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VALIDATION MANUAL
Validation Manual
ACOBRI software
Validation Manual
SYNTHESIS
ACOBRI is a piece of software whose aim is to help for the design of composite bridges
using hot rolled sections. It is used for working out technical solutions during preparatory
engineering studies.
ACOBRI is able to deal with several codes: the French rules the German DIN standards and
the Eurocodes (ENV and EN versions). Three types of bridges can be considered: road
bridges, railways bridges and foot bridges. Several types of girders are covered, including
filler beam decks. For each set of data defined by the user, a calculation sheet is proposed
which details the results. A post processor is also available.
A typical calculation carried out with ACOBRI is the sequence of the following steps:
- Step 1: preparation of the Finite Elements calculations: creation of the grid model,
calculation of the parameters (masses, modular ratio, second moment of area, etc),
- Step 2: for each permanent or live load case, calculation of the moments and forces
in the elements of the model,
- Step 3: analysis and exploitation or the results: the specific criteria of the codes are
verified from the forces and moments found during the previous step.
This document deals with the validation of ACOBRI. To demonstrate the accuracy of the
results, the validation task is organised mainly around two reference bridges (one road
bridge and one railway bridge), calculated for german DIN rules. For this to bridges, each
step and its associated results are checked:
- First step: check of the masses, volumes, the modular ratio, the effective widths of
the concrete slab, the section parameters (Area, second moment of area, torsion
constants), the alternative values of the parameters being calculated with analytical
expressions or EXCEL applications. All deviations found are less than 1%.
- Second step: check of the shear forces and the bending moments for all load cases,
including the envelope forces and moments under live loads. The reference values
are obtained from an other Finite Elements application (ANSYS). The model is built
with exactly the same principle as in ACOBRI: same number of nodes and elements,
same meshing, same numbering, so that the comparison should be made easier.
The comparison between reference values and ACOBRI values shows:
o for significant values, the deviations are always less than 1% under
permanent loads.
o for significant values, the deviations are generally less than 2% for envelope
results under live loads. Some greater deviations have been obtained for
particular cases, due to the different assumptions and method used for both
calculations. It is to be noted here that ACOBRI is based upon a location of
the live load from the lines of influence to obtain the maximal effect whereas
the live loads are calculated with ANSYS by considering all possible locations
of this loads.
- Third step: check of verifications. All the verifications carried out by ACOBRI are
validated, which generally means to also calculate and to check intermediate
parameters (shear area, plastic moments, etc). The serviceability limit states, the
ultimate limit states and the fatigue limit states have been considered. The deviations
on intermediate parameters are less than 1%. The deviations on final criteria are less
than 2% for significant values. Greater values (but less than 4%) can sometimes be
obtained, but due to the deviations previously get from the step 2.
To cover a wider scope, additional cases have been considered for the steps 1 and 3:
- Step 1: 9 additional cases which covers other rules (ENV, French rules), any type of
bridges, any type of beams, including steel sheeting, concrete lost plank, concrete
haunches and filler beam deck. All deviations obtained are less than 1 %.
- Step 3: 6 additional cases have been considered, which cover the specific
verifications for concrete crossgirders, the assessment of the bending resistance of
class 3 or class 4 sections, the calculation of normal and shear stresses for various
type of cross sections or configuration not covered by the reference bridges. All
deviations obtained are less than 2%.
This work leads to the conclusion that the results obtained from ACOBRI are reliable.
The two reference bridges are also considered under EN rules, and the validation shows the
accuracy of the ACOBRI calculations for these rules.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.1 Principles
The most important part of the alternative results is obtained by Finite Element simulations,
carried out with ANSYS software. The principles of modelisation for these simulations are the
same as ACOBRI (ie same number and numbering of nodes, elements), which leads to
easier comparisons.
It is not possible to reproduce the same method of calculation of live loads with ANSYS,
because ANSYS doesnt deal with lines of influence and research of the worst location of the
loads. An alternative method has been used which is based upon the displacement of live
loads upon the bridge with a predefined step. The choice of live loads location is detailed in
the document for each live load.
The results are treated with the same methods as ACOBRI, so that final results should be
the same. At the end, the results obtained by ACOBRI and by the alternative methods are
compared, with an assessment of the deviations. The important values of deviations, if any,
are explained.
For each test, the parameters (rule, type of bridge, type of beams etc) are detailed. The
name of the .APM file is also proposed.
2.2 Conventions
For this document, the same convention as in ACOBRI is used, ie:
It is to be noted that the results of ANSYS calculations have the opposite convention. As a
consequence, the sign of moments obtained with ANSYS will be changed in this document,
to be homogeneous with the convention.
2.3 Abbreviations
Generally, the results will be displayed in tables. According to their origin, the following
abbreviation will be used:
- RV: Reference value, calculated by an alternative method (for example, theoretical
calculations or ANSYS results).
- CS: Result calculated by ACOBRI and read in the Calculation Sheet
- PP: Result calculated by ACOBRI and read in the Post Processing
3.2 FE modelisation
A Finite Element Model of the bridge is done, based upon the Beam grid principles. The FE
piece of software ANSYS v10.0 is used. The same meshing and numbering are used as for
the ACOBRI modelisation, so that the comparisons will be made easier. The elements
properties are calculated hereafter.
li = b0 + Le / 4
Theoretical values:
So theoretical values of the effective widths of concrete slab are given in the hereafter
table:
Spans
1 2 3
Length (m) 15 22 15
Line l1 (m) 3.43 3.43 2.97 (*)
of l2 (m) 3.50 (*) 3.50 (*) 3.00 (*)
girders l3 (m) 3.43 3.43 2.97 (*)
(*): due to physical limits
ACOBRI values:
The values given in the calculation sheet of ACOBRI are given hereafter, chapter
Properties of sections:
Spans
1 2 3
Line l1 (m) 3.43 3.43 2.97
of l2 (m) 3.50 3.50 3.00
girders l3 (m) 3.43 3.43 2.97
Theoretical values:
Reference
values
L t0 (t0) 0 neq
Shrinkage and thermal 0.55 1 0,909 2,839 16.16
Dead loads 1.1 45 0,446 1,394 15.98
Vert. adjustment of support 1.5 45 0,446 1,394 19.50
Live loads 0 / / / 6.31
The values of L and t0 used in this example are the recommended values. These
values can be modified in ACOBRI.
ACOBRI values:
The values given in the calculation sheet of ACOBRI are given hereafter, chapter
Loads and Combinations:
neq
Shrinkage and thermal 16.16
Dead loads 15.98
Live loads 6.31
3.2.3 Masses
Theoretical values:
ACOBRI values:
RV CS PP
Actual mass of steel (kg) 35824 35840
Corrected mass of steel (kg) 36099 36117
Overlength (mm) 400 2 x 200
3
Volume of concrete (m ) 140.4 140.4
Mass of concrete (kg) 351000 351000
Waterproof layer mass (kg) 26208 26208
Footways mass (kg) 80262 80262
Roadway surfacing mass (kg) 66976 66976
Longitudinal elements:
Slab elements n1 and n61 will be checked hereunde r (see Figure 3).
Longitudinal slab
elements Longitudinal girder
elements
x=0
0.875
1.75
The theoretical expressions for the elements characteristics are given by:
b e3 b e3
I y = k1 k2 and It = k 1 k 2
12 n eq 6 n eq
Where:
Iy, It: Second moment of area and torsional inertia of the slab element
k1: k1 = 1.0
k2: Coefficient to take care of the location of longitudinal slab elements
about main girder elements. k2 = 0.01 if the element is located in the
effective width attached to the girder (element n6 1) and k2 = 1 if not
(element n1)
b: Width of the slab element.
e: Thickness of the slab element. e = 270 mm for all slab elements of
this bridge.
neq: Modular ratio
All deviations are less than 0.2 % and are due to rounded values.
Transverse elements:
Slab elements n721 and n732 will be checked hereu nder (see Figure 4).
Transverse slab
elements 0.75
Elt n732
0.75
0.875
The same relations as for longitudinal slab elements are used to calculate the inertias,
with k2 = 1.0 for all transverse elements.
All deviations are less than 0.1 % and are due to rounded values.
Section n61
Support
Span n3
Section n52
Mid-span
Limit of
Section n46
cracked zone
Section n43 Support
Span n2
Section n31
Mid-span
Section n10
Mid-span
Section n1 Support
3.3.1.1 Weight
The load case Weight represents the effects of the weight of steel beams and of the
concrete of the slab just after the pouring. Only the rigidities of the steel beams are
considered.
Bending moment
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen. For the two others files of girders, results are
displayed on the following figure:
Moments (kNm)
1000
800
600
400 P1 ANSYS
P2 ANSYS
P3 ANSYS
200
P1 ACOBRI
P2 ACOBRI
0 P3 ACOBRI
0 10 20 30 40 50
-200
-400
-600
Shear force
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen.
3.3.1.2 Superstructure
The load case Superstructure includes the weights of the footway, of the waterproof layer
and of the roadway surfacing.
Bending moment
A very good accuracy of results can be observed. The symmetry of the results is also
seen. For the two others files of girders, results are displayed on the following figure:
600
Moments (kNm)
400
200
P1 ANSYS
P2 ANSYS
0
P3 ANSYS
0 10 20 30 40 50
P1 ACOBRI
P2 ACOBRI
-200 P3 ACOBRI
-400
-600
Shear force
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen.
3.3.1.3 Superstructure +
The load case Superstructure + includes the loads of the case Superstructure with an
additional load of 0.5 kN/m2 on the roadway surfacing to take into account the future
maintenance of the bridge.
Bending moment
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen. For the two others files of girders, results are
displayed on the following figure:
400
200
P1 ANSYS
P2 ANSYS
P3 ANSYS
0
P1 ACOBRI
0 10 20 30 40 50
P2 ACOBRI
P3 ACOBRI
-200
-400
Shear force
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen.
3.3.1.4 Equipment
The load case Equipment includes the effects of the linear loads located on the slab,
representing all other permanent loads not considered in the Weight or Superstructure
laods, including the loads of the security barriers.
