g}
clws[tsf gfddf gfd;f/L ug'{kg]{ ePdf jf s'g} u|fxssf] gfd /x]sf] 6]lnkmf]g s'g} JolQmn]
cfkm\gf] gfddf gfd;f/L ul/kfpg lgh u|fxssf] lnlvt dGh'/L ;lxtsf] lgj]bg lbg cfPdf
rLkm OlGhlgo/ jf lghn] clwsf/ lbPsf] :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{nosf] ;DalGwt clws[tn]
:yfgLo kqklqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt gul/sg klg gfd;f/L ul/lbg ;Sg]5 .
%= 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 jfkt w/f}6L /fVg] M k6s} jf c:yfoL sg]S;g lng rfxg] u|fxsn] 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 /
nfOl6lg P/]i6/sf] lgldQ rflxg] ?lkofF :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{nodf w/f}6L /fVg'kb{5 .
^= w/f}6L lkmtf{ kfpg] M
-!_ k6s] jf c:yfoL sg]S;g sfl6Pkl5 ;]6 / P/]i6/ lkmtf{ a'emfpg NofPdf w/f}6L /fv]sf] ?lkofF
?= #. tLg sf u/L afFsL ?lkofF lkmtf{ lbOg]5 .
-@_ ;]6 cyjf P/]i6/ gf]S;fgL epsf] /x]5 eg] dd{t ug{ ;lsg] cj:yfsf] eP xfgL gf]S;fgL
ePsf] kf6k"hf{sf] bfd w/f}6Laf6 sf ul/g]5 / dd{t ug{ ;lsg] cj:yfsf] gePdf ;]6 /
P/]i6/ s'g} klg lkmtf{ glnO{ ;f] jfkt /x]sf] w/f}6L g]kfn /fi6 a}+s bflvnf ul/g]5 .
-#_ ;]6 / P/]i6/afx]s u|fxssf] 3/ an];Lleq nfu]sf] c? ;fdfg lkmtf{ lnOg]5 5}g .
&= u|fxsn] 6]lnkmf]g h8fg / ;fg{ vr{ Joxf]g{ kg]{ M
-!_ u|fxs sxfF 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ubf{ k|To]s :yfoL jf c:yfoL jf k6s] sg]S;gsf] ?= #). tL;
h8fg vr{ nfUg]5 .
-@_ s'g} u|fxs sxfF h8fg eO/x]sf] 6]lnkmf]g Ps 3/af6 csf]{ 3/df ;fg{ vf]h]df ?= !%. kGw|
;fg]{ vr{ nfUg]5 .
-#_ s'g} u|fxs sxfF h8fg eO/x]sf] 6]lnkmf]g u|fxssf] ;f]xL 3/leq Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf
;fg{ k/]df ?= %. kfFr ;fg]{ vr{ nfUg]5 .
ldlt @)@@.!!.! df g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfn] pkTosf sf7df8f}+ / lj/f6gu/ If]qdf @)@@.!!.! b]lv k|f/De x'g] u/L tf]lslbPsf] .
cg';"rL=== 269
-$_ lgod $ sf] pklgod -@_ jf -#_ adf]lhd gfd;f/L x'g] ePdf o:tf] gfd;f/L jfkt ?=
#). tL; nfUg]5 .
*= sDkfp08 leq k|fOj]6 PS;r]~h /fVg kfpg] M u|fxsn] cfkm\gf] k|fOj]6 PS;r]~r jf8}af6 cfkm\gf
3/leq cyjf cfkm\gf] 3/sf] sDkfp08 leq cfkm"n] g} ef]u rng ul//x]sf] 3/ eP ;f] 3/;Dd
dfq k|fOj]6 PS;r]~rsf] nfOg /fVg kfpg]5 .
(= h8fg vr{ M
-!_ 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ubf{ >L % sf] ;/sf/tkm{af6 vr{ u/L dfn;fdfg h8fg ul/lbOg]5 . 3/sf]
an];Lleq nfUg] dfn;fdfg u|fxsn] cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 /fVg rfx]df 6]lnkmf]gsf OlGhlgo/n]
l;kmfl/z u/] adf]lhd 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 / dfn;fdfg /fVg lbOg]5 .
-@_ u|fxsn] 3/ an];Lleqsf] dfn;fdfg klg :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{noaf6 g} kfpmF eg]/ >]:tfaf6
dfnsf] df]n v'n]sf]df ;f]xL adf]lhd / df]n gv'n]sf]df :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{nosf
;DalGwt OlGhlgo/n] tf]lsP cg';f/ df]n lnOg]5 .
!)= df]n lkmtf{ ug]{ M s'g} u|fxsn] :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{noaf6 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 / nfOl6lg P/]i6 vl/b
u/]s]f /x]5 eg] ;f] u|fxssf] 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g sfl6Pkl5 pQm ;]6 / P/]i6/ lkmtf{ ug{ NofPdf ;f]
;]6 jf nfOl6 P/]i6/ :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{nosf ;DalGwt OlGhlgo/n] hfFrL lng x'g] glau|]sf]
7x/fPdf u|fxsn] hlt df]ndf v/Lb u/]s]f lyof] ;f] df]naf6 :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{nosf ;DalGwt
OlGhlgo/n] tf]lslbPsf] l8lk|l;Pzg rfh{ sf u/L afFsL df]n lkmtf{ ug{ x'G5 .
!!= dd{t b:t'/ M u|fxssf] an];Lleq s'g} lsl;dsf] dd{t ug'{kg]{ ePdf To;sf] lnlvt ;"rgf :yfgLo
6]lnkmf]g sfof{nodf lbg'k5{ / To;sf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePkl5 :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{nosf ;DalGwt
OlGhlgo/n] oyfzL3| ld:qL sflnu9 v6fO{ gubL kmfF6nfO{ hgfp lbg'k5{ . dd{t u/]s]f b:t'/ ?lkofF
$. rf/ nfUg]5 . ;f] b:t'/ dfl;s dx;'n a'emfpFbf ;fy} a'emfpg' kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b#
6]lnkmf]g dx;'n b/
!@= 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n b/ M lgDglnlvt lsl;dsf] 6]lnkmf]gnfO{ b]xfosf b/n] dfl;s dx;'n nfUg]5 M
-!_ :yfoL sg]S;gsf] b/ M
-s_ d]g sg]S;gsf] klxnf] Ps;o sn;Ddsf]nfO{ ?=rfnL; $).
To;kl5 k|To]s snsf] aL; k};f .@)
-v_ PS;6]G;g sg]S;gsf] M
leqL ;fwf/0f ;]6sf] ?= kRrL; @%.
aflx/L ;fwf/0f ;]6sf] ?= tL; #).
:yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)@% f/f ;+zf]lwt .

leqL cfO{=;L=Pkm= ;]6sf] ?= kRrL; @%.
aflx/L cfo{=;L=Pkm=;]6sf] ?= aQL; #%.
-u_ b'O{ ;s]6sf] ?= rf/ $.
-3_ b'O{eGbf a9L ;s]6 nufPdf k|To]s a9L ;s]6sf] ?= b'O{ @.
-@_ c:yfoL sg]S;gsf] b/ M
-s_ d]g sg]S;gsf] klxnf] Ps;o sn ;DdnfO{ ?= rf}jGg %$.
leqL ;fwf/0f ;]6sf] ?= tL; #).
aflx/L ;fwf/0f ;]6sf] ?= aQL; #@.
leqL cfO{=;L=Pkm= ;]6sf] ?= PsQL; #!.
aflx/L cfO{=;L=Pkm= ;]6sf] ?= k}+QL; #%.
-u_ b'O{ ;s]6sf] ?= kfFr %.
-3_ b'O{eGbf a9L ;s]6 nufPdf k|To]s a9L ;s]6sf] b'O{ ?lkofF krf; k};f @.%)
-#_ k6s] sg]S;gsf] b/ M
-s_ d]g sg]S;gdf klxnf] Ps;o sn ;DdnfO{ ?= c:;L *).
leqL ;fwf/0f ;]6sf] ?= 5kGg %^.
aflx/L ;fwf/0f ;]6sf] ? Ps;6\7L ^!.
leqL cfO{=;L=Pkm= ;]6sf] ?= ;f7L ^).
aflx/L cfO{=;L=Pkm= ;]6sf] ?= k};6\7L ^%.
-u_ b'O{ ;s]6sf] ?= t]x| !#.
-3_ b'O{eGbf a9L ;s]6 nufPdf k|To]s a9L ;s]6sf] 5 ?lkofF krf; k};f ^.%)
-_ k6s] sg]S;g lnO{ /fv]sf] u|fxs Ps dlxgf e'Qmfg ePkl6 klg c? yk ;do ;f]xL
sg]S;g rfn" /fVg rfx]df k|To]s yk lbg ! sf] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] dx;'n nfUg]5 M
d]g sg]S;gsf] tLg ?lkofF krf; k};f #.%)
PS;6]G;g sn]S;gsf] M
leqL ;fwf/0f ;]6sf] b'O{ ?lkofF krf/ k};f @.%)
aflx/L ;fwf/0f ;]6sf] tLg ?lkofF #.
leqL cfO{=;L=Pkm=;]6sf] b'O{ ?lkofF c:;L k};f @.*)
aflx/L cfO{=; Pkm= ;]6sf] tLg ?lkofF krf; k};f #.%)
-r_ b'O{ ;s]6sf] ?=Ps !.
-5_ b'O{eGbf a9L ;s]6 nufPdf k|To]s ;s]6sf] krf; k};f .%)
cg';"rL=== 271
:ki6Ls/0f M
-!_ dfly v08 -!_, -@_, / -#_ sf] s'g} d]g sg]S;g;Fu PS;6]G;g sg]S;g hf]l8Pdf o:tf]
d]n sg]S;gnfO{ klg ;f]xL v08sf] PS;6]G;g sg]S;g ;/x dflgg]5 / o:tf] d]g sg]S;gsf]
dx;'n klg PS;6]g;g sg]S;g hf]l8Pkl5 ;f]xL v08sf] PS;6]G;g sg]S;gnfO{ nfUg] hlt
dfq nfUg]5 .
-@_ dfly v08 -!_, -@_ / -#_ sf] x'g] d]g sg]S;gdf sn ld6/ gnfu]sf] eP hlt;'s} sn
ePklg dfly v08 v08df tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] lglZrt dx;'n dfq nfUg]5 . k|To]s snsf]
dx;'n nfUg] 5}g .
-#_ ;/sf/L ;'ljwf kfpg]nfO{ klAnssf] d]g sg]S;gaf6 PS;6]G;g sg]S;g lbOPdf ;f]
PS;6]G;gnfO{ klg d]g sg]S;g ;/x klxnf] !)) sn;Dd ldgfxf u/L lbO{ PS;6]G;g /
d]g sg]S;g;d]t @)) sneGbf a9L x'g uPdf dfq d]g sg]S;gjfnfl;t o; lgodfjnL
adf]lhd k|To]s a9L snsf] yk dx;'n lnOg]5 .
-$_ k|fOe]6 PS;r]~r jf]8{ M s'g} u|fxsn] cfkm" sxfF k|fOe]6 PS;r]Gr jf]8{ v8f u/L :yfgLo
PS;r]Ghsf] nfOgnfO{ hs;g nfOg agfO{ sfd lng] :jLs[lt 6[lnsDo"lgs]zg ljefuaf6
kfPdf k|fOe]6 PS;r]Gh jf]8s{ f] 5'} lgDg k|sf/sf yk dfl;s dx;'n nfUg]5 M
-!_ @% nfOg;Ddsf] k|fOe]6 PS;r]Gh jf]8{sf] ?= kRrL; @% .
-@_ @% nfOgb]lv %) nfOg;Ddsf] k|fOe]6 PS;r]Gh jf]8{sf] ?= k}+QL; #%.
-#_ %) nfOgb]lv a9L hlt;'s} nfOgsf] k|fOe]6 PS;r]Gh jf]8{sf] ?= krf; %).
:ki6Ls/0f M sn ld6/ nfu]sf] PS;r]Ghsf] ;DaGwdf PS;6]g;gsf] dx;'n tT;DaGwL ;fljs d]g
sg]S;gdf nfu]sf] hDdf dx;'n dfly yk u/L ;f] ;fljs sg]S;gjfnfl;t lnOg]5 .
!#= dx;'nsf] ;x'lnog M
-!_ ;/sf/L vr{df 6]lnkmf]g /fVg kfPsf JolQmnfO{ klAns sg]S;g lng]nfO{ nfg] dx;'nsf]
;os8f @% kRrL; dfq nfUg]5 .
t/ 6]lnkmf]gs} sfd rnfpgsf] nflu 6]lnkmf]g Joj:yf;DaGwL JolQm sxfF h8fg ePsf ;le{;
sg]S;gsf] s'g} lsl;dsf] dx;'n nfUg] 5}g .
-@_ k|To]s :yfgLo kqklqsfnfO{ ;f] kqklqsfsf] k|sfzg sfod /x];Ddsf] lgldQ Pp6f / k|To]s
:yfgLo Go"h Ph]G;LnfO{ cf}krfl/s 9n] k|sfzg;DaGwL va/sf] sfd u/];Ddsf] lgldQ
Pp6f 6]lnkmf]g;Dd klAns sg]S;g lng]nfO{ nfUg] dx;'nsf] ;os8f *) -c;L_ dfq nfUg]
u/L h8fg ug{ ;lsG5 .
!$= klAns snsf] b/ M s'g} klAns sfof{nodf /x]sf] :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]gaf6 s'g} :yfgLo csf]{
6]lnkmf]gdf s'/f u/]df Ps k6s s'/f ubf{ aL; k};fsf] b/n] dx;'n nfUg]5 .
!%= ==================================
!^= ===================================
:yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g -;+zf]wg_ lgodx, @)@# f/f ;+zf]lwt .
:yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)@% f/f ;+zf]lwt .
6]lnsDo'lgs]zg -cGt/ b]zLo_ lgodfjnL, @)@# f/f vf/]h .
kl/R5]b$
ljljw
!&= dx;'n a'emfpg] ldlt / ljj/0f M

!_ 6]lnkmf]g h8fg eO{ rfn" ePsf] ldlt hgfO{ ;DalGwt OlGhlgo/af6 nut lnO{ ;f] nut adf]lhd
h'g ldltaf6 6]lnkmf]g rn]sf] xf] ;f] ldltb]lv dx;'n lng]u/L x/]s dlxgfsf] @@ ut];Dddf
aLrdf Ps dlxgf afFsL /x]sf] dlxgfeGbf Ps dlxgf cufl8sf] dx;'n pbfx/0f M a}zfv
dlxgfsf] dx;'n cfiff9 dlxgfsf] @@ ut];Dddf a'em\g' a'emfpg' kb{5 .
t/ dfly h];'s} n]lvPsf] eP tfklg sn ld6/ gnfu]sf] 6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n k]ZsLsf] ?kdf
-pbfx/0f M a}zfv dlxgfsf] dx;'n a}zfv dlxgfsf] @@ ut];Dddf_ a'em\g' a'emfpg' kb{5 .
-@_ x/]s u|fxssf] 6]lnkmf]g sn ld6/sf] l/l8;lxt ;a} lsl;dsf] rfh{xsf] ljj/0f /fVgsf]
nflu 6]lnkmf]g sfof{non] ljj/0f kqsf] rng -sf8{ l;i6d_ ug]{5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] ljj/0fkq jfkt :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{non] jif{ ! sf] Ps
k6s ?= @% k};f b:t'/ lnO{ k|To]s u|fxsnfO{ ;f] ljj/0fkq Ps k|lt lbg]5 . s'g} sf/0fn]
;f] ljj/0fkq x/fP jf gfl;Pdf ;f] sf/0f;lxtsf] b/vf:t k/]df k|To]s ljj/0fkqsf] ?=
!. Ps lnO{ csf]{ ljj/kq lbOg]5 .
!*= hl/jfgf M dlxgfsf] @@ ut];Dd ga'emfO{ To; dlxgfsf] d;fGt;Dddf a'emfpg NofPdf lbgsf]
?= !. Pssf] b/n] hl/jfgf nfUg]5 . To; dlxgfsf] d;fGt;Dddf klg dx;'n ga'emfPdf To:tf
u|fxssf] gfpFdf /x]sf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg sfl6g]5 .
!(= sg]S;g sfl6g] M dx;'n hl/jfgf ga'emfO{ sg]S;g sfl6Pdf ;f] sg]S;g sfl6Psf] !% lbgleq
yfdLkfpF egL u|fxssf] lgj]bg kg{ cfpdf cj:yf ljrf/ u/L rLkm OlGhlgo/n] u|fxsnfO{ dx;'n
/ hl/jfgf ltg{ nufpg] u/L h8fg vr{ glng] u/L yfldlbg ;Sg]5 .
@)= dx;'n c;'n ug]{ M lgod !* adf]lhd ga'emfP jfkt sfl6Psf] 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;gsf] u|fxs;Fu
afFsL /x]sf] dx;'n / hl/jfgf lghn] ga'emfPdf :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{non] ;f] /sd ;/sf/L
afFsL ;/x c;'n pk/ ug]{5 .
@!= vf/]hL M sf7df8f}+ pkTosf c6f]d]l6s -:yfgLo_ 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL, @)@@ / ;do;dodf
To;df ePsf ;+zf]wg;d]t vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .
l6Kk0fL M s]xL g]kfn sfg"g -;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)@$ f/f clkm; sf] ;f sfof{no /fvL ?kfgt/ ul/Psf] 5 .
;|f]tM
;+zf]wg g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg -cGt/b]zLo_ lgodfjnL, @)@# @)@@.!!.!
:yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g -;+zf]wg_ lgodx, @)@# @)@#.$.#!
:yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)@% @)@%.$.!
***
cg';"rL=== 273
cg';"rL M *
6]lnsDo"lgs]zG; -cGtb]{zLo_ lgodfjnL, lj=;+= @)@#
6]lnsDo"lgs]zG; P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf #$ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ / To; ;DaGwdf k|fKt c? ;a}
clwsf/x k|of]u u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/n] b]xfosf lgodx agfPsf] 5 M
kl/R5]b!
k|f/lDes
-!_ of] lgodxsf] gfd 6]lnsDo"lgs]zG; -cGtb]{zLo_ lgodfjnL, @)@# /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ of] lgofdfjnL t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df oL lgodxdf M

-s_ P]g eGgfn] 6]lnsDo"lgs]zG; P]g, @)!( ;Demg'k5{,
-v_ 6]lnu|fkm va/ eGgfn] cfsfzjf0fL / 6]lnkmf]g va/;d]tnfO{ ;Demg'k5{,
-u_ OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{ eGgfn] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{
;Demg'k5{,
-3_ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no eGgfn] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] 6]lnsDo"lgs]zG; ljefu cGtu{tsf]
cfsfzjf0fL / 6]lnkmf]g sfof{no ;Demg'k5{,
-_ tf]lsPsf] b/ eGgfn] cfly{s P]g jf oL lgodx jf ;f] cGtu{tsf] ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf]
dx;'n b/ ;Demg'k5{,
-r_ P;=eL=Pr va/ eGgfn] hn, :yn jf xjfO{ vt/f;DaGwL va/ jf ;'/Iff;DaGwL va/
;Demg'k5{,
-5_ ;le{; va/ eGgfn] cGtb]{zLo 6]lnsDo"lgs]zG;sf] sfdsfhsf] ;DaGwdf >L % sf]
;/sf/sf] 6]lnsDo"lgs]zG; ljefu / 6]lnkmf]g / cfsfzjf0fL sfof{noxsf] sfo{nodf
ljefuLo sfd sf/jfxL ;DaGwdf cfbfgk|bfg x'g] va/ ;Demg'k5{,
-h_ ;/sf/L va/ eGgfn] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] s'g} sfof{no jf c8\8faf6 ;/sf/L sfd sfh
;DaGwdf k7fpg] va/ ;Demg'k5{,
-em_ ;fj{hlgs va/ eGgfn] s'g} JolQmn] cfkm\gf] gLlh sfd s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{
va/ ;Demg'k5{,
-`_ k|]; va/ eGgfn] /fhgLlt, Jofkf/, df};d, v]ns"b / cGo ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf 36gfx
;DalGwt cvjf/df 5flkg] jf /]l8of]df k|rf/ ul/g] va/ ;Demg'k5{,
-6_ 6+s sn eGgfn] tf]lsPsf] :yfgLo If]q aflx/sf] snnfO{ ;Demg''k5{ .
kl/R5]b@
va/sf] cfbfgk|bfg / va/sf lsl;dx
#= 6]lnu|fkm va/ k7fpFbf k'ofpg'kg]{ /Lt M

-s_ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{noaf6 k|fKt x'g] km/fddf jf ;f] adf]lhdsf] 9fFrf ldNbf] kmf/fddf va/
b]jgfu/L lnlk jf c+u|]hL efiffdf n]lvPsf] x'g' kb{5 . t/ ;/sf/L va/sf] xdf sf]8 va/
klg :jLsf/ ul/g]5 .
-v_ va/ n]]Vg] kmf/fdxdf a'lemg] u/L rnfg ul/g] cfjZos s'/fx dfq :ki6 ?kn] n]lvPsf]
x'g' kb{5 / 7]ufgf dfq n]lvPsf] va/ lnOg] 5}g,
-u_ va/ n]Vg] kmf/fdsf] tNnf] efudf 6]lnu|fkm va/ k7fpg]sf] b:tvt ;lxtsf] k"/f gfd,
7]ufgf :ki6 n]lvPsf] x'g' kb{5 .
$= 5f]6s/L 7]ufgfsf] /lhi6]zg M
-!_ 6]lnu|fkm va/x 5f]6s/L 7]ufgfdf k|fKt ug{ OR5's JolQmn] 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf lgod %
adf]lhdsf] b:t"/ ;fy /fvL /Ltk"j{ssf] b/vf:t lbg' kb{5 .
-@_ o:tf] 5f]6s/L 7]ufgf bz cIf/df ga9fO{ Ps zAb dfq x'g'kb{5 / o:tf] 5f]6s/L 7]ufgfsf]
;fydf va/ kfpg] 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] gfd dfq n]lvPsf] x'g'kb{5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] b/vf:t k/]kl5 5f]6s/L 7]ufgf 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf /lhi6]zg
ul/g]5 . t/ b]xfosf] 5f]6s/L 7]ufgf eg] /lhi6]zg ul/g] 5}g M
-s_ JolQmsf] gfd, ;+Vof, bhf{, b]z, lhNnf, zx/ / d'Vod'Vo ;8sxsf] gfd,
-v_ klxn] /lhi6/ eO;s]sf] s'g} 5f]6s/L 7]ufgf;Fu ldNg] lsl;dsf] csf]{ 5f]6s/L 7]ufgf,
-u_ va/ ljt/0f ug]{ ;DalGwt j8feGbf aflx/sf 7fpFxsf] lgldQ ePdf .
%= /lhi6z] g b:t"/ M lgod $ adf]lhd 5f]6s/L 7]ufgf /lhi6z
] g ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] b:t'/ nfUg]5 M
-!_ tLg dlxgf;DdnfO{ ?= !%.
-@_ tLg dlxgfeGbf a9L t/ gf} dlxgf;DdnfO{ ?= @%.
-#_ 5 dlxgfeGbf a9L t/ gf} dlxgf;DdnfO{ ?= #%.
-$_ gf} dlxgfeGbf a9L t/ Ps jif{;DdnfO{ ?= $%.
^= 5f]6s/L 7]ufgf x]/km]/ ubf{ ug'{kg]{ M
-!_ /lhi6]zgsf] Dofb e'Qmfg gx'Fb} /lhi6/ ePsf] 5f]6s/L 7]ufgf abNg' k/]df jf ;f]xL 5f]6s/L
7]ufgfnfO{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf ;fg{ k/]df klxn] /lhi6/ ug]{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf ?= %.
b:t'/ ;fy lgj]bg lbg' kb{5 .
-@_ pkbkm -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k/L ;DalGwt 6]lnu|fkm sfof{noaf6 /lhi6/ u/]sf]df o;/L
ablnPsf] jf ;fl/psf] 5f]6s/L 7]ufgfsf] cjlw klxn] /lhi6/ ePsf] afFsL cjlw;Ddsf]
nflu dfq sfod /xg]5 .
-#_ klxn] /lhi6/ ug]{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] j8fleq kg]{ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf 7]ufgf dfq
cg';"rL=== 275
;fg'{ k/]df To;sf] lnlvt ;"rgf pQm sfof{nodf lbP k'U5 / pklgod -!_ adf]lhd a9L
b:t'/ a'emfpg' kg]{ 5}g .
&= dx;'n nfUg] va/x M 6]lnu|fkm va/sf] lsl;d, 7]ufgf, va/sf] Joxf]/f, va/ k7fpg] JolQmsf]
gfd / lghsf] 7]ufgf eP to;df ;d]t dx;'n nfUg]5 .
*= dx;'n gnfUg] va/x M 6]lnu|fkm va/sf] b]xfosf s'/fxdf dx;'n nfUg] 5}g M
-s_ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{noaf6 kmf/fddf el/g] va/ k7fpg] 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] gfd, va/ ;+Vof
nfu]sf] dx;'n c+s va/ btf{ u/]sf] / va/ rnfPsf] ldlt / ;do /
-v_ kmf/fdsf] tNnf] efudf ePsf] va/ k7fpg] JolQmsf] b:tvt / 7]ufgf OToflb .
(= 6]lnu|fkm va/df nfUg] dx;'n pk/ ug]{ M 6]lnu|fkm va/df nfUg] dx;'n b]xfo adf]lhd c;'n
pk/ ul/g]5 M
-s_ va/ b]jgfu/Ldf n]lvPsf]df k|To]s cIf/, c+s lj/fd lrXgsf] tf]lsPsf] b/n] hDdf hDdL
lx;fan],
-v_ va/ c+u]|hLdf n]lvPsf]df k|To]s zAb, c+s / lj/fd lrXgsf] tf]lsPsf] b/n] hDdf hDdLsf]
lx;fan] t/ k|To]s zAb !% cIf/eGbf a9L x'g x'Fb}g / !% cIf/eGbf a9Lsf] ePdf k|To]s
a9L !% cIf/;Ddsf] Ps a9L zAbsf] lx;fan] .
!)= 6]lnu|fkm va/sf] lsl;d M ;fwf/0ftM 6]lnu|fkm va/ b]xfosf lsl;dsf x'g]5 M
-s_ P;=eL= Pr= va/ k7fpFbf va/ kmf/fddf P;=eL=Pr= eGg] :ki6 hgfO{ va/ k7fpg] clwsf/L
jf JolQmn] b:tvt u/]s]f x'g' kb{5 . of] va/sf] dx;'n ;fj{hlgs va/ -;fwf/0f_ adf]lhd
nfUg]5 . P;=eL=Pr= va/ k|fKt ug]{ sfof{non] va/ k|fKt x'gf;fy ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{
a'emfpg' kg]{5 .
-v_ ;le{; va/ M ;le{; va/sf] dx;'n nfUg] 5}g t/ va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ sfof{noxn] lr=
nut /fVg'kb{5 . ;le{; va/x b]xfosf lsl;dsf x'g]5g\M
-!_ Odh]{G;L M 6]lnu|fkm oGq rfn" /fVg t'?Gt} Joj:yf ldnfpg] ;DaGwdf rLkm OlGhlgo/,
OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{, ;DalGwt sfof{nosf d'Vo k|fljlw1 / 8"6L ck/]6/n] dfq Odh]{G;L
;le{; va/ cfk;df cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
-@_ h?/L / ;fwf/0f M h?/L / ;fwf/0f ;le{; va/ rLkm OlGhlgo/, OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{ /
c8\8f k|d'vxn] dfq cfk;df 6]lnsDkO'lgs]zgdf k|zf;g ;DaGwdf cfbfgk|bfg
ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
-u_ ;/sf/L va/ ;/sf/L va/ h?/L / ;fw/f0f b'O{ k|sf/sf x'g]5g\ .
-3_ ;fj{hlgs va/ / k|]; va/ M oL va/x klg ;fwf/0f / h?/L b'O{ k|sf/df ljeflht ul/Psf
5g\ .
!!= va/ k7fpg] qmd M
-!_ rnfg ug]{ k|fKt 6]lnu|fkm va/x 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nof/f b]xfo adf]lhd qmdfg';f/ rnfpg]
5g\ . h?/L / ;wf/0f va/x k7fpFbf btf{ ul/Psf] l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/ cg';f/ k7fpg'kb{5 .
k|To]s va/ rnfO{ ;s]kl5 va/ kmf/fddf va/ rnfpg] ck/]6/n] b:tvt ug'{kb{5 M
-!_ o;=eL=Pr=va/,
-@_ Odh]{G;L ;le{; va/,
-#_ h?/L ;/sf/L va/,
-$_ h?/L ;le{; va/,
-%_ h?/L ;fj{hlgs va/ / h?/L k|]; va/,
-^_ ;fwf/0f ;/sf/L va/
-&_ ;fwf/0f ;fj{hlgs va/, ;fwf/0f k|]; va/, /
-*_ ;fwf/0f ;le{; va/ .
-@_ 6]lnu|fkm va/x k|fKt ePkl5 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] cfsfzjf0fL jf 6]lnkmf]g h]sf] lgldQ
va/ k|fKt ePsf] eP klg oL b'O{ dWo] h'g nfu" 5 / h;af6 k7fpFbf ;f] va/ rfF8f] k'U5
;f]xL dfu{f/f k7fpg'k5{ .
!@= va/sf] btf{ / ljj/0f M
-!_ 6]lnu|fkm va/x k|To]s lbgsf] laxfg ^ ah]b]lv a]n'sL * ah];Dd btf{ ul/g] 5g\ / k|fKt
ePsf va/x dWo] ;fwf/0f va/x laxfg ^ ah]b]lv a]n'sf ^ ah];Dd / h?/L va/x
laxfg % ah]b]lv a]n'sf !) ah];Dddf ljt/0f ul/g]5g\ .
-@_ sf7df8f}+ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] b'P{ sf]z jl/kl/ kf6g / efbufpF sfof{nosf] 8]9 sf]z jl/kl/
/ cGo 7fpFdf 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] Ps sf]z jl/kl/sf Onfsf leq ;DalGwt sfof{noaf6
va/ ljt/0f ul/g]5 .
-#_ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{noaf6 pklgod -@_ df plNnlvt If]q aflx/ kg]{ c? 7fpFsf va/sf]
xsdf ;f] If]qleq kg]{ 7fpFdf x'nfs c8\8f 5 eg] 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] ;f] va/ ;f]xL x'nfs
c8\8fnfO{ a'emfO{lbg'k5{ / ;f] s'nfs c8\8fn] klg a'lemlnO{ ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'
kb{5 . ;f] If]qleq x'nfs c8\8f gePdf cfkm\gf If]qb]lv aflx/ kg]{ 7fpFsf] va/ ljt/0f
ul/g] 5}g 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nod} /flvg]5 / ;DalGwt JolQm jf lghsf] sf]xL dflg; lng cfPdf
lghnfO{ lbOg]5 .
-$_ h;sf] gfd, 7]ufgfdf 6]lnu|fkm va/ cfPsf] xf] ;f]xL JolQmnfo{ cyjf lghsf] 3/sf] s'g}
JolQmnfO{ va/ afF8\g] sfof{non] ;f] va/ a'emfpg' kb{5 . t/ c8\8f, xf]6]n, x'nfs, Jofkf/L
OToflbsf gfpFdf va/ cfPsf] eP ;f] 7fpFxsf] sfuh kq btf{ ug]{ jf a'lemlng] JolQmnfO{
a'emfP klg x'G5 .
-%_ 6]lnu|fkm va/x k|fKt x'gf;fy ljt/0f ug]{ / u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] st{Jo 6]lnu|fkm
sfof{nosf k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] x'g]5 .
!#= va/ ljt/0f gePdf ug]{ M s'g} 6]lnu|fkm va/ ;dodf ljt/0f gePdf jf x'g g;s]df ;f] a'emfpg
hfg] JolQmaf6 a'emfpg g;s]sf] sf/0f lnlvt?kdf v'nfO{ lnO{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] va/ k7fpg]
JolQmnfo{ ;f] Joxf]/fsf] ;"rgf lbg'k5{ . o:tf] a'emfpg g;lsPsf] va/ / lgod !@ sf] pklgod
cg';"rL=== 277
-#_ adf]lhd 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nod} /flvg] va/x #) lbgkl5 ;Dd klg ljt/0f x'g g;s]df ;f]
sfof{non] o:tf] va/x ;8fO{lbP x'G5 .
!$= l9nfO{ b:t'/ M >L % sf] ;/sf/sf c8\8x aGb /xg] ;j{hlgs labfsf] lbgdf btf{ ug{ NofPsf
k|To]s va/xdf ?= !. sf] b/n] l9nfO b:t'/ nfUg]5 . t/ o:tf] labfsf] lbgafx]s c? k8\8f
nfUg] lbg c8\8fsf] ;doeGbf cl3 jf kl5 hlxn] ubf{ ug{ NofP klg l9nfO{ b:t'/ nfUg]5}g .
!%= va/x lkmtf{ ug]{ M
-!_ k|fKt ePsf 6]lnu|fkm va/x btf{ ug]{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] k7fpg' kg]{ sfof{nodf k7fO{
g;Qm} ;DalGwt JolQmn] lnlvt lgj]bg u/]df btf{ ePsf] va/ lkmtf{ ul/g]5 / To:tf] lgj]bg
lb+bf s'g} lsl;dsf] b:t'/ nfUg]5}g .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lkmtf{ ePsf] 6]lnu|fkm va/ rnfpgsf] lgldQ c;'n ePsf] dx;'naf6
?= !.@% s6\6L u/L afFsL ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/g]5 . To;tf] c;'n ePsf] dx;'n
?= !.@% eGbf sd ePdf c;'n ePsf] dx;'nsf] cfwL s6\6L u/L afFsL cflw ;DalGwt
JolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
!^= va/ a'emfpg] / va/sf] gSsn lbg] M
-!_ 6]lnu|fkm va/ k|fKt ug]{ sfof{non] Ps k|lt gSsn /fvL Ps vfdaGbL u/L 7]ufgfjfnf
JolQmnfO{ a'emfOlbg' k5{ .
-@_ 6]lnu|fkm va/sf] ;Ssnsf[ gSsn jf gSsnsf] gSsn va/ k7fpg] JolQm jf lghsf
k|ltlglwn] /Ltk"j{ssf] b/vf:t lbO{ dfu u/]df ;DalGwt 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] lbg x'G5 /
To;sf] lgldQ ;f] JolQmaf6 To:tf] k|To]s gSsnsf] ?= !. b:t'/ nufOP c;/n ug'{k5{ .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd gSsn lbg] sfof{non] lbPsf] gSsndf sfof{nosf] lg:;f nufO{
lbO{ b:t'/ lbPsf] e/kfO{ ;d]t gSsn lng] JolQmnfO{ lbg'k5{ .
!&= 6]lnu|fkm va/sf] k|sfzgdf k|ltaGw M >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ k|fKt kbflwsf/Lsf] lnlvt
cfb]z lagf s'g} 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no jf ;f] sfof{nosf] sd{rf/Ln] s'g} 6]lnu|fkm va/nfO{ cglws[t
JolQmxsf] hfgsf/Ldf Nofpg] u/L k|sfz ug{, b]vfpg jf atfpg x'Fb}g .
!*= >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] hjfkmb]xL gx'g] M >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/Lxsf] nfk/jfxL jf ablgotn]
6]lnu|fkm va/ ;dodf a'emfpg l9nf jf ga'emfOPaf6 ePsf xfgL gf]S;fgLsf xsdf afx]s cGo
lsl;daf6 ePsf] xfgL gf]S;fgLdf 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no hjfkmb]xL x'g]5}g .
kl/R5]b#
clws 7]ufgf va/, k|]; va/
!(= w]/} -dlN6kn_ 7]ufgf ePsf] va/ M

-!_ Ps} 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nonfO{ PseGbf a9L 7]ufgfdf afFl8g] u/L Ps} lsl;dsf] va/ k7fpg]
JolQmn] cfkm"n] k7fPsf] va/df w]/} 7]ufgf ePsf] va/ eGg] hgfO{ k7fpg' x'G5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd w]/} 7]ufgf ePsf] va/sf] dx;'nsf] lx;fa ubf{ ;a} 7]ufgfx,
;f] va/ / k7fpg]sf] gfd ;d]t ;a} hDdf u/L tf]lsPsf] b/n] c;'n ul/g]5 . o:tf] va/
b]jgfu/Ldf !%) Ps;o krf; cIf/ / c+u|]hLdf %) zAb ;Ddsf] ePdf tf]lsPsf] b/df
yk ?= !.@) Ps ?lkofF aL;k};f / ;f]eGbf a9L cIf/ cyjf zAb ePdf k|To]s a9L Ps
;o krf; b]jgfu/L cIf/ jf krf; c+u|]hL zAb;Ddsf] lgldQ yk ?.() gAa] k};f a9L
dx;'n ;d]t nfUg]5 . h?/L / ;fwf/0f b'j} lsl;dsf] w]/} 7]ufgf ePsf] va/df klg x'g cfpg]
cg'kftn] dx;'n lnOg]5 .
@)= k|]; va/ k7fpg kfpg] ;x'lnog M
-!_ k|]; va/ k7fpg kfpg] ;x'lnot k|fKt ug]{ OR5's ;dfrf/ kqklqsf ;Djfb ;ldlt jf
/]l8of] :6]zgn] 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf rLkm OlGhlgo/f/f tf]lsPsf] 9fFrf / z{tadf]lhd u/L
?= !. sf] l6s6 6fF;L lgj]bg ug'{k5{ .
-@_ of] lgodadf]lhd kfpg] ;x'lnot ;dfrf/ kqklqsf ;Djfb ;ldlt / /]l8of] :6]zgnfO{ dfq
k|fKt x'g]5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k/]sf] b/vf:tdf cfjZos hfFra'em u/L :jLs[lt lbg x'g] eP
;f] b/vf:tjfnfnfO{ k|]; va/ k7fpg kfpg] u/L :jLs[lt lbOg]5 / To:tf] :jLs[lt k|fKt
ug]{ ;dfrf/ kqklqsf, ;Dafb ;ldlt jf /]l8of] :6]zgsf] gfddf clwsf/ kq 6]lnu|fkm
sfof{non] lbg]5 .
@!= k|]; va/;DaGwL clwsf/ kq /2 x'g] M
-!_ lgod @) adf]lhd ;x'lnot kfPsf] s'g} ;dfrf/ kqklqsf, ;Djfb ;ldlt jf /]l8of]
:6]zgsf] k|ltlglwn] k|]; va/ ;DaGwL s'g} zt{ jf Joj:yfsf] pNn+3g u/]df rLkm OlGhlgo/n]
o:tf] clwsf/kq h'g;'s} ;dodf klg /2 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ;dfrf/ kqklqsf, ;Djfb ;ldlt jf /]l8of] :6]zgsf] h'g k|ltlglwsf] gfddf clwsf/kq
lbOPsf] 5 ;f]] k|ltlglwn] ;f] ;dfrf/ kqklqsf, ;Djfb ;ldlt /]l8of] :6]zgnfO{ 5f]8]df
;f] ;dfrf/ kqklqsf, ;Djfb ;ldlt jf /]l8of] :6]zgn] tLg lbgleq ;f] s'/fsf] ;"rgf
6]lnu|fkm clws[tnfO{ c+lwsf/kq lkmtf{ a'emfpg' kb{5 / ;f] JolQmsf] gfdf eO{ /fv]sf]
clwsf/kq p2 ul/g]5 .
@@= k|]; va/ k7fpFbfsf] ;DaGwdf M
-!_ k|]; va/ k7fpg ;x'lnot k|fKt k|ltlglwn] jf ;Djfb ;ldltn] k|]; va/ kmf/fddf cfkm"n]
kfPsf] clwsf/kqsf] gDa/ / k|]; va/ clwsf/kqdf hgfOPsf] ;dfrf/, kqklqsf ;Djfb
;ldlt jf /]l8of :6]zgsf] gfd n]Vg' k5{ . JolQmsf] gfd ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] va/nfO{ k|];
va/ ;x'lnot k|fKt x'g]5}g .
-@_ k|]; va/ k7fpg kfpg] ;x'lnot k|fKt k|ltlglwn] va/ btf{ u/fpFbf cfkm\gf] clwsf/kq
b]vfpg'k5{ .
-#_ k|]; va/ b]jgfu/L jf c+u|]hLdf n]lvPsf] x'g'k5{ .
cg';"rL=== 279
-$_ k|]; va/df ;dfrf/ kqklqsfdf 5fKg] jf /]l8of]f/f k|rf/ u/fOg] va/afx]s 5kfpg] jf
k|rf/ u/fpg] ;DaGwdf s'g} s'/fsf] lgb]{zg lbg'kg]{ ePdf ;f] ;d]t ;dfj]z ug{ x'G5 .
t/ To:tf] lgb]{zg b]jgfu/Ldf eP ;f7L cIf/ / c+u|]hLdf eP aL; zAbeGbf a9L x'g'x'Fb}g . ;f]
lgb]{zg va/sf] 5'} k|s/0f -Kof/f_ u/L z'?df jf cflv/df sf]i7leq /flvPsf] x'g'kb{5 . dx;'n lx;fa
ubf{ sf]i7sf] ;d]t lx;fa ul/g]5 .
-%_ k|]; va/df lj1fkg ;dfj]z ug'{ x'Fb}g / oL lgodxsf] k|lts"n k|fKt x'g cfPsf k|]; va/x
;fj{hlgs va/ ;/x dx;"n nufO{ rnfg ul/g]5 .
kl/R5]b$
dx;"n
@#= dx;"n M g]kfn clw/fHoleq Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf 6]lnu|fkm va/ k7fpFbf b]xfo adf]lhdsf]
dx;"n nfUg]5 M
-s_ ;fj{hlgs va/
klxnf] tLg cIf/, c+s/ lj/fd lrXg;Ddsf] ?= !.%) ?= #.
k|To]s yk cIf/, c+s la/fd lrXgsf] ?= ).)% ?= ).!)
-v_ c+u|]hLdf
klxnf] bz zAb / c+s / la/fd lrXg;Ddsf] ?= !.&% ?= #.%)
k|To]s yk zAb, c+s / la/fd lrXgsf] ?= ).!% ?= ).#)
k|]; va/
-s_ b]jgfu/Ldf
klxnf] krf; cIf/, c+s / la/fd lrXg;Ddsf] ?=).%) ?=! .
k|To]s yk kfFr zAb, c+s / la/fd lrXg;Ddsf] ?= ).)% ?= ).!)
-v_ c+u|]hLdf
klxnf] krf; zAb, c+s / la/fd lrXg;Ddsf] ?=!.&% ?= #.%)
k|To]s yk kfFr zAb, c+s / la/fd lrXg;Ddsf] ?= ).!% ?= ).#)
@$= w/f}6L /fVg'kg]{ M
-!_ cfkm\gf] gfddf cfpg] s'g} jf ;a} lsl;dsf 6]lnu|fkm va/sf] dx;'n cfkm}n] a'emfpg] OR5fug]{
JolQm jf ;+:yfn] ;DalGwt 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf /Ltk"j{ssf] b/vf:t lbO{ ?= @)). w/f}6L
/fVg'kg]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd /flvPsf] w/f}6Laf6 ?= @). afFsL /xg gcfP;Dd k|To]s va/sf]
dx;"n sf ul/g]5 / pQm ?= @). ;Dd afFsL 5Fb} k'gM ?= @)). w/f}6L k'ofPdf k'gM
?= @). afFsL x'g gcfP;Dd va/ lghnfO{ a'emfOg]5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd h'g 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf w/f}6L /flvPsf] 5 ;f] sfof{non]
va/ btf{ ug]{ sfof{nonfO{ w/f}6Lsf] c+s ?= @). afFsL /xg cfpg'eGbf cufj} ;"rgf
lbg]5 .
t/ s'g avtdf slt w/f}6L afFsL /xg uPsf]5 eGg] lx;fa u/L ;dodf w/f}6L ?= @)). k'ofpg'
u|fxssf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
-$_ o;/L w/f}6L /fvL va/ k|fKt ug{ k|aGw ePsf]df va/ btf{ ug]{ sfof{non] lgodfg';f/ nfUg]
dx;'nsf] lx;fa u/L k|To]s To:tf] va/df yk ?= .@% kRrL; k};fsf] b/n] a9L dx;'n
nufO w/f}6Laf6 sf u/L c;'n /flvg]5 .
@%= /l;b cws6\6L lbg'kg]{ M va/ btf{ ug{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] va/ btf{ u/fpg] JolQmnfO{ va/sf]
;+Vof, lsl;d, zAb, cIf/, c+s la/fd lrXgsf] ;+Vof, btf{ u/]sf] ldlt, ;do / nfu]sf] dx;"n
c+s;d]t hgfO{ b:tvt u/L cws6\6L /l;b lbg' kb{5 .
@^= va/ :jLsf/ gul/g] cj:yf M 6]lnu|fkm va/x b]xfosf] cj:yfdf :jLsf/ ul/g] 5}gg M
-s_ s'g} ;fj{hlgs jf ;/sf/L va/x c+u|]hLdf n]lvPsf] df zAb c+s / la/fd lrXg u/L
Ps;oeGbf a9L ;+Vofsf] ePdf jf
-v_ ;fj{hlgs jf ;/sf/L va/x b]jgfu/Ldf n]lvPsf]df cIf/, c+s / la/fd lrXg u/L
tLg;oeGbf a9L ;+Vofsf] ePdf jf
-u_ k|]; va/ c+u|]hLdf n]lvPsf]df zAb, c+s / la/fd lrXg u/L b'O{ ;oeGbf a9L ;+Vofsf]
ePdf jf
-3_ k|]; va/ b]jgfu/Ldf n]lvPsf]df cIf/, c+s / lj/fd lrXg u/L 5 ;oeGbf a9L ;+Vofsf]
ePdf .
kl/R5]b%
6+sn snsf] qmd / dx;"n
@&= cfkm\gf] lghL 6]lnkmf]gaf6 6+sn ug{ rfxg]n] w/f}6L /fVg'kg]{M