Bending moment
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations lass than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen. For the two others files of girders, results are
displayed on the following figure:
60
Moments (kNm)
P1 ANSYS
40 P2 ANSYS
P3 ANSYS
P1 ACOBRI
P2 ACOBRI
20 P3 ACOBRI
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-20
-40
Shear force
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen.
With:
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen. For the two others files of girders, results are
displayed on the following figure:
600
Moments (kNm)
P1 ANSYS
400 P2 ANSYS
P3 ANSYS
P1 ACOBRI
P2 ACOBRI
200
P3 ACOBRI
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-200
-400
-600
-800
Shear force
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen.
Shrink = -T T
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen. For the two others files of girders, results are
displayed on the following figure:
250
Moments (kNm)
P1 ANSYS
200
P2 ANSYS
P3 ANSYS
150 P1 ACOBRI
P2 ACOBRI
P3 ACOBRI
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-50
Shear force
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen.
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen. For the two others files of girders, results are
displayed on the following figure:
50 Moments (kNm)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
P1 ANSYS
-50
P2 ANSYS
P3 ANSYS
P1 ACOBRI
P2 ACOBRI
-100
P3 ACOBRI
-150
-200
-250
Shear force
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen.
Lane 1 Lane 2 RA
Configuration n1
Lane 2 Lane 1 RA
Configuration n2
RA Lane 2 Lane 1
Configuration n3
RA Lane 1 Lane 2
Configuration n4
RA = Remaining Area
Bending moment
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen. For the two others files of girders, results are
displayed on the following figures:
600
Moments (kNm)
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-200
-400
-600
-800 ANSYS
ACOBRI
-1000
800
Moments (kNm)
600
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1000
ANSYS
-1200
ACOBRI
-1400
Moments (kNm)
1000
500
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-500
-1000
ANSYS
-1500
ACOBRI
Shear force
Bending moment
A good accuracy of results can be observed. The symmetry of the results is also seen.
For the two others files of girders, results are displayed on the following figures:
Configuration n1
Configuration n2
Configuration n3
0 x l1 ; 20 steps
Configurations n4
x
0 x l1 ; 20 steps
Configurations n5
x
0 x l3 ; 20 steps
Configurations n6
x
Configurations n7 0 x l3 ; 20 steps
0 x l2 ; 20 steps
Configurations n8
0 x l2 ; 20 steps
Configurations n9
600
Moments (kNm)
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-200
-400
ANSYS
ACOBRI
-600
Moments (kNm)
600
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-200
-400
ANSYS
ACOBRI
-600
Moments (kNm)
800
600
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-200
-400
-600
ANSYS
-800
ACOBRI
-1000
Shear force
Some important deviations can be observed, but they are not obtained on extreme values.
After investigation, the same effect as for LM1 TS is obtained (see chapter 3.3.2.1). The
deviations are due to the difference between the methods.
Loaded footway
Bending moment
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen. For the two others files of girders, results are
displayed on the following figures:
Moments (kNm)
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-100
-200
-300
ANSYS
-400
ACOBRI
-500
Moments (kNm)
75
50
25
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-25
-50
-75
-100 ANSYS
ACOBRI
-125
Moments (kNm)
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-10
-20
ANSYS
-30
ACOBRI
-40
It has been decided in ACOBRI not to consider the positive part of the transverse line of
influence. It means that when a load which is oriented downwards, leads to an upwards
effect, this load and its effects are neglected. On Figure 24, the ANSYS calculation shows a
maximum absolute value of approximately 35 kNm, to be compared to the maximum
absolute value obtained in girder n1 (Figure 22) o f approximately 380 kNm. The conclusion
is that the approximation done in ACOBRI is appropriate.
girder P3
Loaded width of footway
Shear force
Some important deviations can be observed, but they are obtained for non significant values.
As for other live loads, these deviations are due to the differences of methods between both
calculations.
Bending moment
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen. For the two others files of girders, results are
displayed on the following figures:
Moments (kNm)
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-100
-200
-300
-400
ANSYS
-500
ACOBRI
-600
Moments (kNm)
400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-100
-200
-300
-400
ANSYS
ACOBRI
-500
Moments (kNm)
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-50
-100
-150
ANSYS
-200
ACOBRI
-250
Bending moment
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 2%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen. For the two others files of girders, results are displayed
on the following figures:
Moments (kNm)
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
ANSYS
-60 ACOBRI
-70
300
Moments (kNm)
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-100
-200
-300
ANSYS
ACOBRI
-400
600
Moments (kNm)
400
200
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
-200
-400
-600
ANSYS
-800
ACOBRI
-1000
- in the calculation sheet (CS), a table gives the design value, the limit value and the
ratio of the limit value divided by the design value (in absolute values).
- in the post processing module (PP), curves can be displayed to represent the ratio in
each section.
3.4.1 Combinations
3.4.1.1 Abbreviations
The following abbreviations will be used hereafter to represent the load cases.
Characteristic combinations
G + Q + 0 TK
G + TK + 0 Q
G + Q + 0 TK + SH
G + TK + 0 Q + SH
With:
G = W + SS + EQ or G = W + SS(+) + EQ
TK = TK(+) or TK = TK(-)
Q = UDL + TS + 0.5 FW
Load Case 0
UDL 0.40
TS 0.75
TK 0.60
Index Combination
SLS-1 W + SS(+) + EQ + UDL + TS + 0.5 FW + 0.6 TK(+)
SLS-2 W + SS + EQ + UDL + TS + 0.5 FW + 0.6 TK(+)
SLS-3 W + SS(+) + EQ + UDL + TS + 0.5 FW + 0.6 TK(-)
SLS-4 W + SS + EQ + UDL + TS + 0.5 FW + 0.6 TK(-)
SLS-5 W + SS(+) + EQ + TK(+) + 0.40 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW
SLS-6 W + SS + EQ + TK(+) + 0.40 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW
SLS-7 W + SS(+) + EQ + TK(-) + 0.40 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW
SLS-8 W + SS + EQ + TK(-) + 0.40 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW
SLS-9 W + SS(+) + EQ + UDL + TS + 0.5 FW + 0.6 TK(+) + SH
SLS-10 W + SS + EQ + UDL + TS + 0.5 FW + 0.6 TK(+) + SH
SLS-11 W + SS(+) + EQ + UDL + TS + 0.5 FW + 0.6 TK(-) + SH
SLS-12 W + SS + EQ + UDL + TS + 0.5 FW + 0.6 TK(-) + SH
SLS-13 W + SS(+) + EQ + TK(+) + 0.40 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW + SH
SLS-14 W + SS + EQ + TK(+) + 0.40 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW + SH
SLS-15 W + SS(+) + EQ + TK(-) + 0.40 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW + SH
SLS-16 W + SS + EQ + TK(-) + 0.40 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW + SH
Frequent combinations
G + 1 Q + 2 TK
G + 1 Q + 2 TK + SH
With:
Load Case 1 2
UDL 0.40 0.20
TS 0.75 0.20
TK 0.60 0.50
Index Combination
SLS-17 W + SS(+) + EQ + 0.4 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW + 0.5 TK(+)
SLS-18 W + SS + EQ + 0.4 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW + 0.5 TK(+)
SLS-19 W + SS(+) + EQ + 0.4 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW + 0.5 TK(-)
SLS-20 W + SS + EQ + 0.4 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW + 0.5 TK(-)
SLS-21 W + SS(+) + EQ + 0.4 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW + 0.5 TK(+) + SH
SLS-22 W + SS + EQ + 0.4 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW + 0.5 TK(+) + SH
SLS-23 W + SS(+) + EQ + 0.4 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW + 0.5 TK(-) + SH
SLS-24 W + SS + EQ + 0.4 UDL + 0.75 TS + 0.2 FW + 0.5 TK(-) + SH
Quasi-permanent combinations
G + 2 Q
G + 2 TK
G + 2 Q + SH
G + 2 TK + SH
Index Combination
SLS-25 W + SS(+) + EQ + 0.2 UDL + 0.2 TS
SLS-26 W + SS + EQ + 0.2 UDL + 0.2 TS
SLS-27 W + SS(+) + EQ + 0.5 TK(+)
SLS-28 W + SS + EQ + 0.5 TK(+)
SLS-29 W + SS(+) + EQ + 0.5 TK(-)
SLS-30 W + SS + EQ + 0.5 TK(-)
SLS-31 W + SS(+) + EQ + 0.2 UDL + 0.2 TS + SH
SLS-32 W + SS + EQ + 0.2 UDL + 0.2 TS + SH
SLS-33 W + SS(+) + EQ + 0.5 TK(+) + SH
SLS-34 W + SS + EQ + 0.5 TK(+) + SH
SLS-35 W + SS(+) + EQ + 0.5 TK(-) + SH
SLS-36 W + SS + EQ + 0.5 TK(-) + SH
Non-frequent combinations
G + 1 Q + 1 TK
G + 1 Q + 1 TK + SH
With:
1: Factor for combination value. Its value for this case is:
Load Case 1
UDL 0.80
TS 0.80
Index Combination
SLS-37 W + SS(+) + EQ + 0.8 UDL + 0.8 TS + 0.4 FW + 0.6 TK(+)
SLS-38 W + SS + EQ + 0.8 UDL + 0.8 TS + 0.4 FW + 0.6 TK(+)
SLS-39 W + SS(+) + EQ + 0.8 UDL + 0.8 TS + 0.4 FW + 0.6 TK(-)
SLS-40 W + SS + EQ + 0.8 UDL + 0.8 TS + 0.4 FW + 0.6 TK(-)
SLS-41 W + SS(+) + EQ + 0.8 UDL + 0.8 TS + 0.4 FW + 0.6 TK(+) + SH
SLS-42 W + SS + EQ + 0.8 UDL + 0.8 TS + 0.4 FW + 0.6 TK(+) + SH
SLS-43 W + SS(+) + EQ + 0.8 UDL + 0.8 TS + 0.4 FW + 0.6 TK(-) + SH
SLS-44 W + SS + EQ + 0.8 UDL + 0.8 TS + 0.4 FW + 0.6 TK(-) + SH
G G + Q Q
G G + Q TK + Q 0 Q
G G + Q Q + G,SH SH
G G + Q Q + Q 0 Q + G,SH SH
With:
The values of 0 considered for this bridge have been given in the previous chapter.
The values of partial factors used for this bridge are:
G = GSH = 1.35
Q = 1.50
Index Combination
ULS-1 1.35 W + 1.35 SS(+) + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 UDL + 1.5 TS + 0.75 FW
ULS-2 1.35 W + 1.35 SS + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 UDL + 1.5 TS + 0.75 FW
ULS-3 1.35 W + 1.35 SS(+) + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TK(+) + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW
ULS-4 1.35 W + 1.35 SS + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TK(+) + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW
ULS-5 1.35 W + 1.35 SS(+) + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TK(-) + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW
ULS-6 1.35 W + 1.35 SS + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TK(-) + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW
ULS-7 1.35 W + 1.35 SS(+) + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 UDL + 1.5 TS + 0.75 FW + 1.35 SH
ULS-8 1.35 W + 1.35 SS + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 UDL + 1.5 TS + 0.75 FW + 1.35 SH
ULS-9 1.35 W + 1.35 SS(+) + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TK(+) + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW + 1.35 SH
ULS-10 1.35 W + 1.35 SS + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TK(+) + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW + 1.35 SH
ULS-11 1.35 W + 1.35 SS(+) + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TK(-) + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW + 1.35 SH
ULS-12 1.35 W + 1.35 SS + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TK(-) + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW + 1.35 SH
Index Combination
FLS-1 W + SS(+) + EQ + QFat
FLS-2 W + SS + EQ + QFat
intermediate abutment
pier
The spacing b0 between connectors is not known at this state of the study. So an arbitrary
value is chosen with the following formula:
b0 = bf 2.5 d0 = 245 mm
With:
The geometric width of concrete available for each line of girders can then be calculated:
Girders P1 P2 P3
b1 (mm) 1627 1627 1627
b2 (mm) 1627 1627 1127
b1 b2 b1 b2 b1 b2
P1 P2 P3
Length: L1 = 15 m
So: Le = 0.85 L1 = 12.75 m and Le / 8 = 1594 mm
So: i = 0.55 + 0.025 Le / bi i = 0.746 for bi = 1627 mm
i = 0.833 for bi = 1127 mm
The values of effective width at mid-span (beff,1) and at abutments (beff,0) are then given
in the following table:
P1 P2 P3
beff,0 (mm) 2623 2623 2373
beff,1 (mm) 3433 3433 2966
For Span 2:
Length: L2 = 22 m
So: Le = 0.70 L2 = 15.4 m and Le / 8 = 1925 mm
The values of effective width at mid-span (beff,1) are then given in the following table:
P1 P2 P3
beff,1 (mm) 3500 3500 3000
The values of effective width at piers (beff,2) are then given in the following table:
P1 P2 P3
beff,2 (mm) 2557 2557 2528
ACOBRI values:
With the previous calculations, the theoretical effective widths can be calculated and
compared to the ACOBRI values. The results are given in the following table:
P1 P2 P3
Section Span Type d (m) Theo. ACOBRI Theo. ACOBRI Theo. ACOBRI
1 1 S 0 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.37 2.37
10 1 M 7.5 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 2.97 2.97
16 1 L 2.25 3.08 3.08 3.08 3.08 2.79 2.79
19 1-2 S 0 2.56 2.56 2.56 2.56 2.53 2.53
23 2 L 3.30 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 2.81 2.81
31 2 M 11 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.00 3.00
39 2 L 3.30 3.12 3.12 3.12 3.12 2.81 2.81
43 2-3 S 0 2.56 2.56 2.56 2.56 2.53 2.53
46 3 L 2.25 3.08 3.08 3.08 3.08 2.79 2.79
52 3 M 7.5 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 2.97 2.97
61 3 S 0 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.37 2.37
Type Legend: S: Support L: Limit of cracked area M: Mid span section
(*): d = distance to the nearest support.
Example of calculation: effective width of concrete for Section 16 and girder P1:
The location of the elastic neutral axis (zel) is given about the lower fibre of the steel section.
Because the huge number of values to be controlled, the verification is carried out only for
sections n10 and 19 and for girders P1 and P2. The elastic moduli are displayed as positive
values for fibres under the neutral axis and as negative values for fibres above the neutral
axis.
Girder P1 Section 10
Theoretical ACOBRI
zel (mm) 395 395
3
W top (cm ) -7682 -7682
3
W bot (cm ) 7682 7682
Theoretical ACOBRI
neq 16.16 15.98 6.31 16.16 15.98 6.31
zel (mm) 749 750 839 749 750 839
3
W top (cm ) -211812 -219382 218770 -211600 -219191 218796
3
W bot (cm ) 11675 11686 12696 11675 11686 12696
3
W slab (cm ) -453821 -451898 -303568 -453813 -451884 -303536
Theoretical ACOBRI
zel (mm) 543 543
3
W top (cm ) -22186 -22184
3
W bot (cm ) 10111 10111
3
W rein (cm ) -11496 -11495
Girder P1 Section 19
Theoretical ACOBRI
zel (mm) 395 395
3
W top (cm ) 7682 7682
3
W bot (cm ) -7682 -7682
Theoretical ACOBRI
neq 16.16 15.98 6.31 16.16 15.98 6.31
zel (mm) 712 714 815 713 714 815
3
W top (cm ) -104639 -106921 399052 -106492 -106935 398729
3
W bot (cm ) 11374 11385 12346 11374 11386 12347
3
W slab (cm ) -376937 -375404 -259458 -377009 -375469 -259480
Theoretical ACOBRI
zel (mm) 513 513
3
W top (cm ) -18001 -18004
3
W bot (cm ) 9725 9726
3
W rein (cm ) -9837 -9838
Girder P2 Section 10
Theoretical ACOBRI
zel (mm) 350 350
3
W top (cm ) -7339 -7340
3
W bot (cm ) 7339 7340
Theoretical ACOBRI
neq 16.16 15.98 6.31 16.16 15.98 6.31
zel (mm) 666 667 751 666 667 751
3
W top (cm ) -224870 -234032 183706 -224614 -233799 183725
3
W bot (cm ) 11431 11444 12544 11431 11443 12544
3
W slab (cm ) -404974 -403264 -27195 -404964 -403248 -271887
Theoretical ACOBRI
zel (mm) 479 479
3
W top (cm ) -21236 -21233
3
W bot (cm ) 9797 9797
3
W rein (cm ) -10406 -10405
Girder P2 Section 19
Theoretical ACOBRI
zel (mm) 350 350
3
W top (cm ) -7339 -7340
3
W bot (cm ) 7339 7340
Theoretical ACOBRI
neq 16.16 15.98 6.31 16.16 15.98 6.31
zel (mm) 633 634 729 632 634 729
3
W top (cm ) -103996 -106410 306706 -104000 -106424 306504
3
W bot (cm ) 11108 11121 12160 11108 11121 12161
3
W slab (cm ) -336331 -334962 -231979 -336395 -335020 -231999
Theoretical ACOBRI
zel (mm) 453 453
3
W top (cm ) -17199 -17201
3
W bot (cm ) 9399 9400
3
W rein (cm ) -8912 -8913
with:
Under positive moment, the lower flange is in tension and the upper flange either in
tension or in compression. But the upper flange is held by the slab, so that if under
compression, it can be considered as a class 1. The class of the section under positive
moment is then only function of the class of the web for this moment.
And considering the location of plastic neutral axis (see hereafter) which is always
located above the web, the all web is always in the tension part. So its class is 1.
MPlRd, zPNE, :
MPlRd is the positive plastic moment, zPNE the location the plastic neutral axis about the
bottom fibre of the section and the factor calculated from DIN 104 4.4.1.2 to take into
account the effect of the location of the neutral plastic axis. The results of both
theoretical and ACOBRI calculations are presented in the following table for the girder
n1. Theoretical values are obtained from an altern ative EXCEL application for
composite sections.
With:
Under negative moment, the lower flange is in compression and the web is partially or
totally under compression.
235
= = 0.731
440
Class of the flanges under compression: (reference DIN 103 Tabelle II-5.3.1 Blatt 3)
HE800A HE700B
bf 300 300
tf 28 32
c = bf / 2 150 150
c / tf 5.35 10 4.69 10
Class 1 1
Considering the location of the neutral plastic axis (see hereafter), the web is
under compression.
HE800A HE700B
d 674 582
tw 15 17
d / tw 44.9 > 38 34.2 > 38
Class 3 or 4 3 or 4
38 = 27.7
The class of the web is function of the elastic distribution of stresses, which has
to be lead for each section and each combination of loads. Considering an
representative factor for the stress distribution equal to -0.25, the limit between
the two classes 3 and 4 is then: S3 = 42 / (0.67+0.33 ) = 52.2. For both
sections, the relation is then verified d / tw < S3.
The class of the web is 3 in all cases.
According to DIN 103 5.3.4, the sections will be considered as Class 2 sections
considering an effective part of the web, defined by the following figure:
20 tw
20 tw
Av = A 2 b tf + (tw + 2 r) tf
r tf
tw Shear section Av
The theoretical value calculated for the three files of girders and the values obtained with
ACOBRI are compared in the following table:
3.4.3.1 Deflection
The deflection of the girders is controlled by verifying in each section the following relation:
f L / 500
where f is the deflection under Load Model 1 load cases (sum of TS and UDL load cases)
and L is the length of the relevant span.
As a result of the calculations carried out with ANSYS for LM1 load cases (see chapters
3.3.2.1and 3.3.2.2), the envelope vertical descending deflections of the girders have been
extracted and combined.
It is to be noted that for ACOBRI process, the envelope deflections is calculated by
considering all the loads location obtained for the maximisation of bending moments or shear
forces. On the contrary, the deflections obtained with ANSYS are the envelope deflection
during the regular circulation of the loads as described in chapters 3.3.2.1and 3.3.2.2.