-!_ cfkm\gf] 6]lnkmf]gaf6 6+sn ug{ rfxg] :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]gsf u|fxsn] ;DalGwt :yfgLo 6]lnu|fkm
sfof{nodf b/vf:t lbO{ ?= @)). w/f}6L /fVg' kb{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd w/f}6L /x]sf] ?lkofF dWo]af6 6+snsf] dx;"n sf nub}{ n}hfFbf ?=
@). afFsL /xg gcfP;Dd s'/f ug{ lbOg]5 / w/f}6L c+s ?= @). aL;eGbf 36L x'g cfPkl5
u|fxsn] w/f}6L afFsL /xg cfPsf] 5 eGg] lx;fa ug]{ / ;DalGwt 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf cfO{
a'em\g] st{Jo ;DalGwt u|fxssf] x'g]5 .
@*= 6]lnu|fkm sfof{noaf6 6+sn ug{ ;lsg] M 6+sn ug{ rfxg] JolQmn] o; lgod adf]lhd nfUg] dx;"n
a'emfO{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{noaf6 klg 6+sn ug{ kfpF5 .
cg';"rL=== 281
@(= 6+sn M 6+sn b]xfosf lsl;dsf x'g]5g\ M
-s_ P;=eL=Pr=sn M o:tf] sn a's ubf{ a's ug]{n] s'g lsl;dsf] vt/f jf ;'/Iff ;DalGwt
va/ xf] To;sf] ljj/0f 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nonfO{ lbg'kg]{5 / o:tf] snsf] dx;"n ;fj{hlgs
-;fwf/0f_ adf]lhd nfUg]5 . em'f ljj/0f k]z u/L ;f] snsf] ;x'lnot k|fKt u/]sf] 7xg{
cfPdf sn a's ug]{ JolQmaf6 h?/L ;fj{hlgs snsf] bf]Aa/ dx;"n c;'n ul/g]5 .
-v_ ;le{; sn M ;le; snsf] dx;"n nfUb}g . t/ s'/f u/fpg] sfof{noxn] nut;Dd /fVg'
kb{5 . ;le{; snx b]xfosf lsl;dsf x'g]5g\ M
-!_ Odh]{g;L ;le{; sn M 6]lnu|fkm oGq rfn" /fVg t'?Gt Joj:yf lemsfpg] ;DaGwdf
rLkm OlGhlgo/, OlGhlgo/ OGrfh{, ;DalGwt sfof{nosf d'Vo k|fljlws / l8"6L
ck/]6/n] dfq cfk;df s'/f ubf{ .
-@_ h?/L ;le{; sn / ;fwf/0f ;le{; sn M rLkm OlGhlgo/, OlGhlg/ OGrfh{ / c8\8fsf
k|d'vx jf lghxaf6 o;;DaGwL clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf sd{rf/Lxn] dfq cfk;df
6]lnsDo"lgs]zG; ;DaGwL ug]{ snx .
-u_ ;/sf/L sn / ;fj{hlgs sn M oL snx ;fwf/0f / h?/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'g]5g\ .
#)= 6+snsf] qmd M 6+snaf6 s'/f u/fpFbf sn a's ePsf] l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/sf] qmdfg';f/ b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] qmddf u/fpg' kb{5 M
-s_ P;=eL=Pr=sn,
-v_ Odh]{G;L ;le{; sn,
-u_ h?/L ;/sf/L sn,
-3_ h?/L ;le{; sn,
-_ h?/L ;fj{hlgs sn,
-r_ ;fwf/0f ;/sf/L sn,
-5_ ;fwf/0f ;fj{hlgs sn /
-h_ ;wf/0f ;le{; sn .
#!= 6+snsf] ;do M ;fwf/0f M 6]lnu|fkmdf s'/f ug]{ ;do ( ldg]6sf] x'g]5 . ;f] eGbf a9L ;do s'/f
ug{ rfx]df b'a}tkm{ s'/f ug{ rfxg] c? s'g} JolQm gePdf jf cfbfgk|bfg x'g] va/ afFsL g/x]df
dfq lbOg]5 . t/ Odh]{G;L ;le{;sf] snsf] xsdf cfjZostf cg';f/ a9L ;dosf] nflu klg
s'/f ug{ lbOg]5 .
#@= 6+snsf] dx;"n M
-!_ b]zleqsf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf 6+sn ubf{sf] dx;'n ;DalGwt JolQmxsf] s'/f ePb]lv
;dfKt eP u/];Ddsf] cjlwsf] lx;fa u/L b]xfo adf]lhd lbOg]5 M
k|To]s tLg ldg]6;Ddsf] -!_ ;fwf/0f ?=%.
-@_ h?/L ?= !).
-@_ cfkm\gf] lghL 6]lnkmf]gaf6 6+sn u/]df pklgod -!_ df tf]lsPsf] dx;"ndf k|To]s snsf]
yk ?= .@% sf b/n] a9L dx;"n nfUg]5 .
-#_ s'/f u/fpg] 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] s'/f ug]{ JolQmnfO{ snsf] ;+Vof, lsl;d, s'/f u/]sf] ldlt,
hDdf s'/f ePsf] ;do / lnOPsf] dx;"nsf] c+s hgfO{ b:tvt u/L cw6\6L /l;b lbOg]5 .
-$_ 6+sn eO/x]sf] ;dodf oGqsf] u8a8Ln] ubf{ aLraLrdf s'/f ga'lemg] ePdf s'/f u/fpg]
u8a8L ePsf] klg sna'sdf hgfpg'k5{ . s'/f ePsf] hDdf ;dosf] lx;fa ubf{ To:tf]
u8a8LeO{ s'/f ga'lemPsf] hDdf ;do sf u/L afFsL ;dosf] dx;'n lnOg]5 .
-%_ sna's ug]{ 6]lnkmf]gsf] uNtL gDa/ lbPsf] /x]5 eg] sg]Szg lbPkl5 s'/f gu/] klg tLg
ldg]6sf] dx;'n nfUg]5 . t/ uNtL ePsf] yfxf kfpg] ljlQs} ;f]xL 6]lnkmf]g PS:r]Ghsf]
csf]{ gDa/df ;f] sn ;fl/Pdf k|lxnf] uNtL snsf] tLg ldg]6;Ddsf] tLg v08sf] Ps
v08 dfq dx;"n nfUg]5 .
##= 6+snsf] ;"rgf M 6+sn ug{ rfxg] u|fxsn] sd;] sd Ps 306fcufl8 sna's u/fpg' kb{5 .
o;/L sn a's ul/;s]kl5 u|fxsn] a's vf/]h -SoflG;n_ u/]df tLg ldg]6sf] dx;"nsf] tLg
v08sf] Ps v08 vf/]h -SoflG;n]zg rfh{_ b:t'/ nfUg]5 . t/ a's eO;s]sf] sndf 6]lnu|fkm
sfof{non] oGqsf] u8a8Lsf] sf/0fn] s'/f uf/pg] k|aGw ldnfpg g;s]sf] jf s'/f ;'? x'g] ljlQs}
;Gtf]ifhs s'/f x'g g;sL u|fxsn] a's vf/]h u/]df ;f] k|aGw ldnfpg g;s]sf] jf u|fxsn] a's
vf/]h u/]s]f Jojxf]/f ck/]6/n] hgfO{ /fvg'kb{5 / o;/L hgfOPsf] eP o:tf] snsf] s'g} dx;'n
lnOg]5}g .
#$= l9nfO{ b:t'/ M >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] c8\8fx aGb /xg] ;fj{hlgs labfsf] lbgdf 6+sn u/]sf]df
k|To]s snsf] tLg ldg]6;Ddsf] ? = !. sf b/n] a9L b:t'/ lnOg]5 .
t/ c? lbg sfof{nosf] ;doeGbf cl3kl5 s'/f u/]sf]df l9nfO{ b:t'/ nfUg]5}g .
#%= vf/]hL M
-!_ cfsfzjf0fL -cGtb]{zLo_ lgodx, @)@! vf/]h ul/Psf]5 .
-@_ :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL, @)@@ sf] lgod !% / !^ vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .
l6Kk0fL M s]xL g]kfn sfg"g -;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)@$ f/f clkm; sf] ;f sfof{no / clws[t /fvL ?kfGt/
ul/Psf] 5 .
;|f]tM
g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt
@)@#.$.#!
***
cg';"rL=== 283
cg';"rL M (
6]lnsDo'lgs]zG; -cGt/f{li6o_ lgodfjnL, lj=;+= @)@$
6]lnsDo'lgs]zG; P]g, @)!^ -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ sf] bkmf #$ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L >L % sf]
;/sf/n] b]xfosf] lgodfjnL agfPsf] 5 M
kl/R5]b!
k|f/lDes
-!_ o; lgodfjnLsf] gfd 6]lnsDo'lgs]zG; -cGt/f{li6o_ lgodfjnL, @)@$ /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ of] lgodfjnL t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;n] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; lgodfjnLdf M
-s_ P]g eGgfn] 6]lnsDo'lgs]zG; P]g, @)!( -;+zf]g ;lxt_ ;Demg'k5{,
-v_ ljefu eGgfn] >L % sf] ;/sf/ 6]lnsDo'lgs]zG; ljefu ;Demg'k5{ .
-u_ gDa/ 6' gDa/ sn eGgfn] Ps 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] tf]lsPsf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ csf]{ 6]lnu|fkm
sfof{nosf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/sf] aLrdf cfbfg k|bfg ul/g] 6+sn ;Demg'k5{,
-3_ k;{g 6' k;{g sn eGgfn] s'g} tf]lsPsf] JolQmf/f csf]{ s'g} tf]lsPsf] JolQmsf] aLrdf
cfbfgk|bfg ul/g] 6+sn sn ;Demg' k5{,
-_ sfof{no eGgfn] >L % sf] ;/sf/n] 6]lnsDo'lgs]zG; ljefu cGtu{tsf] 6]lnu|fkm;DaGwL
sfof{no ;Demg'k5{,
-r_ l8:6]; sn eGgfn] s'g} xflgsf/s /f]usf] Jofkstfaf/] ljZj :jf:Yo ;+3sf] snx
nufot hndf, :yndf jf cfsfzdf hLjgsf] ;+s6;DaGwL snx ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5,
-5_ ;/sf/L sn eGgfn] tf]lsPsf] s'g} clwsf/Ln] lghsf] sfof{no ;DaGwdf dfu u/]sf]
6]lnkmf]g snnfO{ ;Demg'k5{,
-h_ ;le{; sn eGgfn] cGt/f{li6o 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg ;]jfsf] sfo{ ;DaGwdf ;f] ;]jfsf] clwsf/
k|fKt JolQmf/f ul/g] sfof{no;DaGwL ;le{; sn ;Demg' k5{,
-em_ ;fj{hlgs sn eGgfn] lgod @ sf] v08 -5_ / -h_ adf]lhdsf snafx]s cGo snnfO{
;Demg'k5{,
-`_ cGt/f{li6o 6+s PS;r]Gh eGgfn] cGt/f{li6o 6]lnkmf]g ;DaGwdf vf;?kn] v8ful/Psf]
cGt/f{li6o 6]lnkmf]g ;ls{6;Fu ;Lwf ;Dks{ /fVg] 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]GhnfO{ ;Demg'k5{,
-6_ ljb]zL tf/ eGgfn] g]kfn clw/fHosf] s'g} 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no / g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;Ldfgf
aflx/sf] s'g} 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] aLr cfbfgk|bfg ul/g] tf/nfO{ ;Demg'k5{ ,
-7_ k|ml06o/ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no eGgfn] ljb]zL k|zf;g;Fu l;wf ;Dks{ /fVg] 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no
;Demg'k5{,
-8_ kq tf/ eGgfn] k"/f dx;"n nfUg] s'g} tf/ jf ;fwf/0f ;dfrf/;DaGwL tf/ k7fpFbf ljnDa
u/L k7fpg ;lsg] / tf]lsP adf]lhd sd b/df k7fOg] ljb]zL tf/ ;Demg'k5{,
-9_ cGt/LIf 1fg;DaGwL tf/ eGgfn] cGtl/If 1fg;DaGwL dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfg;Fu ;f] ;DaGwdf
cfbfgk|bfg ul/g] ko{j]If0f jf va/x /x]sf] tf/ ;Demg'k5{,
-0f_ ?h'- sf]n]zg_ eGgfn] s'g} tf/ c:ki6 ePdf jf -;f]_ tf/sf] cIf/ 5'6 ePdf jf unt
ePdf ;f] tf/sf] cIf/; ?h' ug]{ sfd ;Demg'k5{,
-t_ w]/} -dN6Lkn_ 7]ufgf ePsf] tf/ eGgfn] Ps} :yfgsf] w]/} 7]ufgf ePsf] jf Ps} :yfgdf
ljleGg lgjf;Yfg ePsf] Ps} JolQmsf] jf Ps} 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] ;]jf k'ofpg] ljleGg
:yfgsf] tf/ ;Demfg'k5{,
-y_ cf/=;L=6L= tf/ eGgfn] n8fOsf s}bL jf lghsf k|ltlglwsf aLrdf jf gh/aGb lghfdtL
sd{rf/L jf lghsf k|ltlglwsf aLrdf jf dfGotf k|fKt b'Mv lgjf/0f ;+:yfsf aLrdf /
/fli6o ;"rgf ;+:yfsf] aLrdf o'4sf] ;Gbe{df cfbfgk|bfg ul/g] tf/nfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5,
-b_ /]l8of] tf/ eGgfn] tf]lsPsf] s'g} t6jtL{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{noaf6 ;d'b|df /x]sf] hxfh;Dd
cfbfgk|bfg ul/g] jf tf]lsPsf] s'g} ljdfg 3f6af6 xjfo{ hxfh;Fu cfbfgk|bfg ul/g] tf/
;Demg'k5{,
-w_ P;=eL=Pr=tf/ eGgfn] s'g} xflgsf/s /f]usf] Jofkstfaf/] ljZj :jf:Yo ;+3sf] Hofb}
h?/L tf/x nufot hn, :yn jf cfsfzdf hLjgsf] vt/f;DaGwL tf/nfO{ hgfpF5,
-g_ k|zf;g eGgfn] g]kfn clw/fHoleq jf aflx/sf] 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg ;DaGwL k|zf;g
;Demg'k5{,
-k_ tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] eGgfn] P]g jf ;f] P]g cGtu{tsf] o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd
>L % sf] ;/sf/f/f g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt cfb]z jf ;"rgf tf]lsP adf]lhd ;Demg'k5{ .
kl/R5]b@
ljb]zL tf/;DaGwL Joj:yf
#= ljb]zL tf/;DaGwL Joj:yf M