The results obtained for the checked sections of girder n1 (see Figure 5) are given in the
following table (deflection in cm):
ANSYS ACOBRI
Section Span Type f flim flim / f f flim flim / f Deviation
1 1 S 0,000 3,0 0,000 0,000 3,0 0,000
10 1 M 0,927 3,0 0,309 0,930 3,0 0,310 0,35%
16 1 L 0,384 3,0 0,128 0,390 3,0 0,128 1,54%
19 1-2 S 0,000 0,0 0,000 0,000 4,4 0,000
23 2 L 0,955 4,4 0,217 0,960 4,4 0,218 0,56%
31 2 M 2,397 4,4 0,545 2,410 4,4 0,547 0,56%
39 2 L 0,955 4,4 0,217 0,960 4,4 0,218 0,56%
43 2-3 S 0,000 0,0 0,000 0,000 3,0 0,000
46 3 L 0,384 3,0 0,128 0,390 3,0 0,128 1,54%
52 3 M 0,927 3,0 0,309 0,930 3,0 0,310 0,36%
61 3 S 0,000 3,0 0,000 0,000 3,0 0,000
Type Legend: S: Support L: Limit of cracked area M: Mid span section
0.90
P1 ANSYS
0.80
P2 ANSYS
P3 ANSYS
0.70 P1 ACOBRI
P2 ACOBRI
P3 ACOBRI
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50
k d k c k f ct,eff
s <
s
Note: the terminology of the DIN rules is adopted here. But in ACOBRI documents,
the terminology of ENV rules is used, that may be slightly different.
With:
1
kc = + 0.3 1.0
hc
1+
2 z0
k d k c k f ct,eff
=
s s
The ratios obtained for the checked sections of girder n1 (see Figure 5) are given in the
following table:
ANSYS ACOBRI
Section Span Type ratio ratio Deviation
1 1 S 0,81 0,81 0,04%
10 1 M 0,76 0,76 -0,02%
16 1 L 0,78 0,78 0,05%
19 1-2 S 0,82 0,82 0,00%
23 2 L 0,78 0,78 0,03%
31 2 M 0,75 0,75 0,01%
39 2 L 0,78 0,78 0,03%
43 2-3 S 0,82 0,82 0,00%
46 3 L 0,78 0,78 0,05%
52 3 M 0,76 0,76 -0,02%
61 3 S 0,81 0,81 0,04%
Type Legend: S: Support L: Limit of cracked area M: Mid span section
0,84
0,82
0,80
0,78
0,76 P1 EXCEL
P2 EXCEL
P3 EXCEL
0,74 P1 ACOBRI
P2 ACOBRI
P3 ACOBRI
0,72
0 10 20 30 40 50
The SLS combinations considered for the calculations of normal stresses are:
The compression in the concrete is controlled by verifying in each section the following
relation:
With:
The results obtained for the checked sections of girder n1 (see Figure 5) are given in the
following table (stresses in MPa): (Ratio con = concrete / (0.6 fck))
0,40
0,35
P1 ANSYS
0,30 P2 ANSYS
P3 ANSYS
P1 ACOBRI
0,25 P2 ACOBRI
P3 ACOBRI
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,00
0 10 20 30 40 50
With:
rein: tension stresses in the upper layer of reinforcement, which takes into account
the increase due to the effects of tension stiffening of concrete:
rein = s0 + s
0,4 f ctm AI
s = and st =
st s A a Ia
fctm: mean tensile strength in concrete, 3.21 MPa for this case
s: reinforcement ratio = 0.01 for this case
A, I: Area and second moment of area of the composite section under negative
moment
Aa, Ia: Area and second moment of area of the steel section.
fsk: yielding stress for reinforcement steel. For this case: fsk = 500 MPa
The results obtained for the checked sections of girder n1 (see Figure 5) are given in the
following table (stresses in MPa): (Ratio rein = rein / (0.8 fsk))
0,70
0,60
P1 ANSYS
P2 ANSYS
P3 ANSYS
0,50 P1 ACOBRI
P2 ACOBRI
P3 ACOBRI
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
0 10 20 30 40 50
With:
top, bot: normal stresses in the upper and the lower flange
M,ser: partial coefficient. In this case, M,ser = 1.00
fy: yielding stress.
The thicknesses of the flanges are 28 mm (HE800A) and 32 mm (HE700B). For these
thicknesses and for S460 steel, according to EN 10113-3 used in ACOBRI, the yielding
stress is fy = 440 MPa.
The results obtained for the checked sections of girder n1 (see Figure 5) are given in the
following tables (stresses in MPa):
0,60
0,50
0,40
P1 ANSYS
P2 ANSYS
P3 ANSYS
0,30 P1 ACOBRI
P2 ACOBRI
P3 ACOBRI
0,20
0,10
0,00
0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 42 : Normal stresses in upper flange Comparison of ANSYS and ACOBRI ratios
0,90
0,80
P1 ANSYS
P2 ANSYS
0,70 P3 ANSYS
P1 ACOBRI
P2 ACOBRI
0,60 P3 ACOBRI
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
0 10 20 30 40 50
Figure 43 : Normal stresses in lower flange Comparison of ANSYS and ACOBRI ratios
With:
The thicknesses of the flanges are 28 mm (HE800A) and 32 mm (HE700B). For these
thicknesses and for S460 steel, according to EN 10113-3 used in ACOBRI, the yielding
stress is fy = 440 MPa.
The results obtained for the checked sections of girder n1 (see Figure 5) are given in the
following tables:
ANSYS ACOBRI
Section Span Type (%)
1R 1 S 0,137 0,131 -4,51%
16L 1 L 0,179 0,175 -2,01%
16R 1 L 0,194 0,190 -2,00%
19L 1 S 0,225 0,217 -3,67%
19R 2 S 0,236 0,232 -1,49%
23L 2 L 0,195 0,195 0,14%
23R 2 L 0,178 0,179 0,35%
39L 2 L 0,178 0,179 0,33%
39R 2 L 0,195 0,194 -0,40%
43L 2 S 0,237 0,234 -1,30%
43R 3 S 0,226 0,220 -2,46%
46L 3 L 0,194 0,188 -3,08%
46R 3 L 0,179 0,179 0,24%
61L 3 S 0,137 0,131 -4,51%
With:
VM,t, bVM,b: Von Mises stresses calculated at the top and the bottom fibres of the
web.
M,ser: partial coefficient. In this case, M,ser = 1.00
fy: yielding stress. fy = 440 MPa
The Von Mises stresses are calculated with the following relation, where is the normal
stress and the shear stress:
VM = 2 + 3 2
The Von Mises stresses are calculated at the most unfavourable place of interaction, ie the
top and the bottom fibres of the web.
For live loads, couples of envelope moments and concomitant shear forces have to be
considered as well as couple of envelope shear forces and concomitant moments. Because
this can not be automatically operated from the ANSYS results, this verification will be
checked from the ACOBRI values (forces and moments), for the section at the first
intermediate pier, of the second girder.
For this section, the forces and moments calculated by ACOBRI are:
VM,t
rc = 18
tw = 17.0 ht = 360
tf = 32.0
VM,b
bf = 300
The second moment of area I and the location the neutral axis zANE are given by ACOBRI.
From these values, the elastic modulus of the top and bottom fibres of the web can be
calculated, with the relations:
The values obtained are (considering an effective of concrete equal to 2.56 m and a cracked
concrete):
M envelope V envelope
V concomitant M concomitant
Top fibre 226.7 229.3
Bottom fibre 315.6 298.4
The envelope value to be considered for the verification is then 315.6 MPa, compared to the
limit fy / Mser = 440 MPa.
The value calculated by ACOBRI is VMmax = 315.6 for a limit equal to 440 MPa.
With:
VEd: Shear force in the section under the considered combination of load cases.
VplRd: Resistant shear force, given by the relation:
A v fy
VplRd =
M0 3
VEd
=
VplRd
The results obtained for the checked sections of girder n1 (see Figure 5) are given in the
following tables (Moments in kNm):
ANSYS ACOBRI
Section Span Type (%)
1R 1 S 0,193 0,184 -4,52%
16L 1 L 0,249 0,244 -2,13%
16R 1 L 0,271 0,265 -2,10%
19L 1 S 0,314 0,302 -3,94%
19R 2 S 0,334 0,328 -1,67%
23L 2 L 0,277 0,278 0,36%
23R 2 L 0,254 0,255 0,31%
39L 2 L 0,254 0,255 0,29%
39R 2 L 0,277 0,275 -0,75%
43L 2 S 0,336 0,331 -1,45%
43R 3 S 0,315 0,306 -2,80%
46L 3 L 0,271 0,262 -3,26%
46R 3 L 0,249 0,25 0,28%
61L 3 S 0,193 0,184 -4,52%
Type Legend: S: Support L: Limit of cracked area M: Mid span section
The deviations obtained are the results of the deviations obtained in the calculation of shear
forces under live loads and explained before (see chapter 3.3.2).
0,45
0,40
0,35
0,30
P1 ANSYS
0,25 P2 ANSYS
P3 ANSYS
P1 ACOBRI
0,20 P2 ACOBRI
P3 ACOBRI
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,00
0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0
With:
MEd: Positive bending moment in the section under the considered combination of
load cases.
MPlRd: Positive resistant bending moment (considering a non cracked concrete under
compression) as calculated in 3.4.2.3.
: Factor calculated according to DIN 104 4.4.1.2 (4) to take into account the
location of the plastic neutral axis. See chapter 3.4.2.3.
MEd
=
MPlRd
The results obtained for the checked sections of girder n1 (see Figure 5) are given in the
following tables (Moments in kNm):
ANSYS ACOBRI
Section Span Type Cn Cn (%)
1 1 S 0,185 11 0.18 11 -0,16%
10 1 M 0,410 7 0.41 7 0,11%
16 1 L 0,000 8 0.01 8
19 1-2 S 0,000 / 0 /
23L 2 L 0,103 8 0.10 8 -0,31%
23R 2 L 0.063 2 0.06 2 -0,31%
31 2 M 0,581 7 0.58 7 0,24%
39L 2 L 0.103 8 0.10 8 -0,32%
39R 2 L 0,063 2 0.06 2 1,25%
43 2-3 S 0,000 / 0 /
46 3 L 0,007 8 0.01 8
52 3 M 0,409 7 0.41 7 0,12%
61 3 S 0,185 11 0.18 11 -0,16%
Type Legend: S: Support L: Limit of cracked area M: Mid span section
Cn: gives the index of the combination for which t he ratio is maximum
For all significant values, the deviations are less than 1%.