-!_ ;do ;dodf >L % sf] ;/sf/ / ljb]zL d'ns ' ;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd ljb]zL tf/ ;DaGwL
;]jf ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
-@_ >L % sf] ;/sf/f/f tf]lsPsf] t/lsf adf]lhdf tf]lsPsf] sfof{nodf ljb]zL tf/x lnOg]5g\ .
$= lrXg / ;+s]t M ljb]zL tf/df cg';"rL ! df n]lvP adf]lhd lrXg / ;+s]tx k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
;f] afx]s tf/sf] kmf/fddf s'g} s]/d]6 b|i6Jo ylkPsf] klxnf] cIf/n] / ;f] tf/sf] kmf/fdsf] cGtdf
lghsf] k"/f ;lx5fk ug'{ kg]{5 .
%= ;lx5fk M
-!_ ljb]zL tf/sf] k'5f/df k|]ifsn] k"/f gfd, 7]ufgf jf 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ ;d]t n]lv kmf/fddf cfkm"n]
cg';"rL=== 285
n]v]sf] ;a} s'/f 7Ls 5 elg ;xL5fk ug'{k5{ . Joj;foL sDkgL jf s'g} ;+:yf k|]ifs ePdf
;f] ;+:yfsf] 5fk jf ;f] ;+:yfsf] clws[t k|ltlglwn] ;xL5fk ug'{k5{ . o:tf] gfd, 7]ufgf /
;xL5fksf] z'Ns nfUb}g .
^= efiff, ;fn c+s / ;do M
-!_ ljb]zL tf/;DaGwL ;a} sfdsfh c+u|]hL efiffdf ul/g]5 . tf/x dfGotf k|fKt s'g klg
efiffdf k7fpg ;lsg]5 . t/ ;f] efiffsf] lnlk / j0f{dfnf c+u|]hL g} x'g'k5{ .
-@_ ljb]zL tf/df ;/n -Kn]g_ zAb jf u'Kt -sf]8_ zAb ePsf] jf ;/n tyf u'Kt b'j} zAb
ldnL ag]sf] efiff k|of]u ug'{x'G5 . cGt/f{li6o 6]lnu|fkm /]u'n]zg adf]lhd ;f] zAbxsf]
lgod d'tfljs ;f] efiff Jojxf/ ul/g]5 .
-#_ ljb]zL tf/df s'g} ;+Vof pNn]v ubf{ /f]dg c+sxsf] k|of]u ul/g] 5}g .
-$_ s'g} ldlt pNn]v ubf{ lu|uf]l/og sn]08/ adf]lhd ul/g]5 .
-%_ tf/;DaGwL ;a} sfdsfhdf :6]086{ 6fodsf] k|of]u x'g]5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] nflu ;f] 6fod
u|LgaLr ;doeGbf % 306f $) ldg]6 rfF8f] x'g]5 .
&= ldl>t M lgod ^ sf] pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ;/n tyf u'Kt zAb b'j} k|of]u ul/psf] tf/nfO{
ldl>t tf/ dflgg]5 .
*= k|dfl0ft ug]{ M ;/n c+u|]hL efiffafx]s cGo s'g} efiffdf ljb]zL ;fj{hlgs tf/sf] k|]ifsn] ;f]
tf/sf] dha"g / ;xL5fk ;d]t ;a} ljifo ;/n ;lxtsf] efiffafx]s cGo s'g} efiff k|of]u ul/Psf]
5}g eGg] s'/f tf/sf] kmf/fdsf] k'5f/df k|dfl0ft ug'{ kg]{5 .
(= ljb]zL tf/sf] ljifoqmd M ljb]zL tf/df qmdzM b]xfosf ljifox /xg]5 M
-s_ vf; lgb]{zs (Special instruction)
-v_ 7]ufgf (Address)
-u_ d"n Joxf]/f (Text)
-3_ k|]ifssf] gfd, 7]ufgf (Senders name and Address)
!)= vf; lgb]{zg M ljb]zL tf/df cg';"rL@ df n]lvP adf]lhdsf vf; lgb]{zgx /fVg x'G5 .
!!= 7]ufgf M
-s_ ljb]zL tf/ k7fpFbf ;f] tf/ kfpg]sf] / tf/sf] lglb{i6 7fpFsf] 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] gfd sd;]sd
b'O{ a]Un} zAbxdf n]Vg'k5{ . t/ kfpg]nfO{ cgfjZos?kdf vf]h tnfz / ;f]wk"5 ul//xg'
gkg]{ lsl;d;fu 7]ufgf n]lvPsf] x'g'k5{ .
-v_ z'? sfof{no jf lglb{i6 7fpFdf 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] cg'/f]w u/]df tf/sf] k|]ifs jf k|fKtstf{n]
cfkm\gf] kl/ro k|dfl0ft ug'{k5{ .
-u_ 7]ugfdf tf/ kfpg]sf] gfd jf lghsf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ jf b'j} lbP klg x'G5 . ;f] tf/ a'emfpg
hfFbf k|fKtstf{ km]nf gk/]df tf/df n]lvPsf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/df kmf]g ul/g]5 .
-3_ k|]ifsn] 6]lnkmf]gf/f g} tf/ a'emfpg rfx]df k|fKtstf{sf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ nufot 7]ufgfsf]
cufl8 ;f] ;DaGwL ;]jf -k]8 ;le{;_ lrXg n]Vg'k5{ .
-_ s'g} tf/ x'nfsaf6, 6]n]S;af6 jf cGo s'g} ;fwgf/f k7fpg rfx]df k|]ifsn] k|fKtstf{sf]
gfd / 7]ufgf tyf cGo cfjZos ljj/0f lbg'kg]{5 .
!@= ofqLsf] 7]ufgf M /]nuf8L, jfo'ofg jf cGo s'g} ;fwgaf6 ofqf ul//x]sf] JolQmnfO{ tf/ k7fpg'
k/]df k|fKtstf{sf] gfd, tf/ k'Ug] sfof{nosf] gfd, ;f] ;fwgsf] :6]zg jf ljdfg3f6sf] gfd, ;fwgsf]
gfd jf gDa/ ;f] ;fwg cfpg] hfg] lgwf{l/t ;do / k|:yfg u/]sf] / k'Ug] 7fpF ;d]t ;a} ljj/0f
vf]lnPsf] 7]ufgf x'g'kg]{ 5 .
!#= dfkm{t u/L k7fpFbf M s'g} tf/ JolQmsf] dfkm{t u/L k7fpg] ePdf vf; k|fKtstf{sf] 7]ufgf;lxt
dfkm{t ;"rs zAb /fVg'k5{ .
!$= x'nfs jf 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf a'emfOg] tf/ M s'g} tf/ x'nfsdf jf 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf a'emfOg]
u/L k7fOg] ePdf ;f] tf/df ;f] ;DaGwL vf; lgb]{zg / k|fKtstf{sf] k"/f gfd, 7]ufgf x'g'k5{ .
k|fKtstf{sf] gfdsf] z'? cIf/x dfq, c+sx dfq jf ;fwf/0f lrXg dfq ePsf] 5f]6s/L tf/x
lnOg] 5}g .
!%= 7]ufgf k"0f{ gePdf M s'g} ljb]zL tf/sf] 7]ufgf :ki6 / k"0f{ geO{ ;f] tf/ a'emfpgdf ljnDa ePdf
jf a'emfpg g;lsPdf dx;"n lkmtf{ kfpF eGg] lgj]bg lnOg] 5}g .
!^= 5f]6s/L 7]ufgfo'Qm tf/ M
-!_ s'g} tf/sf] k|fKtstf{ / 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf aLr s'g} lsl;dsf] ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 eg] ;f]
;Demf}tf adf]lhd cfPsf] tf/ /lhi6L ul/Psf] jf 5f]6s/L jf k"/f h:tf] s'g} 7]ufgf n]vL
cfPsf] eP klg ;f]xL ;Demf}tf adf]lhd ;f] tf/ a'emfOg] .
-@_ g]kfn clw/fHoleq cfPsf] tf/ k|fKt ug{nfO{ 7]ufgf btf{ u/fpg rfx]df 6]lnsDo'lgs]zg
-cGt/b]{lzo_ lgodfjnL, @)@# adf]lhd btf{ u/fpg'k5{ .
!&= d"n Joxf]/f M lgod ( sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd k|]ifsn] rfx]sf] h'g;'s} lsl;dsf] d"n Joxf]/f /fv]
klg x'G5 . t/ d"n Joxf]/fg} gePsf] tf/ eg] lnOg] 5}g .
!*= k|]ifssf] 7]ufgf M tf/ k7fpg]n] tf/sf] kmf/fddf lghsf] gfd, y/ jf bhf{ jf 7]ufgf k7fpg] u/L
n]Vg] jf gk7fpg] u/L h;/L n]v] klg x'G5 .
kl/R5]b#
dx;"n lgwf{/0f zAb u0fgf
!(= zAb / cIf/ M k|]ifsn] ljb]zL tf/sf] kmf/fddf k7fpgsf] nflu n]v]sf k|To]s zAb / cIf/x
dx;"n lgwf{/0f ubf{ u0fgf ul/g]5g\ .
@)= la/fd lrXg M la/fd lrXgx a]Unfa]Un} k|of]u ul/Psf]df afx]s Pskl5 csf]{ bf]xofOPdf c+s
;d"xsf] ?kdf u0fgf ul/g]5g\ .
@!= tf/sf] lz/ Joxf]/f M tf/sf] kmf/fdsf] lz/ Joxf]/f 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] /fVg' kg]{ tf/sf] >]0fL, z'?sf]
sfof{nosf] gfd, tf/sf] ;+Vof, btf{ ePsf] ldlt / ;do zAb ;+Vof jf cGo lrXgx dx;"nsf]
cg';"rL=== 287
lx;fa ubf{ u0fgf ul/g] 5}gg\ . lglb{i6 7fpFdf k'Ug] ;f] ljj/0f / btf{ ldlt tyf ;do k|fKtstf{n]
kfpg] tfs/sf] k|ltdf /xg]5g\ .
@@= d"n Joxf]/fdf ljj/0f /x]df M lgod @! adf]lhdsf ljj/0fx k|]ifsn] d"n Joxf]/fdf /fVg ;Sg]5 .
t/ ;f] cj:yfdf ;f] ljj/0fsf] dx;"n nfUg]5 .
@#= Ps zAb dflgg] M b]xfosf ljj/0fxnfO{ zAb u0fgfdf Ps zAb dflgg]5 M
-s_ cg';"rL! adf]lhdsf vf; ;+s]tx
-v_ 7]ufgf M
-!_ lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{nosf] gfd jf Nof08 :6]zgsf] gfd jf b'j},
-@_ lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{nosf] ;DaGwL kl/rofTds ljj/0f,
-#_ b]zsf] s'g} If]q jf :yfgsf] gfd jf bf];|f] gfd,
-$_ lglb{i6 7fpFsf] ultzLn -df]afOn_ :6]zgsf] gfd,
-%_ s'g} :yfgdf 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no 5}g eg] tf/ a'emfpg] 7fpFsf] ef}uf]lns jf k|zf;sLo
gfd .
-u_ o; lgodfjnLdf cGoyf cj:yf ul//xsf]df afx]s zAb jf Joxf]/f 5'6\ofpg jf hf]8\g
k|of]u ul//x]sf lrXgx ;d]t k|To]s a]Un} cIf/ jf c+s jf lj/fd lrXg,
-3_ wgfb]z tf/df z'? x'nfssf] gfd, lglb{i6 7fpFsf] x'nfssf] gfd, k|fKtstf{ a;]sf] 7fpF /
lgsflnPsf] x'nfs ;+Vof .
@$= ;/n jf u'Kt efiffsf] tf/sf] zAbu0fgf M !% cIf/eGbf a9L gePdf ;/n jf u'Kt efiffsf]
k|dfl0ft zAbsf]ifsf] k|To]s zAb jf ;f] efiffdWo] rNtLdf /x]sf] s'g} Ps efiffsf] k|]Tos zAb
dx;"n lgwf{/0f ubf{ Ps zAb dflgg]5 . !% cIf/eGbf a9L ePsf zAbsf] dx;"n k|To]s !%
cIf/ jf a9Ldf !% cIf/sf] c+snfO{ Ps zAb ;/x u0fgf ul/g]5 .
@%= ;d"x u0fgf ubf{ M lgod @$ adf]lhd gePsf / o; lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ul/Psf cIf/ ;d"x jf
c+sx jf lrXgx ePdf a9Ldf % cIf/sf] zAbsf] b/n] u0fgf x'g]5 .
@^= ldl>t tf/sf] zAb u0fgf M lgod & adf]lhdsf tf/df ;/n efiffsf] !% cIf/sf] Ps zAbsf]
b/n] / u'Kt efiffsf] % cIf/sf] Ps zAbsf] b/n] u0fgf ul/g]5 .
@&= c+s jf cIf/ ;lxtsf 7]ufgfsf] zAb u0fgf M
-s_ s'g} ljb]zL tf/df ;lx5fkdf k/]sf btf{ ePsf] 7]ufgfafx]s k|]ifssf] 7]ufgf jf gfdsf] zAb
u0fgf lgod @# / lgod @$ adf]lhd ul/g]5 . olb 3/sf] jf 6f]nsf] jf uGtLsf] gfd c+sx,
cIf/x jf w]/} cIf/o'Qm zAb ePsf] /x]5 eg] % c+s jf cIf/;Ddsf] Ps zAb / ;f]eGbf
a9L ePsf] csf]{ zAb dflgg]5 .
-v_ s'g} k|]ifsn] cg';"rL! adf]lhdsf lj/fd lrXgx tf/sf] kmf/fddf n]v] tfklg ;f] lrXgnfO{
cIf/sf] ?kdf dflgg] 5}g .
-u_ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no, n]+8 sfof{no jf ultzLn :6]zgxsf gfd jf d'n's, zx/ jf s'g}
ef}uf]lns pkIf]qsf gfdx Pp6} zAb;Fu ;fd]n ug{ ;lsg] 5 / ;f] cj:yfdf lgod @^
adf]lhd u0fgf ul/g]5 .
@*= c+s, cIf/ jf jfl0fHo;DaGwL lrXg M
-!_ c+s jf zAb ;d"x jf lrXg jf lrXg ldl>t zAb jf cIf/ ;d"x jf cIf/ / c+s;d]tsf]
qmdjfrs ;+Vof, jfl0fHohDaGwL lrXgx / cGo ;"rgf jf r]s ;+Vof jf s/]g;L gf]6 jf
;/sf/Ltf/df plNnlvt ;+vof b]xfosf b/df u0fgf ul/g]5 M
-s_ $ c+s jf cIf/;Ddsf] Ps zAb,
-v_ v08 -s_ eGbf a9L eP % c+s jf cIf/;Ddsf] Ps zAb / ;f] eGbf a9Lsf] lgldQ
csf]{ Ps zAb,
-u_ s'g} u'0fg lrXgsf] ;f n]lvPsf] cIf/ ;d"xdf ;f] lrXgnfO{ Ps cIf/,
-3_ tf/df bzdnj lrXg jf zAb ljefhgsf lrXgx ePdf !% cIf/sf] Ps zAb .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lrXg / ;"rgfnfO{ zAbdf pNn]v ul/Pdf ;/n efiffsf] zAb
dflgg]5 . jfl0fHo;DaGwL lrXg tf/sf] d"n Joxf]/fdf k/]df k|ifsn] ;f] s'/f kmf/fdsf] k'5f/df
k|dfl0ft ug]{5 .
@(= ;lx5fksf] zAb u0fgf M ;lx5fksf] zAb u0fgf b]xfo adf]lhd ul/g]5 M
-s_ ;lx5fk k|To]s !% cIf/;Ddsf] Ps zAb / ;f]eGbf a9L cIf/ jf c+ssf] csf]{
zAbsf] b/n],
-v_ btf{ ePsf 5f]6s/L 7]ufgfafx]s clglZrt ;lx5fkdf klxnf] % cIf/;Ddsf] Ps
zAb / ;f] eGbf a9L % cIf/ jf c+zsf] csf]{ zAbsf] b/n],
-u_ s'g} tf/df k/]sf] ;lx5fk kl5 lgod @& sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd ePdf ;f]xL adf]lhd .
#)= cGtl/If 1fg;DaGwL tf/sf] u0fgf lrXg M cGtl/If 1fg;DaGwL tf/df cIf/ PS; ePsf] c+s
;d"xsf] c+s u0fgfdf ;f] cIf/ c+ssf] ?kdf g} ul/g]5 .
#!= zAb ;+of]u jf zAb x]/km]/ ePdf M s'g} efiffsf] k|of]usf] lgodlj?4 w]/} zAbnfO{ Ps} zAbdf
hf]8]df jf zAb x]/km]/ u/]df ;f] s'/fnfO{ dfGotf glbO{ ;f] efiffsf] lgod adf]lhd zAb u0fgf
ul/g]5 . btf{ ePsf 7]ufgfsf] zAbsf] xsdf o; lgodfjnLdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePdf afx]s Ps
zAb dflgg]5 .
#@= ;+Vofdf km/s k/]df M dx;"n nfUg] egL u0fgf ul/Psf] zAb ;+Vof / jf:tljs ;+Vofdf km/s
k/]df leGgsf] k|of]u x'g]5 . u0fgf ul/Psf] zAb ;+vof hgfpg] Go"d/]6/ / jf:tljs ;+vof hgfpg]
l8gf]ldg]6/ x'g]5g\ .
##= z'?sf] sfof{nosf] zAb u0fgf dfGo x'g] M 6]lnsDo'lgs]zg ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o lx;fa lstfasf]
nflu / tf/ k|]ifssf] nflu ;'?sf] sfof{non] u/]sf] zAb u0fgf dfGo x'g]5 .
#$= gk'u dx;"n lng] M
-!_ ;'? sfof{nosf] d'n'ssf] efifafx]s cGo s'g} efiffsf] tf/df zAbsf] ;+of]u jf x]/km]/
;f] efiffsf] rng lj?4 ePsf] /x]5 eg] lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{non] tf/ k|fKtstf{af6
cg';"rL=== 289
o;/L ;+of]u jf x]/km]/ ePaf6 dx;"n gk'Ug] x'g cfPdf ;f] gk'u dx;"n lng]5 .
k|fKtstf{n[] ;f] s'/f d~h'/ gu/]df ;f] ;a} s'/f pNn]v u/L ;'?sf] sfof{nonfO{ ;]jf
;"rgf k7fOg]5 / ;f] ;"rgf kfO{ k|]ifsn] gk'u dx;"n lt5{ eg] ;f] Joxf]nf lglbi6
7fpFsf] sfof{nonfO{ k7fOg]5 / ;f] tf/ ;f] sfof{nodf eP k|fKtstf{nfO{ a'emfOg]5 .
-@_ s'g} tf/sf] dx;"n gk'u ePsf] s'/f lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{no jf aLrsf] s'g} 6]lnu|fkm
sfof{non] kQf nufPdf ;f] sfof{non] ;'?sf] sfof{nonfO{ ;]jf ;"rgff/f va/
k7fpg]5 . ;f] va/ kfPkl5 ;f] sfof{non] k|]ifsaf6 gk'u dx;'n ;+sng ug]{5 .
-#_ tf/ /2 ul/Pdf afx]s ;'?sf] sfof{non] s'g} tf/sf] dx;"n sd lnPsf] b]lvP ;f]
sf/0fn] dfq aLrsf] s'g} sfof{no jf lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{non] ;f] tf/ k7fpg] jf
a'emfpg] sfd /f]Sg] 5}g .
#%= y/ -;g]{d_ M c+u|]hL zAbsf] aLrdf ;f] efiffsf] 5fksf] s'g} 7"nf] cIf/ s'g} JolQmsf] y/df n]lvP
tfklg ;f] zAb Ps} zAb dflgg]5 .
kl/R5]b $
dx;"n;DaGwL Joj:yf
#^= ljb]zL tf/sf] dx;"n M g]kfn clw/fHodf btf{ x'g] ljb]zL tf/sf] k|To]s zAbsf] tf]lsP adf]lhd
dx;"n nfUg]5 . ljleGg b]zsf] nflu k|lt zAbsf] dx;"n b/ ;do ;dodf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
#&= clu|d e'QmfgL M o; lgofdfjnLdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePdf afx]s ;a} tf/ sf] nfUg] dx;"n k|]ifsn]
gubdf clu|d e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ 5 .
#*= w/f}6L lx;fa k|0ffnL M w/f}6L lx;fa k|0ffnL -l8kf]lh6 Psfp06 l;i6d_ df tf/x :jLs[t ug{
;do ;dodf tf]lsPsf] 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf ;f] adf]lhd tf/ :jLs[t x'g ;Sg]5g\ .
#(= w/f}6L lx;fa k|0ffnLdf tf/ lng] M
-!_ s'g} JolQmn] b'O{ dlxgf;Dd tf/ k7fOg] cg'dflgt dx;"n / w/f}6L lx;fa k|0ffnLsf] lx;fa
/fVg] vr{ Joxf]g{sf] nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd gub w]/f}6 /fv]df lgod #& adf]lhd gu/L tf/
k7fpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ;DalGwt 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] ;DalGwt tf/sf] dx;"n / lx;fa /fVg nfu]sf] vr{ b]lvg]
u/L ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ k|To]s dlxgfsf] lx;fa csf]{ dlxgfsf] % ut]leq a'emfpg] 5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd lx;fa /fVg] jfkt ;os8f # sf] lx;fan] ;DalGwt JolQm;Fu
dx;"n lnOg]5 .
-$_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd lx;fa kfPsf] b'O{ xKtfleqdf lan glt/]df jf k'gM w/f}6L g/fv]df
;f] JolQmsf] o; lgod cGtu{t tf/ :jLs[t ul/g] 5}g .
$)= /;Lb M tf/sf] k|]ifsnfO{ lghn] k7fpg btf{ u/fPsf] tf/sf] qmd;+Vof / dx;"n ;d]t vf]lnPsf]
/;Lb lbOg]5 t/ ;f] /;Lbsf] gSsn lbOg] 5}g .
$!= k|fKtstf{af6 dx;"n c;'n ug]{ M
-!_ tf/ a'emfpFbf k|fKtfstf{n] s'g} dx;"n ltg'{kg]{ x'gcfPdf o; lsl;dsf] tf/sf] dx;"n ltg{sf]
lgldQ ;f] JolQmn] ;DalGwt 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf vftf vf]n]sf] afx]s dx;"n a'emfPkl5
dfq ;f] JolQmnfO{ tf/ a'emfOg]5 .
-@_ ljb]zL d'n'saf6 g]kfn clw/fHoleq k|fKt ePsf tf/sf] dx;"n tf/sf] k|fKtstf{;Fu c;'n
ug{sf] nflu klg lgod #( adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g;Sg]5 .
$@= gk'u dx;"n c;'n ug]{ M lgod #$ df Joj:yf ul/Psf]df afx]s cGo s'g} sf/0fn] sd dx;"n
nfUg uPsf] tf/sf] gk'u dx;"n ;f] tf/sf] k|]ifsaf6 c;"n ul/g]5 .
$#= a9L dx;"n lkmtf{ lbg] M s'g} tf/ btf{ ubf{ s'g} sf/0fn] a9L dx;"n nfu]sf] eP o; lgodfjnLsf]
dx;"n lkmtf{ ug]{ Joj:yf adf]lhd x'g]5 .
kl/R5]b %
;fdfGo tf/sf] Joj:yf
$$= ;/sf/L tf/ M cGt/f{li6o 6]lnsDo'lgs]zg o'lgogsf] 6]lnu|fkm /]u'n]zg adf]lhd tf]lsPsf]
clwsf/Ln] lghsf] cflwsf/Ls Ifdtfaf6 tf]lsPsf] tl/sf adf]lhd cfbfgk|bfg u/]s]f ljb]zL
tf/nfO{ ;/sf/L tf/sf] ?kdf rnfOg]5 .
$%= ;/sf/L tf/sf] efiff M ;/sf/L tf/sf] efiff lgod ^ sf] pklgod -@_ adf]lhd x'g]5 . ;f]
adf]lhd gePsf tf/ c:jLs[t gu/L ;f] Joxf]/f;Dd ljefudf k|ltj]bg ul/g]5 .
$^= ;/sf/L tf/sf] vf; lgb]{zg M ;/sf/L tf/sf] k|]ifsn] cg';"rL@ adf]lhdsf s'g} vf; lgb]{zg
/fVg ;Sg]5 / ;f] tf/ k7fpg] qmdsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd rnfOg]5 .
$&= ;]jf tf/ -;le{;_M 6]lnu|fkm k|zf;gsf] sfo{sf] nflu k7fOg] ljb]zL ;]jf tf/ lgMz'Ns k7fOg]5 .
b]xfosf ;+:yfxsf] aLrdf ;f] tf/x cfbfg k|bfg x'g]5g\M
-s_ 6]lnu|fkm k|zf;g,
-v_ dfGotf k|fKt JolQmut 6]lnu|fkm ;~rfng Ph]G;L,
-u_ v08 -s_ / -v_ adf]lhdsf ;+:yf / o; ;DaGwdf 6]lnu|fkm /]un ' ]zg adf]lhdsf] tf]lsPsf]
clwsf/L .
$*= ;]jf ;"rgf -;le{; P8\efO;_ M k7fOg] jf k7fO;lsPsf] tf/ ljifodf k|zf;gsf] sfd ;DaGwdf
Pp6f k|zf;gn] csf]{ k|zf;gnfO{ k7fpg] ;"rgf ;]jf ;"rgfsf] ?kdf k7fOg]5 .
$(= r'lQm ;]jf ;"rgf -k]8 ;le{; P8efO;_ M s'g} k|]ifs jf k|fKtstf{ jf lghsf] k|ltlglwn] lghsf]
kl/ro k|dfl0ft u/]df tf/sf] l/s8{ ;+/If0f ug]{ cjlwleq ;DalGwt tf/sf] ljifodf k|fKt ePsf]
;"rgf jf lgb]{zg k|fKtug{ ;Sg]5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt JolQmn] dx;'; w/f}6 /fVg'kg]{5 .
%)= a9L dx;'n nfUg] M
-!_ s'g} tf/ k|fKtstf{n] lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] tf/ ?h' -sf]n]zg_ u/fpg cg'/f]w u/]df tLg ?k}of
cg';"rL=== 291
Go"gtd dx;'n nfUg] u/L k|To]s ?h' u/Psf] zAbsf] k"/f dx;'n ltg'{kg]{5 . t/ hjfkmsf]
nflu c? a9L dx;'n nfUg]5}g . k|mlG6o/ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{noaf6 ?h' u/Psf] tf/sf] xsdf
?h' ePsf] zAb ;+Vofsf] cGt/b]zLo PS;k|]; tf/ ;/x dx;'n nfUg]5 .
-@_ s'g} tf/sf] c+z s'g} sf/0fn] ?h' u/fpg k|fKtstf{n] cg'/f]w u/]df ;f] ?h' ug]{ dx;'n lghn]
ltg'{kg]{5 .
-#_ tf/sf] hjfkm rflxPsf] cGo cj:yfdf ;f] ;DaGwL vf; ;"rgf n]lvg]5 . hjfkmL tf/sf]
zAbsf] dx;'n c;'n ul/g]5 .
-$_ o; lgodfjnLdf cGoyf Joj:yf ul/Psf]df afx]s s'g} tf/ ;Rofpg], /2 ug]{ jf tf/ ljifodf
6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf k|fKt ;"rgf dfu ug]{ JolQmsf] vr{ nufO{ ;]jf ;"rgff/f dfq k7fOg]5 .
-%_ 6]lnu|fkm ;]jfs} e"nn] cfjZos ePsf ;]jf ;"rgfsf] nflu lnOPsf] dx;'n lkmtf{ ug]{
Joj:yf adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-^_ ?h' ug]{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf zAb c:ki6 ePdf k|]ifs;Fu ;f]lwg]5 / lgh km]nf gk/]df z+sf:kb
n]v eGg] ;+s]t /flvg]5 .
-&_ tf]lsPsf] cGo s'g} cj:yf kg{ cfPdf tf]lsP adf]lhd ul/g]5 .
%!= ;fj{hlgs tf/ M
-!_ ;/sf/L tf/, ;]jf tf/ jf ;dfrf/ ;DaGwL tf/ afx]s cGo tf/ ;fj{hlgs tf/ dflgg]5 .
-@_ ;fj{hlgs tf/sf] dx;'n nfUg] Go"gtd zAb ;+Vof ;ft x'g]5 .
%@= k|]; 6]lnu|fdsf] clwsf/kq lbg] M
-!_ ;dfrf/ ;DaGwL tf/df l/ofolt b/sf] dx;'n nfUg]5 .
-@_ 5fkfvfgf tyf k|sfzg lgodfjnL adf]lhdsf s'g} kqklqsf, ;+jfb ;ldlt jf k|;f/0f
;+:yf jf lghsf] k|ltlglwn] o; lgodfjnLdf tf]lsPsf] tl/sf adf]lhd lnlvt cg'/f]w
u/]df l/ofotL b/df ;dfrf/ ;DaGwL tf/ k7fpg lghnfO{ clwsf/kq -sf8{ ckm cyl/l6_
lbOg]5 . ;f] clwsf/kq clgoldt ?kdf k|of]u u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePdf ;f] /2 ul/g]5 .
%#= ;dfrf/ ;DaGwL tf/sf] zt{ M ;dfrf/ ;DaGL tf/sf] nflu b]xfosf zt{x kfng ug'{kg]{5M
-!_ ;dfrf/ ;DaGwL tf/sf] 7]ufgfdf ;f] ;DaGwL kqklqsf jf ;dfrf/ ;DaGwL ;+:yfxsf]
gfd /fVg'k5{ .
-@_ d"n Joxf]/fdf s'g} kqklqsf jf ;+:yff/f k|rf/ k|;f/ ul/g] ljifo dfq /fVg'k5{ -s'g}
k':tssf] p4/0f_ lj1fkg jf JolQmut jf ;'rgf jf s'g} lj1fkg jf c? s'g} s'/f pNn]v
ePdf ;f] tf/sf] dx;'n JolQmut tf/ ;/x x'g]5 . ;fy} kqklqsf jf k|;f/0f ;+:yfaf6
lgMz'Ns k|rf/ jf k|;f/0f ul/g] s'g} ljifo /xg x'Fb}g .
t/ ;f] tf/sf] z'? jf cGtdf a|fs]6leq k|rf/ jf k|;f/ ugf{sf] nflu /x]sf] @) zAbsf] jf dx;'n
nfUg] zAb ;+Vof !) k|ltzt jf h'g sd x'G5 ;f] tf/sf] d"n Joxf]/fdf /xg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ ;dfrf/ ;DaGwL tf/sf] tf]lsPsf] efiff tf]lsP adf]lhd k|of]u x'g ;Sg]5 .
-$_ clwsf/kq kfPsf JolQm g} ;f] tf/sf] k|]ifs x'g'k5{ / ;f] tf/df lghsf] ;xL5fk x'g'k5{ . ;f]
tf/ btf{ u/fpFbf lghn] cfkm"n] kfPsf] clwsf/kq b]vfpg' kg]{5 .
-%_ ;f] tf/sf] 7]ufgfeGbf cufl8 vf; ;"rgf k|]; /fVg'k5{ . h?/L tf/ jf w]/} 7]ufgf ePsf]
tf/;DaGwL vf; lgb]{zg afx]s cGo lgb]{zg /fVg' x'Fb}g .
-^_ ;dfrf/ ;DaGwL tf/sf] l/ofotL b/sf] dx;'n ;do ;dodf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-&_ dx;'n nfUg] Go"gtd zAb ;+Vof !$ x'g]5 .
%$= 7]ufgf btf{ u/fpg] M ;dfrf/ ;DaGwL tf/ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ;DalGwt ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] 5f]6s/L
7]ufgf lgMz'Ns btf{ u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
%%= k|lt tof/ ug]{ dx;'n M w]/} 7]ufgf ePsf] tf/sf] lglb{i7 7fpFdf tof/ ul/g] k|ltxsf] dx;'n w]/}
7]ufgf ePsf] tf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf adf]lhd x'g]5 .
%^= k|i] fs clwsf/ M s'g} k|]ifssf] clwsf/kqdf tf]lsPsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd lghn] tf/ k7fpg ;Sg]5 .
%&= dx;'n c;'n ug]{ M o; lgodfjnLsf] s'g} Joj:yf pNn+3g u/L s'g} ;dfrf/;DaGwL tf/ k7fPdf
l/ofotL b/ / ;fwf/0f tf/sf] dx;"n b/af6 lx;fa ubf{ x'g cfpg] a9L gk'u dx;'n lglb{i6 7fpFsf]
sfof{non] ;f] tf/ k|fKtstf{af6 c;'n ug]{5 .
%*= tf/ k7fOg] qmd M b]xfosf vf; lgb]{zg ;lxtsf tf/x b]xfosf qmdfg';f/ k7fOg] 5g\M
-s_ P;\=eL=Pr= tf/
-v_ cg';"rL! v08 -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;/sf/L tf/,
-u_ 6]lnsDo'lgs]zg ;]jf ;~rfng cj/f]w ;DaGwL ;]jf tf/,
-3_ k|fyldstfsf] cg'/f]w ul/Psf] ;/sf/L tf/,
-_ cGtl/If 1fg ;DaGwL tf/,
-r_ h?/L ;fj{hlgs tf/, h?/L, cf/=;L=6L= tf/ h?/L ;dfrf/ ;DaGwL tf/ / h?/L ;]jf ;"rgf,
-5_ ;fwf/0f ;]jf tf/, ;fwf/0f ;]jf ;"rgf / tf/ k|fKt ePsf] /;Lb kfPsf] ;"rgf,
-h_ v08 -v_ / -3_ afx]ssf cGo ;/sf/L tf/, ;fwf/0f ;fj{hlgs tf/, ;fwf/0f tf/ cf/=;L=6L=
tf/ ;fwf/0f ;dfrf/ ;DaGwL tf/,
-em_ kq tf/,
-`_ o; eL=Pr= tf/, ;/sf/L tf/, ;]jf tf/ cGtl/If 1fg ;DaGwL tf/ pQm qmdfg';f/ k'gM
k7fOg]5g\,
-6_ Ps} lsl;dsf] tf/ ePdf btf{ ePsf] ;dosf] qmdfg';f/ k7fOg] 5g\, aLrsf] sfof{noaf6
cufl8 k7fpg' kg]{ tf/ tyf ;f] sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf] tf/ k|fKt ePsf] / btf{ ePsf] ;dosf]
qmdfg';f/ k7fOg]5g\ .
%(= dfu{ ;+s]t M
-!_ ;/sf/L tf/ jf ;]jf tf/ afx]s Ps} lglbi6 7fpFdf k7fOg] Ps} lsl;dsf] tf/sf] ljleGg
dfu{sf] dx;'n ljleGg dPdf afx]s s'g} tf/sf] k|]ifsn] pk lgod -$_ adf]lhd dfu{ ;+s]t
/fVg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ;/sf/L tf/sf] k|]ifsn] lghsf] tf/sf] kmf/fddf s'g} dfu{ ;+s]t /fVg ;Sg]5 .
cg';"rL=== 293
-#_ dfu{ ;+s]t gePsf] tf/df k|mlG6o/ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no] dfu{ lgwf{l/t ug]{5 .
-$_ -s_ jfo/ jf jfo;n] eg] dfu{;+s]t ePsf] tf/sf] ;+s]t 6]lnsDo'lgs]zgs} ;]jfsf] ?kdf
dflgg]5 / ;f] ;+s]tsf] dx;'n nfUg]5}g .
-v_ jfo/af6 k7fOg] tf/df dfu{ ;+s]t Pkm=cfO{=Pn= (FIL) / (ANTEN) /flvg]5 .
-%_ s'g} ;/sf/L tf/df dfu{ ;+s]t n]lvPsf] ePdf ;f]xL dfu{ ;+s]t adf]lhdsf] dfu{af6 g} ;f]
tf/ k7fOg]5 .
-^_ s'g} tf/df ;+s]t ul/Psf] dfu{ s'g} ckem{6 kl/l:yltdf pknAw gx'g] ePdf afx]s ;f] dfu{
;+s]t adf]lhdg} tf/ k7fOg]5 .
^)= 6]lnu|flkms dfu{ cj/f]w eO{ gSsn k|lt k7fOg] M
-!_ lnu|flkms dfu{ cj/f]w x'gfn] s'g} b'O{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] aLrdf ;fwf/0f efu{f/f tf/
k7fpg g;lsPdf h'g sfof{no;Fu ;Dks{ x'g ;s]g ;f] / ;f]eGbf cufl8sf] cj/f]w ePsf]
sfof{non] s'g} csf]{ j}slNks dfu{af6 ;f] tf/ k7fpg]5 . ;f] dfu{ klg pknAw gePdf
x'nfsf/f /lhi6L u/]/ -/lhi6/L u/L k7fpFbf PS;k|]; tf/ n]vL_ jf d];]Gh/f/f k7fOg]5 .
-@_ tf/ k7fpg] sfof{non] dfu{ cj/f]w;DaGwL ;"rgf kfPsf] @$ 306fleq yk dx;"n gnufO{
Hofbf dx;"n nfUg] dfu{af6 k7fpg]5 . pklgod -#_ adf]lhd afx]s s'g} tf/sf] k|]ifsn]
Hofbf dx;"n nfUg] dfu{af6 k7fpg rfx]df ;f] dx;"n lghn] ltg]{5 .
-#_ dfu{ ablnPsf] ;"rgf /x]sf] tf/sf] ;"rgf g} ;]jf ;+s]t dflgg]5 .
-$_ -s_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd s'g} tf/ k7fpFbf ;f] tf/ cufl8 k7fpg ;Sg] glhssf] sfof{no
jf lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{nodf k7fOg]5 . 6]lnu|flkms dfu{df ;'wf/ ePdf ;f] tf/sf] /l;b
k|fKt eO g;s]sf] jf tf/sf] eL8 eO{ ;f] tf/ dfu{af6 k7fpFbf ;f] ;]jfnfO{ xflg x'g] /x]5 eg]
;f] tf/ ;f] dfu{f/f k'gM k7fOg]5 .
-v_ wgfb]z ;DaGwL tf/sf] xsdf ;f] Ps k6s k7fO{ ;lsPkl5 dfu{ cj/f]w x6L ;'wf/
ePdf ;f] k7fOPsf] s'/f dfu{ ;+s]t ;]jf ;"rgff/f b'O{ k|ltdf k7fOg]5 .
^!= k|]ifssf] cg'/f]wdf tf/ /2 ug]{ M
-!_ s'g} tf/ k7fpg'eGbf cufj} ;f] tf/sf] k|]ifs jf lghsf] k|ltlglwn] cfkm\gf] kl/ro k|dfl0ft
u/L s;g} tf/ /2 ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;f] cj:yfdf ;f] jfkt ? !.@% sf u/L afFsL dx;"n 6]lnu|fkm
sfof{non] t'?Gt} lghnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg]5 .
-@_ z'? sfof{nof/f k7fO;s]sf] jf k7fOg yfn]sf] tf/ lgod $( adf]lhd lglb{i6 7fpFsf]
sfof{nonfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ /2 ug{ ;lsg]5 . ;f] ;"rgfsf] tyf hjfkmsf] dx;"n k|]ifsn]
ltg'{kg]{ / ;Dej ePdf ;f] ;"rgf lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{nodf gk7fO{ ;f] tf/ k7fpg] cufl8sf]
sfof{nodf qmdzM tf/ ge]l6P;Dd k7fOg]5 . ;f] tf/ a'emfO{ ;lsPsf] ePdf k|fKtstf{nfO{
/ ;'? sfof{nonfO{ tf/ /2 ul/Psf] ;"rgf lbOg]5 . tf/ lglb{i6 7fpF;Dd gk'u]sf] ePdf ;f]
tf/sf] cGo ;a} dx;"n s6fO{ afFsL :yfgsf] dx;"n lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
kl/R5]b^
tf/ a'emfpg] Joj:yf
^@= 7]ufgfdf a'emfOg] M
-!_ tf/x k|fKtstf{sf] 7]ufgfdf ;f] tf/ k|flKt / k|fyldstfsf] qmd adf]lhd a'emfOg]5g\ .
-@_ lgod !$ adf]lhdsf tf/ lng cfPkl5 k|fKtstf{ jf lghsf] k|ltlglwn] kl/ro k|dfl0ft
u/]kl5 sfof{nosf] 6]a'ndf a'emfOg]5 .
-#_ ;do ;dodf tf]lsPsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd tf/x em\ofndf a'emfpg] -lj08f] 8]lne/L_
Joj:yf ePdf s'g} JolQm jf lghsf] k|ltlglwnfO{ lghsf] 7]ufgfsf] tf/ sfof{nosf] em\ofndf
a'emOg]5 .
^#= btf{ ePsf] 7]ufgfsf] tf/ M lgod !^ sf] pkglod -@_ adf]lhd 7]ufgf btf{ ubf{ lghsf] 6]lnkmf]g
gDa/df lghsf] tf/ k7fpg] lgb]{zg ePdf ;f] adf]lhd tf/ k7fO{ ;f] tf/sf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk
x'nfsf/f a'emfOg]5 .
^$= cGtb]l{ zo -cfsfzjf0fL lgodadf]lhd a'emfOg] M lglb{i6 7fpFdf k|fKt tf/x ;f] :yfgsf] cGtb]{lzo
cfsfzjf0fL lgoddf lgwf{l/t ;dodf a'emfOg]5g\ . t/ vf; ;"rgf kmnfgf] ldlt jf ;dodf a'emfpg]
egL ;+s]t /x]sf] tf/ ;f] ;+s]t adf]lhd / P;=eL=Pr= tf/ ;/sf/L tf/ t'?Gt} a'emfOg]5g\ .
^%= x'nfsaf6 k7fpg] tf/ M vf; ;"rgfdf s'nfsf/f k7fpg] ;+s]t /x]sf tf/x x'nfs lgodfjnL,
@)@) sf] clwgdf /xL t'?Gt x'nfsdf a'emfpg k7fOg]5 .
^^= ;]jf ;"rgf k7fOg] M s'g} tf/ 7]ufgfdf a'emfpg g;lsPdf lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{non] ;'?sf]
sfof{nonfo{ ;f] tf/ a'emfpg g;lsPsf] sf/0f / nfUg] dx;"nsf] Joxf]/f vf]nL ;]jf ;"rgf
k7fpg]5 .
^&= ;f] ;"rgf k|fKt ePkl5 ;'?sf] sfof{non] ug]{ sf/jfxL M lgod ^^ adf]lhdsf] ;]jf ;"rgf k|fKt
ePkl5 ;'?sf] sfof{non] ug'{kg]{ sfof{no;DaGwL sf/jfxL ;f] sfof{no / k|]ifs;Fusf] tf]lsPsf]
Joj:yf adf]lhd x'g]5 .
^*= x'nfs lgodfjnLadf]lhd x'g] M
-!_ k|]ifsn] x'nfs sfof{nod} a'emfpg rfx]sf] tf/ s'nfs lgodfjnL adf]lhd a'emfpg] / ;+/If0f
ul/g]5g\ .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] tf/ a'em\g jf a'emfpg g;lsPdf x'nfs lgodfjnL adf]lhd $@
lbg;Dd ;+/If0f ul/g]5g\ .
^(= tf/ a'emfOg] JolQm M k|fKtstf{n] sfof{onfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{ s'g} vf; k|ltlglw tf]s]sf] gePdf
jf k|]ifsn] k|fKtstf{nfO{ g} tf/ a'emfpg rfx]sf] vf; ;+st] -Pd=kL=_ pNn]v gu/];Dd ;f] tf/
k|fKtstf{ jf lghsf] Psf3/sf] pd]/ k'u]s]f ;b:o jf lghsf] s'g} gf]s/ jf lghsf] 3/df 8]/f u/L
a:g] JolQmn jf lghsf] cltly jf xf]6]n jf 3/df sfp06/df a;]sf] JolQmnfO{ a'emfpg x'G5
-Pd\=kL=_ n]lvPsf] tf/sf] xsdf lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{non] tf/sf] vfddf k|fKtstf{nfO{ dfq
egL k"/f gfd tyf 7]ufgf n]Vg]5 / ;f] tf/ k|fKtstf{afx]s c? s'g} JolQmnfO{ a'emfpg]5}g .
cg';"rL=== 295
kl/R5]b&
ljz]if tf/;DaGwL Joj:yf
&)= P;\=eL=Pr\=tf/ M
-s_ P;\=eL=Pr\= tf/df ;'?sf] sfof{non] jf k|]ifsn] c;ff/0f h?/L tf]lsPsf] ;+s]t ;]jf ;"rgf
/fVg'k5{,
-v_ o:tf] lsl;dsf] tf/, ;/sf/L tf/, cGtl/If 1fg;DaGwL tf/ jf ;]jf tf/ jf c? s'g} tf/sf]
?kdf btf{ ePtf klg clwstd k|fyldstf kfpg]5,
-u_ ;f] tf/sf] dx;"n ;fwf/0f tf/ ;/xg} x'g]5,
-3_ o:tf] tf/df cGo s'g} vf; lgb]{zg /fVg' x'Gg,
-_ ;f] tf/sf] efiff ;/n efifdf x'g'k5{ .
&!= h?/L ;fj{hlgs tf/ M ;fj{hlgs tf/sf] k|]ifsn] ;do ;dodf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFsf] 7]ufgfdf vf;
;"rgf h?/L n]vL tf/ k7fPdf ;fwf/0f tf/sf] dx;"nsf] bf]Aa/ dx;"n lt/L k|fyldstf k|fKt ug{
;Sg]5g\ / ;f] tf/sf] dx;"n nfUg] zAb ;+Vof ;ft x'g]5 .
&@= kq tf/ M
-!_ kqtf/ 5'6\fpg] vf; ;+s]t Pn\=6L= x'g]5 .
-@_ lgod $$ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/Ln] k7fPsf] tf/ jf ;f] tf/sf] hjfkmdf Pn\=6L=Pkm= ;+s]t
/xg]5 / o:tf] tfs/f] :jLs[lt, k|]if0f tyf a'emfpg] tl/sf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-#_ kq tf/df dx;"n nfUg] Go"gtd zAb ;+Vof @@ x'g]5 .
-$_ kq tf/sf] dx;"n lgod #^ adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] dx;"nsf] cfwf x'g]5 .
-%_ kq tf/sf] efiff ;/n efiffdf x'g'k5{ . kqtf/sf] ?kdf wgfb]z tf/ k7fpg k/]df ;f] tf/sf]
/sd u'Kt efiffdf abNg x'G5 .
&#= kq tf/sf] vf; Joj:yf M kq tf/df b]xfosf] vf; Joj:yf x'g]5 M
-!_ kq tf/sf] d"n Joxf]/fdf k|]ifssf] ;xL5fk :ki6 /x]df ubf{ ul/Psf] 7]ufgf :jLs[lt x'g]5 .
-@_ ;'?sf] sfof{non] cg'/f]w u/]df k|]ifsn] lghsf] tf/sf] ;Dk"0f{ efiff ;/n efiffdf 5 egL
tf/sf] kmf/fddf ;f] Joxf]/f :ki6?kn] n]vL ;xL5fk ug'{kg]{5 .
-#_ /]l8of] tf/x kq tf/sf] lgod adf]lhd :jLs[t x'g] 5}gg\ .
-$_ wgfb]z tf/ jf x'nfs r]s tf/df cflwsfl/s Joxf]/f kl5 ;fj{hlgs va/ ePdf dfq
pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ug'{k5{ .
-%_ kq tf/xdf cGt/fli6o 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg ;+3sf] 6]lnu|fkm /]u'n]zg adf]lhd tf]lPsf] vf;
lgb]{zg /xg]5g\ .
&$= kq tf/ k7fpg] qmd M k"/f dx;"n nfUg] tf/ / ;fwf/0f ;dfrf/;DaGwL tf/ k7fO;s]kl5 dfq kq
tf/ k7fOg] qmd cfpg]5 .
&%= kq tf/ a'emfpg] ;do M ;DalGwt sfof{nodf tf/ k|fKt ePsf] lbgdf tf/ a'emfpg] ;do ;dfKt
eO;s]s]f eP ;f] tf/ /ftdf ga'emfO{ bf];|f] lbgsf] laxfg * a]h]kl5 a'emfpg k7fOg]5 .
&^= gk'u dx;"n lng] M ;'? sfof{nosf] efiffafx]s cGo s'g} efiffdf jf lgod &@ / lgod &# adf]lhd
gePsf] kq tf/ ePdf ;fwf/0f tf/ kq tf/sf] dx;"n lx;fa ubf{ x'g cfpg] a9L gk'u dx;"n ;f]
tf/ k|fKtstf{af6 c;"n ul/g]5 .
&&= cGtl/If 1fg;DaGwL tf/ M cGtl/If 1fg;DaGwL tf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ cGtl/If 1fg;DaGwL tf/df tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] r'StL ;]jf ;"rgf /xg]5,
-v_ o; lsl;dsf] tf/sf] efiff ;/n x'g'k5{,
-u_ cGtl/If 1fg;DaGwL tf/sf] dx;"n ;fwf/0ftM lgod #^ adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] dx;"nsf]
cfwf x'g]5 .
&*= l8nS; tf/ M ;do ;dodf tf]lsPsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] vf; lgb]{zg;lxt k|]ifsn]
l8nS; tf/ k7fpg ;Sg]5 .
&(= clu|d dx;"n r'lQm hjfkm M s'g} tf/sf] k|]ifsn] lghsf] tf/sf] hjfkm rfx]df b]xfo adf]lhd ug'{
kg]{5 M
-s_ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] vf; ;+s]t / ;f] ;+s]t cufl8 lghn] ;f] tf/sf] hjfkmsf] lgldQ clu|d
dx;"n r'lQm u/]sf] /sd ;d]t n]Vg'k5{,
-v_ clu|d dx;"n r'lQm hjfkmL tf/sf] lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{non] k|fKtstf{nfO{ ;f] r'lQm dx;"nsf]
/sd a/fa/sf] tf/ lgMz'Ns k7fpg] kmf/fd jf efpr/ lbOg]5,
-u_ v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] PseGbf w]/} kmf/fd jf efpr/af6 Pp6f tf/ k7fpg ;lsg]5 . t/
Pp6} kmf/fd jf efpr/af6 b'O{ jf w]/} tf/ k7fpg ;lsg] 5}g,
-3_ v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] efpr/ jf kmf/d lbg] sfof{nosf] d'n's leqsf] h'g;'s} sfof{noaf6
klg ;f] kmf/fd jf efpr/ pkof]u ug{ ;lsg]5,
-_ v08 -u_ adf]lhdsf] tf/sf] dx;"n ;f] tf/sf] kmf/fd jf efpr/df plNnlvt dx;"neGbf
a9L ePdf gk'u dx;"n ;f] tf/sf] k|]ifsn] gubdf ltg'{ kg]{5,
-r_ v08 -s_ adf]lhd k|fKt /sd / v08 -u_ adf]lhd k7fPsf] tf/sf] dx;"nsf] tLg ?lkofFeGbf
a9L ePdf dx;"n lkmtf{ Joj:yf adf]lhd k|]ifs jf k|fKtstf{n] v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] kmf/fd
jf efpr/ kfPsf] $ dlxgfleq lgj]bg u/]df d"n tf/sf] k|]ifsnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/g]5,
-5_ v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] kmf/fd tf/ kfPsf] tLg dlxgf;Dd pkof]u ug{ ;lsg]5,
-h_ s'g} sf/0faf6 k|fKtstf{n] v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] kmf/fd pkof]u ug{ g;s]df dx;"n lkmtf{
Joj:yf adf]lhd x'g]5,
-em_ tf/ k|fKtstf{n] v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] kmf/fd lng grfx]df jf lgh km]nf gk/L a'emfpg
g;lsPdf clu|d dx;"n r'lQm hjfkmsf] /sd k|]ifsnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
*)= tf/ ?h" ug]{ M o; lgodfjnLdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePdf afx]s s'g} k|]ifsn] lghsf] tf/ ?h" ug{nfO{
tf]lsPadf]lhd cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg]5 .
*!= ?h' u/] jfktsf] dx;"n M ?h' u/] jfkt b]xfosf] dx;"n nfUg]5 M
cg';"rL=== 297
-s_ b]xfosf] v08 -u_ afx]s ?h' u/] jfktsf] dx;"n ;fwf/0f tf/nfO{ nfUg] dx;"nsf] cfwf
x'g]5,
-v_ ;dfg nDafO{ ePsf] PS;k|]; tf/fnfO{ k7fpFbf nfUg] dx;"n lt/L k|]ifsn] ;'?sf] sfof{no /
k|ml06o/ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] aLrsf] tf/ ?h' u/fpg ;Sg]5,
-u_ ;Dk"0f{ jf cflzs u'Kt efiffsf ;/sf/L tf/ / ;]jf tf/sf] u'Kt zAbsf] ?h' u/] jfkt s'g}
dx;"n nfUg] 5}g .
*@= a'emfOPsf] ;"rgf M k|]ifsn] lghn] k7fPsf] tf/ a'emfOPsf] ;"rgf rfx]df x'g]5 M
-s_ s'g} k|]ifsn] tf/sf] kmf/fddf lghsf] tf/ a'emfOPsf] ;"rgf rfx]df tf]lsPsf] vf; lgb]{zg
n]vL ;f] tf/ k|fKtstf{nfO{ a'emfPsf] ldlt / ;do oyf;Dej rfF8} ;fwf/0f tf/f/f lghnfO{
;"lrt ug]{ cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg]5,
-v_ v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] tf/df s'nfsd} a'emfOg] egL n]lvPsf]n] x'nfsd} /flvPdf jf 7]ufgfdf
k7fOPdf jf 6]lnkmf]gf/f t];|f] JolQmnfO{ a'emfOPdf jf /]l8of] tf/sf] xsdf hxfh jf kf]6{df
a'emfOPdf ;f] a'emfOPsf] :yfg, ldlt t/ ;do ;"lrt ul/g] ,
-u_ lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{non] 6]lnu|fkmf/f jf x'nfsf/f s'g} tf/ lgb]{lzt u/]df h'g ;fwfgf/f
k'gM lgb]{lzt ul/Psf] xf] ;f] s'/f tf]lsPsf] vf; lgb]{zg n]vL k|]ifsnfO{ ;"rgf ul/g]5,
-3_ tf/ a'emfOPsf] ;"rgf ;'?sf] sfof{nodf k'Ugf;fy k|]ifsnfO{ ;f] va/ ul/g]5,
-_ 6]lnu|fkmf/f a'emfOPsf] ;"rgf jfktsf] dx;"n & zAbsf] ;fwf/0f tf/sf] dx;"n ;/x x'g]5,
-r_ v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] tf/ a'emfpg g;lsPdf lgod ^^ adf]lhd ul/g]5,
-5_ v08 -r_ adf]lhdsf] tf/ lgod ^* sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] cjlwleq a'emfOPdf ;f]
Joxf]/fsf] ;]jf ;"rgf k7fOg]5 . ;f] cjlwleq klg ;f] tf/ a'emfpg g;lsPdf k|]ifsn] dx;"n
lkmtf{ Joj:yf adf]lhd lgj]bg lbPdf ;f];DaGwL dx;"n lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
*#= k'gM lgb]{zg ul/g] tf/ M
-!_ g]kfn clw/fHodf k|fKt ePsf] tf/sf] k|fKtstf{n] ;f] tf/df plNnlvt 7]ufgf 5f]l8;s]sf]
ePdf 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] cfjZos ePdf ;f] ;DaGwL b/vf:t lnO{ jf tf/ k|fKtstf{sf]
k|ltlglwn] ;f] tf/ k'gM lgb]{zg ug{ ;Sg]5 . b/vf:t lbg] JolQmn] s'g} yfk vf; lgb]{zg
/fVg rfx]df ;f] jfktsf] nflu nfUg] dx;"n ltg'{kg]{5 .
-@_ s'g} a9L dx;"n nfUg] yk vf; lgb]{zg /x]df ;f] adf]lhd ubf{ nfu]sf] dx;"n ;f] JolQmn]
a'emfpg' kg]{5 . o; cj:yfdf ;DalGwt sfof{non] ;'?sf] vf; lgb]{zg km]l/ gofF lgb]{zg
/fVg]5 .
-#_ k'gM lgb]{lzt 7]ufgf -gofF 7]ufgf_ z'?sf] 7]ufgf ePsf] gu/sf] If]qleq eP lgb]{zgsf] yk
dx;"n nfUg] 5}g . gofF 7]ufgf ;f] gu/sf] If]qleq gePdf tf/sf] lsl;d / lglb{i6 7fpFsf] b"/L
adf]lhd k'gM lgb]{zg jfkt k"/f dx;"n nfUg]5 . g]kfn clw/fHo aflx/sf] 7]ufgfdf lgb]{zg
ul/Psf tf/sf] xsdf lgod #& adf]lhd ug'{kg]{5 . t/ k7fpFbf lgod #& adf]lhd gePdf
h'g JolQmsf] 7]ufgfdf k'gM lgb]{zg ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] JolQmnfO{ tf/ a'emfpg'eGbf cufl8
lghaf6 dx;"n c;"n ul/g]5 .
-$_ k'gM lgb]{zg af/]df sfof{nonfO{ lbOPsf] ;"rgfsf] Dofb Ps dlxgf;Dd x'g]5 . ;f] cjlw
a9fpg rfx]df ;f]xL Joxf]/fsf] cg'/f]w ug'{ kg]{5 . k'gM lgb]{zg ug]{ cg'/f]w geP tfklg
sfof{non] k'gM lgb]{zg ug'{ k/]df ;f] tf/ gofF 7]ufgfdf k7fO{ lgod ^^ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgfdf
;f] Joxf]/f hgfOg]5 .
-%_ lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{non] lgod &( adf]lhdsf] tf/nfO{ lgod ^^ adf]lhd k'gM lgb]{zg ug{
k/]df dx;'n k|fKt eO;s]sf] s'/f ;"Rs tf]lsPsf] vf; lgb]{zg /fvL efpr/ tof/ ul/Psf]
eP ;f] /2 ul/g]5 .
*$= w]/} 7]ufgf ePsf] tf/sf] vf; Joj:yf M w]/} 7]ufgf ePsf] tf/sf] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] vf; Joj:yf
x'g]5 M
-s_ tf]lsPsf] vf; lgb]{zg /xg]5,
-v_ ;a} 7]ufgfxsf] zAb u0fgf u/L lgod #^ adf]lhd dx;"n nfUg]5,
-u_ dx;"n nfUg] %) zAb;Ddsf] gSsn tof/ ug{sf] nflu k|lt gSsnsf] ?= !.@) nfUg]5,
-3_ dx;"n nfUg] %) zAbeGbf a9L zAbsf] tf/sf] gSsnsf] nflu klxnf] %) zAbsf] ?= !.@)
/ cGo yk %) zAb jf c+zsf] ?= .() dx;"n nfUg]5,
-_ w]/} 7]ufgf ePsf] tf/sf] k|To]s k|ltdf ;f] tf/sf] 5'} 7]ufgf /fVg'k5{,
-r_ lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{nosf] gfdsf] tf/sf] 7]ufgfsf] k'5f/df Ps k6s dfq /flvg]5 . w]/}
7]ufgf ePsf] tf/df ;f] tf/ a'emfpg] :yfgsf] 7]ufgf k|fKtstf{sf] gfd kl5 /xg]5 . Pp6}
JolQmsf] w]/} 7]ufgfdf cfPsf] tf/df ;f] k|fKtstf{sf] gfd ;f] tf/ a'emfpg] :yfgsf] cufl8lt/
/fVg'kg]{5 .
*%= vf; ;fwgaf6 a'emfOg] t/ M
-!_ cGt/f{li6o k|zf;g cGtu{tsf] s'g} 7fpFsf] 7]ufgfdf k7fOPsf] tf/ lglb{i6 7fpFsf] x'nfssf]
sfof{noafx]s s'g} x'nfs jf PS;k|]; jf xjfO{ 8fFsaf6 k7fOg] 5}g .
-@_ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no gePsf] 7fpFsf] 7]ufgfdf k7fOPsf] tf/ lglb{i6 7fpFsf] d'n'ssf] 6]lnu|fkm
sfof{noaf6 s'nfs jf vf; b"t jf xjfO{ 8fsaf6 a'emfOg]5 .
t/ cGt/f{li6o k|zf;g;Fu ;DaGw gePsf] lglb{i6 d'ns ' jf tf/sf] 7]ufgfdf plNnlvt lglb{i6 :yfgdf
lglb{i6 d'n'ssf] 6]lnu|fkm ;fwgf/f k'Ug g;lsg] ePsf] tf/ csf]{ d'n'ssf] k|zf;gf/f a'emfOg ;lsg]5 .
-#_ s'g} tf/ h'g sfof{noaf6 x'nfsf/f k7fpg' kg]{ xf] ;f] sfof{nosf] gfd clGtd lglb{i6
:yfgsf] k5fl8 g} tf/sf] kmf/fd n]Vg'kg]{ .
-$_ x'nfseGbf l56f] ;fwgf/f a'emfpg] Joj:yf ePsf] /fHo cGtu{tsf] lglb{i6 7]ufgfdf dfq
vf; b"t -O:k];n d;]~h/_ f/f a'emfpg' kg]{ tf/ lnOg]5 .
-%_ PS;k|]; u/L tf/ a'emfpg rfxg] k|]ifsn] ;f] ;DaGwdf tf]lsPsf] dx;"n lt/L lghsf] tf/df
;f] ;DaGwL tf]lsPsf] vf; lgb]{zg n]Vg'k5{ .
cg';"rL=== 299
-^_ k|]ifsn] pklgod -%_ cGtu{t dx;"n k|fKtstf{;Fu c;"n u/fpg rfx]df tf]lsPsf] ;"rgf
n]Vg'k5{ . k|fKtstf{n] ;f] dx;"n ltg{ gdfg] tfklg ;f] tf/ lghnfO{ a'emfO{ lglb{i6 7fpFsf]
sfof{non] z'?sf] sfof{nonfO{ ;]jf ;"rgff/f ;f] ;DaGwL dx;"nsf] /sd k|]ifsaf6 c;"n
ug{ ;"rgf lbg]5 .
-&_ vf; ;+s]t PS;k|]; ePsf] tf/n] lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{nosf] vr{ u/fP/ klg ;f] tf/ a'emfpg
g;lsPsf] ePdf lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{non] ga'emfOPsf] ;]jf ;"rgfdf k|]ifsaf6 pk/ ul/g'kg]{
/sd egL hgfpg]5 .
-*_ lglb{i6 7fpFsf] d'n'sleq jf aflx/ tf/ k7fpgsf] lgldQ tf]lsP adf]lhd ;+s]t /x]s]f tf/df
tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] yk dx;"n nfUg]5 .
*^= x'nfsf/f a'emfOg] tf/x M :jtGq If]q -lk|m 8]lne/L lnld6_ leq kg]{ tf/x afx]s b]xfosf
tf/x lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{non] x'nfsf/f a'emfpg]5 M
-!_ a'emfpFbf k|of]u x'g] ;fwgsf] s'g} vf; lgb]{zg gePdf jf .
-@_ lgod *% sf] pklgod -$_ cg';f/ ;do ;dodf k|zf;gn] tf]ls lbPsf] a'emfpg] ;fwg
/ tf/df pNn]v ePsf] a'emfpg] ;fwg ePsf] tf/ .
-#_ lgod *% sf] pklgod -^_ adf]lhdsf] /sd k|fKtstf{n] glt/L afFsL /x]df lghsf] 7]ufgfdf
k7fOPsf] ;f] lsl;dsf] cGo tf/ .
-$_ k|]ifs jf k|fKtstf{f/f x'nfsaf6 a'emfpg cg'/f]w ul/Psf tf/ t/ x'nfsaf6 k7fpg] vf;
;"rgf /x]sf] jf g/x]sf] eP tfklg k|fKtstf{n] lghsf] tf/ vf; b"tf/f a'emfpg] egL cg'/f]w
ul/Pdf lghsf ;a} tf/x ;f] adf]lhd k7fOg]5 .
-%_ lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{nodf ;f] ;do c? s'g} l56f] ;fwg gePdf .
*&= x'nfsf/f a'emfpFbf nfUg] dx;"n M lgod *^ adf]lhd x'nfsaf6 k7fpFbf b]xfosf] cj:yfdf b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] dx;"n k|fKtaf6 c;"n u/L x'nfs ljefusf] cfDbfgL egL 5'} hDdf ul/g]5 M
-s_ ;fwf/0f x'nfsaf6 k7fpg] .!% k};f
-v_ x'nfsdf btf{ u/L k7fpFbf .%) k};f
-u_ xnfO{ 8fFsaf6 k7fpFbf .&% k};f
-3_ xjfO{ 8fFsaf6 btf{ u/L k7fpFbf !.
**= x'nfsaf6 btf{ u/L k7fpFbf ljnDa x'g] tf/ M
-!_ btf{ -/lhi6L_ lr6\7L ?kdf k7fpg' kg]{ tf/ t'?Gt btf{ x'g g;s]df klg t'?Gt} g} k7fPdf
;a}eGbf klxn] pknAw x'g] 8fFssf] ;'ljwf kfOG5 eg] ;f] tf/ ;fwf/0f lr6\7Lsf] ?kdf
k7fOg]5 / To;kl5 ;f] tf/sf] gSsndf bf];|f] k|lt egL pNn]v u/L zL3|ftLzL3| x'nfsaf6
btf{ u/L k7fOg]5 .
-@_ x'nfs ;]jfaf6 k7fOg] jf a'emfog] tf/ x'nfs ;]jfnfO{ a'emfpgf ;fy x'nfs j:t' x'g]5g\ .
*(= k|fKtstf{nfO{ cg'z/0f ug]{ tf/ M
-!_ k|fKtstf{sf] 7]ufgf cufl8 lghnfO{ cg'z/0f ug'{kg]{ -6'=kmnf]_ ;DaGwL tf]lsPsf] vf; lgb]{zg
n]vL ;f] tf/sf] k|ifsn] lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{nonfo{ ;f] tf/ k|fKtstf{ hxfF 5 ;f] 7fpFdf ;f]
tf/ a'emfpg cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;f] vf; lgb]{zg kl5 cGo 7]ufgfx klg ePdf clgtd
lglb{i6 7]ufgf;Dd k|To]s 7]ufgfdf ;f] tf/ k7fpg' kg]{5 . s'g} tf/df Pp6f dfq 7]ufgf ePdf
lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{non] k|fKtstf{sf] lgjf;:yfgaf6 s'g} gofF 7]ufgf k|fKt ePdf klxn]sf]
7]ufgfsf] ;f gofF 7]ugf n]vL gofF lglb{i6 7fpFdf k7fpg] 5 . ;f] ga'emfP;Dd jf cGo gofF
7]ufgf pknAw geP;Dd ;f] adf]lhd ul/g]5 .
-@_ gofF 7]ufgfdf tf/ k7fO{ a'emfpg'kg]{ yk dx;"n k|]Ifsn] a'emfpg'kg]{5 .
-#_ k|fKtstf{nfO{ cg'z/0f ug'{kg]{ tf/sf] 7]ufgf ;d]tsf] ;'? dx;"n ;f] tf/sf] klxnf] lglb{i6
7fpFdf k7fpFbf nfUg] dx;"n ;/x nfUg]5 .
-$_ ltg'{kg]{ yk dx;"n k'gM k7fOPsf] 7]ugfsf] zAb u0fgf u/L k|fKtstf{af6 c;"n ul/g]5 . ;f]
tf/ a'emfpg g;lsPdf jf k|fKtstf{n] ga'em]df ;f] jfkt nfUg] dx;"n k|]ifsaf6 c;"n pk/
ul/g]5 .
-%_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] tf/ k|To]s gofF 7]ufgfdf k7fpg kg'M lgb]{zg ubf{ ?h' ug'{kg]{
ePdf ;f] jfkt yk dx;"n nfUg]5 .
-^_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd tf/ k'gM lgb]{zg ul/Pdf k|To]s k'gM lgb]{zgnfO{ k'gM lgb]{zg ul/Psf]
d'n's / ;f] ul/g] d'n'ssf] aLrdf 5'} tf/ ;/x dx;"n nufOg] 5 . ;f] tf/ Ps} d'n'ssf]
lglb{i6 7fpFdf k'gM lgb]{zg ul/Pdf ;f] jfktsf] yk dx;"n ;f] d'n'ssf] cGtMz'Ns adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
-&_ ;'?s} lglb{i6 :yfgsf] ;x/leq 7]ufgf ePsf] tf/ sfof{nodf k|fKt ePdf k'g M lgb]{zgsf]
yk dx;"n nfUg]5}g . t/ 5'} ;x/ cGtu{tsf] 7]ufgfdf ePsf] tf/nfO{ lglb{i6 7fpFsf]
d'n'ssf] sfo{no jf ljb]zL k|zf;gf/f k7fpg' k/]df ;f] tf/sf] >]0fL cg';f/ k'gM lgb]{zgsf]
cGtMz'Nssf] k"/f b/ nfUg]5 .
-*_ o;;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
()= cf/=;L=6L= tf/ M
-!_ cf/=;L=6L tf/df tf]lsP adf]lhdsf s'g} vf; ;+s]t /fVg' x'G5 .
-@_ o; lsl;dsf] tf/sf] dx;"n ;fwf/0f ;fj{hlgs tf/sf] ;os8f @% dfq x'g]5 .
-#_ dx;"n nfUg] Go"gtd zAb ;+Vof ;fwf/0ftM ;fj{hlgs tf/ ;/x g} x'g]5 .
-$_ cf/=;L=6L= tf/df s}Dksf] sfof{nosf] 5fk jf s}Dk sdf08/ jf lghsf] clws[t k|ltlglwsf]
;xL5fk x'g]5 .
-%_ tf]lsPsf] /fli6o ;"rgf ;+:yf jf b'Mv lgjf/0f ;+:yff/f k7fOg] tf/df ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf]
5fk x'g]5 .
(!= plNnlvt ldltdf a'emfpg] tf/ M
-!_ s'g} vf; ldltdf a'emfOg] egL tf]lsPsf ;+s]t /x]sf] s'g} tf/ lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{nosf]
;dodf k|fKt x'Fbf a'emfpg k7fpg] ;fwg pknAw ePdf] ;f] tf/ ;f] ldltd} a'emfOg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;s]t /x]sf] kq tf/ ;f] ;DaGwL lgod adf]lhd a'emfOg] 5g\ .
cg';"rL=== 301
kl/R5]b*
dx;"n lkmtf{;DaGwL Joj:yf
(@= dx;"n lkmtf{ lbg] M lgod (% nfu" x'g] cj:yfdf afx]s lgod (& adf]lhd lgj]bg lbPdf tf/sf]
dx;"n ;f] dx;"n ltg]{ JolQmnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd u/L lkmtf{ lbOg]5 M
-!_ s'g} tf/ k|zf;lgs bf]ifn] b]xfosf] ;doleq lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{nodf gk'u]df jf k|fKtstf{nfO{
a'emfpg g;lsPdf ;f] tf/sf] k"/f dx;"n lkmtf{ u/g]5 M
-s_ o'/f]kleq jf aflx/ l;w} ;~rf/ Joj:yf ePsf b]zxsf aLrdf cfbfg k|bfg ePsf]
xsdf ! 306f,
-v_ o'/f]kleq s'g} b]z;Fu ;f]em} ;~rf/ Joj:yff/f cfbfgk|bfg ul/Psf] k"/f b/sf] s'g}
tf/ jf ;dfrf/;DaGwL tf/sf] xsdf !@ 306f,
-u_ cGo cj:yfdf kq tf/ afx]s c? tf/sf] xsdf ;f] tf/ k|fKt ePsf] ;dob]lv @$
306fleq . t/ sfof{no aGb ePsf] jf /ftdf a'emfpg] jf lbgdf a'emfpg] vf; ;"rgf
ePsf] tf/df x'nfs jf PS;k|]; jf ;d'b| jf xjfO{ dfu{af6 k7fOg] ;do jf hldgsf]
jf ultlzn hxfhL :6]zgdf ;f] tf/ /x]sf] ;do pQm ;dosf] u0fgfdf cfpg] 5}g .
7]ufgf ckof{Kt eO{ jf btf{ geO{ tf/ a'emfpg g;lsPsf] ePdf k|]ifssf] cg'/fwn]
7]ufgf ;RofOPdf jf ylkPdf r'QmL ;]jf ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] ldltb]lv ;f] ;dosf]
u0fgf ul/g]5 . k|fyldstf ;lxtsf] ;/sf/L tf/, P;=eL=Pr=tf/ h?/L tf/ jf r'QmL
;]jf ;"rgfsf] nflu pQm cjlwsf] cfwf cjlw dflgg] 5 . ckof{Kt 7]ufgf jf c:ki6
n]vfOg] tf/ a'emfpg g;lsPsf] ePdf dx;"n lkmtf{ ul/g] 5}g .
-@_ tf/ a'emfOPsf] ;"rgf tf/sf] vf; dx;"n lkmtf{ ubf{ v08 -!_ adf]lhd k|fKtstf{nfO{
a'emfOPsf] ;dob]lv ;dosf] u0fgf ul/G5 .
-#_ dfu{df cj/f]w eO{ /f]lsPsf] tf/sf] dx;"n lkmtf{ ubf{ ;'?sf] sfof{non] ;f] Joxf]/fsf] ;"rgf
lbPsf] ePdf k"/f dx;"n lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
-$_ lgod (# adf]lhd /f]lsPsf] tf/sf] k"/f jf c+zsf] nflu lt/]sf] dx;"n lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
-%_ lglb{i6 7fpFsf sfof{nodf tf/ k'Ug cufj} k|]ifssf] cg'/f]wdf /2 ul/Psf] tf/sf] nfu]s]f
dx;"nsf] plrt efu lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
-^_ dfu{ cj/f]w eO{ ljB't\ ;fwg gx'gfn] x'nfs jf cGo s'g} ;fwgf/f lglb{i6 7fpFdf k7fOPsf]
tf/sf] nfu]sf] vr{ lkmtf{ s7fO{ c? afFsL dx;"n lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
-&_ s'g} tf/ k7fpFbf ;'? sfof{nosf] gfd jf a'emf]sf] ;do cbn abn eO{ p2]Zo k"/f x'g g;s]sf]
tf/sf] k"/f dx;"n lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
-*_ v08 -!_ adf]lhd d"n Joxf]/fsf] dx;"n lkmtf{ gePdf jf ;]jf ;"rgff/f uNtL g;RofOPdf,
k7fpFbf 5'6 ePsf] zAbsf] dx;"n lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
-(_ zAb jf ;+Vof k7fpFbf ?h' u/]sf] tf/df uNtL eO{ lkmtf{ lbg'kg]{df jf ;]jf ;"rgff/f uNtL
g;RofOP;Dd tf/ k7fpFbf uNtL ePdf jf ;/n efiffsf] tf/sf] cy{ cbnabn ePsf] jf
ga'lemO{ zAb 5'6 ePdf ;f] dx;"n lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
-!)_ ?h' ePsf] zAb jf ;+Vof k7fpFbf ?h' ubf{ uNtL eO{ dx;"n lkmtf{ ug'{ kg]{ ePdf ;]jf
;"rgff/f uNtL g;RofPdf k7fpFbfsf] uNtL jf zAbsf] 5'6n] d"n Joxf]/fsf] c+zn] p2]Zok"/f
ug{ g;sg] ePdf u'Kt efiffsf ?h' ul/g]5 .
-!!_ k|zf;gsf] uNtLn] cfjZos ePsf] r'QmL ;]jf ;"rgf k7fpg nfu]sf] dx;"n lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
-!@_ clu|d dx;"n r'QmL hjfkmL tf/sf] kmf/fddf pkof]u gu/L ;'?sf] sfof{no jf lglb{i6 7fpFsf]
sfof{nodf kmf/fd lbPsf] $ dlxgfsf] Dofb e'Qmfg x'g'eGbf cufj} ;f}k]df hjfkmsf] lgldQ
lt/]sf] dx;"n lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
-!#_ k|fKtstf{ km]nf gk/L a'emfpg g;lsPdf jf lghn] cufj} dx;"n r'QmL hjfkmL tf/ a'em\g
OGsf/ u/]df ;f] tf/sf] k]|ifs km]nf kg{ ;Dej ePdf ;f] hjfkmL kmf/fdsf] lgldQ lt/]sf]
dx;"n lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
-!$_ hjfkmL kmf/fd lgsfn]sf] $ dlxgfsf] Dofbleq b/vf:t lbPdf hjfkmL kmf/fdsf] lglQ
clu|d r'QmL dx;"n / ;f] kmf/fd k|of]u u/L k7fOPsf] tf/sf] dx;"ndf ?= #. eGbf a9L
km/s ePdf ;f] km/s k/]sf] dx;"n lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
-!%_ 6]lnu|fkm ;]jfsf] bf]if eO{ ;]jf gul/psf] vf; ;]jfafx]s cGo vf; ;]jf -!^_ a'emfOPsf]
;"rgf lbg'kg]{ tf/ a'emfpg g;sL ;"rgf lbg g;lsPsf] ePdf ;f] ;"rgf jfktsf] dx;"n
lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
-!&_ o; ;DaGwdf tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] c? cj:yfdf tf]lsPadf]lhd ul/g]5 .
(#= n]8/ ultlzn :6]zgsf] dx;"n lkmtf{ ug]{ M
-!_ /]l8of] tf/sf] ;DaGwdf n]8 :6]zgn] ;'?sf] sfof{nonfO{ ;f] tf/ lglb{i6 ultlzn :6]zgdf
k7fpg g;lsPsf] ;"rgf lbPdf ;'? sfof{non] o; lgodfjnLdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePdfafx]s
;f] /]l8of] tf/;DaGwL n]8 ultlzn :6]zgsf] dx;"n t'?Gt k|]ifsnfO{ lkmtf{ ug]{5 .
-@_ /]l8of] tf/ k7fpg] ;'?sf] sfof{nodf ;f] tf/ k|fKt ePsf] ;"rgf gk'u]sf] ePdf tf/;DaGwL
tf]lPsf] lgod adf]lhd dx;"n lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
-#_ n]+8 :6]zgn] ultlzn :6]zgdf jfo/n]z 6]lnu|fkmafx]s cGo ;fwgf/f /]l8of] tf/k7fPdf
n]+8 :6]zgsf] dx;"n ;f] :6]zgsf] k|zf;gn] /fVg]5 / ultlzn :6]zgsf] dx;"n dfq ;'?sf]
sfof{nosf] k|zf;gn] k|]ifsnfO{ lkmtf{ ug]{5 .
($= w]/} 7]ufgf ePsf] tf/sf] cf+lzs dx;"n lkmtf{ ubf{ M w]/} 7]ufgf ePsf] tf/sf] cf+lzs dx;"n
lkmtf{ ug]{ xsdf lglb{i6 7fpFsf] gfd afx]s tf/sf] k|To]s zAbsf] lx;fan] 7]ufgfsf] dx;"n / plrt
7]ufgfsf] gSsn b:t"/ lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
(%= dx;"n lkmtf{ ug]{ Jo:yf nfu" gx'g] M dx;"n lkmtf{ ug]{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf :jLsf/ gug]{ k|zf;g eO{
hfg] tf/xsf] dx;"n lkmtf{ ug]{ Joj:yf nfu" x'g] 5}g .
(^= ;]jf ;"rgf jfktsf] dx;"n lkmtf{ lbg] M s'g} tf/ k7fpFbf lgod (@ adf]lhdsf] Dofb leq r'lQm
cg';"rL=== 303
;]jf ;"rgff/f 6]lnu|fkm ;]jfdf x'g cfpdf e"nx ;RofOPdf ;f] ;]jf ;"rgfsf] dx;"n dfq lkmtf{
ul/g]5 t/ k|]ifs / k|fKtstf{sf aLrdf ;Lw} cfbfgk|bfg x'g] tf/ ;Rofpg] ;"rgfsf] dx;"n lkmtf{
lbOg]5}g .
(^= lgj]bg lbg] M
-!_ tf/ ljifosf] lzsfot / 6]lnu|fkm ;]jfsf] lj?4sf] lzsfot jf dx;"n lkmtf{ dfUg] bfaL;DaGwL
lgj]bg rLkm OlGhlgo/nfO{ lbg'k5{ ;f] afx]s cGo s'g} dx;"n lkmtf{;DaGwL lgj]bg tf]lsP
adf]lhdsf] clwsf/LnfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
-@_ s'g} k|]ifs g]kfn clw/fHosf] lgjf;L geP tfklg lghn] sfof{noaf6 s'g} tf/ k7fPsf] ePdf
lghn] cGo s'g} k|zf;g dfkm{t ;"/sf] sfof{no;Fu dx;"n lkmtf{;DaGwL bfaL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
(*= sfuhfbL k|df0f k]z ug'{kg]{ M dx;"n lkmtf{;DaGwL k|To]s bfjL / lzsfotsf] lgj]bg;fy b]xfosf]
sfuhft k]z ug'{ kg]{5 M
-s_ ga'emfPsf] jf l9nfO{ ePsf] tf/sf] xsdf lglb{i6 7fpFn] ;f] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L lbPsf] s'g}
lnlvt ;a"b jf k|fKtstf{n] kfPsf tf/n] l9nf] ePsf] Joxf]/f b]vfPdf ;f] tf/sf] k|ltlnlk,
-v_ cbnabn ePsf] jf 5'6 ePsf] tf/sf] xsdf k|fKt u/]sf] tf/sf] k|ltlnlk,
-u_ lgod &( adf]lhd pkof]u gul/Psf] kmf/fdsf] xsdf k|fKtstf{nfO{ a'emfOPsf] ;f] kmf/fdsf]
k|ltlnlk,
-3_ g]kfn clw/fHoaf6 k7fOg] tf/sf] xsdf lgod $) adf]lhdsf] /l;bsf] k|ltlnlk,
-_ r'lQm ;]jf ;"rgfsf] xsdf tf/ a'emfpg] sfof{non] lbPsf] s/]S;g d]df]/]08d .
((= Dofb M
-!_ tf/ btf{ ul/Psf] ldltb]lv $ dlxgfleqdf tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L 5]p ;f] tf/ ljifosf] lzsfot
jf dx;"n lkmtf{ Joj:yfsf] lgj]bg gu/]df ;f] lgj]bg dfly ljrf/ ul/g]5}g .
-@_ k|]ifsnfO{ dx;"n lkmtf{ ul/Psf] Joxf]/fsf] ;"rg kq k7fPsf] ^ dlxgfkl5 dx;"n lkmtf{;DaGwL
clwsf/ ;dfKt x'g]5 .
-#_ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] 9fFrf, efiff, :ki6 n]vfO{ 7]ufgf jf tf/ k7fpg] vf; ;"rgf jf cGo
Joj:yf ePsf] tf/sf] ljifosf] dx;"n lkmtf{;DaGwL bfaL lnOg] 5}g .
kl/R5]b (
/]s8{;DaGwL Joj:yf
!))= /]s8{ ;'l/Ift /fVg] cjlw M tf/sf] ;Ssn / ;f] ;DaGwL cGo sfuhft ;f] tf/ sfof{nodf btf{
ePsf] ldltb]lv ^ dlxgf;Dd ;'/lIft /fvL ;f] cjlwkl5 gi6 ul/G5 .
!)!= ;Ssnsf] lg/LIf0f M
-!_ tf/sf] ;Ssn jf gSsn k|lt ;f] tf/sf] k|]ifs jf k|fKtstf{ jf lghsf] k|ltlglwn] lghsf]
kl/ro k|dfl0ft u/]df lg/LIf0f ug{ lbOg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] lg/LIf0fsf] lgldQ Ps k|lt sfuhsf] ? .*) b:t'/ nfUg]5 .
!)@= tf/sf] gSsn M
-!_ lgod !)) adf]lhdsf] cjlw leq k|]ifs jf k|fKtstf{ jf lghsf] k|ltlglwn] k7fOPsf] tf/sf]
;Ssn jf a'emfOPsf] tf/sf] gSsn -gSsn /flvPsf] eP _ sf] k|dfl0ft gSsn ! k|lt
lbOg]5 .
-@_ tf/sf] gSsn lb+bf !)) zAb;Ddsf] tf/ eP Ps ?lkofF / !)) zAbeGbf a9Lsf] tf/ eP
klxnf] !)) zAbsf] lgldQ ?= !. Ps / yk x/]s %) zAb jf c+znfO{ ?=.#) b:t'/
lbOg]5 .
-#_ h'g tf/sf] gSsn;DaGwL b/vf:t xf] ;f] tf/sf] vf]h tnf; ug{ cfjZos x'g] ;a} ljj/0f
lbg'kg]{ 5 .
!)#= ;+/If0f cjlw a9fpg] M
-!_ lgod !)) adf]lhdsf] cjlweGbf a9L cjlw;Dd s'g} vf; tf/sf] ;+/If0f ;Defljt jf
ljrf/flwg cbfntL sf/jfxLn] ubf{ cfjZos ePdf ;DalGwt JolQmn] ljefudf ;+/If0f
cjlwleq b/vf:t lbg'kg]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] b/vf:t k/]df yk # dlxgf ;+/If0f ul/g]5 .
-#_ pk lgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] cjlw a9fpg' k/]df k'gM b/vf:t lbg'k5{ .
-$_ pklgod -!_ jf -#_ adf]lhd b/vf:t k/]df ;f] sfuhft vf]Hg] / ;+/If0f ug]{ st{Jo
;DalGwt sfof{nosf] x'g]5 . ;f] vf]h tgf;sf] s'g} ;"rgf lbOg] 5}g . cbfntsf] jf cGo
s'g} clws[t clwsf/Lsf] cfb]z ljgf ;f] tf/ s;}nfo{ lbOg] 5}g .
!)$= tf/ vf]h tnf; ug]{ t:t"/ M
-!_ lgod !)@ sf] pklgod -#_ adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f ckof{Kt eO{ tf/ t'?Gt vf]h tnf; ug{
g;lsPsf]df b]xfosf] b:t"/ ltg'{kg]{5 .
-s_ Ps sfof{non] Ps lbgdf k7fPsf] jf k|fKt u/]sf] tf/sf] nflu ?= @.
-v_ Ps sfof{non] Ps lbgdf k7fPsf] / k|fKt u/]sf] tf/sf] nflu ?= #.
-@_ lgod !)! jf lgod !)@ adf]lhdsf] sfdsf] nflu lbOg] b/vf:t ;f] tf/ btf{ ePsf] jf
k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] ! dlxgfleqdf ;DalGwt sfof{nodf lbg'kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b !)
/]l8of] tf/;DaGwL Joj:yf
!)%= /]l8of] tf/sf] 9fFrf / :jLs[lt M /]l8of] tf/sf] 9fFrf / sfof{nodf ;f] tf/ btf{ ug]{ :jLs[lt o;
lgodfjnLsf] kl/R5]b@ adf]lhd x'g]5 .
!)^= /]l8of] tf/;DaGwL vf; Joj:yf M /]l8of] tf/;DaGwL b]xfosf Joj:yf x'g]5 M
-!_ tf/sf] 7]ufgf kof{Kt jf 7Ls eP jf gePsf] s'/fsf] hjfkmb]xL x/]s cj:yfdf k|]ifs g}
x'g]5 .
cg';"rL=== 305
-@_ /]l8of] tf/sf] 7]ufgf b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ k|fKtstf{sf] gfd jf btf{ / cfjZos ePdf cGo yk ljj/0f,
-v_ tf]lsP adf]lhd hxfhsf] gfd jf sn ;fOg,
-u_ tf]lsP adf]lhd t6jtL{ jf xjfO{ :6]zg .
-#_ k|]ifsn] pklgod -@_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f 7]ufgfdf /fVg rfx]df ;f] tf/sf]
;fwgsf] ofqfsf] ljj/0fsf] /]s8{ ;+/If0fsf] nflu ;'?sf] sfof{non] tf/sf] kmf/fddf
n]lv/fVg]5 .
!)&= lz/ Joxf]/f M /]l8of] tf/sf] lz/ Joxf]/fdf /xg] s'/fx tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] 9fFrf tf]lsP adf]lhd
/xg] 5g\ .
!)*= /]l8of] tf/sf] dx;"n M /]l8of] tf/sf] dx;"n b]xfodf afx]s k|]ifsn] clu|d e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ 5 M
-s_ lgod *% sf] pklgod -^_ adf]lhd k|fKtstf{af6 ;+sng ul/g] PS;k|]; dx;"n,
-v_ lgod #$ adf]lhd lglb{i6 7fpFsf] sfof{non] kQf nufO{ k|fKtstf{af6 c;"n ul/g]
dx;"n .
-@_ /]l8of] tf/ k7fOg] ;fwgsf] lgldQ nfUg] dx;"n cGt/f{li6o b/ cg'?k ;do ;dodf tf]lsP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-#_ ;d'b|df /x]s]f hxfhdf cfbfgk|bfg x'g] tf/sf] xsdf t6jtL{ :6]zgsf] dx;"n d'n'sleq
k7fOg] tf/sf] dx;"nsf] %) k|ltzt x'g]5 .
-$_ /]l8of] tf/sf] dx;"n nfUg] Go"gtd zAb ;+Vof & x'g]5 .
!)(= /]l8of] tf/sf] ?kdf dfGo gx'g] tf/ M b]xfosf lsl;dsf tf/x /]l8of] tf/sf] ?kdf dfGo x'g] 5}gg\ M
-s_ lgod () adf]lhdsf] tf/,
-v_ awfO{ tf/ jf sd dx;"n nfUg] tf/,
-u_ /]l8of];fd'lb|s kq,
-3_ ;dfrf/;DaGwL tf/,
-_ ?h' ul/Psf] /]l8of] tf/,
-r_ k|fKtstf{nfO{ g} a'emfpg' kg]{ tf/,
-5_ v'nf vfddf a'emfpg' kg]{ /]l8of] tf/, /
-h_ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cGo tf/ .
!!)= /]l8of] tf/sf] qmd M
-!_ /]l8of] tf/sf] b]xfosf qmdfg';f/ k7fOg] 5g\ M
-s_ P;=le=Pr= tf/,
-v_ ;/sf/L tf/sf] k|]ifsn] k|fyldstf cg'/f]w u/]sf] tf/,
-u_ hxfhL / cGtl/If 1fg;DaGwL tf/,
-3_ 6]lnu|fkm dfu{ cj/f]w;DaGwL ;]jf ;"rgfx, /
-_ ;/sf/L tf/ jf ;fj{hlgs tf/ jf ;dfrf/;DaGwL tf/sf] k|]ifsn] k|fyldstf cg'/f]w
gu/]sf] tf/ .
-@_ pklgod -!_ sf] clwgdf /xL /]l8of] tf/ btf{ ePsf] jf k|fKt ePsf] ;dosf] qmdn]
k7fOg]5g\ .
!!!= hxfh jf ljefuaf6 k|fKt ePsf tf/x ga'emfOPdf M
-!_ ;d'bd| f /x]sf] hxfh jf p8fg ul//x]sf] ljdfgaf6 k|fKt tf/ hldgdf /x]sf] k|fKtstf{nfO{
a'emfpg g;lsPdf ;Dej 5 eg] ga'emfOPsf] Joxf]/f ;f] tf/sf] k|]ifsnfO{ ;"lrt ug{sf]
nflu ;DalGwt ofgdf k7fOg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ;"rgf ;'? k|zf;g cGtu{tsf] ;DalGwt ;'? :6]zg dfkm{t
lbOg]5 .
-#_ r'lQm ;]jf ;"rgff/f k|]ifsn] 7]ufgf abNg jf ykug{ ;Sg]5 .
!!@= s'g} ofgsf] 7]ufgfdf k7fOPsf] tf/ M
-!_ ;d'b|df /x]s]f hxfh jf p8fgdf /x]sf] ljdfgdf s'g} /]l8of] tf/ a'emfpg g;lsPdf ;'?sf]
sfof{nonfO{ ;]jf ;"rgff/f ;f] Joxf]/f ;"lrt ul/g]5 .
-@_ k|]ifsn] tf/ ubf{ ePsf] lbg afx]s !) lbgdf ga9fO{ t6jtL{ :6]zgdf ;f] tf/ /fVg rfx]df
;DalGwt tf]lsPsf] ;+s]t /fVg]5 . ;f] cjlwleq ;DalGwt ofgn] ;DalGwt :6]zgnfO{ s'g}
;"rgf glbPdf ;f] :6]zgn] ;'?sf] sfof{nonfO{ k|]ifssf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ;f] Joxf]/f ;"lrt
ug]{5 . k|]ifsn] To;kl5 r'lQm ;]jf ;"rgff/f t6jtL{ :6]zg / hxfhL :6]zgsf] aLrsf] ;f]
tf/sf] ofqf c+z /2 ug{ jf yk & lbg t6jtL{ :6]zgdf ;f] tf/ /fVg cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg]5 .
tf/ a'emfpg g;lsPsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePsf] # lbgleq ;f] cg'/f]w gePdf ;f] tf/ ga'emfPsf]
dflgg]5 . ;f] # lbgsf] cjlwdf tf/ a'emfOPdf ;f] Joxf]/f z'?sf] sfof{nonfO{ va/ ul/g] k'g
yk & lbg;Dd /fVg] cg'/f]w eO{ ;f] cjlwleq ;f] tf/ a'emfOPsf] ;f]xL s'/f va/ ul/g]5 .
-#_ k|]ifsn] tf/ a'emfpg] cjlw gtf]s]sf] ePdf tf/ btf{ ePsf] rf}yf] lbgsf] laxfg ;f] tf/;DalGwt
ofgnfO{ a'emfpg g;lsPsf] Joxf]/f ;]jf ;"rgff/f ;DalGwt :6]zgn] ;'?sf] sfof{nonfO{
;"lrt ug]{5 . To;kl5 k|]ifsn] r'lQm ;"rgff/f t6jtL{ :6]zg / hxfhL :6]zgsf] aLrsf] ;f]
tf/sf] ofqf c+z /2 ug{ jf !) lbg;Dd t6jtL{ :6]zgdf ;f] tf/ /fVg cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;f]
cg'/f]w gePdf tf/ btf{ ePsf] lbg afx]s & lbgsf] cGtdf ;f] tf/ a'emfOPsf] dflgg]5 . ;f]
tf/ btf{ ePsf] lbgsf] rf}yf] / ;ftf}+ lbgsf] aLrdf ;f] tf/ ;DalGwt ofgdf a'emfOPdf ;f]xL
Joxf]/f k|]ifssf] cg'/f]w adf]lhdsf] cjlwleq tf/ a'emfOdf ;f] Joxf]/f ;'?sf] sfof{nonfO{
;"lrt ul/g]5 .
-$_ yk dx;"n gnfUg] ePdf Ps} k|zf;g cGtu{tsf] Ps jf csf]{ ;DalGwt ofg;Fu ;~rf/
Joj:yf ePsf] ;DalGwt ofgdf k7fpg'eGbf cufj} Ps} k|zf;g cGtu{tsf] Ps jf csf]{
:6]zgsf] If]qaflx/ uO;s]sf] ePdf ;f] Joxf]/f k|]ifsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpgsf] nflu ;'?sf]
sfof{nonfO{ ;]jf ;"rgff/f ;f] Joxf]/f k7fOg]5 .
cg';"rL=== 307
-^_ s'g} ;DalGwt :6]zgsf] glhs s'g} ofgsf] cfudgn] ;f] :6]zg jf ;DalGwt ofgdf tf/
6]lnu|fkm5f/f k7fpg g;lsPdf ;f] tf/ k7fpg cfjZos ePdf ;DalGwt :6]zgn] cGo s'g}
dfu{af6 ;f] tf/ k7fpg ;Sg]5 .
!!#= dx;"n w/f}6L Pj+ /]l8of] tf/sf] dx;"n lkmtf{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf M
-!_ kl/R5] * sf] clwgdf /xL /]l8of] tf/sf] dx;"n lkmtf{;DaGwL b]xfosf] vf; Joj:yf x'g5] M
-s_ lgod !)* sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ adf]lhdsf] tfs/f] dx;"n lkmtf{
x'g] 5}g .
-v_ /]l8of] 6]lnu|fkmf/f tf/ k7fOg] ;do ;DalGwt :6]zgdf ;f] tf/ /x]sf] ;do s'g} ogfsf]
7]ufgfdf k7fPsf] tf/ jf ofgaf6 tf/ k|fKt ePsf] ;do l9nfO{ ePsf] ;do dflgg]
5}g / ;f] ;do dx;"n lkmtf{;DaGwL ;do u0fgfdf dfGo x'g] 5}g .
-u_ s'g} ofgsf] 7]ufgfdf k7fOPsf] tf/sf] ;DaGwL ofgdf k7fpg g;lsPsf] Joxf]/f
;DalGwt :6]zgn] ;'? sfof{nonfO{ ;"rgf u/]df ;DalGwt :6]zg jf ofgsf] dx;"n
k|]ifsn] lgj]bg glbP klg lghnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ / kl/R5]b * tyf kl/R5]b !! cGtu{t k|fKt ePsf dx;"n /sdx >L % sf]
;/sf/ / ljb]zL k|zf;gsf aLr lx:;f n]gb]g ug]{ sfd k"/f geP;Dd jf dx;"n lkmtf{ lbg]
;do glat];Ddsf] nflu g]kfn /fi6 a}+sdf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gfdf Pp6f 5'} w/f}6L vftf
vf]nL hDdf u/L /flvg]5 .
!!$= /]l8of] tf/sf] ;+/If0f cjlw M
-!_ /]l8of] tf/sf] ;Ssn / tTt;DaGwL sfuhftx ;f] tf/ btf{ ePsf] dlxgf afx]s ^ dlxgf;Dd
;+/If0f ul/g]5g\ .
-@_ ga'emfOPsf] /]l8of] tf/sf] xsdf ;+/If0f cjlw $@ lbg;Dd dfq x'g]5 .
kl/R5]b!!
ljb]zL 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf;DaGwL Joj:yf
!!%= ljb]zL 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] If]q M
-!_ >L % sf] ;/sf/ / ;do ;dodf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf ljb]zL d'n's;Fu o; ;DaGwdf ePsf
;Demf}tf adf]lhd ljb]zL 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
-@_ k|To]s d'n's;Fu 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf rnfOg] ;do tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
!!^= snsf] >]0fL, k|fyldstf tyf ljz]if ;'ljwf M
-!_ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] pkof]u ug]{ s'g} JolQmnfo{ lbOg] snsf] >]0fL k|fyldstf tyf ljb]zL
;'ljwfx >L % sf] ;/sf/ / ljb]zL d'n's;Fu ;do ;dodf x'g] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ x'g]5 .
-@_ xnsf] >]0fL k|fyldstf tyf ljz]if ;'ljwfx ;do ;dodf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5g\ .
-#_ snx ;fwf/0ft M b]xfo adf]lhd rnfOg] 5g\ M
-s_ k"0f{tof cj?4 ePsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dfu{ k'gM :yfkgf ug]{ ;DaGwL ;]jf sn,
-v_ k|fyldstf cg'/f]w ul/Psf ;/sf/L sn,
-u_ k|fyldstf cg'/f]w gul/Psf ;/sf/L sn,
-3_ ;fj{hlgs sn,
-_ cGo ;]jf snx,
-$_ nfO6lg jf ch]{06 snsf] Joj:yf ePdf b]xfosf] qmd ckgfOg]5 M
-s_ l8:6]; sn
-v_ k"0f{tof cj?4 ePsf] 6]lnkmf]g dfu{ k'gM :yfkgf ug]{ ;DaGwL nfO6lg ;]jf sn,
-u_ nfO6lg ;/sf/L sn,
-3_ nfO6lg ;fj{hlgs sn,
-_ ch]{06 ;/sf/L sn,
-r_ ch]{06 ;]jf sn,
-5_ ch]{06 ;fj{hlgs sn,
-h_ vf; ?kdf k|fyldstf cg'/f]w ul/Psf] ;fwf/0f ;/sf/L sn,
-em_ ;fwf/0f ;/sf/L sn,
-`_ ;fwf/0f ;fj{hlgs sn,
-6_ ;fwf/0f ;]jf sn .
-%_ pklgod -#_ / -$_ adf]lhdsf Ps} >]0fLsf] k|To]s snx ;f] sn a"s ul/Psf] qmd
adf]lhd rnfOg] 5g\ .
!!&= sn a"s ug]{ tl/sf M
-!_ ljb]zL 6]lnkmf]g snx s'g} 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~rdf klAns sn sfof{non] tf]lsP adf]lhd
a"s ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
-@_ sn a"s ubf{ u|fxsn] b]xfosf] ljj/0f lbg'kg]{ 5 M
-s_ gDa/6'gDa/ snsf] nflu M
-!_ sn ug]{ 6]lnkmf]g gDa/,
-@_ sn ul/Psf] PS;r]~r / 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ / ;f] gePdf dfluPsf] gDa/ / kQf nfUg
;Sg] cGo ljj/0f .
-v_ k;{g6'k;{g snsf] nflu M
-!_ sn ug]{ 6]lnkmf]g gDa/,
-@_ sn ul/Psf] PS;r]~h / 6]lnkmf]g gDa/,
-#_ sn ug]{ JolQmsf] gfd, /
-$_ sn ul/Psf] JolQmsf] gfd .
-u_ ;/sf/L snsf] nflu M
-!_ ;/sf/L sn ug]{ JolQmn] lghsf] gfd / bhf{ .
-@_ cGt/f{li6o 6+s PS;r]~hf/f sn k"/f ug{sf] nflu cfjZos cGo ljj/0f .
cg';"rL=== 309
-#_ lgod !!% sf] / o; lgodsf] pklgod -%_ sf] clwgdf /xL sn ug]{ JolQmn] sn a"s
ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhd cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ lghn] pNn]v u/]sf] vf; ;dodf sn k"/f ug]{, jf
-v_ pNn]v u/]sf] vf; 306fsf] aLrdf sn k"/f gug]{, jf
-u_ pNn]v u/]sf] ;doleq sn k"/f gePdf ;f] sn /2 ug]{ .
-$_ sn k"/f x'g nfu]sf] ;"rgf sn ug]{ JolQmnfO{ glbP;Dd ;do ;dodf tf]lsPsf] zt{ kl/l:ylt
adf]lhd ;f] JolQmn] sn abNg ;Sg]5 .
-%_ a"s ul/Psf] snsf] dfGo cjlw ;f] sn k"/f eOg;s]sf] jf /2 gul/Psf] ePdf ;do ;dodf
k|zf;gsf] aLrdf ePsf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd x'g]5 .
!!*= snsf] ;do M
-!_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf sn ;'? ePsf] dflgg]5 M
-s_ gDa/6'gDa/ snsf] xsdf sn ug]{ / ul/g] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/sf] aLrdf ;~rf/ Joj:yf
:yflkt ePdf,
-v_ k;{g6'k;{g snsf] xsdf ;DalGwt JolQmxsf] aLrdf ;~rf/ Joj:yf :yflkt
ePdf] .
-@_ sn ug]{ 6]lnkmf]gsf] sn vtdf ePsf] ;+s]t lbPdf jf sn ug]{n] l/l;e/ g/fv] tfklg
ck/]6/n] sn 5'6fOlbPdf snsf] ;do ;dfKt x'g]5 .
!!(= dx;"n nfUg] cjlw M
-!_ sn k"/f ul/Psf] ;dosf] dx;"n nfUg] cjlw tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ s'g} JolQmn] sn ;'? ePkl5 lghsf] s;"/ ljgf ;do Joy{ uPdf dx;"n nfUg] cjlw lgwf{/0f
ug{ cGt/f{li6o 6+s PS;r]~hn] tf]lsP adf]lhd ;f] Joy{ uPsf] cjlw sf u/L afFsL ;do
dfq dx;"n nufOg]5 .
!@)= s'/fsfgLsf] PsfO M
-!_ s'/fsfgL k"/f ePsf] k|]To]s tLg ldg]6sf] Psk6s dflgg]5 .
-@_ s'/fsfgL ug]{ JolQmnfo{ Ps k6s ;dfKt x'gf;fy} ;f] k6s ;dfKt ePsf] Joxf]/f / k|To]s
ldg]6 lat]sf] s'/f ck/]6/n] ;"lrt ug]{5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ;"rgf kfO{ s'/f ub}{ /xg] JolQmn] snsf] ;do a9fOPsf] dfGg'k5{ .
!@!= 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] efiff M g]kfn clw/fHosf] k|zf;gsf] ck/]6/n] u|fxs / ljb]zL k|zf;gsf] ck/]6/sf]
aLrdf s'/fsfgLdf] cfbfgk|bfg ug{sf] nflu ;fwf/0ft M c+u|]hL efiff g} ;]jf efiff dflgg]5 .
!@@= snsf] cjlw M
-!_ s'g} snsf] cjlw ;Lldt ug{ jf Hofbf k|fylstf lbOg] sn ;~rf/ ug{sf] nflu rln/x]sf
snx aLrdf /f]Sg] clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] 6]lnu|fkm clwsf/LnfO{ x'g]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd snsf] cjlw ;Lldt ul/Pdf jf . /f]s]df sn ug]{ jf ul//x]sf]
u|fxsnfO{ sn ;'? x'g jf sn ;dfKt x'g'eGbf s]xL If0f cufl8 ;"rgf lbOg]5 .
-s_ klAns sn sfof{noaf6 a"s ul/Psf snx ;Lldt cjlwsf sn ;/x x'g]5g,
-v_ sn ug]{sf] lgwf{l/t ;doeGbf snsf] cjlw a9fpg kfpg] 5}g . snsf] cjlw a9fpg
rfx]df csf]{ sn a"s ug'{ kg]{5 .
!@#= sn /2 ug]{ M
-!_ sn k"/f x'g'eGbf cufj} s'g} ;dodf sn a"s ug]{ JolQmn] ;f] sn /2 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ sn /2 ubf{ ;fwf/0ftM dx;"n nfUg] 5}g .
!@$= dx;"n M
-!_ k"/f ePsf] sn ;DaGwdf M
-s_ Go"gtd dx;"n nfUg] cjlw tLg ldg]6 x'g]5,
-v_ s'g} snsf] cjlw Go"gtd cjlweGbf a9]df x/]s ldg]6 jf c+zsf] dx;"n Go"gtd
cjlwsf] dx;"nsf] Ps ltxfOsf] b/n] nufOg]5,
-u_ snsf] Joj:yf ug{sf] nflu pkof]u ul/Psf] dfu{ s'g} ePtf klg s'g} Ps d'n'sdf
ug'{kg]{ snsf] dx;"n ;dfg x'g]5 .
-@_ ljkmn snsf] ;DaGwdf M
-s_ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] u8a8Laf6 Joy{ uPsf] ;dosf] dx;"n nufOg] 5}g,
-v_ k;{g6'k;{g sn / yk dx;"n afFsL /x]sf snafx]s snsf] ;~rf/ Joj:yf x'g
nfu]sf] ;"rgf kfpg'eGbf cufj} jf ;f] ;"rgf kfPkl5 sn ul/Psf] JolQm sfddf
Jo:t ePsf] jf s'g} hjfkm gcfPsf] s'/f kfO{ lghsf] ;DalGwt sn /2 ug]{ JolQmn]
dx;"n ltg'{kg]{ 5}g .
-u_ pklgod -@_ sf] v08 -v_ sf] snafx]s sn ug]{ jf ul/Psf JolQmn] d~h"/
gu/]sf snsf] dx;"nsf] xsdf ;fwf/0f s'/fsfgLsf] Ps ldg]6sf] nfUg] dx;"n ;/x
x'g]5 .
-3_ k;{g6' k;{g sndf nfUg] k|ltj]bg dx;"n / cGo zt{x ;do ;dodf >L % sf]
;/sf/n] tf]lslbP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-_ unt gDa/df sn a"s eO{ Joj:yf ePdf tLg ldg]6sf] dx;"n nfUg]5 . ;f]xL unt
gDa/sf] d'n'sleq csf]{ gDa/df ;f] snsf] ;f csf]{ sn a"s ul/Pdf ;f] unt
gDa/;Fusf] snsf] Ps ldg]6sf] dfq dx;"n nufOg]5 .
-#_ o; lgoddf cGoyf Joj:yf ePdf afx]s ljz]if ;'ljwf ;lxtsf ljkmn snsf] dx;"n
;do ;dodf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_ >L % sf] ;/sf/ / ljb]zL k|zf;gsf] aLrdf dx;"n gnfUg] u/L cfbfg k|bfg x'g] ;]jf snsf]
lgldQ lgod !@@, !@#, / !@$ sf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] 5}g .
!@%= dx;"n ;+sng M 6]lnkmf]gaf6 sn a"s ul/Pdf ;f] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/sf] u|fxs;Fu / klAns sn
sfof{noaf6 sn a"s ul/Pdf cufj} dx;"n glt/L tf]lsP adf]lhd ;f] u|fxsnfO{ sn ug{ lbg
;lsg]5 .
cg';"rL=== 311
!@^= w/f}6L lx;fa k|f0ffnL M
-!_ s'g} u|fxsn] w/f}6L lx;fa k|0ffnL adf]lhd 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|fKt ug{ rfxg] lgj]bg lbPdf
cufj} dx;"n glt/L tf]lsP adf]lhd ;f] u|fxsnfO{ sn ug{ lbg ;lsg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] lgj]bgsf] nflu lgod #( adf]lhdsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ lghsf]
lx;fa lstfa rNg]5 .
!@&= sfo{qmd M sfo{qmd k|]if0f -k|f]u|fd 6fG;ldzg_ ug]{ Joj:yf ;do ;dodf >L % sf] ;/sf/af6
tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
!@*= lglif4 va/ M b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Joxf]/f ePsf] s'g} tf/ 6]lnkmf]g ug{ lgif]w ul/g]5 M
-s_ cZnLn jf clzi6 lsl;dsf, jf
-v_ s'g} u|fxsnfO{ /L; nfUg] lsl;dsf, jf
-u_ cfd hgtfsf] ;'/IffnfO{ vnaNofpg] lsl;dsf, jf
-3_ P]g jf lgodlj?4 x'g] lsl;dsf .
cg';"rL !
lgod @ ;Fu ;DalGwt
-s_ lrXg M
-!_ ;DaGwf/ jf :d/0f n]vsf] lrXg ,
-@_ lj;u{ jf efu lrXg M
-#_ cw{lj/fd
-$_ leGg c+s . -%_ k"0f{ la/fd =
-^_ xfOkmg jf 8]; jf z]if lrXg
-&_ u'0fg lrXg x
-*_ ;os8f lrXg
-(_ xhf/ lrXg +.M
-!)_ sf]i7s lrXg - _
-!!_ wg lrXg
-!@_ k|Zg lrXg <
-!#_ p4/0f lrXg
-!$_ ;]s]08 lrXg
-!%_ ;do ;dodf tf]lsPsf cGo lrXgx
-v_ vf; ;+s]t M
;+lIfKt ?k cy{
-!_ O6f6 k|/f]/fO6 g]zG; ;+o'Qm /fi6;Fu cfbfg k|bfg x'g] tf/
-@_ O6f6 k|of]/fO6 k|fyldstfo'Qm ;/sf/L tf/
-#_ O6f6 ;fwf/0f ;/sf/L tf/
-$_ ch]{06 h?/L tf/
-%_ cf/=;L=6L= o'4jGbL ;DaGwL tf/
-^_ cf/=kL=PS;= dx;"n r'lQm hjfkm
-&_ 6L=;L ?h' ug]{
-*_ kL=;L= k|fKt ePsf] ;"rgf lbg'kg]{ tf/
-(_ PS;k|]; vf; b"tf/f
-!)_ PS;=kL= vf; b"tf/f a'emfpg] dx;"n lt/]sf]
-!!_ h/ lbgdf a'emfOg] tf/
-!@_ Go"6 /ftdf a'emfpg] tf/
-!#_ kf]i6 x'nfsf/f
-!$_ kL=cf/= x'nfs /lhi6L -btf{_
-!%_ kL=P=eL= xjfO{ 8fFs
-!^_ Pd\=kL= JolQmnfO{ xftd} a'emfpg] tf/
-!&_ 6L= cf/= 6]lnu|fd sfof{nod} a'emfOg] tf/
-!*_ hL=kL= x'nfsd} a'emfpg] tf/
-!(_ hL=kL=cf/ btf{ x'nfs sfof{nod} /fvL a'emfOg] tf/
-@)_ 6L=P;=PS;= 7]ufgfx
-@!_ ;L=6L=P= ;a} 7]ufgfx a'emfOg]
-@@_ h]=S;= lbgx
-@#_ k|]; ;dfrf/;DaGwL tf/
-@$_ Pn\= PS;= ljlzi6 kmf/fddf lbOg] tf/
-@%_ kL=P=eL=cf/= btf{ xjfO{
-@^_ /]d]6/ PS; plNnlvt ldltd} a'emfOg] tf/
-@&_ 6L=P;\=PS;\= 6]lnkmf]gf/f lbOg] tf/
-@*_ cf/=Pd\= Ps jf csf]{ ultzLn ofgsf] :6]zgaf6 k'gM k|]if0f
ul/g] tf/
-@(_ cf]=a=P;\= cGtl/If 1fg;DaGwL tf/
-#)_ Pn=6L=jf Pn\=6L= Pkm= kq tf/
-#!_ l/ PS;k]8fO8]S; k'gM lgb]{zg ul/g] tf/
-#@_ Pkm\=P;\= k|fKtstf{nfO{ cg';/0f ul/g] tf/
-##_ Pkm\=P;\=PS;\= k|]ifsn] k'gM lgb]{zg u/]sf] tf/
-#$_ 6L=Pn\=PS;= l6n]S;f/f a'emfOg] tf/
cg';"rL=== 313
-#%_ ;do ;dodf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf lgb]{zgx tf]lsPsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd k|of]u ul/g]5g\ .
cg';"rL@
lgod !) ;Fu ;DalGwt
vf; lgb]{zg
cg';"rL! v08 -v_ sf] -!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ -%_ -@#_ -@(_ / -#)_ cGtu{tsf vf;
lgb]{zgxsf] tf/sf] >]0fL ljefhg ug]{5 .
l6Kk0fL M s]xL g]kfn sfg"g -;+zf]wg P]g, @)@$ f/f clkm; / l/kf]6{ sf] ;f sfof{no /
k|ltj]bg /fvL ?kfGt/ ul/Psf] 5 .
;|f]tM
g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ldlt
@)@$.$.!^
***
cg';"rL M !)
;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g, lj=;+= @)@*
@)@* ;fnsf] P]g= g+= !%
/fli6o ;~rf/ ;]jf of]hgf cg'?k ;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf / u7g ug{ ag]sf] P]g
k|:tfjgf M /fli6o Pstfsf] ;'b[l9s/0f tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] lgldQ /fli6o ;~rf/ ;]jf of]hgf cg'?k
;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ ljleGg dfWodf/f ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ ;/n, ;'ne Pj+ ;'ky ?kdf pknAw u/fpg
;+:yfxsf] dfWodf/f ;~rfng u/L ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ ;d]t ;se/ a9L dfqfdf z/Ls u/fO{
ltgLxsf] cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ NofO{ hLjg:t/ pRr kfb}{ n}hfgsf] nflu To:tf ;+:yfgsf ;DaGwdf
s]xL cfjZos sfg"gL Aoj:yf ug{ af~5gLo ePsf]n], >L % dxf/fhflw/fh dx]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jaf6
/fli6o k~rfotsf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddltn] of] P]g agfOaS;]sf] 5 .
kl/R5]b !
k|f/lDes
!= ;+lIfKt gfd, lj:tf/ / k|f/De M
-!_ o; P]gsf] gfd ;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g, @)@* /x]sf]5 .
-@_ of] P]g g]kfn clw/fHoe/ nfu" x'g]5 .
-#_ of] P]g t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; P]gdf,
-s_ ;+:yfg eGgfn] bkmf # adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] ;+:yfgnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-v_ ;~rfns ;ldlt eGgfn] ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt ;Demg' k5{ .
-u_ dxfk|aGws eGgfn] ;+:yfgsf] dxfk|aGwsnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ / of] zAbn] lghsf] lgldQ sfd
ug]{ AolQmnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
-3_ z]o/ xf]N8/ eGgfn] o; P]g cGtu{t :yflkt ;+:yfgsf] ;DaGwdf ;f] ;+:yfgsf] z]o/ lng]
AolQm ;Demg' k5{ .
-_ ;~rfns eGgfn] ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] ;ldltsf] cWoIftf ug]{
AolQmnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
-r_ tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsP adf]lhd eGgfn] of] P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgod jf ljlgodxdf
tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsP adf]lhd ;Demg' k5{ .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