0,80
P1 ANSYS
P2 ANSYS
0,70
P3 ANSYS
P1 ACOBRI
0,60 P2 ACOBRI
P3 ACOBRI
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
0 10 20 30 40 50
With:
MEd: Negative bending moment in the section under the considered combination of
load cases.
MPlRd: Negative resistant bending moment (considering a cracked concrete with
reinforcement under tension). This plastic moment is calculated with an
effective width of the compressive zone of the web, a length equal to 20 tw
being taken into account on each part of this zone.
: = 235 / f y = 0.731 for this bridge
20 tw tw
MEd
=
M' PlRd
The results obtained for the checked sections of girder n1 (see Figure 5) are given in the
following tables (Moments in kNm):
ANSYS ACOBRI
Sect Spa Typ
MEd MPlRd Cn MEd MPlRd Cn (%)
ion n e
1 1 S 319,1 4808 0,066 4 318 4808 0,066 4 -0,56
10 1 M 55,7 4998 0,011 2 55 4998 0,011 2 -1,23
16L 1 L 1983,8 4911 0,404 1 1984 4911 0,404 1 0,02
16R 1 L 1618,4 4911 0,510 7 2503 4911 0,51 7 0,02
19 1-2 S 4202,2 4791 0,877 7 4209 4791 0,8785 7 0,15
23L 2 L 1388,5 4922 0,282 7 1386 4922 0,282 7 -0,05
23R 2 L 771,7 4922 0,157 1 770 4922 0,157 1 0,13
31 2 M 0 5015 0,000 - 0 0 0 1 -
39L 2 L 770,4 4922 0,157 1 773 4922 0,157 1 0,30
39R 2 L 1387,2 4922 0,282 7 1389 4922 0,282 7 0,05
43 2-3 S 4208,2 4791 0,878 7 4207 4791 0,8785 7 0,01
46L 3 L 2504,2 4911 0,510 7 2504 4911 0,51 7 0,02
46R 3 L 1983,8 4911 0,404 1 1984 4911 0,404 1 0,02
52 3 M 55,7 4998 0,011 2 55 4998 0,011 2 -1,24
61 3 S 319,1 4808 0,066 318 4808 0,066 4 -0,56
Type Legend: S: Support L: Limit of cracked area M: Mid span section
For all significant values, the deviations are less than 1%.
1,00
P1 ANSYS
0,90
P2 ANSYS
P3 ANSYS
0,80
P1 ACOBRI
P2 ACOBRI
0,70
P3 ACOBRI
0,60
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
0 10 20 30 40 50
In the case of the studied bridge, this condition is always false (see chapter 3.4.4.1). The
interaction should then not be verified and the associated ratio should then be equal to zero
in each section. This result is well obtained with ACOBRI.
bw / tw > 72 /
Where:
For the sections of the studied bridge, the values of the ratio are:
The condition bw / tw > 72 / is then always false and the shear buckling criteria should not
be verified. The associated ratios should then be equal to 0. This result is well obtained with
ACOBRI.
An additional validation is carried out in chapter 8.2 for steel section where the condition is
bw / tw > 72 / verified.
= MEd / MbRd
Where:
MEd: Negative bending moment in the section under the considered combination of
load cases.
MPlRd: Negative resistant bending moment (considering a cracked concrete with
reinforcement under tension). This plastic moment is calculated with an
effective width of the compressive zone of the web, a length equal to 20 tw
being taken into account on each part of this zone (sections have class 1
flanges and class 3 webs under a negative moment - see chapter 3.4.2.4).
: = 235 / f y = 0.731 for this bridge
MRk
LT =
M cr
1
if LT > 0.4 then LT =
[ ]
1.0
2 0.5
LT + LT LT
2
Mcr: Negative elastic critical moment, given by the formula (ENV 1994-1-1 B.1.2
(4)):
k c C4 k s L2
Mcr = G I at + E a I afz
L 2
k1 k 2
ks =
k1 + k 2
With:
k1 = 4 Ea I2* / a
hs Iy
Iay
kc = 2
hs
+ ix
2
4 + hs
e
With:
A Iay
e=
A a z c (A A a )
zc: spacing between centre of steel section and centre of the slab
The calculations are very long and cannot be described in this document. Particularly, the C4
coefficient should be calculated for each combination of loads, because it depends on the
distribution of moment. The intermediate results are nevertheless given hereafter, for the
section of the girder n1 located on the first intermediate pi er, under loads due the
combination ULS n7, according to the previous relations:
L=1
Compressive
part of the slab
zrein
The results obtained for the checked sections of girder n1 (see Figure 5) are given in the
following tables (Moments in kNm):
ANSYS ACOBRI
Sect Spa Typ
MEd MPlRd Cn MEd MPlRd Cn (%)
ion n e
1 1 S 319,1 4046 0,079 4 318 4046 0,079 4 0,18
10 1 M 55,7 4189 0,013 2 55 4189 0,013 2 -2,18
16L 1 L 1983,8 4122 0,481 1 1984 4122 0,481 1 -0,06
16R 1 L 2504,3 4145 0,604 7 2503 4145 0,604 7 -0,02
19 1-2 S 4201,0 4049 1,038 7 4206 4049 1,039 7 0,14
23L 2 L 1388,5 4009 0,346 7 1386 4008 0,346 7 -0,11
23R 2 L 771,7 4001 0,193 1 770 4000 0,193 1 0,05
31 2 M 0 0 0 0
39L 2 L 770,4 4001 0,193 1 773 4000 0,193 1 0,22
39R 2 L 1387,2 4009 0,346 7 1389 4008 0,346 7 -0,01
43 2-3 S 4209,4 3910 1,077 7 4210 3909 1,077 7 0,05
46L 3 L 2504,2 4145 0,604 7 2504 4145 0,604 7 -0,02
46R 3 L 1983,8 4122 0,481 1 1984 4122 0,481 1 -0,06
52 3 M 55,7 4189 0,013 2 55 4189 0,013 2 -2,19
61 3 S 319,1 4046 0,079 4 318 4046 0,079 4 0,18
Type Legend: S: Support L: Limit of cracked area M: Mid span section
1,10
1,00
0,90
0,80
P1 ANSYS
0,70 P2 ANSYS
P3 ANSYS
0,60 P1 ACOBRI
P2 ACOBRI
P3 ACOBRI
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
0 10 20 30 40 50
Theoretical ACOBRI
Section D (m) fat (RV) fat (CS)
1 0 1.3000 1.300
4 2.25 1.1875 1.188
10 to 52 > 6.0 1.0000 1.000
58 2.25 1.1875 1.188
61 0 1.3000 1.300
= 1 2 3 4 max
Calculation of 2:
1/ 5
Q N obs
2 = m1
N
Q0 0
With: Q0 = 480 kN
N0 = 0.5x106
Nobs is the total number of lorries per year in the slow lane
So: 2 = 0.758
Calculation of 3:
3 = (tnd / 100)1/5 = 1.0 for tnd = 100 years (the design life of the bridge)
Calculation of 4:
1/ 5
N Q
5
4 = 1 + 2 2 m2 for the considered bridge with two slow lanes.
N1 1 Q m1
With: k: Number of lanes with heavy traffic; here k = 2
Nj: Number of lorries per year in lane j; here N1 = N2
Qmj: Average gross weight of the lorries in lane j; here Qm1 = Qm2
j: Value of the influence line for the internal force that produces the
stress range in the middle of lane j.
The index 1 is attributed to the most influent slow lane for the
considered girder and the index 2 to the lowest influent slow lane. So
that 1 2.
Theoretical values of :
fat
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0
Ff E c / Mf
f = Ff Mf E / c
With: Ff: Partial factor for equivalent constant amplitude stress range
Mf: Partial factor for fatigue strength
c: Reference value of the fatigue strength at 2 million cycles
The results obtained for the checked sections of girder n1 (see Figure 5) are given in the
following table:
ANSYS ACOBRI
Section Span Type (%)
10 1 M 0,079 0,079 0,46%
16L 1 L 0,529 0,529 0,00%
16R 1 L 0,396 0,395 -0,30%
19 1-2 S 0,418 0,417 -0,13%
23L 2 L 0,143 0,143 0,20%
23R 2 L 0,185 0,186 0,43%
31 2 M 0,073 0,073 0,32%
39L 2 L 0,185 0,186 0,44%
39R 2 L 0,143 0,143 0,21%
43 2-3 S 0,418 0,417 -0,13%
46L 3 L 0,396 0,395 -0,30%
46R 3 L 0,529 0,529 0,00%
52 3 M 0,079 0,079 0,46%
Type Legend: S: Support L: Limit of cracked area M: Mid span section
All deviations less than 1%.
Ratio
0,7
0,6
P1 ANSYS
0,5
P2 ANSYS
P3 ANSYS
P1 ACOBRI
0,4 P2 ACOBRI
P3 ACOBRI
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0
0,8
0,7 P1 ANSYS
P2 ANSYS
P3 ANSYS
0,6 P1 ACOBRI
P2 ACOBRI
P3 ACOBRI
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0
3.5 Connection
The design of the connection is one specific part of ACOBRI. The studs density is indeed
not defined by the User but by ACOBRI, from SLS and ULS requirements and from forces
and moments calculated before. The parameters to be defined by the User are summarized
in the following table, with the values considered for this bridge.
With:
Where:
The stud density is calculated between each node of the model to comply with this
requirement. At the end of this process, the numbers of studs required are:
A B C
MSd
Mpl,Rd
- Search of the most solicited section under positive moment. Section B (see Figure
54) for which the ratio MSd / Mplrd is maximum. For the easiness of the process, this
section B is taken equal for all combination.
- Calculation of the normal compression force in the slab in the section B, according
to the following relation:
M SdB M aSd
FB = Lpart EDalle 0,85 fcj / c
MplRd M aSd
where:
- Between section B and C, the number of studs should verify: FC + FB nBC PRd
- The distribution of studs calculated under SLS requirements is linearly adapted so
that the ULS requirements are fulfilled.