cg';"rL=== 315
kl/R5]b @
:yfkgf, k"FhL / Joj:yf
#= ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf M
-!_ /fli6o lxt tyf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] 1fg, hfgsf/L dgf]/~hg, ;'ljwf jf cfly{s lxtsf]
lgldQ s'g} ;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ ;+:yfgsf] dfWodaf6 ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos jf pko'Qm b]lvPdf
g]kfn ;/sf/n] b]xfosf s'/fx v'nfO{ g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L s'g} ;+:yfgsf]
:yfkgf / u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ ;+:yfgsf] gfd,
-v_ ;+:yfgsf] d"n sfof{no /xg] 7fpF,
-u_ ;+:yfgsf] p2]Zo / sfd st{Jo .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] ;+:yfgsf] gfd, sfof{no jf p2]Zo tyf sfd st{Aodf s'g}
x]/km]/ ug{ k/]df g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L To:tf] x]/km]/ ug{ ;Sg]5 .
$= ;+:yfgn] zfvf sfof{no vf]Ng ;Sg] M
;+:yfgn] cfgf] d"n sfof{no afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ cfjZostfg';f/ zfvf sfof{no
vf]Ng ;Sg]5 .
%= ;+:yfg :jzfl;t / ;+ul7t ;+:yf dflgg] M
-!_ ;+:yfg cljlR5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf :jzfl;t / ;+ul7t ;+:yf dflgg]5 .
-@_ ;+:yfgsf] ;a} sfdsf] lgldQ cfgf] Pp6f 5'6[} 5fk x'g]5 .
-#_ ;+:yfgn] o; P]g / k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL JolQm ;/x rn crn ;DklQ k|fKt
ug{, ef]u ug{ s'g} lsl;dn] x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ ;+:yfgn] cfgf] gfdaf6 gflnz ph"/ ug{ / ;f] pk/ klg ;f]xL gfdaf6 gflnz ph"/ nfUg
;Sg]5 .
^= ;+:yfgsf] k"FhL, z]o/ / z]o/ xf]N8/x M
-!_ k|To]s ;+:yfgsf] clws[t k"FhL g]kfn ;/sfn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ ;+:yfgsf] s"n k"FhLdf sDtLdf PsfpGg k|ltzt z]o/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lng]5 / a9Ldf
kRrL; k|ltzt z]o/ ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsP adf]lhd laqmL ul/g]5 . afFsL /x]sf] z]o/
;j{;fwf/nfO{ laqmL ul/g]5 . sd{rf/Ln] vl/b u/]sf] z]o/ lghn] ;+:yfgsf] ;]jfdf /x'~h]n
;'qmL laqmL ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
-#_ k|To]s z]o/ cljefHo x'g]5 .
-$_ ;fwf/tM ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx afx]s s'g} AolQm jf sDkgLnfO{ tf]lsPsf] k|ltzteGbf a9L
z]o/ lbgdf k|ltaGw nufpg ;lsg]5 .
-%_ ;+:yfgsf] z]o/ xf]N8/sf] bfloTj ;Lldt x'g]5 .
;~rf/ ;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg P]g, @)@( f/f ;+zf]lwt .
&= z]o/ xf]N8/ x''g cof]Uotf M
g]kfnsf] gful/s jf g]kfn sfg"g cGtu{t /lhi6/ ePsf] sDkgL jf ;xsf/L ;+:yf jf g]kfn P]g
cGtu{t :yfkgf ePsf] skf]{/]zg jf ;+ul7t ;+:yf afx]s c?s;}n] klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt
glnO{ ;+:yfgsf] z]o/ lsGg jf z]o/ xf]N8/ aGg kfpg] 5}g .
*= cg'bfg / C0f lng] clwsf/ M
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnP/ ;+:yfgn] cfgf] rfn" k"FhL a9fpgsf] nflu cfjZos gub jf lhG;L
C0f lng jf cg'bfg :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;fwf/0f ;efsf] Aoj:yf ePkl5 s'g} ljb]zL /fi6 jf
Ph]G;Laf6 To;/L C0f ln+bf jf cg'bfg :jLsf/ ubf{ ;fwf/0f ;efsf] klg k/fdz{ lng' kg]{5 .
(= ;+:yfgsf] /]vb]v / Aoj:yf M
of] P]gdf cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s ;+:yfgsf] ;a} sfd sf/jfO{sf] /]vb]v, lgb]{zg / Aoj:yf ;~rfns
;ldltn] ug]{5 . t/ ;~rfns ;ldltn] of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgoddf pNn]v ul/Psf]df
cfgf] st{Ao / clwsf/x dWo] cfk"mn] cfjZos Pj+ plrt b]v]sf st{Ao / clwsf/x dxfk|aGws
jf Ps jf PseGbf a9L ;~rfnsxsf] pk;ldlt jf ;+:yfgsf c? kbflwsf/Ln] kfng / k|of]u ug]{
u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 .
kl/R5]b #
;~rfns ;ldlt
!)= ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g / ;~rfnsxsf] sfo{cjlw M
-!_ k|To]s ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns -;ldlt o;kl5 ;ldlt elgPsf]_ df b]xfo adf]lhd kfFr hgf
;~rfnsx /xg]5g\ M
-s_ ;+:yfgsf] dxfk|aGws,
-v_ u}/;/sf/L z]o/ xf]N8/x dWo]af6 ;fwf/0f ;eff/f lgjf{lrt Pshgf,
-u_ ;/sf/L z]o/ jfkt g]kfn ;/sf/n] dgf]gog u/]sf] Pshgf,
-3_ ;+:yfgsf] sfo{If]q ;DalGwt If]qdf VoftL k|fKt AolQm dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] dgf]gog
u/]sf] Pshgf, /
-_ ;+:yfgdf sfd ug]{ z]o/ xf]N8/ sd{rf/L dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt Pshgf .
-@_ ;fwf/0f ;eff/f lgjf{lrt x'g] Aoj:yf geP;Dd jf pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -_ cGtu{t z]o/jfnf
sd{rf/L dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt x'g] Aoj:yf geP;Dd z]o/ xf]N8/af6 lgjf{lrt x'g] ;~rfns klg
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dgf]lgt x'g]5 .
-#_ ;ldltsf] cWoIf g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]Sg]5 / To;/L cWoIf gtf]s]sf]df ;ldltsf] cWoIftfdf
;+:yfgsf dxfk|aGwsn] ug]{5 .
-#s_ v08 -v_, -u_, -3_, / -_ cGtu{t lgjf{lrt jf dggf]gLt ;~rfnsxsf] sfof{jlw
rf/ jif{sf] x'g]5 / sfof{jlw ;lsPkl5 lghx k'gM lgjf{lrt jf dgf]lgt x'g ;Sg]5g\ .
klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
cg';"rL=== 317
-$_ pkbkmf -#s_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -u_ / -3_ cGtu{t
dgf]gLt ;~rfnssf] sfof{jlw k"/f gx'Fb} lghsf] ;6[f g]kfn ;/sf/n] c? s'g} AolQmnfO{
dgf]gog ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-%_ ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 jf ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lxaf6 ;~rfnssf] lgjf{rg e} sfo{ef/ ;Dxfn]kl5
ltgsf xsdf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dgf]gLt ;~rfnsx :jtM vf/]h x'g]5 .
t/ o;/L vf/]h ePsf] AolQm ;~rfnsdf lgo'Qm x'g jf dgf]lgt x'g o; pkbkmfn] afwf k'ofPsf]
dflgg] 5}g .
-^_ ======== ===== =======
!!= ;~rfnssf] lgldQ cof]Uotf M b]xfosf] s'g} AolQm ;~rfns x'g jf /xg ;Sg]5}g M
-s_ ax'nf jf dfgl;s ;Gt'ng /lxt AolQm,
-v_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}Hbf/L cleof]udf s;"/bf/ k|dfl0ft eO{ ;f] jfkt ^ dlxgfeGbf a9L s}bsf]
;hfo kfPsf] / To:tf] s}bsf] ;hfo ef]lu;s]sf] ldltn] kfFraif{ e'Qmfg gu/]sf AolQm,
-u_ C0f ltg{ g;sL ;fx"sf] bfdf;fxLdf k/]sf AolQm , jf
-3_ ;+:yfg;Fusf] s'g} 7]Ssf k6[f jf s/f/df s'g} k|sf/sf] lghL :jfy{ ePsf] AolQm .
!@= ;~rfnsnfO{ x6fpg ;lsg] cj:yf M
-!_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf lgjf{lrt ;~rfnsnfO{ ;fwf/0f ;efdf pkl:yt z]o/ xf]N8/xsf] ax'dtn]
x6fpg ;lsg]5 M
-s_ bkmf !! df plNnlvt s'g} cof]Uotf ePdf, jf
-v_ ;ldltsf] cg'dlt lagf ;ldltsf] a}7sdf nuftf/ tLg k6seGbf a9L cg'kl:yt ePdf
/ ;f] cg'kl:yltsf] sf/0f dgf]lgt ;~rfns eP g]kfn ;/sf/sf] b[li6sf]0fdf / lgjf{lrt
;~rfns eP ;fwf/0f ;efsf] b[li6sf]0fdf dgfl;j gb]lvPdf, jf
-u_ bkmf !* pNn+3g u/L ;+:yfg;Fu ePsf] s'g} 7]Ssf k6[fdf lx:;]bf/ ePsf] k|dfl0ft ePdf .
-@_ z]o/ xf]N8/ sd{rf/L dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt ;~rfnssf] xsdf To:tf z]o/ xf]N8/ sd{rf/Lsf]
ax'dtn] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t u/]df .
!#= ;~rfnssf] /fhLgfdf / vfnL :yfgsf] k"lt{ M
-!_ s'g} dgf]lgt ;~rfnsn] g]kfn ;/sf/df / lgjf{lrt ;~rfnsn] ;ldltdf lnlvt ;"rgf lbO{
cfgf] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbg ;Sg]5 . /fhLgfdf :jLs[t ePkl5 lghn] kbTofu u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
-@_ s'g} dgf]lgt jf lgjf{lrt ;~rfnssf] d[To', /fhLgfdf jf c? s'g} sf/0faf6 vfnL x'g cfPdf
dgf]gog jf lgjf{rgf/f ;f] vfnL :yfgsf] k"lt{ ul/g]5 / To;/L lgjf{lrt jf dgf]lgt ;~rfns
cfgf] ;fljsjfnfsf] afFsL cjlw;Dd dfq ;f] :Yffgdf axfn /xg]5 .
-#_ ;ldltsf] u7gdf s'g} q'l6 eO{ jf s'g} ;~rfnssf] :yfg vfnL eO{ ;ldltdf sfd sf/jfO{
ePsf] eP klg ;f]xL sf/0fn] dfq eO{;s]sf] To:tf] sfd sf/jfO{ ab/ x'g ;Sb}g .
klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt . ;~rf/ ;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg P]g, @)@( f/f ;+zf]lwt .
klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f lemlsPsf] .
!$= ;~rfnssf] kfl/>lds M
;~rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIf jf ;b:onfO{ tf]lsPadf]lhd kfl/>lds jfkt ;+:yfgsf] z]o/ pknAw
u/fO{g]5 .
!%= ;ldltsf] a}7s M
-!_ ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] ;do / :yfgdf ;ldltsf] a}7s a:g]5 / ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] sfo{ljlw tf]lsP
adf]lhd x'g]5 . cWoIfsf] cg'kl:yltdf ;~rfnsxn] cfk"mdWo]af6 5fg]sf] ;~rfnsn]
;ldltsf] a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{5 .
-@_ ;ldltdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;b:oxsf] s"n ;+Vofsf] cflweGbf a9L ;b:oxn] a}7sdf
pkl:yt ePdf ;ldltsf] u0fk"/s ;+Vof k'usf] dflgg]5 .
-#_ ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt eO{ dt lbg] ;~rfnsxsf] ax'dtsf] lg0f{o dfGo x'g]5 . cWoIftf
ug]{ JolQmn] ;fwf/0ftM dt lbg kfpg] 5}g, t/ dt a/fa/ ePdf lg0f{ofTds dt lbg] kfpg]5 .
!^= dxfk|aGws, ;Nnfxsf/ / cGo sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm M
-!_ k|To]s ;+:yfgsf] sfo{xsf] ;~rfngsf] lgldQ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Pshgf dxfk|aGws / cfjZos
ePhlt ;Nnfxsf/ tyf ;ldltn] c? sd{rf/Lxsf] lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . lghxsf] lgo'lQm
;]jfsf] zt{sfo{ cjlw / kfl/>lds tf]lsPaf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ ;+:yfgsf] sd{rf/Ln] k|To]s dxLgf kfpg] kfl/>ldssf] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] caf6 clgjfo{
?kn] ;+:yfgsf] z]o/ v/Lb ug'{ kg]{ u/L lgo'lQm / ;]jf zt{ tf]Sg ;lsg]5 . t/, c:yfoL lgo'Qm
ePsf / s/f/ ;]jfdf lgo'Qm eul/Psf sd{rf/LnfO{ z]o/ laqmL ul/g] 5}g .
!&= ;~rfnsn] a}7sdf efu lng gkfpg] M dxfk|aGws jf bkmf !) adf]lhd ;~rfns eO{/x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{
sf/jfxL ug]{ ;DaGwdf a;]sf] ;ldltsf] a}7sdf dxfk|aGws jf To:tf] sd{rf/Ln] ;~rfnssf] x}l;otn]
To:tf] a}7sdf efu lng kfpg] 5}g .
!*= ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns / dxfk|aGws pk/ k|ltaGw M ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns jf dxfk|aGwsn] ;+:yfg;Fu
x'g] s'g} 7]Ssf k6[fdf lx:;]bf/ x'g ;Sg] 5}g .
t/, ;+:yfgn] lnP lbPsf] jf lng] lbg] k|:tfj u/L ;ldltsf] ljrf/fy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] s'g} 7]Ssf
k6[fdf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kaf6 ;/f]sf/ ePsf] s'g} s'/f cfk"mnfO{ yfxf x'gf;fy k|To]s ;~rfns jf
dxfk|aGwsn] ;f] s'/f oyfzL3| ;ldltsf] a}7sdf k]z ug'{ k5{ . ;f] k]z ePsf] s'/f dfOGo"6 a"sdf
hgfOg]5 / ;/f]sf/jfnf ;~rfnsn] ;f] 7]Ssf k6[faf/] ;ldltdf x'g] s'g} ljrf/ ljdz{ jf lg0f{odf
efu lng kfpg] 5}g .
!(= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt k|fKt ug'{ kg]{] M ;+:yfgn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"j{ :jLs[lt glnO{ b]xfosf sfd
s'/f ug{ x'Fb}g M
-s_ Ps s/f]8 ?k}ofFeGbf a9L dd"No kg]{ s'g} crn ;DklQ vl/b ug{ jf k|fKt ug{, jf
-v_ bz jif{eGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu s'g} crn ;DklQ lwtf] lng jf lbg, jf
-u_ kfFr nfv ?k}ofF eGbf a9L df]n kg]{ s'g} ;DklQ jf clwsf/ jf ;'ljwf a]r lavg jf gfd;f/L ug{ .
cg';"rL=== 319
kl/R5]b $
;fwf/0f ;ef
@)= sfo{qmd k]z ug]{] M