The quantities given in the calculation sheet are increased by 30%, to take into account the
construction requirements. For a mass per stud equal to 0,567 kg, the results are:
Theoretical ACOBRI
Number Mass (kg) Number Mass (kg)
Span 1 665 377 703 399
Span 2 893 506 988 561
Span 3 708 402 709 402
Sum 2266 1285 1362
When not explained in this chapter, the reference values used hereafter are justified in the
chapter 3.
4.2 FE modelisation
4.2.1 Effective widths of concrete for solicitations
Spans
1 2 3
Reference ACOBRI Reference ACOBRI Reference ACOBRI
Line 1 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 2.97 2.97
of 2 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.00 3.00
girders 3 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 2.97 2.97
Reference ACOBRI
Shrinkage and thermal 16.16 16.16
Dead loads 15.98 15.98
Live loads 6.31 6.31
4.2.3 Masses
Reference ACOBRI
Actual mass of steel (kg) 35824 35840
Corrected mass of steel (kg) 36099 36117
Overlength (mm) 400 2 x 200
3
Volume of concrete (m ) 140.4 140.4
Mass of concrete (kg) 351000 351000
Waterproof layer mass (kg) 26208 26208
Footways mass (kg) 80262 80262
Roadway surfacing mass (kg) 66976 66976
4.3.1.1 Weight
Bending moment
Shear force
4.3.1.2 Superstructure
Bending moment
Shear force
4.3.1.3 Equipment
Bending moment
Shear force
Shear force
Shear force
Shear force
The values of aQi coefficients are equal to 1,0 in this calculation (EN rules) but are equal to
0.8 in the DIN calculations. So that the Reference values are obtained from the theoretical
results calculated in chapter 3.3.2.1 divided by 0.8.
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen. For the two others files of girders, results are
displayed on the following figures:
Shear force
Bending moment
Bending moment
k s k c k fct,eff
s < s,min =
s
1
kc = + 0.3 1.0
hc
1+
2 z0
hc: is the thickness of the concrete flange, excluding any haunch or ribs. For this
example, hc = 270 mm.
z0: is the vertical distance between the centroids of the un-cracked concrete
flange and the uncracked composite section, calculated using the modular
ratio neq for short-term loading (here neq = 6.31).
s: is the maximum stress permitted in the reinforcement immediately after
cracking. The value of s is given by Table 7.1 of EN 1994-2 from a maximum
bar diameter = 20 mm, for wk = 2 mm. So s = 182.2 MPa.
The validation is carried out for the three following sections of the first girder in the first span:
- section 1 (Abutment)
- section 10 (Mid span)
- section 19 (Support)
For these sections, reference values and ACOBRI values are given in the following table:
Theoretical ACOBRI
(1): location of the elastic neutral axis of the composite section, from the calculation sheet,
calculated from the bottom fibre of the steel section.
(2): location of the elastic neutral axis of the slab, calculated from the bottom fibre of the
steel section.
(3): z0 = zD - zEl
No significant deviation.
r = r0 +
0.4 fctm
avec: =
st s
Ed fy / M,ser
fy
Ed
3 M,ser
Ed + 3 Ed fy / M,ser
2 2
The validation is made for the following sections of the first girder:
The section properties, the forces and the moments are read from the calculation sheet of
ACOBRI. The stress limits are obtained from the following values:
The reference calculations are carried out in an EXCEL sheet (ELS Contraintes Section
10-19.xls) and their results are compared hereunder with the ACOBRI results.
Section 10 Section 19
Reference ACOBRI Reference ACOBRI
Compression stress in the concrete
Design value c (MPa) 5.00 5.00 0 0
Combination of the maximum value 1 1 - -
Stress limit k1 fck (MPa) 21 21 21 21
Tension stress in the reinforcement
Design value r (MPa) 100.83 100.83 298.10 298.10
Combination of the maximum value 12 12 11 11
Stress limit k3 fsk (MPa) 400 400 400 400
Normal stress in the upper flange
Design value t (MPa) 89.84 89.84 252.64 252.64
Combination of the maximum value 15 15 11 11
Stress limit fy / Mser (MPa) 440 440 440 440
Normal stress in the lower flange
Design value t (MPa) 159.81 159.82 365.19 365.20
Combination of the maximum value 1 1 11 11
Stress limit fy / Mser (MPa) 440 440 440 440
= * fctm / 2.9
The validation is done for the two same sections 10 and 19 as in previous chapter and the
reference calculations are carried out with the same EXCEL sheet.
The reference results are compared hereunder with the ACOBRI results.
Section 10 Section 19
Reference ACOBRI Reference ACOBRI
Maximum bar diameter 25 25 12.98 13
Combination of this maximum value - - 23 23
Maximum bar spacing 200 200 96.5 96
Combination of the maximum value - - 23 23
w f yw h w t w
VbRd = VbwRd =
3 M1
= 235 / f y
hw, tw: dimensions of the web (hw height between the two flanges)
: Coefficient given by EN 1993-1-5 5. For S460 grade, = 1.20
w: Reduction factor from Table 5.1 of EN1993-1-5
The validation is done for the section 19 of the first girder (intermediate support between
spans 1 and 2). The reference calculations are carried out in the EXCEL sheet ELU
Deversement Section 19 and the results obtained are:
E = |max,f min,f|
Where: max,f, min,f: Maximum and minimum stress values due to the circulation of a
LM3 truck on the bridge.
: damage equivalent factor
: damage equivalent impact factor
The validation is made for the following sections of the first girder:
The section properties, the coefficients, the forces and the moments are read from the
calculation sheet of ACOBRI.
The reference calculations are carried out in an EXCEL sheet (ELF Contraintes Section
10-19.xls) and their results are compared hereunder with the ACOBRI results (mean values).
Section 10 Section 19
Reference ACOBRI Reference ACOBRI
Normal stress in the upper flange
Stress range E (MPa) 7.20 7.22 36.82 36.83
Normal stress in the lower flange
Stress range E (MPa) 94.34 94.47 68.16 68.17
File: RAILS_DIN_1.APM
5.2 FE modelisation
A Finite Element Model of the bridge is done, based upon the Beam grid principles. The FE
piece of software ANSYS v10.0 is used. The same meshing and numbering are used as for
the ACOBRI modelisation, so that the comparisons will be made easier. The elements
properties are calculated hereafter.
The theoretical values and the values calculated by ACOBRI are compared in the following
table:
Theoretical values:
ACOBRI values:
The values given in the calculation sheet of ACOBRI are displayed hereafter, chapter
Loads and Combinations:
neq
Dead loads 15.22
Live loads 6.31
5.2.3 Masses
Theoretical values:
ACOBRI values:
RV CS PP
Actual mass of steel (kg) 25604 25600
Corrected mass of steel (kg) 26031 26025
Overlength (mm) 2 x 200 2 x 200
3
Volume of concrete (m ) 67.49 67.5
Mass of concrete (kg) 168745 168740
Mass of formworks (kg) 8747 8740
Waterproof layer mass (kg) 8340 8340
Mass of ballast (kg) 97920 97920
Mass of the track 2935 2940
The following comparisons are made for the second beam of the bridge, with an effective
width of concrete of 0.674 m.
x=0
Longitudinal girder
elements
Elt n261
Longitudinal slab
elements 0.90
Elt n29 Elt n1
Elt n253
0.60
Transverse slab
elements
1.20
Longitudinal elements:
Slab elements n1 and n29 will be checked hereunde r (see Figure 59).
The theoretical expressions for the elements characteristics are given by:
b e3 b e3
I y = k1 k2 and It = k 1 k 2
12 n eq 6 n eq
Where:
Iy, It: Second moment of area and torsional inertia of the slab element
k1: k1 = 1.0
k2: Coefficient to take care of the location of longitudinal slab elements
about main girder elements. k2 = 1 for both controlled elements
b: Width of the slab element.
e: Thickness of the slab element. For these elements, the thickness to
be considered is the thickness of the cantilevering. e = 0.2 m.
neq: Modular ratio
All deviations are less than 0.2 % and are due to rounded values.
Transverse elements:
Slab elements n253 and n261 will be checked hereu nder (see Figure 59).
The same relations as for longitudinal slab elements are used to calculate the inertias,
with k1 = 0.5 and k2 = 1.0 for all transverse elements.
All deviations are less than 0.1 % and are due to rounded values.
Section n29
Section n27
Section n22
Second beam
Section n17
Section n15
Section n1 3
Section n8
Section n3
Section n1
5.3.1.1 Weight
The load case Weight represents the effects of the weight of steel beams, of the lost
formworks and of the concrete of the slab just after the pouring, the cantileverings being not
considered. Only the rigidities of the steel beams are considered.
Bending moment
A very good accuracy is observed. For other beams, the deviation keeps always less
than 2.2 %
250
200
P2 ANSYS
150 P2 ACOBRI
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
-50
-100
-150
-200
Shear force
A good accuracy of results can be observed. The symmetry of the results is also
obtained. For other beams, the deviation keeps always less than 2.0%.
Bending moment
A very good accuracy is observed. For other beams, the deviation keeps always less
than 0.8 %
Shear force
A very good accuracy of results can be observed. The symmetry of the results is also
obtained. For other beams, the deviation keeps always less than 1.0%.
5.3.1.3 Superstructure
The load case Superstructure represents the effects of the weight of the ballast, of the
waterproof layer and of the rail track. The composite effects are considered with a modular
ratio equal to 15.22. The load of the rail track is equal to 1200 N/m, divided and loaded at the
location of the both rails.
Bending moment
A very good accuracy is observed. For other beams, the deviation keeps always less
than 0.6 %
Shear force
A very good accuracy of results can be observed. The symmetry of the results is also
obtained. For other beams, the deviation keeps always less than 0.4%.
5.3.1.4 Superstructure +
The load case Superstructure + represents the effects of the weight of the ballast, of the
waterproof layer and of the rail track. The weight of the ballast is increased by an uncertainty
factor of 1.10.The composite effects are considered with a modular ratio equal to 15.22.