-!_ ;ldltn] cfgf] cfly{s aif{ z'? x'g'eGbf sd;]sd tLg dxLgf cufl8 ;+:yfn] cfufdL cfly{s
aif{df ul/g] sfo{ ;~rfng ;DaGwL sfo{qmd, ljsf; sfo{sf] cfoJoosf] ljj/0f c? sfd
s'/fxsf] ljj/0f, k"FhL nufgL / sd{rf/Lxsf] yk d2t rflxg] eP To;sf] ljj/0f ;lxt
cfly{s nut k|:tfljt u/L ;fwf/0f ;efdf :jLs[ltsf] lgldQ k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ s'g} cfly{s aif{df ;+:yfgn] pkbkmf -!_ cGtu{t klxn] g} k]z eO{ ;s]sf] sfo{qmddf plNnlvt
s'/fxsf] cltl/Qm c? s'g} ljz]if sfo{ ug{ rfx]df / To;n] ubf{ k|:tfljt cfly{s nutdf
7f]; cbn abn Nofpg] ;+efjgf ePdf ;+:yfgn] To:tf] sfd s'/fx
k"/s sfo{qmd / To; ;DaGwdf pQm cfly{s ;fnsf] afFsL /xg cfPsf];dodf a]xf]g]{ vr{ /
k|fKt ug]{ /sdsf] k"/s nut ;fwf/0f ;efdf :jLs[ltsf] lgldQ k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ ;fwf/0f ;efsf] Joj:yf geP;Dd ;ldltn] pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ adf]lhdsf] nut g]kfn ;/sf/
5]p k]z ug'{ kb{5 .
@!= ;fwf/0f ;ef M
-!_ ;+:yfgn] laqmL ug{ lgisflzt u/]sf] z]o/ k"FhLsf] sDtLdf % k|ltzt d"Nosf] z]o/ laqmL
eO;s]kl5 k|To]s aif{ ;+:yfgsf] aflif{s lx;fa aGb ePsf] ldltn] gAa] lbgleq ;+:yfgsf]
d"n sfof{nodf Ps ;fwf/0f ;ef -o;kl5 afif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef elgPsf]_ ul/g]5 . sDtLdf
kfFr k|ltzt z]o/ xf]N8/xn] lnlvt lgj]bg u/]df jf ;ldltn] cfjZos 7x/fPdf c? s'g}
;dodf klg ;+:yfgsf] ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;ef af]nfOg]5 .
-@_ sDtLdf Ps ltxfO{ z]o/ xf]N8/ cfk}m jf k|ltlglwf/f pkl:yt geO{ ;fwf/0f ;efsf] u0fk"/s
;+Vof k"/f ePsf] dflgg] 5}g . ;f] adf]lhd u0fk"/sd ;+Vof gk'uL bf]>f] k6s ;ef af]nfpFbf
eg] z]o/ xf]N8/xsf] 5 v08sf] Ps v08 pkl:yt ePdf u0fk"/s ;+Vof k'u]sf] dflgg]5 .
t/ bf];|f] k6sdf klg n]lvP adf]lhd u0fk"/s ;+Vof gk'u]df ;f]xL Aoxf]/f g]kfn ;/sf/df k]z
u/L lgsf;f eP adf]lhd ug'{k5{ .
-#_ aflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf pkl:yt z]o/ xf]N8/xn] ;+:yfgsf] aflif{s lx;fa tyf nfe xfgLsf]
vftf, To; pk/ n]vfk/LIfssf] ================ k|ltj]bgdf k/]sf s'/fx / ;+:yfgsf]
aif{el/sf] sfd ;DaGwL ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg pk/ 5nkmn ug]{5 . aflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efsf] Joj:yf
x'g g;s];Dd tL s'/fx g]kfn ;/sf/df k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-$_ ;+:yfgsf] s"n k"FhLsf] k|To]s Ps k|ltzt z]o/sf] Psdtsf] lx;fan] h] hlt k|ltzt z]o/
v/Lb ul/Psf]5 ;f] a/fa/ ;+Vofdf z]o/ xf]N8/n] dt lbg kfpg] 5 .
;~rf/ ;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg, P]g @)@( f/f lemlsPsf] .
t/
-s_ ;+:yfgsf] s"n k"FhLsf] Ps k|ltzteGbf sd z]o/ v/Lb u/]sf]df eg] dt lbg
kfpg] 5}g .
-v_ z]o/ k|ltzt Ps O{sfeGbf a9L ePdf dflyNnf] OsfO{ gk'u];Dd tNnf] OsfO{ a/fa/sf]
dt dfq lbg kfpg]5 .
-%_ z]o/ xf]N8/xn] ;fwf/0f ;efsf] a}7sdf cfk}m pkl:yt ge} jf k|ltlglw gk7fO{ dt lbg kfpg]
5}g .
-^_ ;fwf/0f ;efsf] lg0f{o pkl:yt e} dt lbg] z]o/ xf]N8/xsf] ;fwf/0f ax'dtf/f x'g]5 .
@@= lg0f{o lbg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ M ;+:yfgsf] sfo{ ;~rfngdf ;fwf/0f ;ef / ;ldltsf] aLr
dt ljleGg x'g uPdf To;sf] lg0f{ofy{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k]z ul/g]5 / g]kfn ;/sf/n] lbPsf] lg0f{o
clGtd x'g]5 .
kl/R5]b %
sf]if, lx;fa / n]vfk/LIf0f
@#= ;+:yfgsf] sf]if M
-!_ ;+:yfgsf] cfgf] Pp6f 5'6}[ sf]if /xg]5 . C0f / cg'bfg nufot ;+:yfgn] k|fKt ug]{ ;a} /sd ;f]xL
sf]ifdf hDdf ul/g]5 / ;+:yfgsf] tkm{af6 vr{ ug'{ kg]{ /sdx klg ;f]xL sf]ifaf6 a]xf]l/g]5 .
-@_ sf]ifsf] ;a} /sd g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]lslbPsf] a}+sdf hDdf ul/g]5 .
-#_ of] P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod adf]lhd clws[t sfo{xsf] lgldQ plrt 7xl/Psf]
/sd vr{ ug]{ clwsf/ ;ldltnfO{ x'g]5 .
@$= ;+:yfgn] bfloTj a]x] f]g{] M g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s'g} ljefu jf ;ldlt jf ;+:yfgnfO{ o; P]g cGtu{t ;+:yfgdf
kl/0ft ul/Pdf To;/L kl/0ft x'g cl3 To:tf] ljefu jf ;ldlt jf ;+:yfgsf] tkm{af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n]
u/]sf] 7]Ssfk6[f tyf ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL bfloTjx dWo] g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]lslbP hlt bfloTjx To;/L
kl/0ft eO{ :yflkt ;+:yfgn] a]xf]g]{ 5 .
@%= lx;fa /fVg] t/Lsf M ;+:yfgsf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] x/ lx;fa g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t 9fFrf / t/Lsf
adf]lhd /flvg]5 .
@^= gfkmf ljt/0f M ;+:yfgn] u/]sf] gfkmfsf] ljt/0f / pkof]u tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
@&= n]vfk/LIf0f M
-!_ n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm aflif{s ;fwf/0f;efn] ug]{5 / lghsf] kfl/>lds ;f]xL ;efn] tf]lslbP
adf]lhd x'g]5 . To:tf] n]vfk/LIfsn] g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd n]vf k/LIf0f ug{ Ohfht k|fKt
u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . t/ klxnf] aflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef geP;Ddsf] n]vf kl/If0f g]kfn ;/sf/af6
v6fPsf] n]vfkl/Ifsn] ug]{5 .
cg';"rL=== 321
-@_ n]vfk/LIfsn] ;+:yfgsf h'g;'s} lx;fa / sfuhft x]g{ hfFRg ;Sg]5 / ;f] sfddf ;xof]u ug'{
;+:yfgsf ;DalGwt ;a} sd{rf/Lsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
-#_ n]vfk/LIfsn] cfk"mn] u/]sf] n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|ltj]bgsf] Ps k|ltlnlk g]kfn ;/sf/df / csf]{
k|ltlnlk ;+:yfgsf] jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efdf k]z ug]{5 / To:tf] k|ltj]bgdf b]xfosf s'/fx
:ki6 pNn]v ePsf] x'g'k5{ M
-s_ ;+:yfgsf] jf:tljs cfly{s l:ylt b]lvg] u/L ;a} cfjZos s'/fx :ki6 v'nfO{ 7Ls tyf
/Ltk"j{s jflif{s lx;fa tyf nfe xfgLsf] vftf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 5}g,
-v_ dfluPsf] s'g} :ki6Ls/0f jf ;"rgf ;+:yfgn] lbPsf] 5 5}g / lbPsf] eP ;f] ;Gtf]ifhgs 5
5}g .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd k|fKt k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efsf] /fo lnO{ cfjZos
;'wf/ jf Joj:yfsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+:yfgnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 .
kl/R5]b ^
ljljw
@*= uf]Ko /fVg] / ljZjf;3ft gug]{ s''/fsf] k|lt1f ug'{ kg]{] M cfgf] kb ;DxfNg' cl3 ;+:yfgsf k|To]s
;~rfns, dxfk|aGws, kbflwsf/L / c? sd{rf/Lxn] cg';"lrdf n]lvP cg';f/ k|lt1f ug'{ kg]{5 .
@(= hfFra'em u/fpg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ M
-!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L ;+:yfgsf] sfd sf/jfO{sf] hfFra'em ug{
s'g} lg/LIfs lgo'Qm ug{ jf ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm ePsf] lg/LIfs jf u7g ul/Psf] ;ldltn] ;+:yfgsf] ;a} lx;fa
lstfa / sfuhkq hfFRg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm ePsf] lg/LIfs jf u7g ul/psf] ;ldltn] hfFra'em ubf{ ckgfpg'
kg]{ sfo{ljlw tyf kfng ug'{ kg]{ zt{x g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
#)= lgb]z
{ g lbg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ M /fli6o lxtsf] lgldQ plrt 7x/fPdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+:yfgnfO{
b]xfo adf]lhd lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 / To:tf] lgb]{zg kfng ug'{ ;+:yfsf] st{Jo x'g]5 M
-s_ s'g} vf; If]q tf]sL jf gtf]sL s'g} ;]jf sfo{ ;~rfng ug{, jf
-v_ ;+:yfgn] ul//x]sf] s'g} sfd s'g} vf; If]qdf gug{ jf s'g} cbn abn ug{ jf ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf aGb
ug{, jf
-u_ ;+:yfgn] ug{ cfF6]sf] s'g} sfd s'/f gug{ .
;~rf/ ;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg P]g, @)@( f/f yk .

#!= g]kfn ;/sf/;Fusf] ;Dks{ M ;+:yfgn] cfgf] sfd sf/jfO{sf] l;nl;nfdf g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;Dks{
/fVbf jfbkmf #) adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+:yfgnfO{ s'g} lgb]{zg lb+bf ;~rf/ dGqfno dfkm{t ;Dks{
/fVg' jf lgb]{zg lbg' k5{ .
#! s= :yfgLo s/ gnfUg] M ;+:yfgsf] sf/f]jf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] :YffgLo s/ nfUg] 5}g .
#@= xfgL gf]S;fgL af/] clwsf/Lxsf] arfp M ;~rfns jf ;+:yfgsf] s'g} sd{rf/Ln] of] P]g jf o;
P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod adf]lhd cfgf] st{Aosf] kfng ug{sf] lgldQ c;n lgotn] u/]sf] jf ug{
vf]h]sf] s'g} s'/faf6 ePsf] s'g} xfgL gf]S;fgLsf] lgldQ lgh AolQmut tj/n] hjfkmb]xL x'g] 5}g .
##= b08 ;hfo M
-!_ of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod adf]lhd s'g} lx;fa lstfa /fVg' kg]{ jf k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{
kg]{ st{Jo ePsf] JolQmn] To:tf] lx;fa lstfa jf k|ltj]bg jf cGo s'g} sfuhftdf hfgL hfgL jf
ablglotn] ;fFrf] s'/f bafO{ e'm6f] s'/f b]vfPdf jf a]xf]/f km/s kf/]df jf To:tf] sfd s'/f ug]{ pBf]u
u/]df To:tf] JolQmnfO{ tLg aif{;Dd s}b jf tLg xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'a} ;hfo x'g5] .
-@_ ;~rfns jf ;+:yfgsf] s'g} sd{rf/Ln] hfgL hfgL jf nfk/jfxL u/L jf ablgot;fy pkbkmf
-!_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s cGo s'g} s'/f u/L ;+:yfgnfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL k'ofPdf lghnfO{ Ps
jif{;Dd s}b jf Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd h/Ljfgf x'g]5 .
-#_ s;}n] bkmf @( cGtu{t lgo'Qm ePsf] lg/LIfs jf u7g ePsf] ;ldltsf] sfd sfhdf s'g} afwf
k'ofPdf jf dfu u/]sf] s'g} sfuhkq jf ;"rgf s'g} dgfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0f lagf glbPdf jf
lbg nfk/jfxL u/]df lghnfO{ Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd h/Ljfgf x'g]5 .
-$_ s;}n] ;+:yfgsf] lnlvt :jLs[lt glnO{ s'g} ljj/0fkq jf lj1fkgdf ;+:yfgsf] gfd k|of]u u/]df
lghnfO{ a9Ldf 5 dxLgf;Dd s}b jf Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'a} ;hfo x'g]5 .
-%_ tTsfn ;~rfns jf dxfk|aGws ePsf] s'g} AolQmn] bkmf !* pNn+3g u/L ;+:yfgl;t x'g]
lnlvt 7]Ssf lx:;]bf/ eO{ ;f] bkmf adf]lhd hfx]/ ug'{ kg]{ gu/L ;f] x}l;otaf6 s'g} cg'lrt
kmfObf p7fPsf] jf p7fpg pBf]u u/]df lghnfO{ b'O{ aif{;Dd s}b jf kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf
jf b'a} ;hfo x'g]5 .
-^_ o; bkmf adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] ck/fwaf6 ;+:yfgnfO{ s'g} xfgL gf]S;fgL ePsf] /x]5 eg] To:tf]
xfgL gf]S;fgLsf] lauf];d]t ;f] ck/fw ug]{ JolQmaf6 c;"n pk/ ul/g]5 .
#$= ======== ======== ==========
#%= lgodx agfpg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ M of] P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{lGjt ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgodx
agfpg ;Sg]5 .
#^= ljlgod agfpg ;Sg] M
-!_ ;+:yfgn] of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodsf] cwLgdf /xL ljlgodx agfpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ag]sf] ljlgodx g]kfn ;/af/af6 :jLs[t ePkl5 dfq nfu" x'g]5g\ .
klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)$# f/f vf/]h .
cg';"rL=== 323
b|i6Jo M != k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# n] b]xfosf] zAbsf] ;f b]xfosf] zAb /fvL ?kfGt/0f u/]sf] 5 M
>L % sf] ;/sf/ eGg] zAbsf] ;f g]kfn ;/sf/
#&= arfp M of] P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgodxdf n]lvPhlt s'/f ;f]xL adf]lhd / c?df k|rlnt
g]kfn sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]5 .
cg';"rL
-bkmf @* ;Fu ;DalGwt_
OdfGbf/L / uf]kgLotfsf] k|lt1f
=============== k|lt1f ub{5' ls ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns jf dxfk|aGws jf sd{rf/L jf lg/LIfs jf

kbflwsf/Lsf x}l;otaf6 jf ;+:yfgdf cfgf] kb ;DaGwL sfd s'/fdf cfgf] of]Uotfn] e]6];Dd k/L cfPsf]
st{Josf] kfng OdfGbf/Lk"j{s / ;To lgi7fn] ug]{5' . k'gM k|lt1f ub{5' ls s'g} cglws[t JolQmnfO{ ;+:yfg
;DaGwL s'g} ;"rgf k|sfz ug{ jf ug{ nufpg jf s;}nfO{ ;+:yfgsf] cwLgdf /x]sf] / ;+:yfg ;DaGwL s'g}
lstfa jf sfuhkq s'g} JolQmnfO{ lg/lIf0f jf u|x0f ug{ lbg] 5}g .
b|i6Jo M != s]xL g]kfn sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^# n] b]xfo zAbsf] ;f b]xfosf] zAb /fvL ?kfGt0f
u/]sf]5 M >L % ;/sf/ sf] ;f g]kfn ;/sf/
;|f]tM
nfndf]x/ k|sfzg ldlt
@)@*.!@.@)
;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g
!= ;~rf/ ;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg, @)@( @)@(.)^.%
@= Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ P]g, @)#! @)#!.$.!*
#= Gofo k|zf;g ;'wf/ -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)$# @)$#.&.@$
$= ;~rf/ ;+:yfg -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)$% @)$%.&.!)
%= ;~rf/ ;+:yfg -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)%# @)%#.*.@^
***
cg';"rL M !!
b"/;~rf/ -cGt/b]zLo_ lgodfjnL, lj=;+= @)#)
kl/R5]b!
k|f/lDes
k|:tfjgf M g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]zsf] bkmf % -#_ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn
b"/;~rf/ ;ldltn] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf b"/;~rf/ -cGt/b]zLo_ lgodfjnL
@)#) agfPsf] 5 .
!_ oL lgodxsf] gfd b"/;~rf/ -cGt/b]zLo_ lgodfjnL, @)#) /x]sf] 5 .
@_ of] lgodfjnL, @)#) >fj0f ! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;n] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df of] lgodxdf M
!_ u7g cfb]z eGgfn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z @)@^ ;Demg' kb{5 .
@_ ;ldlt eGgfn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z @)@^ sf] bkmf @ cg';f/ u7g
ul/Psf] b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt ;Demg' kb{5 .
#_ d'Vo clws[t eGgfn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ eGgfn] b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] d'Vo clws[t kbdf
lgo'Qm ePsf] d'Vo clws[tnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
$_ 6]lnu|fkm va/ eGgfn] cfsfzjf0fL / 6]lnkmf]g va/ ;d]tnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
%_ If]qLo k|aGws eGgfn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] If]qLo k|aGws kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf] If]qLo
k|aGwsnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .
^_ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no eGgfn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt cGtu{tsf] cfsfzjf0fL / 6]lnkmf]g
sfof{no ;Demg' kb{5 .
&_ tf]lsPsf] b/ eGgfn] cfly{s lgodx jf oL lgodx jf ;f] cGtu{tsf] ;"rgf tf]lsPsf]
dx;'n b/ ;Demfg' kb{5 .
*_ P;=eL=Pr va/ eGgfn] hn, :yn jf xjfO{ vt/f;DaGwL va/ jf ;'/Iff ;DaGwL va/
;Demg' kb{5 .
(_ ;le{; va/ eGgfn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] s'g} sfof{noaf6 sfof{nosf] sfdsfh
;DaGwdf k7fpg] va/ ;Demg' kb{5 .
!)_ ;/sf/L va/ eGgfn] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] s'g} clkm; jf c8\8faf6 ;/sf/L sfdsfh
;DaGwdf k7fpg] va/;Demg' kb{5 .
!!_ ;fj{hlgs va/ eGgfn] s'g} JolQmn] cfkm\gf] lghL sfd s'/fsf] ;DaGwdf cfbfg k|bfg
ug]{ va/ ;Demg' kb{5 .
cg';"rL=== 325
!@_ k|]; va/ eGgfn] /fhgLlt, Jofkf/, df};d, v]ns"b / cGo ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf 36gfx
;DalGwt cvaf/df 5flkg] jf /]l8of]df k|rf/ ul/g] va/ ;Demg' kb{5 .
!#_ 6sn eGgfn] tf]lsPsf] :yfgLo If]q aflx/sf] snnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
kl/R5]b @
va/sf] cfbfgk|bfg / va/sf lsl;dx
#= 6]lnu|fkm va/ k7fpFbf k'ofpg'kg]{ /Lt M 6]lnu|fkm va/ k7fpFbf va/ k7fpg] JolQmn]
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] /Lt k'ofpg' kg]{5 .
s_ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{noaf6 k|fKt x'g] kmf/fddf jf ;f] adf]lhdsf] 9fFrf ldNbf] kmf/fddf va/
b]jgful/ lnlk jf c+u|]hL efiffdf x'g' kb{5 . t/ ;/sf/L va/sf] xsdf sf]8 va/ klg
:jLsf/ ul/g]5 .
v_ va/ n]Vg] kmf/fdxdf a'lemg] u/L rnfg ul/g] cfjZos s'/fx dfq :ki6?kn] n]lvPsf]
x'g' kb{5 / 7]ufgf dfq n]lvPsf] va/ lnOg] 5}g .
u_ va/ n]Vg] kmf/fdsf] tNnf] efu 6]lnu|fkm va/ k7fpg]]sf] b:tvt ;lxtsf] k"/f gfd, 7]ufgf
:ki6 n]lvPsf] x'g' kb{5 .
$= 5f]6s/L 7]ufgfsf] /lhi6]zg M
!_ 6]lnu|fkm va/x 5f]6s/L 7]ufgfdf k|fKt ug{ OR5's JolQmn] 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodflgod %
adf]lhdsf] b:t'/ ;fy /Ltk"j{ssf] b/vf:t lbg' kb{5 .
@_ o:tf] 5f]6s/L 7]ufgf bz cIf/df ga9fO{ Ps zAb dfq n]lvPsf] x'g' kb{5 .
#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] b/vf:t k/]kl5 5f]6s/L 7]ufgf 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf /lhi6]zg
ul/g] 5}g .
s_ JolQmsf] gfd, ;+Vof, bhf{, b]z, lhNnf, zx/ / d'Vod'Vo ;8sxsf] gfd,
v_ klxn] eO;s]sf] s'g} 5f]6s/L 7]ufgf;Fu ldNg] lsl;dsf] csf]{ 5f]6s/L 7]ufgf,
u_ va/ ljt/0f ug]{ ;DalGwt j8feGbf aflx/sf 7fpFxsf] lgldQ ePdf .
%= /lhi6]zg b:t'/ M lgod $ adf]lhdsf] 5f]6s/L 7]ufgf /lhi6]zg ubf{ b]xfoadf]lhdsf] b:t'/
nfUg]5 .
!_ tLg dlxgf;DdnfO{ ?= %).
@_ tLg dlxgfeGbf a9L t/ ^ dlxgf;DdnfO{ ?= &).
#_ ^ dlxgfeGbf a9L t/ ( dlxgf;DdnfO{ ?= *%.
$_ ( dlxgfeGbf a9L t/ Ps jif{;DdnfO{ ?= !)).
^= 5f]6s/L 7]ufgfdf x]/km]/ ubf{ ug'{kg]{ M
!_ /lhi6]zgsf] Dofb e'Qmfg gx'Fb} /lhi6/ ePsf] 5f]6s/L 7]ufgf abNg' k/]df jf ;f]xL 5f]6s/L
7]ufgfnfO{ csf]{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf ;fg{ k/]df klxn] /lhi6/ ug]{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf
?= !%. b:t'/ ;fy lgj]bg lbg' kb{5 .
@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k/L ;DalGwt 6]lnu|fkm sfof{noaf6 /lhi6]zg u/]sf]df o;/L
ablnPsf] jf ;fl/Psf] 5f]6s/L 7]ufgfsf] cjlw klxn] /lhi6/ ePsf] afFsL cjlw;Ddsf]
nflu dfq sfod /xg]5 .
#_ klxn] /lhi6/ ug]{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] j8f leq kg]{ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf 7]ufgf dfq
;fg'{ k/]df To;sf] lnlvt ;"rgf pQm clkm;df lbP k'U5 / pklgod -!_ adf]lhd a9L b:t'/
a'emfpg' kg]{ 5}g .
&= dx;'n nfUg] va/x M 6]lnu|fkm va/sf] lsl;d, 7]ufgf, va/sf] Joxf]/f, va/ k7fpg] JolQmsf]
gfd / lghsf] 7]ufgf eP To;df ;d]t dx;'n nfUg]5 .
*= dx;'n gnfUg] va/x M 6]lnu|fkm va/sf b]xfosf s'/fxdf dx;'n nfUg] 5}g M
s_ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{noaf6 kmf/fddf el/g] va/ k7fpg] 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] gfd, va/, ;+Vof,
nfu]sf] dx;'n c+s, va/ btf{ u/]sf] / va/ rnfPsf] ldlt / ;do, /
v_ kmf/fdsf] tNnf] efudf ePsf] va/ k7fpg] JolQmsf] b:tvt 7]ufgf OToflb .
(= 6]lnu|fkm va/df nfUg] dx;'n pk/ ug]{ M 6]lnu|fkm va/df nfUg] dx;'n b]xfoadf]lhd c;'n
pk/ ul/g]5 .
s_ va/ b]jgful/df n]lvPsf]df k|To]s cIf/, c+s, la/fd lrXgsf] tf]lsPsf] b/n] hDdf
hDdLsf] lx;fan],
v_ va/ c+u]|hLdf n]lvPsf]df k|To]s zJb c+s / la/fd lrXgsf] tf]lsPsf] b/n] hDdf hDdLsf]
lx;fan] t/ k|To]s zAb !% cIf/eGbf a9L x'g'x'Fb}g / !% cIf/eGbf a9Lsf] ePdf k|To]s
a9L !% cIf/;Ddsf] Ps a9L zAbsf] lx;fan] .
!)= 6]lnu|fkm va/sf] lsl;dM ;fwf/0ftM 6]lnu|fkm va/ b]xfPsf] lsl;dsf x'g] 5g\M
!_ P;=eL=Pr= va/ M P;=eL=Pr= va/ k7fpFbf va/ kmf/fddf P;=eL=Pr= eGg] :ki6 hgfO
va/ k7fpg] clwsf/L jf JolQmn] b:tvt u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . of] va/sf] dx;'n ;fj{hlgs
va/ -;fwf/0f_ adf]lhd nfUg]5 . Pr=eL=Pr, k|fKt ug]{ sfof{non] va/ k|fKt x'gf;fy
;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{5 .
@_ ;le{; va/M ;le{; va/sf] dx;'n nfUg] 5}g t/ va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ sfof{noxn] nut
/fVg' kb{5 . ;le{; va/x b]xfosf lsl;dsf x'g] 5g\ .
s_ Odh]{G;L M 6]lnu|fkm oGq rfn" /fVg t'?Gt} Joj:yf ldnfpg] ;DaGwdf g]kfn b"/;~rf/
;ldltaf6 clwsf/ k|fKt JolQmn] dfq Odh]{G;L ;le{; va/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;Sg]
5g\ .
v_ h?/L / ;fwf/0f M h?/L / ;fwf/0f ;le{; va/ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltaf6 clwsf/
k|fKt JolQm jf kbdf sfod /xg] JolQmxn] dfq cfk;df b"/;~rf/ k|zf;g ;DaGwdf
cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .
cg';"rL=== 327
#_ ;/sf/L va/ M ;/sf/L h?/L / ;fwf/0f b'O{ k|sf/sf x'g] 5g\ .
$_ ;fj{hlgs va/ / k|]; va/ M oL va/x klg ;fwf/0f / h?/L b'O{ k|sf/sf ljeflht
ul/Psf 5g\ .
!!= va/ k7fpg] qmd M
!_ rnfg ug{ k|fKt 6]lnu|fkm va/x 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nof/f b]xfoadf]lhd qmdfg';f/ rnfOg]
5g\ . h?/L / ;fwf/0f va/x k7fpFbf btf{ ul/Psf] l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/ cg';f/ k7fpg' kg]5{ .
k|To]s va/ rnfO;s]kl5 va/ kmf/fddf va/ rnfpg] ck|]6/n] b:tvt ug'{ kb{5 M
s_ P;=eL=Pr= va/,
v_ Odh]{G;L ;le{; va/,
u_ h?/L ;/sf/L va/,
3_ h?/L ;le{; va/
_ h?/L ;fj{hlgs va/ / h?/L k|]; va/,
r_ ;fwf/0f ;/sf/L va/,
5_ ;fwf/0f ;fj{hlgs va/, ;fwf/0f k|]; va/, /
h_ ;fwf/0f ;le{; va/ .
@_ 6]lnu|fkm va/x k|fKt ePkl5 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] cfsfzjf0fL jf 6]lnkmf]g h]sf] lglDt
va/ k|fKt ePsf] eP klg oL b'O{dWo] h'g nfu" 5 / h;af6 k7fpFbf ;f] va/ rfF8f] k'U5 ;f]xL
dfWodf/f k7fpg' kb{5 .
!@= va/sf] btf{ / ljt/0f M
!_ 6]lnu|fkm va/x k|To]s lbgsf] laxfg ^ ah]b]lv a]n'sf * ah];Dd btf{ ul/g] 5g\ / k|fKt
ePsf va/x/?dWo] ;fwf/0f va/x laxfg ^ ah]b]lv a]n'sf ^ ah];Dd / h?/L va/x
laxfg % ah]b]lv a]n'sf !) ah];Dd ljt/0f ul/g] 5g\ .
@_ sf7df8f}+ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] b'O{ sf]z jl/kl/, nlntk'/ / eQmk'/ sfof{nosf] 8]9 sf]z
jl/kl/ / cGo 7fpFdf 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nosf] Ps sf]z jl/kl/sf Onfsfleq ;DalGwt
sfof{noaf6 va/ ljt/0f ul/g]5 .
#_ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{noaf6 pklgod -@_ df pNn]lvt If]q aflx/ kg]{ c? 7fpFsf va/sf] xsdf
;f] If]qleq kg]{ 7fpFdf x'nfs c8\8f 5 eg] 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] ;f] va/ ;f]xL x'nfs
c8\8fnfO{ a'emfO{ lbg' k5{ / ;f] x'nfs c8\8fn] klg a'lem lnO{ ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'
kb{5 . ;f] If]qleq x'nfs c8\8f gePdf cfkm\gf If]qb]lv aflx/ kg]{ 7fpFsf] va/ ljt/0f
gu/L 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf g} /flvg] 5 / ;DalGwt JolQm jf lghsf] sf]xL dflg; lng cfPdf
lghnfO{ lbOg]5 .
$_ h;sf] gfd, 7]ufgfdf 6]lnu|fkm va/ cfPsf] xf] ;f]xL JolQmnfO{ cyjf lghsf] 3/sf] s'g}
JolQmnfO{ va/ afF8\g] sfof{non] ;f] va/ a'emfpg' kb{5 . t/ c8\8f, xf]6n, x'nfs, Jofkf/L
OToflbsf gfpFdf va/ cfPsf] eP ;f] 7fpFxsf] sfuhkq btf{ ug]{ jf a'lemlng] JolQmnfO{
a'emfP klg x'G5 .
%_ 6]lnu|fkm va/x k|fKt x'gf;fy ljt/0f ug]{ / u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] st{Jo 6]lnu|fkm
sfof{nosf k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] x'g]5 .
!#= va/ ljt/0f gePdf ug]{ M s'g} 6]lnu|fkm va/ ;dodf ljt/0f gePdf jf x'g g;s]df ;f] a'emfpg'
hfg] JolQmaf6 a'emfpg g;s]sf] sf/0f lnlvt?kdf v'nfO{ lnO{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] va/ k7fpg]
JolQmnfO{ ;f] Joxf]/fsf] ;"rgf lbg' k5{ . o:tf] a'emfpg g;lsPsf] va/ lgod !@ sf] pklgod
-#_ adf]lhd 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nod} /flvg] va/x #) lbgkl5 ;Dd klg ljt/0f x'g g;s]df ;f]
sfof{non] o:tf va/x ;8fO lbP x'G5 .
!$= va/ lkmtf{ ug]{ M
!_ k|fKt ePsf 6]lnu|fkm va/x btf{ ug]{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] k7fpg' kg]{ sfof{nodf k7fO{
g;Sb} ;DalGwt JolQmn] lnlvt lgj]bg u/]df btf{ ePsf] va/ lkmtf{ ul/g] 5 / To:tf] lgj]bg
lbFbf s'g} lsl;dsf] b:t'/ nfUg] 5}g .
@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lkmtf{ ePsf] 6]lnu|fkm va/ rnfg ug{sf] lgldQ c;'n ePsf] dx;'naf6
?= !.@% Ps ?lkofF kRrL; k};f sl u/L afFsL ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/g]5 . To:tf]
c;'n ePsf] dx;'n ?= !.@% eGbf sd ePdf c;'n ePsf] dx;'nsf] cfwL sl u/L afFsL
cfwL ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/g]5 .
!%= va/ a'emfpg] / va/sf] gSsn lbg] M
!_ 6]lnu|fkm va/ k|fKt ug]{ sfof{non] Psk|lt gSsn /fvL Psk|lt vfdaGbL u/L 7]ufgfjfnf
JolQmnfO{ a'emfO{ lbg'k5{ .
@_ 6]lnu|fkm va/sf] ;Ssnsf] gSsn jf gSsnsf] gSsn va/ k7fpg] JolQm jf lghsf
k|ltlglwn] /Ltk"j{ssf] b/vf:t lbO{ dfu u/]df ;DalGwt 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] lbg x'G5 /
To;sf] lgldQ ;f] JolQmaf6 To:tf] k|To]s gSsnsf] ?= !. b:t'/ nufO{ c;'n ug'{k5{ .
#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd gSsn lbg] sfof{non] lbPsf] gSsndf sfof{nosf] lg:;f nufO{
lbO{ b:t'/ lbPsf] e/kfO{ ;d]t gSsn lng] JolQmnfO{ lbg'k5{ .
!^= 6]lnu|fkm va/sf] k|sfzgdf k|ltaGw M g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] clwsf/ k|fKt kbflwsf/Lsf]
lnlvt cfb]z ljgf s'g} 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no jf ;f] sfof{nosf] sd{rf/Ln] s'g} 6]lnu|fkm va/nfO{
cglws[t JolQmxsf] hfgsf/Ldf Nofpg] u/L k|sfz ug{ b]vfpg jf atfpg' x'Fb}g .
!&= g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] hjfkmb]xL gx'g] M g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf sd{rf/Lxsf] nfk/jfxL
jf ablgotn] 6]lnu|fu va/ ;dodf a'emfpg l9nf jf ga'emfOPaf6 ePsf xfgL gf]S;fgLsf] xsdf
afx]s cGo lsl;daf6 ePsf] xfgLgf]S;fgLdf 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no hjfkmb]xL x'g] 5}g .
cg';"rL=== 329
kl/R5]b #
clws 7]ufgf, va/, k|]; va/
!*= w]/} -dlN6kn_ 7]ufgf ePsf] va/ M