Bending moment
A very good accuracy is observed. For other beams, the deviation keeps always less
than 0.5 %
Shear force
A very good accuracy of results can be observed. The symmetry of the results is also
obtained. For other beams, the deviation keeps always less than 0.4%.
5.3.1.5 Superstructure
The load case Superstructure - represents the effects of the weight of the ballast, of the
waterproof layer and of the rail track. The weight of the ballast is decreased by an uncertainty
factor of 0.90.The composite effects are considered with a modular ratio equal to 15.22.
Bending moment
A very good accuracy is observed. For other beams, the deviation keeps always less
than 0.6 %
Shear force
A very good accuracy of results can be observed. The symmetry of the results is also
obtained. For other beams, the deviation keeps always less than 0.4%.
5.3.1.6 Equipment
The load case Equipment represents the effects of the load of the parapet and of the gutter.
The composite effects are considered with a modular ratio equal to 15.22.
Bending moment
A very good accuracy is observed. For other beams, the deviation keeps always less
than 0.7 %
Shear force
A very good accuracy of results can be observed. The symmetry of the results is also
obtained. For other beams, the deviation keeps always less than 0.6%.
5.3.2.1 Assumptions
The Load Models LM71, SW0 and SW2 are calculated with the following assumptions:
- factor (DIN 101 6.3.2 (3)): = 1
- Dynamic factor calculated for a carefully maintained track(DIN 101 6.4.3.2)
1.44
= + 0.82
L 0 .2
L = k Lm = 1.2 x 12 = 14.4 m
= 1.22
Q
Transverse configurations of the
Q1 Q2 repartition of the loads:
The following longitudinal configurations of load have been considered taking into account
the fact that LM71 load model can be split up into several parts so that the worst effect is
reached. The configurations have been selected to cover so far as possible situations in the
calculations of the moment and of the shear force. This leads to a high number of cases
(4500 cases).
xi
Configuration n1:
L
100 cases for 0 xi L
L/4 xi
Configuration n2:
L
50 cases for 0 xi L / 2; 50 other steps for the symmetric cases
xi
Configuration n3:
xi
Configuration n4:
xi
Configuration n5:
The solicitations obtained in the elements of the beam n2 are presented hereafter:
Bending moment
A very good accuracy of results can be observed. It is to be noted that the moments
can never be greater than 0 with ACOBRI, what is conservative. It explained the
difference observed in section 15, at intermediate support.
M (kNm)
ACOBRI
500
ANSYS
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
Shear force
A good accuracy of results can be observed for significant values. Some noticeable
deviations can be obtained due to the difference of methods between both calculations.
Bending moment
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen.
M (kNm)
500
400
ACOBRI
300 ANSYS
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
Shear force
A good accuracy of results can be observed (all significant values less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen.
Bending moment
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen.
M (kNm)
600 ACOBRI
ANSYS
400
200
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
-200
-400
-600
Shear force
A good accuracy of results can be observed (all significant values less than 1%). The
symmetry of the results is also seen.
5.5.1.1 Abbreviations
The following abbreviations will be used hereafter to represent the load cases.
Characteristic combinations
G+Q
With:
Index Combination
SLS-1 W + WC + SS(+) + EQ + LM71
SLS-2 W + WC + SS(+) + EQ + SW0
SLS-3 W + WC + SS(+) + EQ + SW2
SLS-4 W + WC + SS(-) + EQ + LM71
SLS-5 W + WC + SS(-) + EQ + SW0
SLS-6 W + WC + SS(-) + EQ + SW2
Frequent combinations
G + 1 Q
With:
Index Combination
SLS-7 W + WC + SS(+) + EQ + 0.8 LM71
SLS-8 W + WC + SS(+) + EQ + 0.8 SW0
SLS-9 W + WC + SS(+) + EQ + 0.8 SW2
SLS-10 W + WC + SS(-) + EQ + 0.8 LM71
SLS-11 W + WC + SS(-) + EQ + 0.8 SW0
SLS-12 W + WC + SS(-) + EQ + 0.8 SW2
Quasi-permanent combinations
G + 2 Q
With:
2: Factors for combination value. 2 = 0.0 for all live loads, so that no quasi-
permanent combinations will be considered.
Non-frequent combinations
G + 1 Q
With:
1: Factor for combination value. 1 = 1.0 for all live loads, so that non frequent
combinations are identical to characteristic ones.
G G + Q Q
With:
G, Q: Partial factors
G = 1.35
Q = 1.45 for LM71 or SW0 load models
Q = 1.20 for SW2 load model
Index Combination
ULS-1 1.35 W + 1.35 WC + 1.35 SS(+) + 1.35 EQ + 1.45 LM71
ULS-2 1.35 W + 1.35 WC + 1.35 SS(+) + 1.35 EQ + 1.45 SW0
ULS-3 1.35 W + 1.35 WC + 1.35 SS(+) + 1.35 EQ + 1.20 SW2
ULS-4 1.35 W + 1.35 WC + 1.35 SS(-) + 1.35 EQ + 1.45 LM71
ULS-5 1.35 W + 1.35 WC + 1.35 SS(-) + 1.35 EQ + 1.45 SW0
ULS-6 1.35 W + 1.35 WC + 1.35 SS(-) + 1.35 EQ + 1.20 SW2
Index Combination
FLS-1 W + WC+ SS(+) + EQ + Qfat
FLS-2 W + WC + SS(-) + EQ + Qfat
- the upper and lower flanges (W top and W bot) under positive and negative moments,
- the upper side of concrete slab (W slab) under positive moment
- the lower side of concrete slab (W slab) under negative moment
- the reinforcement (W rein).under negative moment.
The location of the elastic neutral axis (zel) is calculated and given about the lower fibre of the
steel section.
The hereunder results are presented according to the state of the slab (Steel section:
HE600A). These theoretical calculations have been carried out with an alternative EXCEL
application for filler beams.
Pouring of concrete:
Theoretical ACOBRI
zel (mm) 295 295
4
Inertia (cm ) 141200 141207
3
W top (cm ) -4787 -4787
3
W bot (cm ) 4787 4787
Theoretical values from ARCELOR sales program for HE600A.
Theoretical ACOBRI
neq 15.22 6.31 15.22 6.31
zel (mm) 402.2 465.8 402.2 465.9
3
W top (cm ) -11486 -22480 -11489 -22491
3
W bot (cm ) 5532 5991 5531 5991
3
W slab (cm ) -100236 -64239 -100255 -64251
Under negative moments, the reinforcement and the compressed part of concrete being
considered
Theoretical ACOBRI
neq 15.22 6.31 15.22 6.31
zel (mm) 275.4 246.9 NA NA
3
W top (cm ) -5473 -5396 -5466 -5390
3
W bot (cm ) 6250 7499 6243 7491
3
W slab (cm ) 130728 67964 130573 67887
3
W rein (cm ) -4055 -4086 -4050 -4082
With:
Principle of calculation:
The plastic moments are calculated considering only the compressed part of the slab.
The part of the slab which is in tension is not considered. When the reinforcements are
in the tension part of the slab, they are considered; when they are in the compressed
part, they are neglected.
This principle is illustrated by the stresses patterns considered for positive moments
and for negative moments.
Effective width
- 0,85 fcj / c
- fy / M0
Plastic
neutral
axis
fy / M0
Stresses in the girder Stresses in the slab
Stresses patterns
fsk / v
fy / M0
0
Plastic
neutral axis
- 0,85 fcj / c
- fy / M0
Class of sections:
235
= = 0.942
265
Section: HE600A
27
13 590
25
300
Class of flanges = 1
d / tw 42 = 39.6
Positive moments:
MPlRd is the positive plastic moment, zPNA the location the plastic neutral axis about the
bottom fibre of the section and the factor calculated from DIN 104 4.4.1.2 (4) to take
into account the effect of the location of the neutral plastic axis. The results of both
theoretical and ACOBRI calculations are presented hereunder for the girder n2.
Results for girder n2 (effective width l = 0.674 m)
Theoretical ACOBRI
zPNA (mm) 566.0 566.0
MplRd (kNm) 1872.7 1873
0.948 0.949
In all sections, the Plastic neutral axis is located 3 mm above the lower face of the
upper flange. It is then not located in the web. A warning massage is well displayed
after the end of the calculations, and also in the calculation sheet, chapter synthesis.
Negative moments:
MPlRd is the positive plastic moment, zPNA the location the plastic neutral axis about the
bottom fibre of the section. No factor is applied for negative moment. The results of
both theoretical and ACOBRI calculations are presented hereunder for the girder n2.
Results for girder n2 (effective width l = 0.674 m)
Theoretical ACOBRI
zPNA (mm) 172.8 172.8
MplRd (kNm) 1758.6 1764
Av = A 2 b tf + (tw + 2 r) tf
r tf
tw Shear section Av
The theoretical value calculated for the three files of girders and the values obtained with
ACOBRI are compared in the following table:
HE600A
2
Theoretical value (cm ) RV 93.25
2
ACOBRI result (cm ) CS 93.21
f flim = L / R
With:
The speed of trains considered is equal to V = 220 km/h. So according to DIN 101 Figure
G.3, L / = 1100.
The bridge is a continuous two spans bridge, so that the value of L / d is to be multiplied by
0.7. The comfort acceleration is defined by bv = 1,1 m/s2 and the value of L / should be
divided by bv. And at last, the length of the span is L = 12 m. So that the limit for the
deflection of the rail track can be calculated as follow:
It is to be noted that is the same conditions, the ENV rules to a value of R = 606, so that flim
would have been equal to 19.8 mm.
The results obtained for the checked sections of the rail track are given hereunder:
ANSYS ACOBRI
Section Span (%)
1 1 0,000 0,000
3 1 0,211 0,212 0,36%
8 1 0,431 0,433 0,42%
13 1 0,165 0,166 0,30%
15 1-2 0,000 0,000
17 2 0,165 0,166 0,30%
22 2 0,431 0,433 0,42%
27 2 0,211 0,212 0,36%
29 2 0,000 0,000
The comparison shows a very good accuracy of ACOBRI (all deviations less than 1%).