!_ Ps 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nonfO{ PseGbf a9L 7]ufgfdf afFl8g] u/L Ps} lsl;dsf] va/ k7fpg]
JolQmn] cfkm"n] k7fPsf] va/df w]/} 7]ufgf ePsf] va/ eGg] hgfO{ k7fpg x'G5 .
@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd w]/} 7]ufgf ePsf] va/sf] dx;'nsf] lx;fa ubf{ ;a} 7]ufgfx, ;f]
va/ / k7fpg] gfd ;d]t ;a} hDdf u/L tf]lsPsf] b/n] c;'n ul/g]5 . o:tf] va/ b]jgful/df
!%) Ps;o krf; cIf/ c+u|]hLdf %) zAb;Ddsf] ePdf tf]lsPsf] b/df yk ?= @.)) b'O{
?lkofF / ;f] eGbf a9L cIf/ cyjf zAb ePdf k|To]s a9L Ps ;o krf; b]jgful/ cIf/
jf krf; c+u|]hL zAb;Ddsf] lgldQ yk ? !.%) Ps ?lkofF krf; k};f a9L dx;'n ;d]t
nfUg]5 . h?/L / ;fwf/0f b'j} lsl;dsf] w]/} 7]ufgf ePsf] va/df klg x'g cfpg] cg'kftn]
dx;'n lbOg]5 .
!(= k|]; va/ k7fpg kfpg] ;x'lnot M
!_ k|]; va/ k7fpg kfpg] ;x'lnot k|fKt ug]{ OR5's ;dfrf/ kqklqsf ;Djfb ;ldlt jf
/]l8of] :6]zgn] 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf d'Vo clws[tf/f tf]lsPsf] 9fFrf / zt{adf]lhd u/L
?= !. sf] l6s6 6fF;L lgj]bg ug'{k5{ .
@_ of] lgodadf]lhd kfpg] ;x'lnot ;dfrf/ kqklqsf ;Dafb ;ldlt / /]l8of] :6]zgsf
k|ltlglwnfO{ dfq k|fKt x'g]5 .
#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k/]sf] b/vf:tdf cfjZos hfFra'em u/L :jLs[lt lbg x'g] eP ;f]
b/vf:tjfnfnfO{ k|]; va/ k7fpg kfpg] u/L :jLs[lt lbOg] 5 / o:tf] :jLs[lt k|fKt ug]{
;dfrf/ kqklqsf ;Dafb ;ldlt jf /]l8of] :6]zgsf] k|ltlglwsf] gfddf clwsf/kq 6]lnu|fkm
sfof{non] lbg]5 .
@)= k|]; va/;DaGwL clwsf/ kq /2 x'g] M
!_ lgod !( adf]lhd ;x'lnot kfPsf] s'g} ;dfrf/ kqklqsf, ;Djfb ;ldlt jf /]l8of] :6]zgsf]
k|ltlglwn] k]|; v/ ;DaGwL s'g} zt{ jf Joj:yfsf] pNn+3g u/]df d'Vo clws[tn] To:tf]
clwsf/ kq h'g;'s} ;do klg /2 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@_ ;dfrf/ klqklqsf, ;Djfb ;ldlt jf /]l8of] :6]zgsf] h'g k|ltlglwsf] gfddf clwsf/ kq
lbPsf] 5 ;f] k|ltlglwn] ;f] ;dfrf/ kqklqsf, ;Djfb ;ldlt jf /]l8of] :6]zgnfO{ 5f]8]df
;f] ;dfrf/ kqklqsf, ;Djfb ;ldlt jf /]l8of] :6]zgn] tLg lbgleq ;f] s'/fsf] ;"rgf
6]lnu|fkm sfof{nonfO{ lbO{ clwsf/ kq lkmtf{ a'emfpg kb{5 / ;f] JolQmsf] gfddf eO/fv]sf]
clwsf/ kq /2 ul/g]5 .
@!= k|]; va/ k7fpFbfsf] ;DaGwdf M
!_ k|]; va/ k7fpg ;x'lnot k|fKt k|ltlglwn] jf ;Djfb ;ldltn] k|]; va/ kmf/fddf cfkm"n]
kfPsf] clwsf/ kqsf] gDa/ / k];| va/ clwsf/ kqdf hgfOPsf] ;dfrf/, klqklqsf, ;Djfb
;ldlt jf /]l8of] :6]zgsf] gfd n]Vg' kb{5 . JolQmsf] gfddf ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] va/nfO{ k|];
va/ ;x'lnot k|fKt x'g] 5}g .
@_ k|]; va/ k7fpg kfpg] ;x'lnot k|fKt k|ltlglwn] va/ btf{ u/fpFbf cfkm\gf] clwsf/ kq
b]vfpg' kb{5 .
#_ k|]; va/ b]jgful/df jf c+u|]hLdf n]lvPsf] x'g' kb{5 .
$_ k|]; va/df ;dfrf/ kqklqsfdf 5fKg] jf /]l8of]f/f k|rf/ u/fOg]va/ afx]s 5kfpg] jf
k|rf/ u/fpg] ;DaGwdf s'g} s'/fsf] lgb]{zg lbg'kg]{ ePdf ;f] ;d]t ;dfj]z ug{ x'G5 .
%_ k|]; va/df lj1fkg ;dfj]z ul/g' x'Fb}g / oL lgodxsf] k|lts"n k|fKt x'g cfPsf k|];
va/x ;fj{hlgs va/ ;/x dx;'n nufO{ rnfg ul/g]5 .
kl/R5]b $
@@= dx;'n M g]kfn clw/fHoleq Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf 6]lnu|fkm va/ k7fpFbf b]xfoadf]lhdsf]
dx;'nnfUg]5 .
;fj{hlgs va/
s_ b]jgful/df ;fwf/0f h?/L
klxnf] tL; cIf/, c+s / la/fd lrXg;Ddsf] ?= #.)) ?= ^.))
k|To]s yk cIf/, c+s / la/fd lrXgsf] ?=).%) ?= ).!)
v_ c+u|]hLdf
klxnf] bz zJb / c+s / la/fd lrXg;Ddsf] ?= #.)) ?=^.))
k|To]s yk zJb, c+s / la/fd lrXgsf] ?= ).@% ?=).%)
k|]; va/
s_ b]jgful/df ;fwf/0f h?/L
klxnf] krf; zJb, c+s / la/fd lrXg;Ddsf] ?= #.)) ?= ^.))
k|To]s yk kfFr zAb, c+s / la/fd lrXg;Ddsf] ?=).@% ?= ).%)
@#= w/f}6L /fVg' kg]{ M
!_ 6]lnu|fkm w/f}6Ldf k7fpg rfx]df /Ltk"j{ssf] b/vf:t lbO{ ?= @)). w/f}6L /fVg' k5{ .
@_ pklgod-!_ adf]lhd /flvPsf] w/f}6Laf6 ?= @). afFsL /xg gcfP;Dd k|To]s va/sf]
dx;'n sf ul/g]5 / pQm ?= @). ;Dd afFsL 5Fb} k'gM ?= @)). w/f}6L k'ofPdf k'gM
?= @). afFsL x'g gcfP;Dd lghsf] 6]lnu|fkm k7fOg]5 . t/ s'g avtdf slt w/f}6L afFsL
/xg uPsf] 5 eGg] lx;fa u/L ;dodf w/f}6L ?= @)). k'ofpg' u|fxssf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
cg';"rL=== 331
#_ o;/L w/f}6L /fvL va/ k|fKt ug{ k|aGw ePsf]df va/ btf{ ug]{ sfof{non] lgodfg';f/
nfUg] dx;'nsf] lx;fa u/L k|To]s To:tf] va/df yk ?= .@% kRrL; k};fsf b/n] a9L
dx;'n nufO{ w/f}6Laf6 sf u/L c;'n /flvg]5 .
@$= /l;b cwsl lbg'kg]{ M va/ btf{ ug]{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{non] va/ btf{ u/fpg] JolQmnfO{ va/sf]
;+Vof, lsl;d, zAb, cIf/, c+s / la/fd lrXgsf] ;+Vof, btf{ u/]sf] ldlt, ;do / nfu]sf] dx;'nsf]
c+s;d]t hgfO{ b:tvt u/L cwsl /l;b lbg' kb{5 .
kl/R5]b %
6n, snsf] qmd / dx;'n
@%= cfkm\gf] lghL 6]lnkmf]gaf6 6n ug{ rfxg]n] w/f}6L /fVg' kg]{ M

!_ cfkm\gf] 6]lnkmf]gaf6 6n ug{ rfxg] :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]gsf u|fxsn] ;DalGwt :yfgLo 6]lnu|fkm
sfof{nodf b/vf:t lbO{ ?= %)). w/f}6L /fVg' kb{5 .
@_ pklgod ! df h] n]lvPsf] ePtf klg u|fxsn] 6]lnkmf]g nfOg h8fg ubf{ ?= %)). w/f}6L
/fVg'kg]{ 5}g .
#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd w/f}6L /xg]sf] ?lkofF dWo]af6 6nsf] dx;'n sf ub}{ n}hfFbf
?= %). afFsL /xg gcfP;Dd s'/f ug{ lbOg]5 / w/f}6L c+s ?= %). krf;eGbf 3l6 x'g
cfPkl5 u|fxsn] w/f}6L c+s km]l/ ?=%)). gk'ofP;Dd jf dfl;s :6]6d]G6 k|fKt ePsf]
;ft lbgleqdf dx;'n a'emfpg gNofPdf 6n ug{ lbOg] 5}g . s'g} vat slt w/f}6L afFsL
/xg cfPsf] 5 eGg] lx;fa ug]{ / ;DalGwt 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nodf cfO{ a'em\g] st{Jo ;DalGwt
u|fxssf] x'g]5 .
@^= 6]lnu|fkm sfof{noaf6 6n ug{ ;lsg] M 6n ug{ rfxg] JolQmn] o; lgodadf]lhd nfUg] dx;'n
a'emfO{ 6]lnu|fkm sfof{noaf6 klg 6n ug{ kfpF5 .
@&= 6nx M 6nx b]xfosf lsl;dsf x'g] 5g\ M
!_ Pr=eL=Pr= sn M o:tf] sn a's ubf{ a's ug]{n] s'g lsl;dsf] vt/f jf ;'/Iff ;DalGwt
va/ xf], To;sf] ljj/0f 6]lnu|fkm sfof{nonfO{ lbg' kg]{5 / o:tf] snsf] dx;'n ;fj{hlgs
-;fwf/0f_ adf]lhd nfUg]5 . em'7\7f ljj/0f k]z u/L ;f] snsf] ;x'lnot k|fKt u/]sf] 7xg{
cfPdf sn a's ug]{ JolQmaf6 h?/L ;fj{hlgs snsf] bf]Aa/ dx;'n c;'n ul/g]5 .
@_ ;le{; sn M ;le{; snsf] dx;'n nfUb}g t/ s'/f u/fpg] sfof{noxn] nut;Dd /fVg'
kb{5 . ;le{; snx b]xfosf lsl;dsf x'g] 5g\ M
s_ Odh]{G;L ;le{; sn M 6]lnu|fkm oGq rfn" /fVg t'?Gt Joj:yf ldnfpg] ;DaGwdf
d'Vo clws[t, If]lqo k|aGws, b"/;~rf/ sfof{nosf d'Vo k|fljlw1 / 8\o'6L ck|]6/n]
dfq cfk;df s'/f ubf{,
v_ h?/L ;le{; sn / ;fwf/0f ;le{; sn M d'Vo clws[t, If]lqo k|aGws / c8\8f
k|d'vx j flghxaf6 o; ;DaGwL clwsf/ k|fKt u/]s]f sd{rf/Lxn] dfq cfk;df
b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt ;DaGwL ug]{ snx .
#_ ;/sf/L sn / ;fj}hlgs sn M oL snx ;fwf/0f / h?/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'g] 5g\ .
$_ k;{g 6' k;{g sn M k;{g 6' k;{g sn a's ubf{ ?= !.%) a9L dx;'n nfUg]5 . o; k|sf/sf]
sndf vf]h]sf] JolQmnfO{ b'O{ k6s;Dd sG6fS6 ug{ sf]l;z ul/g]5 .
@*= 6nsf] qmd M 6naf6 s'/f u/fpFbf sn a's ePsf] l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/sf] qmdfg';f/
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] qmddf u/fpg' kb{5 .
s_ P;=eL=Pr= sn
v_ Odh]{G;L ;le{; sn,
u_ h?/L ;/sf/L sn,
3_ h?/L ;le{; sn,
_ h?/L ;fj{hlgs sn,
r_ ;fwf/0f ;/sf/L sn,
5_ ;fwf/0f ;fj{hlgs sn,
h_ ;fwf/0f ;le{; sn .
@(= 6nsf] ;do M ;fwf/0ft 6]lnkmf]gdf s'/f ug]{ ;do ( ldg]6sf] x'g]5 . ;f]eGbf a9L ;do s'/f
ug{ rfx]df b'j} tkm{ s'/f ug{ rfxg] c? s'g} JolQm geP jf cfbfgk|bfg x'g] va/ afFsL g/x]df dfq
lbOg]5 . t/ Odh]{G;L ;le{; snsf] xsdf cfjZostfcg';f/ a9L ;dosf] nflu klg s'/f ug{
lbOg]5 .
#)= 6nsf] dx;'n M
!_ b]zleqsf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf Pr=Pkm= /]l8of] / Nof08 nfOg 6n ubf{sf] dx;'n
;DalGwt JolQmxsf] s'/f ePb]lv ;dfKt eP u/];Ddsf] cjlwsf] lx;fa u/L cg';"rL !
adf]lhd dx;'n lnOg]5 .
@_ kL=;L=cf]= 6" kL=;L=cf]= sn a's ug]{ JolQmn] cfkm";Fu s'/f ug]{ JolQm csf]{ kL=;L=cf]= df
cfpg] aGbf]j:t :jo+ ldnfpg' kg]{5 . s'/f ug]{ JolQm csf]{ kL=;L=cf]= df ge]l6Pdf sn /2
u/L ?= !. dx;'n lnOg]5 . o:tf] sn olb sfof{nosf tf]lsPsf] ;doafx]s cGo ;dodf
a's ePdf ?= @. yk dx;'n nfUg]5 .
#_ s'/f u/fpg] klAns sn sfof{non] s'/f ug]{ JolQmnfO{ snsf] ;+Vof, lsl;d, s'/f u/]sf]
ldlt, hDdf s'/f ePsf] ;do / lnOPsf] dx;'nsf] c+s hgfO{ b:tvt u/L clwsl /l;b
lbOg]5 .
$_ 6n eO/x]sf] ;dodf oGqsf] u8a8Ln] ubf{ aLraLrdf s'/f ga'lemg] ePdf s'/f u/fpg]n]
u8a8L ePsf] klg sn a'sdf hgfpg' k5{ . s'/f ePsf] hDdf ;dosf] lx;fa ubf{ To:tf]
cg';"rL=== 333
u8a8L eO{ s'/f ga'lemPsf] hDdf ;do sf u/L afFsL ;dosf] dx;'n lnOg]5 .
%_ sn a's ug]{n] 6]lnkmf]gsf] uNtL gDa/ lbPsf] /x]5 eg] sg]S;g lbPkl5 s'/f gu/] klg tLg
ldg]6sf] dx;'n nfUg]5 . t/ uNtL ePsf] yfxf kfpg] lalQs} ;f]xL 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~rsf]
csf]{ gDa/df ;f] sn ;fl/Pdf klxnf] uNtL snsf] # ldg]6;Ddsf] dx;'nsf] tLg v08sf]
Ps v08 dfq dx;'n nfUg]5 .
#!= 6nsf] ;"rgf M 6n ug{ rfxg] u|fxsn] sd;]sd Ps 306f cufl8 sn a's u/fpg'' kb{5 .
o;/L sn a's ul/;s]kl5 u|fxsn] a's vf/]h -SoflG;n_ u/]df tLg ldg]6sf] dx;'nsf] tLg
v08sf] Ps v08 vf/]h -SoflG;n]zg rfh{_ b:t'/ nfUg]5 . t/ a's eO;s]s]f sndf 6]lnu|fkm
sfof{no oGqsf] u8a8Lsf] sf/0fn] s'/f u/fpg] k|aGw ldnfpg g;s]sf] jf s'/f ;'? x'g] lalQs}
;Gtf]ifhgs s'/f x'g g;ls u|fxsn] a's vf/]h u/]df ;f] k|aGw ldnfpg g;s]sf] jf u|fxsn] a's
vf/]h u/]s]f Joxf]/f ck|]6/n] hgfO{ /fVg' kb{5 / o;/L hgfOPsf] eP o:tf] snsf] s'g} dx;'n
lnOg] 5}g .
#@= :ki6Ls/0f M oL lgodxsf] cy{sf ;DaGwdf s'g} k|Zgx pTkGg ePdf To:tf k|Zgx ;ldlt
;dIf k]z ul/g] 5g\ / oL af/] ;ldltsf] lg0f{o clGtd dflgg]5 .
cg';"rL !
6n dx;'n
s_ Pr=Pkm=/]l8of] M
klxnf tLg ldg]6 To;kl5 k|To]s yk ldg]6
;fwf/0f h?/L ;fwf/0f h?/L
?= ?= ?= ?=
%. !). @. $.
v_ Nof08 nfOg M
b"/L klxnf] tLg ldg]6 To;kl5 k|To]s yk ldg]6

ls=ld= ;fwf/0f h?/L ;fwf/0f h?/L
?= ?= ?= ?=
@% ls=ld= !.@) @.$) ).$) ).*)
@%%) ls=ld= @.$) $.*) ).*) !.^)
%)!)) ls=ld $.*) (.^) !.^) #.@)
!))@)) ls=ld= &.@) !$.$) @.$) $.*)
@))$)) ls=ld= (. !*. #. ^.
***
cg';"rL M !@
:yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL, lj=;+= @)#)
kl/R5]b !
k|f/lDes
k|:tfjgf M g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]zsf] @)@^, sflQs ! ut]sf] bkmf % -#_ n] lbPsf]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltn] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ b]xfoadf]lhdsf :yfgLo
6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL @)#) agfPsf] 5 .
!_ oL lgodxsf] gfd :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lgodfjnL @)#) /x]sf] 5 .
@_ oL lgodfjnL, @)#) >fj0f ! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;n] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df oL lgodxsf M
!_ u7g cfb]z eGgfn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, @)@^ ;Demg' kb{5 .
@_ ;ldlt eGgfn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt -u7g_ cfb]z, @)#^ sf] bkmf @ cg';f/ u7g
ul/Psf] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt ;Demg' kb{5 .
#_ d'Vo clws[t eGgfn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] d'Vo clws[t kbdf lgo'lQm ePsf] d'Vo
clws[tnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
$_ sg]S;g eGgfn] c6f]d]l6s cyjf ;L=jL= cyjf DofUg]6f] cyjf /]l8of] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgdf
h8fg ul/Psf] 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g ;Demg' kb{5 .
%_ sn eGgfn] c6f]d]l6s Ps k6s s'/f u/]sf]nfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
^_ 6n eGgfn] tf]lsPsf] :yfgLo If]q aflx/sf] snnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
&_ d]g sg]S;g eGgfn] d'Vo 6]lnkmf]gnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
*_ PS;6]G;g sg]S;g eGgfn] d]g sg]S;g;Fu hf]l8Psf] sg]S;gnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
(_ k6s] sg]S;g eGgfn] a9Ldf Ps dlxgfsf] cjlwsf] nflu lnPsf] sg]S;gnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
!)_ c:yfoL sg]S;g eGgfn] Ps dlxgfeGbf a9L Ps jif{;Ddsf] cjlwsf] nflu lnPsf]
sg]S;gnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
!!_ :yfoL sg]S;g eGgfn] Ps jif{eGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu lnOPsf] sg]S;gnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
!@_ u|fxs eGgfn] lgod # adf]lhd 6]lnkmf]gsf] sg]S;g kfpg] JolQm ;Demg' kb{5 .
!#_ :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{no eGgfn] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt cGtu{t lgsflnPsf] ;"rgfdf
tf]lsPsf] If]qsf] 6]lnkmf]g sfof{no ;Demg' kb{5 .
cg';"rL=== 335
kl/R5]b @
6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f / h8fg vr{;DaGwL Joj:yf
#= b/vf:t lbg' kg]{ M 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g lng rfxg] JolQmn] cg';r " L ! adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg lbg' kg]5{ .
$= 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ug]{ / gfd;f/L ug]{ clwsf/ M
!_ lgod # adf]lhd b/vf:t lbg] JolQmnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g lbg] glbg] eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug]{
clwsf/ d'Vo clws[t jf lghn] clwsf/ lbPsf] :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{nosf] ;DalGwt
clws[txnfO{ x'g]5 .
@_ s'g} u|fxssf] gfddf /x]sf] 6]lnkmf]g lgh u|fxssf] d[To' ePdf jf s'g} sf/0fn] gfd;f/L ug'{kg]{
eO{ gfd;f/L u/L kfpg xsjfnf jf cGo s'g} ;DalGwt JolQmsf] lgj]bg :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g
sfof{nodf kg{ cfPdf jf s'g} u|fxssf] gfddf /x]sf] 6]lnkmf]g s'g} JolQmn] cfkm\gf] gfddf gfd;f/L u/L
kfpg lgh u|fxssf] lnlvt d~h'/L ;lxtsf] lgj]bg lbg cfPdf cfjZos ;a} s'/f a'em\g & -;ft_
lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ :yfgLo kqklqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ug'k{ g]{ 5 . o;/L Dofbleq kg{ cfPsf] ph'/Lx
dfly ljrf/ u/L 6]lnkmf]g gfd;f/L ug]{ gug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o d'Vo clws[lt jf lghn] clwsf/
lbPsf] :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{nosf] ;DalGwt clws[tnfO{ x'g5] .
#_ pklgod @ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg g]kfn clw/fHol:yt ljb]zL lgof]usf s'g}
clws[tsf gfddf gfd;f/L ug'{ kg]{ ePdf ;DalGwt lgof]uaf6 gfd;f/L ug{sf] nflu cg'/f]w
eO{ cfPdf d'Vo clws[t jf lghn] clwsf/ lbPsf] :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{nosf] ;DalGwt
clws[tn] :yfgLo kqklqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt gul/sg klg gfd;f/L u/L lbg ;Sg]5 .
%= 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 jfkt w/f}6L /fVg] M k6s], c:yfoL jf :yfoL sg]S;g lng rfxg] u|fxsn] ;DalGw
:yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{nodf lgDg adf]lhd w/f}6L /fVg' kb{5 .
w/f}6Lsf] b/ M
d]g ;]6 k|To]s ! s] ?= kfFr ;o %)).
leqL PS;6]G;g ;fwf/0f ;]6 k|To]s ! s] ?= b'O{ ;o @)).
aflx/L PS;6]G;g ;fwf/0f ;]6 k|To]s ! s] ?= kfFr ;o %)).
cfO=;L=Pkm= ;]6 h8fg ePdf ?= Ps xhf/ !,))).
-cfO=;L=Pkm=_ ;]6df ;fwf/0ftM b'O{ -@_ eGbf a9L PS;6]G;g h8fg ul/g] 5}g .
^= w/f}6L lkmtf{ kfpg] M
!_ k6s], c:yfoL jf :yfoL sg]S;g sfl6Pkl5 ;]6 / P/]i6/ lkmtf{ a'emfpg NofPdf u|fxsn]
hlt w/f}6L /fv]sf] lyof] ;fwf/0ftof ;f] /sd lkmtf{ lbOg]5 .
@_ t/ dfn;fdfg gf]S;fgL ePsf] /x]5 eg] dd{t ug{ ;lsg] cj:yfsf] eP xfgL gf]S;fgL ePsf]
kf6{k'hf{sf] bfd w/f}6Laf6 sf ul/g]5 / dd{t ug{ ;lsg] cj:yfsf] gePdf dfn;fdfg s'g}
klg lkmtf{ glnO{ ;f] afkt /x]sf] w/f}6L g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] sf]ifdf bflvnf ul/g]5 .
&= u|fxsn] 6]lnkmf]g h8fg / ;fg{ vr{ Joxf]g'{ kg]{ M
!_ h8fg dx;'n MM
s_ d]g sg]S;g ! s] ?= b'O{ ;o @)).
v_ ;fwf/0f PS;6]G;g sg]S;g ;]6sf] M
leqL k|To]s ! s] ?= Ps ;o !)).
aflx/L k|To]s ! s] ?= b'O{ ;o @)).
u_ cfO{=;L=Pkm= PS;6]G;g sg]S;g ;]6sf] M
;fwf/0f d]g sg]S;g / ;fwf/0f ;]6 PS;6]G;g sg]S;gsf] lelq
aflx/L nfUg] ;/x / k|To]s cfO{=;L=Pkm= ;]6sf] yk ?= Ps ;o !)).
3_ d]g 6]lnkmf]gdf h8fg ePsf] a]nfdf Knu / b'O{ ;s]6 s] ?= %).
-;fwf/0ftof b'O{ ;s]6eGbf a9L h8fg ul/g] 5}g_
@_ ;fg]{ dx;'n M
s_ Ps 3/af6 csf]{ 3/df ;fbf{ ;fg]{ dx;'n ?= b'O{ ;o @)).
v_ ;]6 Ps} 3/sf] Ps sf]7faf6 csf]{ sf]7fdf ;fg{ k/]df
;fg]{ dx;'n ?= krf; %).
u_ lgod $ sf] pklgod -@_ / -#_ cg';f/ gfd;f/L x'g]df s'g} u|fxssf]
gfddf /x]sf] 6]lnkmf]g lgh u|fxssf] d[To' eO{ jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] gfd;f/L
u/L kfpg xsjfnf jf cGo s'g} ;DalGwt JolQmsf] lgj]bg k/L gfd;f/L x'g]
ePdf o:tf] gfd;f/L afkt b:t'/ ?= Ps ;o nfUg]5 . !)).
3_ dfly pNn]v ul/Psf]df afx]s c? ljifodf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltn] tf]s]
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
*= sDkfp08 leq k|fOe]6 PS;r]~r /fVg kfpg] M u|fxsn] cfkm\gf] k|fOe]6 PS;r]~r af]8{af6 cfkm\gf]
3/leq cyjf cfkm\gf] 3/sf] sDkfp08leq cfkm"n] g} ef]urng ul//x]s]f 3/ eP ;f] 3/;Dd dfq
k|fOe]6 PS;r]~rhsf] nfOg /fVg kfpg]5 .
(= h8fg vr{ M 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ubf{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 dfn;fdfg h8fg u/L lbOg]5 .
!)= dd{t b:t'/ M u|fxssf] an];Lleq s'g} lsl;dsf] dd{t ug'{ kg]{ ePdf To;sf] lnlvt ;"rgf :yfgLo
sfof{nodf lbg' k5{ / To;sf] ;"rgf k|fKt ePkl5 :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{nosf ;DalGwt clws[tn]
ofzL3| ld:qL, sflnu9 v6fO{ gubL kmFf6nfO{ hgfp lbg'k5{ . o:tf] dd{t ubf{ 6]lnkmf]g;DaGwL
dfn;fdfgsf] df]n afx]s cGo dx;'n lng] 5}g / dfn;fdfgdf] df]n dfl;s dx;'n a'emfpFbf
;fy} a'emfpg' kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b #
6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n b/
!!= 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n b/ M :jrflnt 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~r, ;L=aL= Dofg'on PS;r]~r tyf DofUg]6f]
cg';"rL=== 337
af]8{af6 sg]S;g kfPsf lgDg lsl;dsf] 6]lnkmf]gnfO{ b]xfosf b/n] dfl;s dx;'n nfUg]5 .
!_ :yfoL sg]S;g M 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g lng rfxg] u|fxsn] lgj]bg l+bFbf olt ;do;Ddsf] nflu
sg]S;g kfpF egL gtf]ls cyjf Ps jif{eGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu sg]S;g kfpF egL ls6]/
sg]S;g dfuL h8fg ePdf To:tf] sg]S;gnfO{ :yfoL sg]S;g dflgg]5 . k|To]s sg]S;gsf]
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] dfl;s dx;'n nfUg]5 .
:yfoL sg]S;gsf] b/ M
s_ d]g sg]S;gsf] -klxnf] krf; sn;DdnfO{_ ?= krf; %).
To;kl5 k|To]s yk snsf] kRrL; k};f .@%.
v_ -;fwf/0f ;]6_ PS;6]G;g sg]S;gsf] M
leqL ;]6 s] ?= kRrL; @%.
aflx/L ;]6 s] ?= rfnL; $).
u_ -cfO{=;L=Pkm=_ ;]6 PS;6]G;g sg]S;gsf] M
leqL ;]6 s] ?= tL; #).
aflx/L ;]6 s] ?= rfnL; $).
3_ klxnf] b'O{ ;s]6 s] ?= kfFr %.
To;kl5 k|To]s yk ;s]6 s] ?= tLg #.
@_ c:yfoL sg]S;g M u|fxssf] 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g kfpF egL lgj]bgd ! jif{ cyjf ! jif{eGbf
36L t/ Ps dlxgfeGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;g dfuL h8fg ePdf To:tf]
sg]S;gnfO{ c:yfoL sg]S;g dflgg]5 / k|To]s sg]S;gsf] b]xfoadf]lhd dfl;s dx;'n
nfUg]5 .
c:yfoL sg]S;gsf] b/ M
s_ d]g sg]S;gsf] -klxnf] krf; sn;DdnfO{_ ?= k};7\7L ^%.
leqL ;]6 s] ?= tL; #).
aflx/L ;]6 s] ?= k}FtfnL; $%.
u_ -cfO{=;L=Pkm=_ ;]6 PS;6]G;g sg]S;gsf] M
leqL ;]6 s] ?= rfnL; $).
aflx/L ;]6 s] ?= krf; %).
3_ klxnf] b'O{ ;s]6 s] ?= 5 ^.
To;kl5 k|To]s yk ;s]6 s] ?= rf/ $.
k6s] sg]S;gsf] b/ M
s_ d]g sg]S;gsf] -dlxnf]_ krf; sn;DdnfO{_ ? Ps ;o !)).
leqL ;]6 s] ?= ;f7L ^).
aflx/L ;]6 s] ?= krxQ/ &%.
u_ klxnf] b'O{ ;s]6 s] ?= kGw| !%.
To;kl5 k|To]s yk ;s]6 s] ?= cf7 *.
b|i6Jo M k6s] sg]S;g lng rfxg] u|fxsnfO{ cfO{=;L=Pkm= ;]6 ;fwf/0ftof pknAw u/fOg] 5}g .
k6s] sg]S;g lnO/x]sf] u|fxsn] Ps dlxgf e'Qmfg ePkl5 klg c? yk ;do ;f]xL sg]S;g rfn"
/fVg rfx]df k|To]s yk lbg ! Pssf] dx;'n b/ M
3_ d]g sg]S;gsf] ?= kfFr %.
_ -;fwf/0f ;]6_ PS;6]G;g sg]S;gsf] M
leqL ;]6 s] ?= tLg #.
aflx/L ;]6 s] ?= rf/ $.
r_ klxnf] b'O{ ;s]6 s] ?= kGw| !%.
To;kl5 k|To]s yk ;s]6 s] ?= cf7 *.
:ki6Ls/0f M
c_ dfly v08 -!_, -@_ / -#_sf] s'g} d]g sg]S;g;Fu PS;6]G;g sg]S;g hf]l8Pdf pk/f]Qm
adf]lhd adf]lhd d]g ;]6df yk x'g] k|To]s P;6]G;g ;]6sf] yk dfl;s dx;'n nfUg]5 .
cf_ sn ld6/ gnfu]sf] ;L=aL= Dofg'n PS;r]~r tyf dfUg]6f] af]8{af6 lbOPsf] sg]S;g dfly
v08 -!_, -@_ / -#_ df pNn]v ePcg';f/ lglZrt dx;'n dfq nfUg]5 . k|To]s snsf]
dx;'n nfUg] 5}g .
O_ dfly v08 -!_, -@_ / -#_ sf] s'g} 6]lnkmf]gg] DofUg]6f] af]8{af6 sg]S;g kfPsf u|fxsxnfO{
;fwf/0f PS;6]G;g sg]S;g / cfO{=;L=Pkm= PS;6]G;g sg]S;gsf] ;'ljwf ;fwf/0ftof h8fg
ug{ pknAw u/fOg] 5}g .
$_ k|fOe]6 PS;r]~r jf]8{ M s'g} u|fxssf] cfkm" sxfF k|fOe]6 PS;r]~h af]8{ v8f u/L :yfgLo
PS;r]~rsf] nfOgnfO{ hS;g nfOg agfO{ sfd lng] :jLs[lt b"/;~rf/ ;ldltaf6 lng' kg]{5 .
:jLs[lt kfPdf k|fOe]6 PS;r]~h af]8{sf] 5'} lgDg k|sf/sf] yk dfl;s dx;'n nfUg]5 .
s_ @% nfOg;Ddsf] k|fOe]6 PS;r]~h af8{sf] ?= krxQ/ &%.
v_ @% nfOgb]lv %) nfOg;Ddsf] k|fOe]6 PS;r]~hsf] ?= Ps ;o !)).
u_ %) nfOgb]lv a9L hlt;'s} nfOgsf] k|fOe]6 PS;r]~h af]8{sf] ?= Ps ;o krf;
!%).
:ki6Ls/0f M ns ld6/ nfu]sf] PS;r]~hsf] ;DaGwdf PS;6]G;gsf] dx;'n tT;DaGwL ;flas d]g
sg]S;gdf nfu]sf] hDdf dx;'n dfly yk u/L ;f] ;flas sg]S;gnfOgl;t lnOg]5 .
cg';"rL=== 339
!@= u|fxsn] /]l8of] 6]lnkmf]g /fVg rfx]df cg';"rL ! adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 . pQm lsl;dsf]
6]lnkmf]gnfO{ b]xfosf b/n] dfl;s dx;'n nfUg]5 M
!_ dfl;s dx;'n M k|To]s dlxgfsf] ? 5 ;o ^)).
@_ u|fxsxn] /]l8of] /fVbf pQm 6]lnkmf]g lau|] cyjf gfl;Pdf Ifltk"lt{sf] nflu slDtdf
?= @),))). sf] ladf u/fpg' kb{5 .
!#= dx;'nsf] ;x'lnot M
!_ 6]lnkmf]gs} sfd rnfpgsf] nflu 6]lnkmf]g Joj:yf ;DaGwL JolQm sxfF ;ldltf/f :jLs[t eO{
h8fg ePsf ;le{; sg]S;gsf] s'g} lsl;dsf] dx;'n nfUg] 5}g .
@_ k|To]s :yfgLo kqklqsfnfO{ ;f] kqklqsfsf] k|sfzg sfod /x];Ddsf] lgldQ Pp6f /
k|To]s :yfgLo Go"h Ph]G;LnfO{ cf}krfl/s 9n] k|sfzg ;DaGwL va/sf] sfd u/];Ddsf]
lgldQ Pp6f 6]lnkmf]g;Dd klAns sg]S;gnfO{ nfUg] dfl;s dx;'nsf] ;os8f *)
-c;L_ dfq nfUg] u/L h8f ul/g]5 .
!$= klAns snsf] b/ M s'g} klAns sfof{nodf /x]s]f :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]gaf6 Ps} PS;r]~hsf] csf]{
6]lnkmf]gdf s'/f u/]df Ps k6s s'/f ubf{ krf; k};fsf] b/n] dx;'n nfUg]5 .
kl/R5]b $
ljljw
!%= dx;'n a'emfpg] ldlt / ljj/0f kq M

!_ 6]lnkmf]g h8fg eO{ rfn' ePsf] ldlt hgfO{ ;DalGw Ol~hlgo/af6 nut lnO{ ;f] nut
adf]lhd h'g ldltaf6 6]lnkmf]g rn]sf] xf] ;f] ldltb]lv lbg uGtLn] klxnf] Ps dlxgfnfO{
:yfoL dfl;s dx;'nlng] u/L x/]s dlxgfsf] dx;'n ;DalGwt :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{non]
tf]s]adf]lhdsf] lbgleq a'emfpg' kb{5 .
@_ x/]s u|fxssf] 6]lnkmf]g sn ld6/sf] l/l8 ;lxt ;a} lsl;dsf] rfh{xsf] ljj/0f /fVgsf]
nflu 6]lnkmf]g sfof{non] ljj/0f kq lbg]5 .
#_ pklgo -@_ adf]lhd ljj/0f kq jfkt :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{non] jif{ ! sf] Ps k6s s'g}
b:t'/ glnO{ k|To]s u|fxsnfO{ ;f] ljj/0f kq Ps klt lbg]5 . s'g} sf/0fn] ;f] ljj/0f kq
x/fP jf gfl;Pdf ;f] sf/0f ;lxtsf] b/vf:t k/]df k|To]s ljj/0f kqsf] ?= !. Ps lnO{
csf]{ ljj/0f kq lbOg]5 .
!^= hl/jfgf M a'emfpg' kg]{ dx;'n tf]s]sf] clGtd ldlt;Dd klg ga'emfPdf lbg ! sf] ?= !. sf
b/n] hl/jfgf lt/L bz lbg;Dddf dx;'n a'emfpg ;lsg]5 . pko'{Qm !) lbg;Dddf klg dx;'n
ga'emfPdf To:tf u|fxssf] gfpFdf /x]s]f 6]lnkmf]g nfOg sfl6g]5 .
!&= sg]S;g sfl6g] M dx;'n hl/jfgf ga'emfO{ sg]S;g sfl6Pdf ;f] sg]S;g sfl6Psf] !% lbgleq
yfdL kfpF egL u|fxssf] lgj]bg kg{ cfPdf cj:yf ljrf/ u/L ;DalGwt sfof{nosf k|d'vn]
nfu]sf] dx;'n / hl/jfgf ltg{ nufpg] u/L h8fg vr{ glng] u/L yfdL lbg ;Sg]5 .
!*= dx;'n c;'n ug]{ M lgod !^ adf]lhd ga'emfP afkt sfl6Psf] 6]lnkmf]g sg]S;gsf] u|fsx;Fu
afFsL /x]sf] dx;'n / hl/jfgf lghn] ga'emfPdf ;DalGwt :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g sfof{non] ;f] /sd
;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;'n pk/ ug]{5 .
!(= :ki6Ls/0f M oL lgodxsf] cy{sf ;DaGwdf s'g} k|Zgx pTkGg ePdf To:tf k|Zgx ;ldlt
;dIf k]z ul/g] 5g\ / oL af/] ;ldltsf] lg0f{o clGtd dflgg]5 .
cg';"rL !
>Ldfg\ d'Vo clws[tHo",

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldlt,
sf7df8f}+ .
dfkm{t M
>L ===========================sfof{no============================dxfdL ==============================

==================== d]/f]xfd|f] ============================= 7]ufgfdf 6]lnkmf]g6]n]S;/]l8of] 6]lnkmf]g
h8fg ePdf dxfdL dfl;s dx;'n ltg{ / ;do ;dodf ag]sf lgodx kfngf ug{ ;d]t d~h'/ ub{5f}+ .
lgj]bs
======================================
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;ldltaf6 k|sflzt ul/g] 6]lnkmf]g 8fO/]S6/L df d]/f]xfd|f] gfd, 7]ufgf lgDg adf]lhd
btf{ ul/lbg' x'g cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .
ejbLo,
===============================
gfd / y/ ====================================================
bhf{==============================================================
7]ufgf===========================================================
***
cg';"rL=== 341
cg';"rL M !#
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, lj=;+= @)$$
>L % dxf/fhflw/fh jL/]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 /fli6o k~rfotsf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddltn]
agfOaS;]sf] tn n]lvPadf]lhdsf] P]g ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .
@)$$ ;fnsf] P]g g+= !^

:jl:t>L lul//fhrqmr"8fdl0f g/gf/fo0f]Toflb ljljw lj?bfjnL lj/fhdfg dfgf]Ggt dx]Gb|dfnf
k/d g]kfnk|kftef:s/ cf]hl:j/fhGo k/d uf}/jdo t]h:jL lqe'jgk|hftGq>Lkb k/d pHHjn sLlt{do
g]kfn>Lkb k/d k|f]HHjn g]kfntf/f k/d kljq /fdk k/d Hof]ltd{o ;'ljVoft lqzlQmk k/d ;'k|l;4
k|an uf]/vfblIf0fafx' k/dflwklt clt/yL k/d ;]gflwklt >L >L >L >L >LdGdxf/fhflw/fh jL/]Gb| jL/
ljqmd zfxb]j b]jfgfd\ ;bf ;d/ljhlogfd\ .
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg P]g, @)!( nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g

k|:tfjgf M 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg P]g, @)!( nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]n], >L % dxf/fhflw/fh jL/]Gb|
jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 /fli6o k~rfotsf] ;Nnfx / ;Ddltn] of] P]g agfOaS;]sf] 5 .

-!_ o; P]gsf] gfd 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)$$ /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ of] P]g t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 .
@= 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg P]g, @)!( sf] bkmf @ df ;+zf]wgM 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg P]g, @)!( -o;kl5 d"n
P]g elgPsf]_ sf] bkmf @ sf] v08 -v_ sf] ;f b]xfosf] v08 -v_ /flvPsf] 5M
-v_ 6]lnu|fkm clws[t eGgfn] >L % sf] ;/sf/n] jf o; P]g cGtu{t :jLs[lt jf nfO;]G;
k|fKt u/]sf] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] 6]lnu|fkmsf] ;+/If0f jf /]vb]v jf ;+rfngsf] nflu sfddf
nufPsf] JolQm ;Demg'k5{ .
#= d"n P]gsf] bkmf # df ;+zf]wgM d"n P]gsf] bkmf # sf] ;f b]xfosf] bkmf # /flvPsf] 5 M
6]lnu|fkm;DaGwL >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ljz]ifflwsf/ M
-!_ g]kfn clw/fHoleq 6]lnu|fkm h8fg ug]{, /]vb]v ug]{ / ;+rfng ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ >L %
sf] ;/sf/df /xg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ n] lbPsf] clwsf/sf] ;j{;fdfGotfdf k|lts'n k|efj gkg]{ u/L >L % sf]
;/sf/n] cfjZos zt{ / aGb]h tf]sL g]kfn clw/fHodf 6]lnu|fkm h8fg, /]vb]v / ;+rfng
ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf clwsf+z :jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfnfO{ :jLs[lt lbg jf
g]kfn clw/fHosf] s'g} efudf 6]lnu|fkm h8fg, /]vb]v / ;+rfng ug{ s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{
nfO;]G; lbg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf clwsf+z :jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yf
afx]s s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ 6]lnu|fkm h8fg, /]vb]v / ;+rfng ug{ nfO;]G; lb+bf nfO;]G;
k|fKt ug]{ JolQm jf ;+:yfn] >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ /sd / To;sf] e'QmfgL k|0ffnL
;d]t lgwf{/0f u/L nfO;]G; lbOg]5 .
$= d"n P]gdf bkmf ## s= yk M d"n P]gsf] bkmf ## kl5 b]xfosf] bkmf ## s= ylkPsf] 5 M
## s= :jLs[lt jf nfO;]G; k|fKt JolQm jf ;+:yfn] rLkm OlGhgLo/sf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]M
bkmf # sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd 6]lnu|fkm h8fg, /]vb]v / ;~rfng ug{ :jLs[lt jf nfO;]G;
k|fKt JolQm jf ;+:yfsf sfo{sf/L k|d'vn] o; P]g adf]lhd rLkm OlGhlgo/nfO{ k|fKt ePsf]
clwsf/ To:tf] :jLs[lt jf nfO;]G; adf]lhd 6]lnu|fkm h8fg ug]{, /]vb]v ug]{ / ;~rfng
ug]{ ;DaGwdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]5 / To:tf] sfdsf] ;DaGwdf o; P]g adf]lhd rLkm OlGhgLo/n]
kfng ug'{kg]{ sfd, st{Jo klg To:tf] JolQm jf ;+:yfsf sfo{sf/L k|d'vn] kmfng ug'{ kg]{5 .
;|f]tM
nfndf]x/ ;b/ ldltM @)$$^(^
cf1fn],
O{Zj/axfb'/ >]i7
>L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ;lrj
***
cg';"rL=== 343
cg';"rL M !$
g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf yfngL af/] ljz]if1sf] cg';Gwfgd"ns n]v
g]kfndf lj ;+ !(&) b]lv cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ePsf] eGg] ljifonfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/ / g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8n] pNn]v u/L k|rngdf NofO/x]sf] / ;f]sf] cfwf/df g]kfn
6]lnsdn] @)&) ;fnnfO{ ztjflif{sf]T;j jif{sf ?kdf dgfpg] tof/L ul//x]sf] o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf]
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;DaGwL k':ts tof/ ug{ sDkgLaf6 ul7t ;ldltn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf cf/De ePsf] ldlt
olsg ug{ cWoog ul//x]sf] lyof] .
o;} ;Gbe{df ldlt @)&).)@.@^ sf lbg sDkgLsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf g]kfnsf Vofltk|fKt ;+:s[ltljb\
tyf Oltxf;sf/xnfO{ cfdGq0f u/L 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{qmddf b]xfosf
ljfgxsf] pkl:ylt lyof] .
!= jl/i7 ;+:s[ltljb\ k|f1 >L ;To df]xg hf]zL, s'nklt, g]kfn efiff Ps]8]dL
@= >L sdndl0f bLlIft, cWoIf, dbg k'/:sf/ u'7L,
#= ;+:s[ltljb\ >L xl//fd hf]zL, nlntk'/
$ Oltxf;sf/ >L k'?iff]Qd zDz]/ h=a=/f, nlntk'/
% k|f1 >L 1fgdl0f g]kfn, sn+sL
^ k|f=lbg]z /fh kGt, ;b:o, Oltxf; ;+;f]wg d08n
&= k|f= 8f=>L/fd k|;fb pkfWofo, nflhDkf6
*= Oltxf;ljb\ k|f=8f=>L ljho dfgGw/, ljefuLo k|d'v, Oltxf; s]Gb|Lo ljefu,
lq=lj=
(= Oltxf;ljb\ k|f=8f=>L ej]Zj/ k+u]gL, Oltxf; s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lq=lj=, sLlt{k'/
!)= Oltxf;ljb\ k|f=8f=>L k'?iff]Qd nf]rg >]i7, eQmk'/
!!= k|d'v, >L k|sfz bgf{n, /fli6o clen]vfno, /fdzfxky
!@= Oltxf;ljb\, k|f 8f /fh]z uf}td, sf7df8f}+
cg';Gwfgd"ns n]v M
;f] 5nkmn sfo{qmdaf6 g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf yfngL ePsf] ;DaGwdf yk cg';Gwfg ug{'kg]{ lgisif{
cfP adf]lhd sDkgLn] o; ;DaGwdf yk cWoogcg';Gwfg ug{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, Oltxf; s]Gb|Lo
ljefu, sLlt{k/' sf k|fWofks 8f= ej]Zj/ k+u]gL / /fli6o clen]vfnosf k|dv
' k|sfz bgf{nnfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf]
lyof] . ;f] adf]lhd pxfFxn] lgDg adf]lhd cg';Gwfgd"ns n]v k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] h;af6 b"/;~rf/
;]jfsf] yfngLsf af/]df hfgsf/L ldNb5 .
g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf yfngL

kl/ro
Edinburgh Scotland df hGd]sf Alexander Graham Bell n] ;g\ !*&^ dfr{ !) -lj=;+= !(##_
sf lbg k|of]uzfnfsf] sf]7faf6 cfgf ;xof]uL Mr. Thomas A. Watson nfO{ ljB'tLo pks/0f dfk{mt
Come here, I want to see you eg]sf lyP . pgsf] ;f]xL pks/0f 6]lnkmf]g lyof] h;sf] cfljisf/stf{
Bell g} ePsf] s'/f ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] ;f]xL jif{ k|dfl0ft u/]sf] lyof] . cfljisf/sf] % jif{kl5
;g\ !**! -lj=;+= !(#*_ sf] yfngLdf a]nfotsf] Orintal Telephone Companyt Limited n] ef/tsf]
snsQf, aDa}, db|f; / cxdbfjfbdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] yfngL u/]sf] lyof] . o;}sf] l5d]sdf /x]sf] g]kfndf
6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] yfngL slxn] ePsf] lyof] eGg] ljifo g} of] n]vsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] .1
k|:t't n]v tof/ ug{] l;nl;nfdf ;jf{]Rr cbfnt k':tsfno, g]kfn af/ P;f]l;P;g k':tsfno,
dxfGoflwjQmf sfof{no k':tsfno, g]kfn ;/sf/ sfg'g dGqfno, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno s]Gb|Lo k':tsfno
sLlt{k'/, dbgk'/:sf/ k':tsfnonlntk'/, h\uLcf clen]v zfvf5fpgL
-:joDe"_, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg k':tsfno, /fli6o clen]vfno/fdzfx kydf /x]sf ;DalGwt
k|sflztck|sflzt ;fdu|L cWoog ul/of] . o;sf ;fy} ;DalGwt ljifosf sltko ljfgx;Fu klg
o; af/]df hfgsf/L lng] sfd klg ePsf] lyof] . cg';Gwfgsf qmddf k|fKt ;fdu|LnfO{ oyfzSo oxfF rrf{
ul/Psf 5g\ h;af6 g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf yfngLsf] ldltsf af/]df hfgsf/L kfpg d2t ldn]sf] 5 .
o;} ;Gbe{df pNn]Vo s] 5 eg] ljfgx;Fu ;Dks{ /fVbf cfjZos ;fdu|L k|fKt ug{ g;lsPsfn] ltgsf]
ljj/0f oxfF lbg' pko'Qm g7flgPsf] xf] . To:t} n]vsf] ;Gbe{df k/]sf k|sflztck|sflzt ;fdu|LnfO{ foot
note df lbOPsf] 5 . cg';Gwfgsf qmddf 6]lnkmf]g;Fu ;DalGwt sltko ;fdu|Lsf af/]df hfgsf/L kfP
klg ltgnfO{ e]6fpg ;lsPg . To;}n] efjL cg';GwftfnfO{ ;xh x'ghfg] 7fg]/ To:tf ;fdu|LnfO{ n]vsf]
cGTodf Reference df lbOPsf] 5 . cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{ text df pNn]v u/L To;sf af/]df
nut} l6Kk0fL ul/Psf] 5 eg] ljleGg ;|f]tdf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] yfngLsf] ljleGg ldlt pNn]v ul/Psfn]
oxfF ;f] af/]df ldltsf cfwf/df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] kqfg';f/
1 of] n]vgnfO{ g]kfn 6]lnsdsf gfoj k|aGw lgb{]zs -Jofkf/_ afa'sfhL zfSosf] x:tfIf/o'Qm ldlt @)&))#!!, k=;+=
)^()&), r=g+= ^) df ljz]if n]v tof/ u/L k|:t'lts/0f ug{] ;DaGwdf ljifosf] kqfg';f/ ===d'n'sdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf]
z'ef/De jif{ Plsg x'g] u/L ;+o'Qm ?kdf tYok/s P]ltxfl;s e"ldsf -n]v_ tof/ u/L k|:t'tLs/0f ug{ tkfO >L 8f= ej]Zj/ k+u]gL
-k|fWofks, Oltxf; s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno_ / >L k|sfz bgf{n -k|d'v, /fli6o clen]vfno_ nfO{ cg'/f]w ug{]
lg0f{o ePsf]n] ;f] sfo{sf] nflu cg'/f]w ul/G5=== pNn]v u/L Pp6f kq n]lvPsf] lyof] . ;f]xL kqfg';f/ g]kfndf b"/;~rf/
;]jfsf] z'ef/Desf]] ldlt olsg ug{ ;3fpg] p2]Zon] g} of] n]v tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
cg';"rL=== 345
===d'n'sdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] z'ef/De jif{ Plsg === ug{ kf7snfO{ ;xh x'g] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf yfngL ;Gbe{
lj=;+= !(&)
Pp6f ;|f]tn] ===lj=;+= !(&) ;fnsf] ;'?af6 >L % dxf/fhflw/fh, >L # dxf/fh / k|wfg ;]gfkltaLr
s'/fsfgL ug{ hdn l:yt /fgLkf]v/Lsf] pQ/tk{m xfn g]kfn OlGhlgol/\u Pzf]lzozgsf] sfof{no k5fl8
ePsf] k'/fgf] 3/df DofUg]6f] PS:r]Gh v8f u/L gf/fo0flx6L b/af/, l;+xb/af/ / k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgaf;df
6f]lnkmf]g nfOg ljR5\ofOPsf] lyof]=== pNN]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .2 x'gt o;} k':tssf] csf{] b'O{ 7fpFdf qmdzM
== =>L # rGb| zDz]/sf] ;dodf lj=;+= !(&) df DofUg]6f] 6]lnkmf]gaf6 >L % dxf/fhflw/fh, >L # dxf/fh
/ d'lVtof/ -sdf08/ O{g lrkm_ aLr s'/fsfgL ug{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] a'lemG5== = tyf == =lj=;+= !(&)
-;g\ !(!#_ df DofUg]6f] 6]lnkmf]gaf6 >L % dxf/fhflw/fh, >L # dxf/fh / d'lVtof/ -sdf08/ O{g lrkm_
aLr s'/fsfgL ug{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] a'lemG5 eGg] ;Gbe{ k/]sf] 5 .3
dflysf] ;Gbe{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] k|sfzgdf klg k/]sf] 5 . of] k|sfzgdf lj=;+= !(&) ;fndf DofUg]6f]
6]lnkmf]g ;]jfaf6 g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf z'? ePsf] n]lvPsf] 5 .4 o;} k':tssf] csf{] 7fpFdf ===;Lldt
JolQm / s]xL cfdf 6]lnkmf]gsf] z'?jft lj=;+= !(&) df g} ePsf] lyof]=== pNn]v 5 . kl5Nnf] egfOsf]
k'li6sf nflu ;g\ !(*) -lj=;+= @)#&_ df n]lvPsf] Pp6f k':tsnfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 .5
csf{] Pp6f ;|f]tdf ===g]kfndf b"/ ;+rf/ ;]jfsf] z'jft ;+jt\ !(&) b]lv g} ePsf] b]lvP tfklg
cfw'lgs b"/ ;+rf/sf ;]jfxsf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ @))& ;fnkl5 ljz]if u/L @)!& ;fnkl5 b|t' t/ultdf
x'g yfn]sf] b]lvG5===/f0ffsfnLg o'udf ;j{k|yd ;+jt\ !(&! df sf7df8f}Fb]lv /S;f}n;Dd, !((# df
sf7df8f}Fb]lv wgs'6f;Dd / @))& ;fndf sf7df8f}Fb]lv kfNkf;Dd 6+s 6]lnkmf]gnfOg :yfkgf ul/Psf]
lyof]=== pNn]v 5 .6
g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] DIARY 2070 sf] PERSONAL MEMORANDAU n]lvPsf] k5fl8sf] k[i7df
2 ;'/]zs'df/ k'8f;}gL / Zofd;'Gb/ sfsL{ -;Dkf=_, g]kfnL ;]gfdf l;Ugnsf] Oltxf; -g]kfnL ;]gfdf cljnDa, e/kbf{], ;'/lIft /
lg/Gt/ ldnfksf] nflu_, sf7df8f}FM l;Ugn lgb{]zgfno, tf]kvfgf Aof/]s, lj=;+= @)^(, k[= $ .
3 P]hg, e"ldsf sf] rf}yf] k[i7 -k[i7 gDa/ pNn]v gul/Psf]_ tyf pk;+xf/ sf] k[= $)( .
4 g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg, g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgM ctLt / jt{dfg, sf7df8fF}+M g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg, lj=;+= @)%^, k[= ! .
5 P]hg, k[= @# .
6 bnljxLg k~rfotL k|hftGq /ht hoGtL dxf]T;j s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldlt, k+rfot :dfl/sf, sf7df8f}FM bnljxLg k~rfotL
k|hftGq /ht hoGtL dxf]T;j s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldlt, lj=;+= @)$#, k[= !*$ . d'n'ssf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL nufot jl/i7
JolQmTj tyf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] ;f] :dfl/sf n]vg;Dkfbg Pjd\ k|sfzgdf plNnlvt
ljifodf s'g} klg ;Gbe{ lbOPsf] 5}g . of] k':ts ;/sf/L k|sfzg xf] . k+rfotL Joj:yfsf] @% jif{df d'n'sdf ePsf sfdsf
af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] n]lvPsf] of] k':tsdf lj=;+= !(&) ;fndf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] yfngL ePsf] eGg] ;Gbe{ k/] tfklg
o; egfOsf] k'li6sf nflu s'g} ;Gbe{ lbOPsf] 5}g .
cg';"rL=== 347
g]kfn 6]lnsd;+lIfKt kl/ro lbOPsf] 5 . o;} k[i7df sDkgLsf sf];]9' \ufx pkzLif{sdf O{=;+= !(!#
-lj=;+= !(&) ;fn_ sf7df08f}df klxnf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgsf] :yfkgf, O{=;+= !(!$ -lj=;+= !(&! ;fn_
sf7df08f}b]lv ef/tsf] /S;f}n;Dd cf]kg jfo/ 6+s nfOg :yfkgf, O=;+= !(%% ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLnfO{
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ljt/0f nufot ljleGg hfgsf/Ld"ns ;Gbe{ k|sfzg ul/Psf 5g\ .7
;g\ !(^( -lj=;+= @)@^ ;fn_ df Nepal Telecommunication Project sf ;DaGwdf ljZjj}+sn]
tof/ u/]sf] l/kf]6{df tyf lxdfnog :6l8h ;]06/f/f tof/ u/L ;g\ !((@ -lj=;+= @)$( ;fn_ df
National Planning Communication/UNDP df k]z ul/Psf] l/kf]6{df klg g]kfndf lj=;+= !(&) ;fndf
g} 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] yfngL ePsf] eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .8
lj=;+= @)&) ;fn Ho]i7 @! ut]sf lbg g]kfn 6]lnsdsf k|aGw lgb{]zs cd/gfy l;+xsf] x:tfIf/o'Qm
;fb/ lgdGq0ff ljifosf] kqdf ===g]kfndf lj=;+= !(&) b]lv cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
;~rfng ePsf] eGg] ljifonfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8n] pNn]v u/L k|rngdf
NofO/x]sf]=== pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] .9
dflysf egfOdWo] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] l;Ugn lgb{]zgfnoaf6 k|sflzt k':tsdf cjsfz k|fKt ;xfos
/yL v8\uaxfb'/ l;+xn] lbPsf] hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df lj=;+= !(&) ;fndf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] yfngL
ePsf] pNn]v ul/P tfklg lghn] of] ;Gbe{ s'g cfwf/df atfPsf x'g\ < tyf pgsf] of] egfOsf]
cfwf/ s] xf] eGg] s'/f k':tsdf st} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . lghsf] ;f] egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug{ foot
note df kl/lzi6 g+= ! pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 hals ;f]xL k':tssf] k[= $!@ sf] kl/lzi6 g+= ! df
k|ZgfjnL -Questionnaire_ zLif{sdf !% ljleGg k|Zgx lbOPsf 5g\, h;df text df pNn]v
ul/P h:tf] c=k|f=;=/= v8\uaxfb'/ l;+xsf af/]df jf lghaf6 k|fKt plNnlvt ldltsf af/]df
s'g} klg hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5}g . Toltdfq geP/ o;} k':tsdf lj=;+= !(&) df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf]
yfngL ePsf] egfOnfO{ cfwf/sf ?kdf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgf/f k|sflzt dfly rrf{ ul/Psf]
;fdu|LnfO{ lnOPsf] 5, h;df s'g} klg ;Gbe{ k/]sf] 5}g .10 To:t} k+rfot :dfl/sf, 6]lnsdsf]
lj=;+= @)&) ;fnsf] 8fo/L, ljZjj}+s / lxdfnog :6l8h ;]06/f/f tof/ ul/Psf l/kf]6{ tyf
6]lnsdsf] kqxdf klg pQm ldltnfO{ k'li6 ug{] pko'Qm 7f]; cfwf/ pNn]v gePsfn] lj=;+=
!(&) ;fnsf] ;'?af6 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] yfngL ePsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ k'li6 ug{ cem ;fdu|L cfjZos
kg{] b]lvG5 . hxfF;Dd g]kfn 6]lnsdsf k|aGw lgb{]zssf] dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] kqfg';f/ lj=;+=
!(&) b]lv cfw'lgs k|ljlwo'Qm b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ePsf] s'/fnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf g]kfn
7 Nepal Telecom, DIARY 2070.
8 lj=;+= @)&) ;fn Ho]i7 @^ ut]sf lbg ck/fGx @ ah] g]kfn 6]lnsd s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, eb|sfnL Knfhfdf cfof]lht uf]li7df
;xefuL eO{ g]kfndf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfngsf] ldltsf af/]df ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfj JoQm ul/lbgsf nflu
o; cg';Gwfg kqsf n]vsnfO{ g]kfn 6]lnsdsf k|aGw lgb{]zs cd/gfy l;+xsf] x:tfIf/o'Qm lgdGq0ff kq .
9 P]hg .
10 g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgM ctLt / jt{dfg, sf7df8fFM+} g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg, lj=;+= @)%^, k[= !# .
b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8n] k|rngdf NofO/x]sf] ;Gbe{ xf] To; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug{] cGo s'g}
pko'Qm ;fdu|L k]mnf gk/] tfklg ;/sf/ Pjd\ :jod\ ;+:yfn] k|rngdf NofPsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ gsfg'{
slQsf] Jojxfl/s xf]nf <
lj=;+= !(&!
Pp6f ;|f]tn] sf7df8f}Fb]lv /S;f}n -!!) lsnf]ld6/_ ;Dd cf]kg jfo/ lkmlhsn 6\s nfOg 6\s
6]lnkmf]gsf] ;'?jft lj=;+= !(&! ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .11 To:t} g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] lj=;+=
@)&) ;fnsf] 8fo/Ldf klg ;f]xL k|;\u k/]sf] kfOG5 .12
lj=;+= !(&! ;fndf sf7df8fF}b]lv ef/tsf] /S;f}n;Dd cf]kg jfo/ 6+s nfOg :yfkgf ul/Psf]
eGg] klxnf] ;|f]tn] o;sf] k'li6sf cfwf/ lbPsf] 5}g . To:t} g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] k|sfzgdf klg
To:tf] s'g} ;Gbe{ k/]sf] 5}g . oxfF pNn]Vo s] 5 eg] lj=;+= !(&! ;fndf 6]lnkmf]gsf] :yfkgf
ePsf] eGg] k|;\u k/]sf] gkfOgfn] klg of] ldltsf af/]df yk rrf{ ug{' kg{] b]lvFb}g . cem tnsf
;fdu|Ln] sf7df8f}Fb]vL jL/u~h;Dd 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljR5\ofpg] sfd lj=;+= !(&@ ;fnsf]
lxpFblt/b]lv dfq yfngL ul/Psf] b]lvgfn] klg of] egfO ldNbf] 7xb}{g .
lj=;+= !(&@
g]kfnL ;]gf;Fu ;DalGwt dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] ;fdu|Ldf ===lj=;+= !(&@ df sf7df8f}Fb]lv yfgsf]6,
rL;fkfgL, eLdk]mbL, e}+;], x]6f}+8f, cdn]vu~h x'Fb} jL/u~h;Dd 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf pknJw lyof] . To; j]nf
;~rflnt 6]lnkmf]g cf]kg jfo/ DofUg]6f] k|ljwL -Open Wire Magneto System_ sf] lyof] . o;df vDaf
vDafdf gf\uf] tf/ /fvL 7fpF7fpFdf 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ePsf] x'GYof] / 306Lsf] ;\Vofsf] cfwf/df 6]lnkmf]g
l/l;j/ p7fpg' kYof]{ . pQm 6]lnkmf]g nfO{g sf7df8f}Fb]lv jL/u~h;Dd bf]xf]/f] tf/ xfnL b'j} tf/sf] vDafdf
a|fs]6 h8fg u/L 7fpF7fpFdf ;]S;g afs; /fvL k'ofO{Psf] lyof]=== pNn]v 5 .13 csf{] Pp6f ;fdu|Ldf
===rGb|zdz]/n] ;g\ !(!% -lj=;+= !(&@_ df 6]lnkmf]g cf :yfkgf u/]sf lyP -6]lnkmf]g cfsf] ;jfn
lj=;+= !(&@_ . of] cfnfO{ ;g\ !(@* -lj=;+= !(*%_ df k'gu{7g ul/Psf] lyof] -6]lnkmf]g cfsf] ;jfn
lj=;+= !(*%_=== n]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm o;} ;Gbe{df === But the oce could introduce the
telephone system only in Kathmandu city and for limited use=== pNn]v klg ul/Psf] kfOG5 .14
11 d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL, efu b'O{, dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q, k|sfzg :yfg cg'lNnlvt, >L % sf] ;/sf/ ;~rf/ dGqfno ;"rgf
ljefu, lj=;+= @)#!, k[= *)( . of] egfOnfO{ klg s'g} ;Gbe{ lbOPsf] 5}g .
12 Nepal Telecom, DIARY 2070.
13 k'8f;}gL / sfsL{ -;Dkf=_, kfb l6Kk0fL g+= @, k[= $ .
14 Pr=Pg= cu|jfn, b Pl8\dlgli6]l6j l;:6d ckm g]kfn, Go"lbNnLM ljsf; klJnl; xfp;, ;g\ !(&^, k[= ^# . cu|jfnn]
plNnlvt ;jfnxsf] ;Gbe{ lbFbf tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/ sfg"g dGqfno, ;fdu|L gDa/ qmdzM !@& / #%% pNn]v u/]sf
5g\ . jt{dfgdf oL ;fdu|L cWoog ug{] qmddf sfg"g dGqfno, ;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ;jf{]Rr cbfnt jf/ P;f]l;o;g tyf g]kfn
cg';"rL=== 349
;g\ !(!% -lj=;+= !(&@ ;fn_ df jL/u~hb]lv sf7df8f}F;Dd Pp6f 6]lnkmf]g nfOg :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof]
eGg] klg pNn]v ul/Psf] gkfOg] xf]Og .15 of] s'/fnfO{ c? n]vsn] klg oyfjt n]v]sf 5g\ .16
oL ;fdu|Laf6 lj=;+= !(&@ ;fndf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 6]lnkmf]g cfn] sf7df8f}F ;x/df l;ldt
k|of]usf nflu dfq 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] eGg] a'lemG5 . oBlk 6]lnkmf]g cfsf] :yfkgf x'gf;fy
lj=;+= !(&@ ;fndf g} of] ;]jf lbOPsf] xf] jf csf{]jif{ lbOPsf] xf] eGg] s'/f eg] :ki6 x'Fb}g .
o;sf cltl/Qm ;f]xL jif{ jL/u~hb]lv sf7df8f}F;Dd nfOg ljR5\ofP/ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfng
ePsf] s'/f tn pNn]v ul/Psf ;fdu|Laf6 klg oyfy{ gePh:tf] b]lvG5 .
k':ts Pjd\ 8fo/L h:tf dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;fdu|Ldf k|sfzg ePsf eGbf km/s lsl;dsf
;fdu|Ln] klg 6]lnkmf]gsf ;DaGwdf s]xL hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g\ . vf;u/L jt{dfgdf g]kfnsf] /fli6o
clen]vfno, /fdzfx ky, sf7df8f}Fdf /x]sf ck|sflzt ;fdu|Laf6 ;f] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L kfpg d2t
ldNb5 . o;} ;Gbe{df lj=;+= !(&@ ;fndf jL/u~hb]lv g]kfn -tTsfnLg ;dodf af]lnrfnL Pjd\ ;/sf/L
lnvtdf /fhwfgL sf7df8f}FnfO{ g]kfn eGg] ul/GYof]_ ;Dd 6]lnkmf]g nfOg h8fg ug{] sfd ePsf] b]lvG5 .
of] sfd tTsfnLg rGb|jQLk|sfz ljh'nL cf dfk{mt ePsf] lyof] . To;}sf/0f ;f] nfOg h8fg ug{] sfddf
;f]xL cfaf6 sltko ld:qL Pjd\ sflnu8 t}gfy ul/Psf] Pp6f lnvtdf o;k|sf/ pNn]v 517
===jL/u+hb]ifL g]kfn;Dd 6]nLkmf]g Nofpg] sfdnfO{ rGb|jtLk|sf; jLh'nL c8\8fsf
dL:qL ! sfnLu9\ ! s'NnL @ kf}if ^ ut] /f]h # sf bLgb]ifL sfh k7fO{ bLg' gLhx
gkms{];Dd sfd sfh ugf{nfO{ &@ ;fn df3 @# ut] egf{ eofsf b]xfo]sf hjfg\ # nfO{
egf{ eofsf k5LNnf d}Gxfb]ifL tnj if'jfpg' e+Gof c}g 5 tfkgL kf}if & ut]b]ifL tnj
iffg] u/L b/L bLg' e+Gof &@ ;fn df3 !( ut] # sf x's'+sf k|df+uL jdf]hL+ jLh'nL c8fdf
sfd ug{] u/L g`f yk\ sf};L tNjLdf==
jL/u+hb]ifL g]kfn;Dd 6]nLkmf]g\ Nofpg] sf+ sf d}Gxf # sf] DofbL iff+uLdf &@ ;fn kf}if
! ut] egf{ eofsf b]xfosf hjfg\nfO{ egf{ eofsf kl5Nnf d}Gxfb]ifL tnj if'jfpg' e+Gof
c}+ 5 tfkgL kf}if d}Gxfb]ifL tnj iffg]u/L bl/lbg' e+Gof &@ ;fn kf}if ! ut]sf x's+'sf]
k|df+uL jdf]hLd\ 6]nLkmf]g\ Nofpg] sf+df hLDdfjf/Ljf6 s+kgL tnj iffg] g`f yk\======18
sfg'g k':tsfno /fgLkf]v/Ldf klg k]mnf kfg{ ;lsPg .

15 s= s~rgdo d'hDbf/, kf]lnl6sn l/n];G; lj6\j]g Ol08of P08 g]kfn, Go"lbNnLM d'lG;/fd dgf]x/nfn, ;g\ !(&#,
k[= @$$ .
v= e/taxfb'/ k|wfg, 6]lnsDo'lgs];G; Og g]kfn, /demd, ef]nd %, gDa/#, ;g\ !(^( cS6f]a/, k[= !$ .
16 Pl8g ;]e/, g]kfn c08/ b /f0ffh, Go"lbNnLM cS:kmf]8{ P08 cfO lj Pr klJnl; sf]=, ;g\ !((#, k[= @%$ .
17 sDof08/L lstfavfgf lj=;+= !(&@ ;fn, /fli6o clen]vfno, sf7df8f}F . lgh sfdbf/xnfO{ lj=;+= !(&@ ;fn dfu{ *
ut]sf lbg egf{ ul/Psf] s'/f pQm lnvtdf pNn]v 5 .
18 P]hg .
6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljR5\ofpg] sfddf g]kfnL ;}lgsnfO{ klg v6fOPsf] lyof] .19
of] ;fdu|Ln] lj=;+= !(&@ ;fndf sf7df8f}b]lv jL/u~h;Dd 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof]
eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jtM v08g ub{5 . s'/f] s] eg] o;} jif{b]lv 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf nflu jL/u~hb]lv
sf7df8f}F;Dd nfOg ljR5\ofpg] sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}sf/0f nfOg ljR5\ofpg'
eGbf cufl8 g} ;]jf ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] eGg' pko'Qm gxf]nf .
lj=;+= !(&#
lj=;+= !(&@ ;fnsf] dflysf] ;fdu|Laf6 ;f]xL jif{sf] lxpFbdf jL/u~haf6 sf7df8f}F;Dd 6]lnkmf]g
nfOg lj:tf/sf] sfd x'Fb} u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fdfGotof kxf8L If]qdf jiff{ofddf o:tf lgdf{0fsf sfd c;xh
x'g] ePsfn] ;f]xL jif{ cyf{t lj=;+= !(&@ ;fndf g} ;f] sfo{ ;DkGg x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . To;}sf/0f csf{]
jif{ cyf{t lj=;+= !(&# ;fndf klg 6]lnkmf]g nfOg lj:tf/sf] sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] s'/f Pp6f
lnvtdf o;k|sf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof]20
===jL/u+hb]ifL g]kfn;Dd 6]nLkmf]g Nofpg] sfdnfO{ &# ;fn j};fif ! ut]b]ifL >fj0f
d;fGtts d}Gxf $ DofbL tk;Lnsf hjf+nfO{ sf};Ltf];fiffgfjf6 eQf / tnj hLDdfjf/L
jf6 iffg] gLhxnfO{ b/Lofsf] eQf r]+h x'bf ;fy} n}hfg gkfpg] h'g\ 7fpnfO{ b/Lofsf]
5 ;f] 7fp+nfO{ eQf sfo]d u/L b/L lbg' eGof &# ;fn cfiff8 ( ut] % df bLgu+tLn]
iffg] u/L gLhxnfO{ b;{ge]6 ;nfdL :d]t nLg' kb{}g eGo]+ &# ;fn cfiff8 # ut]sf]
if8\u gL;fgf ;gb jdf]hL+ d}Gxf $ DofbL hjf+ ===
sf7df8f}F;Dd 6]lnkmf]g Nofpg] sfdcGtu{t ljleGg 7fpFdf 6]lnkmf]g clkm;sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
lyof] . sf7df8f}Fdf /xg] cfnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g uf]:jf/f elgof] eg] o;sf cltl/Qm yfgsf]6, lr;fkfgL,
eLdk]mbL, r'/], l;d/f / jL/u~h df 6]lnkmf]g cfsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . lj=;+= !(&# ;fn j}zfv
dlxgfdf sf7df8f}Fsf cltl/Qm oL kfFr 7fpFsf cfdf a;]/ 6]lnkmf]g nfOg lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ nfOG;d]g,
xjnbf/, x'2f, s'NnL h:tf kbdf dflg;xnfO{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] . 6]lnkmf]g uf]Zjf/f cyf{t sf7df8f}Fdf
a;]/ sfd ug{sf nflu eg] l8f, gfoj /fO6/, gf}l;Gbf h:tf lghfdtL tk{msf sd{rf/L klg lgo'Qm ul/of] .
Toltdfq geP/ h'g;'s} ;dodf cGo 7fpFdf :yfkgf ul/Psf 6]lnkmf]g cfdf cfjZos k/]sf v08df
l56f] tyf ;xhtfsf ;fy cfk"lt{ ug{ ;lsg] p2]Zon] 6]lnkmf]g uf]Zjf/fdf k|fljlwsnfO{ lgo'Qm u/L hu]/f
df /flvPsf] lyof] . sf7df8f}Fb]lv jL/u~h;Ddsf plNnlvt :yfgdf sfd ug{ Ps} k6s nfOG;d]g@@
hgf, x'2f!! hgf, xjNbf/& hgf, l8f@ hgf, gfoj /fO6/@ hgf, gf}l;Gbf@ hgf, kb bhf{ pNn]v
gul/Psf]* hgf / s'lNn&@ hgfnfO{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] .21 o;af6 ;/sf/n] lj=;+= !(&# ;fnsf]
yfngLb]lv g} 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljR5\ofpg] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;~rfng u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oxfF pNn]Vo
19 h\uL cf, clen]v zfvf, efu#, l;=g+= !$(, 5fpgL, sf7df8f}F .
20 lghfdtL klxnf, l;=g+= ###, lj=;+= !(&# ;fn, /fli6o clen]vfno, sf7df8f}F .
21 P]hg .
cg';"rL=== 351
s] 5 eg] lgo'Qm ul/Psf @@ hgf nfOG;d]g ;a}h;f] gfuk'/ sf lyP .
lj=;+= !(&# ;fn kf}if !& ut] /f]h ! sf] lnvtcg';f/ 6]lnkmf]g uf]:jf/f clkm; :yfkfgf
eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}sf nflu lnvtdf of] ;Gbe{ k/]sf] 522
sDof+8/L sLtfkiffgf btf{ kmf6\sf xfls+sfl/+bfxn] k'hL{ x]/L 6]lnkmf]g\ uf]:jf/f cflkm;sf
gf} x/LeQm nfO{ &# ;fn j};fif ! ut] bL+ h]i7 d;f+tts\ sf] tnj >L h= df]x+;D;]/
h+\ujfxfb'/ /f0ffsf txjLnjf6 ;fk6L NofO{ bL ;s]sf] / gLh x/LeQm eg] cfiff8 ^
ut]b]ifL u}/iffnL eofsf] / j};fif d}gfb]ifL tnj if'jfp{g' e+Gof d}gf $ sf] Dofb yksf] ;gb
eg] cfiff8 ( ut] dfq eofsf] x'gfn] >fj0f d}gfsf] tnj nLg hf8f j}zfifb]ifL cfiff8
;Ddsf] gLh x/LeQmsf] tnj===
lj=;+= !(&# ;fnsf] cfiff9 @) ut]sf lbg ;/sf/L d'vkqsf ?kdf /x]sf] uf]vf{kq df b]z;dfrf/
v08sf] 6]nLkmf]g :yflkt zLif{sdf df Pp6f ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . ;f] ;dfrf/df >L # dxf/fhsf]
cg'u|xn] jL/u~hb]lv sf7df8f}Fsf] 6'Fl8v]n glhs klZrdkl 6]lnkmf]g cflkm; v8f ul/Psf] ;Gbe{
o;k|sf/ pNn]v lyof]23
===6]nLkmf]g\ eg]sf] s:tf]xf]nf < xhf/g sf]zsf jLrdf kmf;nf /fvL, jNnf5]pdf /
kNnf5]pdf j;L, Ps} kn\df a;L aft\lrt\ u/]e}+m s/L ubf{x'g\ < eGg] nfUbYof], cfh
k/d]Zj/sf c;Ld cg'u|xn] / >L # dxf/fhsf k|v/ k|tfkn]===>L # dxf/fhsf cg'u|xn]
;j}nfO c;nxf];\, ;a}sf] pksf/ xf];\ egL ld:6/ agf{]8kG6] nfO nufO of}6fsfd k]m/L
tof/ eof] 6'8Lv]nb]vL jL/u~h;Dd s/Lj &@ dfOn\ cyf{t\ s/Lj #^ sf]zsf] kmf;nf
5= t]:df !%)!%) kmL6\sf] km/s kf/L sfi7do pRrvDaf v8fu/fO tL vDafsf
lz/lzdf{ tfdfsf] tf/ nufO oGqflbsf] d]ng ;d]t\u/L jL/u~hdf / oxfF 6'l8v]nsf
guLr\ klZrd\ kL 6]lnkmf]g\ cflkm; v8f e} #^ sf]zsf] xfn If0f e/d} ghLs} a;L
jft\lrt\ u/]e}Fm ul/gnfUof] xfd|f efUon] ubf{ % xhf/ sf]z k/sf] xfnva/kgL % 306f
leqdf ;'Gg kfpg] e`f}+ o;af6 vfnL ;sf{/nfO dfq Jx}gls, b'lg`fbf/nfO ;d]t kmfObf
x'g]eof]===sf7df8f}F b]vL jL/u~h;Dd j/fj/ 6]nLkmf]g rNgnfUof]= &@ dfONsf jl/kl/
j;L, ;fd'Gg]df jft\lrt\ u/]e}+m ug{x'G5= xofF h:tf] jf]Nof] jxfF p:t} ;'lgG5, jxfF h:tf]
jf]Nof] oxfF p:t} ;'lgG5, Ps\hft\ km/s kb{}g o:tf o:tf cb\et' sfvf{gfsf] cfljisf/u/L
b]zf]Gglt / ;a}sf] pksf/ ugf{df tTk/ xf]OaS:ofsf===
dflysf] ;dfrf/sf] d'Vo ;Gbe{
g]kfnsf] klxnf] hnljB't zlQmsf] :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng ug{] la|l6z Ol~hlgo/ agf{8 kG6]nfO{
22 sDof08/L lstfavfgf lj=;+= !(&# ;fn, /fli6o clen]vfno, sf7df8f}F . lj=;+= !(&# ;fn kf}if !& ut] /f]h ! sf lbg
sDof08/L lstfkiffgf btf{ kmfF6sf xflsdsfl/Gbfsf gfddf n]lvPsf] k'hL{df ;f] s'/f :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
23 uf]vf{kq, lj=;+= !(&# ;fn cfiff9 @) ut] ;f]daf/ .
k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/n] jL/u~hb]lv sf7df8f}F;Dd 6]lnkmf]g nfOg h8fg tyf ;~rfng ug{]
clVtof/L lbPsf],
6]]lnkmf]g nfOg h8fg sfo{af6 ;j{;fwf/0f dflg;sf] klg pksf/ x'g] ck]Iff k|wfgdGqLsf] /x]sf],
sf7df8f}F 6'Fl8v]n glhs klZrdkl 6]lnkmf]g clkm; v8f ul/Psf]24
sf7df8f}F 6'Fl8v]nb]lv jL/u~h;Dd #^ sf]z&@ dfOn hlt kmf;nfdf tfdfsf] tf/ tyf cfjZos
oGq h8fg u/L oL b'j} 7fpFdf 6]lnkmf]g clkm; v8f ul/Psf],
6]lnkmf]g nfOg;d]t h8fgsf] sfdaf6 ;f] b'/Lsf] va/ If0fe/df g} glhs a;]/ af]n] h:tf] ul/g
nfu]sf],
sf7df8f}Fb]lv jL/u~h;Dd 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf rNg nfu]sf] /
&@ dfOnsf] kmf;nfaf6 klg ;fd'Gg]df a;]/ s'/f u/]h:t} af]Ng / ;'Gg ;lsg] cj:yf lj=;+= !(&#
;fn cfiff9 @) ut]df eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 .
dflysf] ;dfrf/af6 lj=;+= !(&# ;fn cfiff9 @) ut]sf lbg;Dddf sf7df8f}Fb]lv jL/u~h;Dd
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf yfngL eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 .25 oBlk :yfoL ?kdf ;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0f sfo{ eg] ;lsPsf] lyPg .
lj=;+= !(&$
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf sfdbf/af6 tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq 6]lnkmf]g h8fgsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ g;lsg]
ePsfn] lj=;+= !(&# ;fn efb| ! ut]b]lv !(&$ ;fn j}zfv d;fGt;Dd hDdf gf} dlxgfsf nflu pgLxsf]
Dofb ylkPsf] lyof] . o;sf nflu n]lvPsf] k'hL{df o;k|sf/ ;Gbe{ k/]sf] lyof]26
===jL/u+hb]ifL g]kfn;Dd 6]nLkmf]g\ Nofpg] sf+ nfO{ &# ;fn efb| ! ut]b]ifL &$ ;fn
j};fif d;fGt ts d}Gxf ( Dofb yk u/L lbg' eGof &$ ;fn j};fif !$ ut] % sf iffdn
-<_ d}Gxf ( DofbL sf};Ltf];fiffgfjf6 hLDdf u/L jf/L -<_ jf6 iffg] gLhxnfO{ b/Lofsf]
eQf r]+h x'bf ;fy} n}hfg gkfpg] h'g\ 7fpnfO{ b/Lofsf] 5 ;f] 7fp+nfO{ eQf sfo]d\
u/L bLgu+tLn] iffg] b;{g e]6\ ;nfdL nLg' kb{}g eGof &# ;fn cfiff8 #) ut]sf gk'n{]
-k'hL{n] <_ sktf+ b]jLjfxfb'/sf /kf]6\n] tnj iffg]===
dflysf ;fdu|Laf6 jL/u~hb]lv sf7df8f}F;Dd 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljR5\ofpg] tyf 7fpF 7fpFdf
24 jt{dfg sf7df8f}F 6'Fl8v]nsf] k"j{kl /x]sf] ljB't clkm;sf] ;8stk{m /x]sf] ljB't dx;'n a'emfpg] 7fpF eGbf aflx/ tTsfndf
6]lnkmf]g cf agfOPsf] s'/f o; n]vsf cg';Gwfgstf{x ;f] :yfgdf hfFbf /Tgkfs{ ljt/0f s]Gb|sf On]lS6sn kmf]/d]g
zflns/fd nfld5fg]n] lj=;+= @)&) ;fn cfiff9 @) ut]sf lbg xfdL cg';Gwfgstf{nfO{ hfgsf/L lbPsf lyP . nfld5fg]
sf7df8f}F dxfb]j:yfg& yfgsf]6 lgjf;L x'g\ .
25 ej]Zj/ k+u]gL, g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] yfngL, uf]/vfkq , lj=;+= @)&) ;fn c;f/ ! ut] zlgjf/, k[= zlgjf/ u .
26 lghfdtL klxnf, l;=g+= #$@, lj=;+= !(&$ ;fn, /fli6o clen]vfno, sf7df8f}F .
cg';"rL=== 353
cfjZos 6]lnkmf]g cfsf] lgdf{0f Pjd\ pks/0fx h8fg ug{] sfd lj=;+= !(&$ ;fn j}zfv dlxgf;Dddf
;DkGg eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0f sfo{ ;lsPkl5 ;f] sfdsf nflu lgo'Qm ul/Psf
k|fljlws Pjd\ cGo sfdbf/nfO{ x6fP/ 6]lnkmf]g ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos kg{] hgzlQm lgo'Qm ul/Psf] lyof] .
lj=;+= !(&$ ;fn Ho]i7 dlxgfb]lv lgo'Qm ul/Psf ck|]6/, nfOG;d]g, gf}l;Gbf, xNsf/f, x'2f, sflnu9
tyf s'NnLnfO{ tnaeQf tf]Sb} pgLxaf6 bz{ge]6, ;nfdL glng] s'/f v8\ulg;fgfdf o;k|sf/ pNn]v
ul/Psf] lyof]27
===g]kfnb]ifL jL/u+h;Dd b'gLofbf/sf] :d]t\ ifj/ rnfpg] u/L 6]nLkmf]g\ if8f u/LjS;]sf]
x'gfn] ;f] sfdnfO{ g]kfn x]8\cfkmL;\ ! rL;fkfgL u9L j|f+r cfkmL; ! jL/u+h ;j cfkmL;
! nfOg\sf] sfd ug{] 7fp+ 7fp+sf] 6f]nL :d]t\ if8fu/L tk;Ln jdf]hL+sf sfDbf/ sf/L+bf
b/LjS;]sf] 5 ;f] sfdnfO &# ;fn j};fif ! ut]b]ifL >fj0f ts d}Gxf $ sf] DofbL u/L
b/Lofsf ;fjLs hjf+nfO{ Dofb e'Qmfg eofsf &# ;fn efb| ! ut]b]ifL &$ ;fn j};fif
d;f+t tsnfO{ yfdL ;f]xL j};fif d;f+tsf] dLtLb]ifL iff/]h u/L gof egf{ eofsfnfO{ &$
;fn Ho]i7 ! ut]b]ifL tnj iffg]u/L b/L bLg' eGof &$ ;fn j};fif !$ ut]sf if8\ugL;fgf
;gb jdf]hLd u/ b;{g e]6 ;nfdL nfOG;d]g\ x'bf s'NnLnfO{ nLg kb{}g eGof &$ ;fn
efb| %# sf ;gb jdf]hLd 6]nLkmf]g\ x]8\ cfkmL:df tk;Ln hjf+ s] tnjL df]?======&$
;fn cf;f8 #! ut] egf{ sf};Ljf6 tnj iffg]===
;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu ;d]t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos sfdbf/sfl/Gbf lgo'Qm ug{]
;DaGwdf lj=;+= !(&$ ;fn j}zfv !$ ut]sf lbg v8\ulg;fgf af6 ;b/ ul/P tfklg cfjZostf cg';f/
;f]xL jif{sf] Ho]i7b]]lv r}q dlxgf;Dd klg sfdbf/ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] s'/f lgo'Qm JolQmsf] ljj/0fdf s}lkmot
sf ?kdf ldlt pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . Toltdfq geP/ s'g bhf{df s;nfO{ g]kfnL ?k}ofF jf sDkgL ?k}ofFdf
tnjeQf lbOg] xf] ;f] ;d]t :ki6 x'g] u/L lnvtdf pNn]v ul/of] .28
of] lnvtaf6 lj=;+= !(&$ ;fn Ho]i7 ! ut]b]lv ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu klg 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf]
yfngL ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lbg ;/sf/n] g]kfn 6]lnkmf]g cflkm;6]lnkmf]g
uf]:jf/fg]kfn x]8\ cflkm; cyf{t sf7df8f}Fdf /x]sf] 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;sf cltl/Qm yfgsf]6 nfO{g,
lr;fkfgLu9L a|f~r clkm;, r'/]df /xg], k|jfgLk'/df /xg], xhdgLofsf] n}g x]g{] / jL/u~h ;a cflkm;df
/xg] sd{rf/L lgo'Qm u/]sf] lyof] . of] sfdnfO{ eg] k|foM bIf hgzlQm k|of]u ul/of] . o:tf sfdbf/df ck|]6/,
nfOG; OG:k]S6/, sflnu9, x'2f tyf s'NnL lyP .
o;/L lgo'Qm ul/Psf k|fljlwsdWo] s'g} sf/0fn] sf]xL la/fdL k/]df jf s]xL sf/0faf6 cfgf] sfddf
xflh/ x'g g;sL 6]lnkmf]gsf] sfd cj?4 x'g gkfcf];\ eGg] ljifodf klg ;/sf/ ;r]t b]lvGYof] . To;}sf/0f
x]8\ clkm; sf7df8f}Fdf /xg]u/L Ps hgf 5'} nfOG;d]gnfO{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] s'/f lnvtdf o;k|sf/ pNn]v
27 P]hg .
28 P]hg .
ul/of]29
===6f]nL 6f]nLsf nfOG;d]gx j]/fdL e} jf 3/ jLbf uofdf ;6\6fdf k7fO sfd
rnfpgnfO{ ;6\6f k7fpg gk/]sf jift\ x]8\ cfkmL;\df /fifL nfOg x]/rfxf lgsf]kf -<_
&$ ;fn Ho]i7 d}Gxfb]ifL d}Gxf ! sf] s+ ?= @% n] jif{ ! sf] df]x? #)) df nfOG;d]g
nfnjxfb'/;L+ 5]t[gfuk'/!, #)) yk\===
plNnlvt v8\ulgzfgfdf h:t} uf]vf{kq n] klg ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]z0f u/]sf] lyof] . lj=;+= !(&$ ;fn
Ho]i7 ! ut]sf lbg b]z;dfrf/ v08df uf]vf{kqn] 6]lnkmf]g v'Nof] zLif{sdf k|sfzg u/]sf] ;dfrf/df
o;k|sf/sf] ;Gbe{ k/]sf] lyof]30
=== >L # dxf/fhaf6 ;snnfO ;a\s'/fsf] ;'lj:tf xf]; eGgf lgldQ g]kfndf cg]s
sfd lgsfnL aS;]sf] 5 . s]lx lbg eof] 6]nLkmf]gsf] sfd\ kgL z'? u/fO jlS;o]sf] lyof] .
o:sf] ;"rgf *!) dlxgf klxn] kgL kf7sdxfzodf hfx]/u/Lzs]sf5f}F . ca k]m/L
hfx]/ ul/G5 ls cfh Ho]i7 ! ut] ;f]daf/b]lv ;f/f b'lg`fbf/sf lgldQ kgL 6]nLkmf]g
v'Nof] . o:sf] dx;"nsf] b/ oxfFb]lv oxfF;DdnfO eGg] s'/f] kl5 lbOg]5
plNnlvt b'j} ;fdu|Laf6 lj=;+= !(&$ ;fn Ho]i7 ! ut] ;f]djf/b]lv g]kfndf ;j{;fwf/0fn] k|of]u ug{
kfpg] u/L 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] yfngL ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 . of] ;dfrf/af6 g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] dfly pNn]v ul/Psf]
8fo/Ldf O=;+= !(%% -lj=;+= @)!@ ;fn_ ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLnfO{ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ljt/0f u/]sf] eGg] ;Gbe{
29 P]hg .
***
30 uf]vf{kq, lj=;+= !(&# ;fn cfiff9 @) ut] ;f]daf/ .
cg';"rL=== 355
cg';"rL M !%
b"/;~rf/;Fu ;DalGwt dGqfnox
-lj=;+= @))&@)&@_
oftfoft dGqfno -lj=;+= @))&_

klAns jS;{ / ;~rf/ dGqfno -lj=;+= @))(_
lgdf{0f tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno -lj=;+= @)!)_
klAns jS;{ tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno -lj=;+= @)!@_
lgdf{0f, ;~rf/ / gx/ dGqfno -lj=;+= @)!^_
;~rf/, ljBt' zlQm, gx/ / oftfoft dGqfno -lj=;=+ @)!&_
lgdf{0f, ;~rf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno -lj=;+= @)!*_
lgdf{0f, ;~rf/, oftfoft, hn tyf ljBt' dGqfno -lj=;=+ @)@%_
;~rf/ dGqfno -lj=;+= @)@*_
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno -lj=;+= @)%!_
;"rgf, ;~rf/ tyf k|ljlw dGqfno -lj=;+= @)&@_
***
cg';"rL M !^
b"/;~rf/ ;]jf;DaGwL dGqfno x]g]{ ;~rf/ dGqLxsf] gfdfjnL
-lj=;+= @))&@)&@_
>L eb|sfnL ld> >L ?b| k|;fb lu/L

>L dl0fsnfn /fhe08f/L >L k;'Gb/ nfjtL
>L lqk'j/l;+x k|wfg >L kz'klt zDz]/ h=a=/f=
>L eb|sfnL ld> >L cRo't/fh /]UdL
>L kz'kltgfy 3f]if >L xl/ axfb'/ a:g]t
>L k'is/gfy pk|]|tL >L sdn yfkf
>L kg/ l;+x /f0ff >L kz'klt zDz]/ h=a=/f=
>L rGb|e'if0f kf08] >L /d]zgfy kf08]
>L u0f]zdfg l;+x >L of]uk|;fb pkfWofo
8f= >L t'n;L lu/L >L jf;'b]j l/;fn
>L nlnt rGb >L ljhos'df/ uR5]bf/
>L lslt{lglw lji6 >L k|bLk s'df/ g]kfn
8f= >L gfu]Zj/ k|;fb l;+x >L z]/axfb'/ b]pjf -k|wfgdGqL_
>L s]bf/dfg Jolyt >L lr/l~hjL jfUn]
>L ?b| k|;fb lu/L >L jfdb]j uf}td -pkk|wfg dGqL_
>L l;+xWjh v8\sf -/fHodGqL_ >L emngfy vgfn dGqL
>L ?b| k|;fb lu/L >L /sd r]Dhf] -/fHodGqL_
>L gj/fh ;'j]bL >L ;"o{ axfb'/ yfkf -k|wfgdGqL_
>L rt'e'{h k|;fb l;+x >L ;j{]Gb|| gfy zS'nf
>L /fwf k|;fb l3ld/] >L dxGy 7fs'/
>L hf]ud]x/ >]i7 >L lul/hf k|;fb sf]O/fnf -k|wfgdGqL_
>L /ljGb|gfy zdf{ >L dxGy 7fs'/
>L xl/ axfb'/ a:g]t >L /fwfs[i0f d}gfnL
>L hulbz emf -/fHodGqL_ >L hok|sfz k|;fb u'Ktf
>L s]=la= zfxL >L k"0f{axfb'/ v8\sf
>L 8Da/ axfb'/ dNn >L /fdrGb| kf}8]n -pk k|wfgdGqL_
>L kmQ]l;+x yf? -/fHodGqL_ >L hok|sfz k|;fb u'Ktf
>L /f3j]Gb| k|tfk zfx >L lzj/fh hf]zL
8f= >L k|sfz rGb| nf]xgL >L hok|sfz k|;fb u'Ktf
cg';"rL=== 357
>L nf]s]Gb| axfb'/ rGb -k|wfgdGqL_ >L s[i0faxfb'/ dx/f
>L /d]zgfy kf08] >L z/ kf]v/]n
>L sdn yfkf >L emngfy vgfn -k|wfgdGqL_
>L z]/axfb'/ b]pjf -k|wfgdGqL_ >L cUgL k|;fb ;fksf]6f
8f=>L df]xDdb df]xl;g >L s[i0faxfb'/ dx/f
>L 6+s 9sfn >L hok|sfz k|;fb u'Ktf
>L >Lif zDz]/ /f0ff >L /fhlszf]/ ofbj
>L lbn]Gb| k|;fb a8' >L dfwj k|;fb kf}8]n
>L s[i0faxfb'/ dx/f 8f= >L dLg]Gb| l/hfn
>L lul/hf k|;fb sf]O/fnf -k|wfgdGqL_ >L z]/wg /fO{
***
cg';"rL M !&
b"/;~rf/ If]qdf ePsf Iflt ljj/0f
-@)%$ b]lv @)%( ;fn j}zfv;Dd_
k|efljt k|efljt
qm=;+= lhNnf Iflt :6]zg df6{;\ Iflt ?= :k/ln+s Iflt ?
:6]zg nfOg
!= c5fd d+un;]g,l;p8L !$ #%! @%#()&^#* @$*%%#((%)
@= c3f{vfFrL vG8fF8f, kTy/sf]6, # !$ @$)%&(*^$ )))
kf]v/fyf]s
#= afUn' b]p/fnLvfgL @! *) ^!@!%))#$ )))
$= a}t8L s]z/k'/, vf]r]n]v @ * *$$&)&@( )))
%= aemf afGtfn]s, s]bf/ * !^@ @%%@$@&$) @@*&@#@#))
^= afh'/f ldtf}ln5t/f # % !$%$*(!() )))
&= afFs] s';'d ! $ ^&)#*!(( )))
*= alb{of kz'kltgu/, /fhfk'/ @ #)# !(@&#()) @##*%%*$*
(= ef]hk'/ lbnf, /fgLaf; @ @) !$%()(@%# )))
!)= lrtjg e08f/f ;f}/fx @ !** *#%!#&) @#(#*%%*&
!!= 88]Nw'/f kfn]y/ @$ (% %)&@^$%% )))
!@= b}n]v b}n]v ! !*$ ))) !!&@#$((#&
!#= bf u9jf,k~rs'n] @ ^ !@^!*(%&# )))
!$= bfr'{nf uf]s'n]Zj/, afnlzv/ @ !(@ @@#(@%^!% ^(%$$(^^%
!%= wflb{ s'Dk'/, e}j/yfg,d}bL !! %^$ $!%@##@)$ !^^$#@((@*
!^= wgs'6f a'waf/] ! $ ^^&#*$($ )))
!&= 8f]6L lhh/fdf08f}+, rf}+/LafFem, & @$ @$)%(%*## )))
d'8e/f
!*= uf]/vf plbk * #&$ !$%^(*!#$ (#@@^((!!
!(= u'NdL la/af; e'h'd8fF8f, /];'+uf @$ ()! #$()#&$#! !^!(^)%)##
@)= hfh/sf]6 l8NnL, b;]/f, ;Nnfle/ @ !! @&$(&!&!( )))
@!= emfkf uf}/fbx ! !^ !#%@)@(%( )))
@@= h'Dnf lrd/f, tftf]kfgL ) ) &*$)(^^^ #)&)^)$##
@#= s}nfnL r'xf, km'naf/L, x;'lnof,
hf]lzk'/, nDsL,
gf/fo0fk'/,
kxndfgk'/, k|tfkk'/,
>Lk'/,
l6sfk'/ !) &%! #%!#!*!*$ !(&$$(#($^
cg';"rL=== 359
k|efljt k|efljt
qm=;+= lhNnf Iflt :6]zg df6{;\ Iflt ?= :k/ln+s Iflt ?
:6]zg nfOg
@$= sflnsf]6 sf]6jf8f, etf{nUg, !^ ##& @&@!^)@&( !&(#!$^!@)
@%= sfe|] sfnfkfgL @ % (##&$%#! )))
@^= vf]6f vf]6f ahf/ ! $ ^^&#*$($ )))
@&= nDh' s'Grf, v'bL, lun', uf}8f
rqmlty{, afx'g8fF8f ^ @) #*&@*(*)^ )))
@*= dsjfgk'/ xl6of ! * &$#(**$% )))
@(= DofUbL 3f]8]kfgL, efn'vs{, ?Gdf # & $!()&^#@$ )))
#)= g'jfsf]6 rf}38f, l9s'/], b]p/fnL
Gof}kfg]rf}/, eb|6f/,
g'jfsf]6 !^ @!* %!)(^^!)! (#$@^^&@%
#!= cf]vn9'+uf kftn] @ %)# ^(%$))^# !!@*!*)(##
#@= kfFry/ :ofyfk' ) ) $%!%)^)! )))
##= Ko'7fg r'hf7fF6L lah'jf/, l;Gb'/] $ !($ !(&$!&$@& $!*!^%*%%
#$= /fd]5fk bf]/Daf, efnvf]k !! %) !(^(^!%%( )))
#%= /f]Nkf u'Drfn, /ftfdf6f,
;'lnrf}/ xf]n]/L !) ^% @&^^*%!^@ )))
#^= ?s'd 3]6df, rf}/hxf/L @ $ @@)%&$@)@ )))
#&= ;Nofg yf/df/], ;fpg]kfgL @ !# @!)%)(@)# )))
#*= ;nf{xL gf/fo0f8fF8f !) @#( @@*^@@**^ %@!!%(&$@
#(= l;Gw'nL 5/5/], ledu9, dbgaf; ^ @! !(()*$&^% #&(&^%*%^@
$)= l;Gw'kfNrf]s 8fF8fkfv/ * %( !##!#!^^* )))
$!= ;f]n'v'Da' SofDh] # !^ !$!)@$@(* )))
$@= tgx'F l5Ds]Zj/L, hfne~Hof ! & #!%!^^$& &!)%((#!)%
$#= tfKn]h' km"naf/L, e}+;]8fF8f $ !$ @!(%)(&!& )))
$$= t]x|y'd df]/fxf ! $ ^^&#*$($ )))
$%= pbok'/ lrq]:yfg % !^%^ $%#@(%@# !!$*!$#*&*
hDdf !)) @&! &&)! *,)@,!$,&^!!( @%,#@,*@,*&$%*
***
cg';"rL M !*
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf sf];]9'fx -lj=;+= !(&#@)&!_
(Milestones of Nepal Telecom)
lj=;+= O{=;+= ljj/0f

!(&# !(!^ sf7df8f}Fb]lv jL/u~h;Dd cf]kg jfo/ 6\s nfOgsf] :yfkgf
!((@ !(#% @% nfOg Ifdtfsf] :jrflnt Strowger Exchange sf] :yfkgf
!((# !(#^ sf7df8f}Fb]lv wgs'6f;Dd cf]kg jfo/ 6\s nfOgsf] lj:tf/
@))^ !(%) 6]lnu|fd ;]jfsf] :yfkgf -cf=jf= ;]jfsf] :yfkgf_
@))* !(%@ sf7df8f}F, l;+xb/af/df !)) nfOgsf] Magneto 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hsf] :yfkgf
@)!@ !(%% ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu klxnf] #)) nfOgsf] Dofg'on l;=lj= 6]lnkmf]g
PS;r]~hsf] :yfkgf
@)!( !(^# sf7df8f}F ;'Gwf/fdf klxnf] !))) nfOgsf] Automatic X-bar Exchange
:yfkgf
@)@! !(^$ HF Radio Service f/f cGt/f{li6o -ef/t tyf kfls:tfg_ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf]
;'?cft
@)@* !(&! 6]n]S; ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)#! !(&$ Microwave Transmission Link sf] :yfkgf
@)#( !(*@ "B" Type e"pku|x s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
@)#( !(*@ SPC 6]n]S; PS;r]~hsf] :yfkgf
@)$) !(*# k|yd l8lh6n 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~hsf] :yfkgf
@)$! !(*$ cGt/b]zLo 6\s ;]jf -ISD_ sf] ;'?cft
@)$$ !(*& u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)$$ !(*& cGt/f{li6o 6\s ;]jf -ISD_ sf] ;'?cft
@)%@ !((% k|yd Optical Fiber Network sf] :yfkgf
@)%# !((^ ;Dk"0f{ 6fG;ld;g lnnfO{ 6fG;ldag lndf kl/jt{g
@)%# !((^ ;Dk"0f{ 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]~h :jrflntdf kl/jt{g
@)%# !((^ cGt/f{li6o u]6j] PS;r]~hsf] :yfkgf
@)%# !((^ le:of6 ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)%$ !((& India (D.O.T ) ;Fu clK6sn kmfOa/ lnsf] :yfkgf
@)%% !((* a+unfb]z;Fu ;Lwf UHF lnsf] :yfkgf
@)%^ !((( GSM df]afOn ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
cg';"rL=== 361
@)%& @))) SDH Microwave Radio sf] sfof{Gjog

@)%& @))) OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)%* @))! k]kmf]g ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)%* @))! GSM df]afOndf International Roaming ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)^) @))@ k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{df clK6sn kmfOa/ la5\ofpg] sfo{ ;DkGg
@)^) @))# GSM lk|k]8 ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)^@ @))$ lk|k]8 sln\u sf8{ -Olhsn_ ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)^@ @))$ IVR ;]jfsf] ;'?cft ( SLC k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfzgsf] ;'?cft)
@)^# @))% P8efG;8 lk|m kmf]g (Toll-Free) ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)^# @))% CDMA ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)^# @))% PS;]; g]6js{ :yfkgf
@)^# @))% cfo6;f]l;{u dfkm{t 6]lnkmf]g ;f]wk'5 ;]jf -!(&_ sf] ;'?
@)^# @))^ PSTN qm]l86 lnld6 ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)^# @))^ xf]dsG6L 8fO/]S6 ;]jf -HCD-Nepal Direct_ sf] ;'?cft
@)^# @))^ PSTN EjfO; d]n ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)^$ @))& CDMA df]afOn -SkyPhone_ df cGt/b]zLo /f]ld\u ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)^$ @))& GSM df]jfOndf GPRS, 3G / CRBT ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)^% @))* ADSL OG6/g]6 ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)^% @))* gf]l6; af]8{ ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)^^ @))( CDMA kf]i6k]8 df]jfOn ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)^& @)!) ;a} uf=lj=;=df sDkgLsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] kxF'r
@)^& @)!) Easy Call (SIP) ;]jfsf] ;'?cft
@)^& @)!) Volume Based ADSL ;]jfsf] z'?cft
@)^& @)!! SIP PPP (Permanent Pre-paid Phone) sf] z'?cft
@)^& @)!! GSM df]jfOndf 3G Data Card ;]jfsf] z'?cft
@)^& @)!@ International Toll-free Services (ITFS) ;]jfsf] z'?cft
@)^& @)!@ IP CDMA ;]jfsf] ;~rfng
@)^* @)!@ 4G jfo/n]; j|f]8Jof08 OG6/g]6 ;]jf WiMAX ;]jfsf] z'?cft
@)^* @)!# IP Based Wire line Network NGN ;]jfsf] ;~rfng
@)^( @)!$ WIFI Hotspot ;~rfng
***
cg';"rL M !(
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] cfly{s cj:yf
-lj=;+= @)@&@)&!_
FY Total Revenue Total Profit after tax TOTAL ASSETS FIXED ASSETS PAID UP CAPITAL
2027/28 5,570,874.00 288,854.00 43,677,821.00 31,053,102.00 39,134,538.00
2028/29 6,317,955.00 48,819.00 47,305,570.00 31,241,421.00 40,206,037.00
2029/30 7,865,199.00 131,023.00 59,189,440.00 37,680,588.00 48,826,740.00
2030/31 10,264,814.00 441,795.00 74,715,138.00 49,595,169.00 53,101,615.00
2031/32 13,144,612.00 52,046.00 89,170,891.00 66,128,171.00 56,312,855.00
2032/33 17,972,224.00 997,100.00 93,319,862.00 64,985,118.00 64,382,174.00
2033/34 21,054,857.00 4,338,735.00 110,292,950.00 73,588,329.00 66,213,402.00
2034/35 27,759,642.00 1,587,031.00 126,784,826.00 79,194,636.00 72,261,110.00
2035/36 38,939,537.00 6,701,801.00 147,111,094.00 88,138,305.00 72,261,110.00
2036/37 42,802,605.00 7,799,392.00 181,372,530.00 130,362,385.00 72,261,110.00
2037/38 46,675,345.00 7,172,767.00 213,276,995.00 130,362,385.00 76,261,110.00
2038/39 55,083,523.00 5,864,039.00 277,885,974.00 151,185,500.00 76,261,110.00
2039/40 73,202,689.00 1,649,021.00 377,640,227.00 297,280,113.00 76,261,110.00
2040/41 96,881,272.00 4,887,007.00 486,221,721.00 394,203,081.00 76,261,110.00
2041/42 127,838,832.00 8,907,065.00 590,959,722.00 488,979,700.00 92,228,000.00
2042/43 169,021,085.00 7,565,884.00 954,003,165.00 798,573,685.00 252,725,236.00
2043/44 250,399,068.00 36,945,425.00 1,691,816,204.00 475,250,040.00 778,931,579.00
2044/45 331,466,769.00 35,352,141.00 2,454,278,862.00 1,282,217,766.00 1,197,542,929.00
2045/46 516,430,488.00 95,643,890.00 3,937,604,577.00 1,206,110,586.00 923,158,066.00
2046/47 699,385,192.00 86,721,079.00 4,908,792,659.00 1,716,339,904.00 945,243,218.00
2047/48 892,394,032.00 111,872,280.00 3,479,467,354.00 2,207,545,108.00 946,329,076.00
2048/49 1,316,040,037.00 350,385,614.00 4,121,749,736.00 2,224,387,257.00 946,329,076.00
2049/50 1,816,543,437.62 850,510,422.90 5,006,286,922.00 1,978,002,879.17 946,329,076.00
2050/51 1,904,912,853.00 788,014,825.00 6,621,184,304.00 2,195,937,496.00 1,329,867,132.00
2051/52 2,147,295,118.00 792,423,682.00 8,880,338,545.00 2,687,526,077.00 1,331,943,060.00
2052/53 2,677,024,782.00 972,214,913.00 11,066,777,306.00 3,906,798,429.00 1,331,943,060.00

cg';"rL=== 363
2053/54 3,320,429,076.00 1,181,677,170.00 12,828,294,227.00 4,479,996,647.00 1,331,943,060.00
2054/55 4,321,053,117.00 1,928,398,490.00 16,047,477,402.00 5,235,600,438.00 1,331,943,060.00
2055/56 4,629,891,805.00 1,850,747,387.00 18,530,124,078.00 6,375,710,226.00 2,053,864,460.00
2056/57 4,956,376,540.00 2,050,747,457.00 20,092,408,177.00 6,532,354,219.00 2,053,864,460.00
2057/58 5,487,178,513.00 2,194,217,161.00 21,764,877,747.00 6,672,251,723.00 2,053,864,460.00
2058/59 6,159,520,085.00 2,326,528,381.00 25,281,823,703.00 6,840,396,810.00 2,053,864,460.00
2059/60 7,208,086,742.00 3,137,224,397.00 29,892,993,891.00 7,607,614,290.00 2,053,864,460.00
2060 chaitra 6,070,423,137.00 1,453,049,611.00 32,652,786,892.00 7,664,206,081.00 2,053,864,460.00
2061 Ashad 2,239,512,949.00 1,071,391,215.00 33,221,351,596.00 8,094,662,133.00 15,000,000,000.00
2061/62 8,584, 144,335.00 9,035,489,375.00 35,572,771730.00 9,040,917,332.00 15,000,000,000.00
2062/63 10,413,655,067.00 10,258,710,683.00 39,351,406,702.00 10,088,426,666,00 15,000,000,000.00
2063/64 13,967,418,603.00 13,210.622,811.00 43,661,114,562.00 11,361,042,616.00 15,000,000,000.00
2064/65 16,788,359,646.00 7,942,901,598.00 50,358,333,624.00 12,897,703,085.00 15,000,000,000.00
2065/66 20,646,628,886.00 10,178,024,718.00 58,686,689,120.00 15,365,515,161.00 15,000,000,000.00
2066/67 25,058,303,890.00 10,775,154,464.00 66,165,710,274.00 14,143,908,061.00 15,000,000,000.00
2067/68 26,409,499,199.00 12,120,298,794.00 76,021,558,762.00 13,310,852,881.00 15,000,000,000.00
2068/69 32,848,899,228 11,605,269,582 105,918,327,392 14,013,277,408 15,000,000,000
2069/70 34,140,807,888 11,299,175,997 58,984,268,977 16,290,282,239 15,000,000,000
2070/71 35,589,742,990 11,553,724,269 95,574,899,978 18,656,147,401 15,000,000,000
***
cg';"rL M @)
ljleGg lhNnfdf klxnf] k6s 6]lnkmf]g PS:r]~h :yfkgfljj/0f
Development Type of Date of

S.No Zone District Place Capacity
Region Exchange Establishment
1 Jhapa Bhadrapur C.B.Manual 100 L 2031.9.14
2 Ilam Ilam CNE 250 L 2047.5.1

Mechi
3 Panchthar Phidim CDOT 150 L 2052
4 Taplejung Taplejung CDOT 150 L 2052
5 Morang Biratnagar C.B.Manual 300 L 2022.11.19
6 Sunsari Dharan C.B.Manual 400 L 2031.9.14
7 Dhankuta Dhankuta C.B.Manual 200 L 2039.9.13

Koshi
8 Tehrathum Teherathum CDOT 150 L 2052
9 Bhojpur Bhojpur CDOT 150 L 2052
10 Sankhuwasava Khadbari CDOT 150 L 2052
11 Saptari Rajbiraj C.B.Manual 100 L 2031

E.D.R.
12 Siraha Siraha C.B.Manual 100 L 2038.9.1
13 Udaypur Gaighat CDOT 150 L 2052

Sagarmatha
14 Khotang Diktel CDOT 150 L 2052
15 Okha;dhunga Okhaldhunga CDOT 150 L 2052
16 Solukhumbu Salleri CDOT 184 L 2054
17 Dhanusha Janakpur C.B.Manual 200 L 2031
18 Mahottari Jaleshore R.L.U 250 L 2047.7.22
19 Sarlahi Malangawa C.B. Manual 160 L

Janakpur
20 Sindhuli Sindhulimadi CDOT 184 L 2052
21 Ramechap Manthali CDOT 150 L
22 Dolakha Charikot CDOT 300 L 2055
23 Kathmandu Singhadarbar C.B.Manual 300 L 2012

C.D.R.
Bagmati
24 Lalitpur Jawalakhel ARF X-bar 600 L 2025
cg';"rL=== 365

25 Bhaktapur Bhaktapur S1240 1000 L 2044.3.22
26 Kavre Banepa C.B.Manual 200 L 2038.1.1.
27 Sindhupalchowk Chautara CDOT 300 L

Bagmati
28 Nuwakot Trisuli R.L.U 250 L 2045.11.1
29 Dhading Dhading CDOT 184 L
30 Rasuwa Rasuwa CDOT 184 L
31 Parsa Birgunj Pentaconta X-bar 300 L 2029
32 Bara Kalaiya R.L.U 250 l 2046.5.28

C.D.R.
33 Narayani Rautahat Gaur C.B.Manual 200 L 2045.9.1
34 Makawanpur Hetauda C.B.Manual 200 L 2030.4.1
35 Chitwan Bharatpur C.B.Manual 200 L 2036.9.14
36 Gorkha Gorkha CDOT 150 L 2052
37 Lamjung Bssisahar CDOT 334 L
38 Tanahu Damauli DIAX 180 L

Gandaki
39 Manang Manang CDOT 152 2063
40 Mustang Jomsong CDOT 184
41 Kaski Pokhara C.B.Manual 150 L 2030.5.1.
42 Nawalparasi Nawalparasi CDOT 150 2052
43 Rupandehi Bhairahawa C.B.Manual 100 L 2030..9.14
44 Kapilbastu Taulihawa R.L.U 250 L 2044.9.13

Lumbini
45 Arghakhanchi Sonalkharya CDOT 330
46 Gulmi Tamghas CDOT 150 2052

W.D.R.
47 Tansen Palpa C.B.Manual 200 L 2036.11.4
48 Baglung Baglung CDOT 150 2052
49 Parbat Khusma CDOT

Dhawalagiri
50 Myagdi Beni CDOT 184 2052
51 Syanja Syanja CDOT 150 2052


52 Dang Ghorahi CSND 250 2046
53 Pyuthan Pyuthan CDOT 176

W.D.R.
54 Rapti Rolpa Rolpa E-10B 512 2066
55 Salyan
56 Rukum Jajarkot E-10B 256 2067
57 Banke Nepalgunj C.B.Manual 200 L 2030.3.13
58 Bardiya Gularia CDOT 150 2052
59 Bheri Surkhet Surkhet C.B.Manual 200 l 2038.3.13
60 Jajarkot Jajarkot E-10B 256 2067
61 Dailekh Dailekh CDOT 184
62 Kalikot kalikot CDOT 184

M.W.D.R.
63 Jumla Jumla CDOT 184
64 Karnali Mugu Gamgadi CDOT 150 2062
65 Humla Simikot CDOT 184 2062
66 Dolpa Dunahi CDOT 150
67 Kailali Dhangadi C.B.Manual 200 2044
68 Doti Dipayal C.B.Manual 100 L 2047.11.15

Seti
69 Achham Mangalsen CDOT 150 2054
70 Bajura Baitadi CDOT 150
71 Bajhang Chainpur CDOT 150
72 Kanchanpur Mahendranagar C.B.Manual 200 L

2038.3.13
F.W.D.R.
73 Mahakali Dadeldhura Dadeldhura CDOT 150 2052
74 Baitadi Baitadi CDOT 176
75 Darchula Darchula CDOT 176
***
cg';"rL=== 367
cg';"rL M @!
cvaf/df 6]lnkmf]g
uf]/vfkq,@)^@ df3 !!
6]lnsdlj?4sf] d'2f vf/]h
;L8LPdP k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g l5} ljt/0f ul/g]
pkTosf ;dfrf/bftf g]kfnsf ljs6 kxf8L lhNnfdf klg 6]lnkmf]g ;~rfng

sf7df8f} + , df3 !) ut] . g] k fn 6] l nsdn] ug{ ;Sg]5 eg] sf7df8f}+df eg]sf] a]nfdf ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]g
;~rfngdf Nofpg nfu]sf] ;L8LPdP -sf]8 l8lehg ;]jf pknAw u/fpg]5 . To;}u/L Jo:t ;x/df 7fpF;f/Lsf]
dlN6kn PS;] ; _ k| l jlwlj? k/] s f] d' 2 f ;jf] { R r ;d:of klg ;dfwfg x'g]5 .
cbfntn] cfh vf/]h u/]sf] 5 . d'2f vf/]h ePkl5 g]kfn g] k fn 6] l nsdsf k| a Gw lgb] { z s ;' u t/Tg
6]lnsdnfO{ ;f] k|ljlwo'Qm ;]jf ;~rfngdf Nofpg sfg"gL s+;fsf/sf cg';f/ 6]lnkmf]g pkef]Qmfsf] ;+Vof j[l4sf
af6f] v'n]sf] 5 . nflu clxn] ;L8LPdP k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;]jf
d'2f vf/]h ePkl5 g]kfn 6]lnsdsf k|aGw lgb]{zs lj:tf/ cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .
;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n] lnlvt cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] Ps 6]lnsdn] g]kfn clw/fHoe/ s]xL jif{leq sfk]{6
xKtfkl5 ;Ll8PdP k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ;'? ul/g] se/]hdf ;L8LPdP k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]gsf] lj:tf/
atfpg'eof] . ;a} k"jf{wf/ tof/L cj:yfdf 5g\ pxfFsf] ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] 5 . tf//lxt k|ljlwdf x'g] x'gfn] of]
egfO lyof] . ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu 6]lnsdnfO{ ;xh x'g];d]t k|aGw
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] u}/sfg'gL ?kdf ljgfk|lt:kwf{ lgb]{zs s+;fsf/n] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
u'0f:t/xLg ;]jf k|bfg u/L pkef]QmfnfO{ df/df kfg{nfu]sf] ;L8LPdP k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Pp6f 6fj/sf] Ifdtf @)
cf/f]kdf ut c;f/ @) ut] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lji0f'k|;fb lsnf]ld6/ j/k/sf] e"efu x'g5] . $) lsnf]ld6/sf] km/sdf
9sfn / df/sf ch'{gk|;fb pk|]tLn] ;L8LPdP k|ljlwsf] /flvg] 6fj/n] g]kfnsf x/]s If]qdf 6]lnkmf]g lj:tf/ x'g5] .
kl/of]hgfnfO{ /f]Sg dfu ub}{ d'2f bfo/ u/]sf lyP . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;fwf/0f nfOg lng k|tLIff ;"rLdf /x]sf
Gofoflwzo ab|Ls'df/ a:g]t / tkaxfb'/ du/sf] Ohnf;n] tLg nfv u|fxs ;+VofnfO{ 36fpg, u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtf;Dd
;f] d'2f cfh vf/]h u/]sf] xf] . 6]lnkmf]gsf] kx'rF k'ofpg ;L8LPdP k|ljlwsf] ;'?cft u/]sf] xf] .
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug]{ 9sfn / pk|]tLn] 6]lnsdn] ;L8LPdP k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]gsf]
6]lnsdn] tf//lxt k|ljlwsf] ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ b"/;~rf/ cf}krfl/s k}fljlws k/LIf0f eg] o;klxn] g} c;f/ @#
k|flws/0faf6 s'g} cg'dlt glnPsf] bfaL u/]sf5g\ . t/ ut] ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] 5 . 6]lnkmf]g ;]6 g]kfn 6]lnsdsf]
6]lnsdsf clwsf/Lx eg] 6]lnsdn] k|flws/0faf6 :jfldTjdf /xg] u/L ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]g nfOgs} b/df of]
o:tf] ;]jf ;~rfngsf nflu cg'dlt lnPsf] / o:tf] ;]jf 6]lnkmf]g pknAw x'g] 6]lnsdn] hgfPsf] 5 . ;fwf/0f
6]lnsdn] klxn] g} ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] lhls/ u5{g\ . 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ln+bf clxn] ;f9] cf7 xhf/ ?lkofF k5{ .
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf clwsf/Lxn] ;d]t ;L8LPdP k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]g ;]6sf] d"No
g]kfn 6]lnsdsf nflu ;L8LPdP k|ljlwsf] kl/of]hgf gofF dxFuf] kg{ hfg] ePsf sf/0f 6]lnkmf]g ;]6sf] :jfldTj
gePsf sf/0f k|flws/0faf6 cg'dlt lng'kg]{ cfjZostf cfkm"n] lnO{ pkef]QmfnfO{ ;:tf] b/df 6]lnkmf]g nfOg
gePsf] atfpFb} cfPsf lyP . pknAw u/fpg nfluPsf] xf] .
;L8LPdP k|ljlw ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 6]lnsdn] ;]jf ;~rfngsf] kfFr jif{df g]kfn 6]lnsdn] kfFr
jif{leq ;L8LPdP k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;+Vof b; 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] 5 . To;sf] yk
nfv k'ofpg] of]hgf agfPsf] 5 . rf/ r/0f sfd eO{ kfFr r/0fdf k'Ubf ;L8LPdP k|ljlwdf
g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;L8LPdP k|ljlw ;'?cft u/]sf] cfwfl/t 6]lnkmf]gsf]===
klxnf] r/0fdf g]kfn clw/fHoe/ ;f9] b'O{ nfv nfOg
cg';"rL=== 369
sflGtk'/, @)^@ df3 !!
6]lnsdnfO{ tf//lxt kmf]g rnfpg af6f] v'nf
sflGtk'/ ;+jfbbftf k|0ffnL 6]lnsdn] leqfPsf] lyof] . tf//lxt k|ljlwaf6
sf7df8f}+, !) df3 ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] g]kfn ;~rfng x'g] ePsfn] 6]lnsdn] t'?Gt} ;]jf pknAw
6]lnsdnfO{ tf//lxt k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t cfwf/e"t df]afOn u/fpg ;S5 .
;]jf ;~rfngsf nflu ;a} tof/L ;s]kl5 cj}wflgs ?kdf tf//lxtsf] dfWodaf6 pkef]QmfnfO{ ;]jf lbg
;]jf ;~rfngsf nflu ;a} tof/L ;s]kl5 cj}wflgs ?kdf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] ljZje/ of] kmf]gsf]
;]jf ;~rfng ug{ nfu]sf] eGb} ;jf]{Rrdf l/6 k/]kl5 of] rng a9L 5 . 6]lnsdn] clxn];Dd ^ nfveGbf a9L
/f]lsPsf] lyof] . ;jf]{Rrn] ;f]daf/ pQm l/6 vf/]h u/]sfn] ;}n'n/ df]afO / cfwf/e"t kmf]g ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . pQm
6]lnsdnfO{ af6] v'n]sf] xf] . cjlw;Dd clw/fHoel/sf # nfv !( xhf/ % ;o !$
l/6df 6] l nsdn] b" / ;~rf/ k| f lws/0faf6 lgj]bs k|tLIff ;"rLdf 5g\ .
:jLs[lt glnO{ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ nfu]sf] bfjL ul/Psf] ;/sf/n] pbf/ b"/;~rf/ gLlt cjnDag u/]kl5
lyof] . 6]lnsdn] eg] cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfng lghL If]qsf] o'gfO6]8 6]lnsdn] b'O{ jif{cl3 of] k|ljlwdf
ul//x]sfn] gofF k|ljlwaf6 ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] ;]jf ;~rfngsf cfwfl/t kmf]g ;'? u/]nuQ} 6]lnsdn] k|lqmof cl3 a9fPsf]
nflu b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] lyof] . rLgsf] h]86LO{ skf]{/];g;Fu kfFr r/0fdf !) nfv
:jLs[lt lnP/ pks/0f cfot tyf cGo k|lqmof k"/f u/]sf] nfOg kmf]g ljt/0f ug]{ u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf] lyof] .
bfaL ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . s+;fsf/n] 6]lnsdsf ;fljssf w]/} k"jf{wf/ g}
6]lnsdsf k|aGw lgb]{zs ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/n] pkef]u ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] k|f/lDes nfut / ;~rfng
cbftnaf6 lnlvt km};nf cfpg] lalQs} ;]jf ;~rfng vr{;d]t sd kg]{ x'Fbf pkef]QmfnfO{ ;:tf]df ;]jf lbg
ug{ ;lsg] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . pxfFsf cg';f/ tf//lxt ;lsg] atfpg'eof] .
kmf]g ljt/0fsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ tof/L k"/f ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf cg';f/ of] kmf]gsf] lj:tf vr{ sd;d]t
;jf]{Rrn] cfGtl/s cfb]z hf/L ug'{ cl3 6]lnsdn] kg]{5 . kxf8L / t/fO{sf a9L dflg; a:g] ;a} ;x/df of]
k/LIf0f ;]jf ;'? u/L cf}krf/Ls ?kdf gofF ;]jfsf] k|ljlwsf] pkof]u u/]/ t'?Gt} ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg]5 .
;d'b\3f6g;d]t u/]sf] lyof] . 6]lnsdn] sDtLdf ! ;o nfOg kmf]g laqmL x'g] 7fpFdf t'?Gt
clw/fHoe/ dfUg] ljlQs} kmf]g pknAw u/fpg of] ;]jf pknAw u/fpg]5 .
df]afOndf cfudg lgMz'Ns

;dfrf/kq
sf7df8f}+ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfpFbf] c;f/ @# ut]af6 pkTosfleq $* xhf/ % ;o kf]:6k]8 df]afOn rfn"
df]afOn 6]lnkmf]gsf] cfudg sn lgMz'Ns ug]{ ePsf] ePsf 5g\ . ;/sf/n] cfufdL ;ftf gofF kf]:6k]8 df]afOn
5. ljt/0fsf] 6]lnsdnfO{ cg'dlt lbg] tof/L ul//x]sf]
6]lnsd ;~rfns ;ldltsf] z'qmaf/sf] a}7sn] ;/sf/sf]Ps pRr;|f]tn] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 .
>L % sf] %( cf}+ z'ehGdf]T;jsf] cj;/df df]afOn xfn kf]:6k]8 df]afOndf cfudg sntkm{ laxfg
6]lnkmf]gsf] cfudg sn k"0f{?kdf lgMz'Ns ug]{ lg0f{o * ah]b]lv a]n'sL * ah];Dd ;fwf/0f kmf]gaf6 k|ltldg]6
u/]sf] xf] . t/ of] cfudg sn lgMz'Nssf] ;'ljwf g]kfn Ps ?lkofF, df]afOnaf6 %) k};f / zlgaf/ b'j} lsl;dsf
6]lnsdsf df]afOn / ;fwf/0f kmf]gafx]s cGo 6]lnkmf]g 6]lnkmf]gaf6 sn cfpFbf To;sf] l/l;e rfh{ %) k};f
sDkgLxsf] 6]lnkmf]gaf6 sn cfpFbf u/]sf] l/l;edf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] nufpFb} cfPsf] 5 .
eg] glbOg] ePsf] 5 . ptf xfn ;]jf :ylut ul/Psf] lk|k]8 df]afOndf
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] Ps pRr;|f]tsf eg];fwf/0f kmf]gaf6 sncfpFbf laxfg * ah]b]lv
cg';f/ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] df]afOndf cfudt sn lgMz'Ns a]n'sL * ah];Ddsf nflu k|ltldg]6 ! ?lkofF @) k};f /
ug]{ k|:tfj s]xL lbgcl3 g} k];f ul/;s]sf] 5 . k|flws/0fn] df]afOnaf6 cfpFbf ^) k};f rfh{ nfUg] u/]s]f 5 . lk|k]8
o;af/]df s'g} lg0f{o gul/;s]sf] eP klg g]kfn 6]lnsdn] df]afOndf klg kf]:6k]8df h:t} a]n'sL * ah];Ddsf]
eg] u|fxsxsf] ;'ljwf;DaGwL ljifo ePsfn] c;f/ @# cfudg snsf] rfh{ eg] k"0f{?kdf lgMz'Ns /x]sf]5 .
ut]b]lv g} nfu" ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . cfudg sn lgMz'Ns 6]lnsdn] cfkm\gf] 6]lnkmf]geGbf afx]s o'6LPn /
kf]:6k]8 / lk|k8] b'j} lsl;dsf df]afOndf nfu" x'g5] . clxn] Pd6LPdn] ljt/0f u/]s]f 6]lnkmf]gaf6 nfUg] rfh{df eg]
;fFem * ah]bl] v laxfg * ah];Dd df]afOndf cfpg] cfudg s'g} kl/jt{g gug]{ ePsf] 5 . u|fxsxnfO{ ;]jf lbg], qmddf
sn k"0f{?kdf lgMz'Ns /x]sf] 5 . 6]lnsdn] s]xL dlxgfcl3af6} dx;'n ;+/rgf kl/jt{g ug]{
ut df3 !( ut]kl5 aGb ePsf && xhf/ kf]:6k]8 u[xsfo{ z'? u/]sf] lyof] .
/ ! nfv &# xhf/ lk|k]8 df]afOndWo] xfn;Dd sf7df8f}+
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tl:a/df Oltxf;
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf pNn]Vo r/0f
cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf lgld{t 5fpgLl:yt l/l;le :6];g ejg
sf7df8f}+ ;'Gwf/fl:yt ;]G6n ! PS;r]~h ejg

ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf lgld{t lqk'/]Zj/l:yt s]Gb|Lo 6]lnu|fkm sfof{no ejg
km'Nrf]sLl:yt dfOqmf]j]e 6fj/

tl:a/df Oltxf; 373
C.T.O. ejgsf] pb\3f6g
anDa'l:yt cy{ :6];g

gS;fnl:yt k|yd l8lh6n PS;r]~h ejg
b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb| ejg, aa/dxn

tl:a/df Oltxf; 375
u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ of]hgf cGt{ut h8fg ul/Psf] 6fj/
tTsfnLg /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 gS;fn PS;r]~hsf] lg/LIf0f e|d0f

l6s6 ;f}hGoM z+s/ >]i7, dxf;lrj, g]kfn lkmnf6]lns ;f];fO{6L

l6s6df b"/;~rf/ ;]jf
cGt/f{li6o u]6j] PS;r]~h ejg, hfjnfv]n

tl:a/df Oltxf; 377
g]kfn 6]lnsd, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ejg, eb|sfnL Knfhf
t]af]r] If]qsf] uf]/Ifkdf h8fg ePsf] BTS 6fj/

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] lghL If]q dfkm{t ;~rfng u/]sf] OGSjf/L ;]jf
k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{df clK6sn kmfOj/ g]6js{ h8fgsf] sfd x'Fb}

tl:a/df Oltxf; 379
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgfb]lv xfn;Dd ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIfx
>L tLy{/fh t'nfw/ >L lbJob]j e >L zfb'n{ zdz]/ h=a=/f=

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@)#^^!* ;Dd_ @)#&^!) ;Dd_ @)#(!!@% ;Dd_
>L 6]saxfb'/ vqL >L hLjgnfn ;Tofn >L lji0f'k|tfk zfx

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@)$)*@^ ;Dd_ @)$@!!^ ;Dd_ @)$&$#! ;Dd_
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>L sfnLk|;fb l/hfn >L lhtaxfb'/ dfgGw/ >L 3ggfy cf]emf

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@)$*^!# ;Dd_ @)$(&@! ;Dd_ @)%)!@!^ ;Dd_
>L lhtaxfb'/ sfsL{ >L ef]h/fh kf]v/]n >L ;'zLnsfGt emf

-@)%!!* b]lv -@)%!!@! b]lv -@)%#!!@) b]lv
@)%!!!#) ;Dd_ @)%#!!!) ;Dd_ @)%%*!^ ;Dd_
>L >L/fd kf}8]n >L d's'Gb zdf{ kf}8]n >L nf]sdfg l;+x sfsL{
-@)%%*@# b]lv -@)%(#!* b]lv -@)^!!!@% b]lv
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@)^%!@!^ ;Dd_ @)^*@# ;Dd_ @)^*!)!* ;Dd_
tl:a/df Oltxf; 381
>L cjlgGb| s'df/ >]i7 >L ;"o{ k|;fb l;njfn >L w'|j k|;fb zdf{
-@)^*!)!( b]lv -@)^($@* b]lv -@)^(!)!^ b]lv
@)^($@! ;Dd_ @)^(!)!% ;Dd_ @)&)!!@! ;Dd_
>L ;'dg zdf{ >L ;'lgn axfb'/ dNn

-@)&)!@@* b]lv -@)&!%@ b]lv
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gf]6 M
-!_ ;x;lrj ;'/]zdfg >]i7 tTsflng ;lrj M nf]sdfg l;+ sfsL{ d'Vo ;lrjdf lgo'Qm ePkl5 dGqfnoddf ;lrj
lgo'Qm eO{ gcfP;Dd lg= ;lrjsf] x}l;otn] cWoIfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ ePsf] .
-@_ ;x;lrj gf/fo0fk|;fb /]UdL M tTsflng ;lrj s'df/k|;fb kf}8]n labfdf a:g' ePsf] cjlwdf lg= ;lrjsf]
x}l;otdf cWoIfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ePsf] .
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;lrjsf] x}l;otdf cWoIfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ ePsf] .
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e"dLsf lgjf{x ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
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@)%#*!# ;Dd_ @)%$#! ;Dd_ @)%&$@# ;Dd_
tl:a/df Oltxf; 383
>L /3'j/nfn >]i7 >L s]za axfb'/ zfx >L /TgsfhL t'nfw/
-@)%&%! b]lv -@)%(#!* b]lv -@)^)$!( b]lv
@)%(#!& ;Dd_ @)^)$!& ;Dd_ @)^)!@!& ;Dd_
>L ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/ >L ?ks xfNbf/ >L cd/gfy l;+x

k|aGw lgb]{zs sf=d'= -@)^%(!* b]lv
-@)^)!@!* b]lv -@)^%@@$ b]lv @)^^!@# ;Dd_
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/f]6/L 8foln 6]lnkmf]g ;]6
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tl:a/df Oltxf; 385
ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf cdn]vuGhdf h8fg Magneto Exchange
Dofg'cn 6]lnkmf]g :jLr af]8{sf] gd"gf

u|fdL0f If]qdf h8fg ul/Psf] VSAT pks/0f
b"/;~rf/ sfof{no, x'Dnf

b"/;~rf/ sfof{non] k|of]u u/]sf] MDF Ps emns
tl:a/df Oltxf; 387
sf7df8f}+sf] e[s'6L d08kdf cfof]lht k|bz{gL sfo{qmddf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] Mobile BTS Van
clK6sn kmfOj/ s]a'n h8fg ul/Fb}

tl:a/df Oltxf; 389
CDMA WLL 6]lnkmf]g ;]6
b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] k|yd k6s NofPsf]

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g]kfn 6]lnsdn] laqmL ljt/0f u/]sf] SIM Card vl/b ug{ sDkgLsf] sfpG6/df nfdj4 ;j{;fwf/0f
390
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b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|df cfof]lht 5nkmn sfo{qmddf ;xefuL e"=k"= tyf sDkgLdf sfo{/t pRr kb:y sd{rf/Lx
@)^&!@!!
tl:a/df Oltxf; 391
;/sf/nfO{ ;j}eGbf a(L cfos/ a'emfP afkt tTsfnLg cy{dGqL /fdz/)f dxt 2058 r}q 23 ut]
g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf tTsfnLg dxfk|aGws /#'a/nfn >]i&nfO{ k|df)fkq -l;cfO{kL_ k|bfg ub}{
sDkgLsf] n]vf k|)ffnL / cfly{s ljj/)fx :t/Lo ?kdf k|:t't u/]jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] BPA Award 2011
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g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;a}eGbf a(L Eof^ a'emfP afkt cy{dGqL /fdz/)f dxt 2071 d+l;/ 1 ut] g]kfn ^]lnsdsf k|aGw lgb]z
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tl:a/df Oltxf; 393
s/ bflvnfdf pTs[i^ of]ubfg u/] afkt /fi^klt *f= /fdj/)f ofbjaf^ 2070 df# 13 ut]
;Ddfg u|x)f ug'{ x'Fb} sDkgLsf tTsfnLg k|aGw lgb]{zs cg'k/~hg e/fO{
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;a}eGbf a(L d"No clej[l$s/ a'emfP afkt rf}yf] s/lbj; 2072 d+l;/ 1 ut]sf lbg dfggLo cy{dGqL
>L lji)f'k|;fb kf}*]naf^ pTs[i^ s/bftfsf] ;Ddfg u|x)f ub}{ k|aGw lgb]{zs >L a'l$k|;fb cfrfo{

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DIVISIONAL DIVISIONAL ENGINEER

ENGINEER ENGINEER ENGINEER

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PERSONNEL ACCOUNTS PLANNING AND WORKS

ADMINISTRATION MAINTENANCE AND

BIRATNAGAR REGION REGIONAL KATHMANDU REGION REGIONAL BIRGUNJ REGION REGIONAL

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