0,50
0,45
0,40
ANSYS
0,35 ACOBRI
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,00
0,00 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0
The deck twist is controlled by verifying in each section of the rails track the following
relation:
g glim
Where:
g is the deck twist under LM 71 load case, multiplied by the dynamic factor (see
chapter 5.3.2.1). The definition of g is given in Figure 73.
Section
1.5 m
1.5 m
g rail track axis
glim is the limit for the deck twist. Because the speed of the train is assumed to be in the
interval V > 200 km/h, the limit of the deck twist is defined by DIN 101 G.3.1.2.2 as:
The results obtained for the checked sections of the rail track are given hereunder:
ANSYS ACOBRI
Section Span (%)
1 1 0,140 0,140 -0,01%
3 1 0,236 0,235 -0,45%
8 1 0,069 0,046 -33,52%
13 1 0,212 0,211 -0,68%
15 1-2 0,144 0,144 -0,05%
17 2 0,212 0,211 -0,68%
22 2 0,069 0,046 -33,52%
27 2 0,236 0,235 -0,45%
29 2 0,140 0,140 -0,01%
The important deviations obtained in sections 8 and 22 are due to the difference of
calculation methods and are obtained for non significant values.
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,1
ANSYS
ACOBRI
0,1
0,0
0 5 10 15 20 25
lim
Where:
: Angular rotation of the deck, calculated at the rail track axis, for LM71 load case
multiplied by the dynamic coefficient (see chapter 5.3.2.1).
lim: Limit of the angular rotation of the deck, calculated according to DIN101
G.3.1.2.3. For this bridge, with a single rail track, the limit is: lim = 6.5 10-3 rad.
The values calculated with ANSYS or obtained with ACOBRI are presented in the following
table:
s 1.0 %
With:
In ACOBRI calculation sheet, the here above relation is verified for each section of the
bridge.
- Calculation of the bending moment, excluding the part due to the Weight load
case
- According to the sign of this bending moment, the state of the concrete slab is
determined:
o if the moment is positive:
The upper face of the slab in compression and the lower face in
tension. The lower face is cracked.
o if the moment is negative:
The upper face of the slab is in tension and the lower face in
compression. The reinforcement bars are in tension.
- Calculation of the characteristics of the section for both assumptions (positive
and negative moments): neutral axis location, inertia and elastic modulus.
- The stresses are calculated in the section, according to the state of the slab:
o if the moment is positive:
Normal stresses in upper and lower flanges
Compression stresses in the upper face of concrete
o if the moment is negative:
Normal stresses in upper and lower flanges
Compression stresses in the lower face of concrete
Tension stresses in the reinforcement.
Reinforcement
Figure 75 : States of the slab according to the sign of the bending moment
The SLS combinations considered for the calculations of normal stresses are:
With:
The results obtained for the sections of the beam n2 are given hereunder:
Upper flange
ANSYS ACOBRI
Section Span (%)
1 1 0,001 0,001
3 1 0,212 0,212 -0,17%
8 1 0,354 0,354 -0,04%
13 1 0,198 0,199 0,31%
15 1-2 0,462 0,462 0,10%
17 2 0,199 0,199 0,09%
22 2 0,354 0,354 -0,04%
27 2 0,212 0,212 -0,17%
29 2 0,001 0,001
0,50
ANSYS M>0
0,35
0,30
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10
0,05
0,00
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0
With:
rein: tension stresses in the upper layer of reinforcement, which takes into account
the increase due to the effects of tension stiffening of concrete:
rein = s0 + s
0,4 f ctm AI
s = and st =
st s A a Ia
fctm: mean tensile strength in concrete, 3.21 MPa for this case
s: reinforcement ratio = 0.01 for this case
A, I: Area and second moment of area of the composite section under negative
moment
Aa, Ia: Area and second moment of area of the steel section.
fsk: yielding stress for reinforcement steel. In this case, fsk = 500 MPa.
The results obtained for the sections of the beam n2 are given hereunder:
Upper flange
ANSYS ACOBRI
Section Span (%)
1 1 0,137 0,000
3 1 0,000 0,000
8 1 0,163 0,160 -1,79%
13 1 0,330 0,327 -0,95%
15 1-2 0,602 0,599 -0,46%
17 2 0,330 0,327 -1,06%
22 2 0,164 0,160 -2,24%
27 2 0,000 0,000
29 2 0,137 0,000
All deviations are less than 1%, except for the section at the abutments. The difference is
due to threshold effects, with small value of moments, that leads or not to take into account
the effect of the tension stiffening of the concrete.
0,70
0,60 ANSYS
ACOBRI
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0
With:
top, bot: normal stresses in the upper and the lower flange respectively
M,ser: partial coefficient. In this case, M,ser = 1.00
fy: yielding stress.
The thickness of the flanges is equal to 25 mm (HE600A). For this thickness and for S275
steel grade, according to EN 10113-3 used in ACOBRI, the yielding stress is fy = 265 MPa.
The results obtained for the sections of the beam n2 are given hereunder:
0,8
0,7
0,6 ANSYS
ACOBRI
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0
0,7
0,6
ANSYS
0,5 ACOBRI
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0
With:
VEd: Shear force in the section under the considered combination of load cases.
VplRd: Resistant shear force, given by the relation:
A v fy
VplRd =
M0 3
VEd
=
VplRd
The results obtained for the sections of girder n2 are given hereunder:
Forces Ratios
ANSYS ACOBRI ANSYS ACOBRI
Section Span V V (%)
1R 1 357,8 359,7 0,251 0,252 0,49%
3L 1 297,6 297,0 0,209 0,208 -0,29%
3R 1 238,9 237,8 0,167 0,167 -0,28%
8L 1 148,2 146,0 0,104 0,102 -1,81%
8R 1 195,6 196,6 0,137 0,138 0,64%
13 L 1 424,4 416,7 0,297 0,292 -1,85%
13 R 1 482,8 479,9 0,338 0,337 -0,41%
15 L 1 543,9 541,9 0,381 0,380 -0,32%
15 R 2 543,9 541,9 0,381 0,380 -0,32%
17 L 2 482,8 479,9 0,338 0,337 -0,41%
17 R 2 424,4 416,7 0,297 0,292 -1,85%
22 L 2 195,6 196,6 0,137 0,138 0,64%
22 R 2 148,2 146,0 0,104 0,102 -1,81%
27 L 2 238,9 237,8 0,167 0,167 -0,28%
With:
MEd: Positive bending moment in the section under the considered combination of
load cases.
MplRd: Positive resistant bending moment (see chapter 5.5.2.3).
: Factor calculated according to DIN 104 4.4.1.2 (4) to take into account the
location of the plastic neutral axis (see chapter 5.5.2.3).
MEd
=
MplRd
The results obtained for the sections of girder n2 are given hereunder:
ANSYS ACOBRI
Section Span (%)
1 1 0,001 0,0005
3 1 0,316 0,316 -0,09%
8 1 0,492 0,493 0,07%
13 1 0,000 0
15 1-2 0,000 0
17 2 0,000 0
22 2 0,492 0,493 0,07%
27 2 0,316 0,316 -0,09%
29 2 0,001 0,0005
0,6
ANSYS
0,5 ACOBRI
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0
With:
MEd: Negative bending moment in the section under the considered combination of
load cases.
MPlRd: Negative resistant bending moment (see chapter 5.5.2.3).
MEd
=
MPlRd
The results obtained for the sections of the beam n2 are given hereunder:
ANSYS ACOBRI
Section Span (%)
1 1 0,001 0
3 1 0,000 0
8 1 0,000 0
13 1 0,297 0,2965 -0,32%
15 1-2 0,718 0,714 -0,58%
17 2 0,297 0,2965 -0,32%
22 2 0,000 0
27 2 0,000 0
29 2 0,001 0
0,8
0,7
0,6 ANSYS
ACOBRI
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0
= 1 2 3 4 max
Parameters:
Calculation of 1:
2 = 1.00
3 = 1.00
Calculation of 4:
Calculation of max:
max = 1.4
E = 2 |maxf minf|
With: 2: Dynamic factor for railways bridges, calculated for a carefully maintained track
(DIN 101 6.4.3.2). 2 = as calculated in chapter 5.3.2.1
: Damage equivalent factor
maxf : Maximal stress in the flange under LM71 load, taking into account the sign of
the moment
minf : Minimal stress in the flange under LM71 load, taking into account the sign of
the moment
The stress ranges in the flanges are verified according to DIN 104 4.9.6 with the following
relation:
Ff E c / Mf
f = Ff Mf E / c
With: Ff: Partial factor for equivalent constant amplitude stress range
Mf: Partial factor for fatigue strength
c: Reference value of the fatigue strength at 2 million cycles
Ff = 1.0
Mf = 1.35
c = 160 MPa for upper flange (no studs)
c = 160 MPa for lower flange
The comparison shows a very good accuracy of the ACOBRI results (all deviations are less
than 1%), which can also be seen on the following figure:
0,60
0,50
ANSYS
ACOBRI
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
0 5 10 15 20 25
The comparison shows a very good accuracy of the ACOBRI results (all deviations are less
than 1%), which can also be seen on the following figure:
0,70
ANSYS
0,60
ACOBRI
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
0 5 10 15 20 25
When not explained in this chapter, the reference values used hereafter are justified in the
chapter 5.
6.2 FE Modelisation
6.2.1 Effective widths of concrete for solicitations
Modular ratio
Reference ACOBRI
Dead loads 15.22 15.22
Live loads 6.31 6.32
6.2.3 Masses
Reference ACOBRI
Actual mass of steel (kg) 25604 25600
Corrected mass of steel (kg) 26031 26025
Overlength (mm) 2 x 200 2 x 200
3
Volume of concrete (m ) 67.49 67.5
Mass of concrete (kg) 168745 168740
Mass of formworks (kg) 8747 8740
Waterproof layer mass (kg) 8340 8340
Mass of ballast (kg) 97920 97920
Mass of the track 2935 2936
Results are verified for the following sections of the second beam:
6.3.1.1 Weight
Bending moment
Shear force
Bending moment
Shear force
A very good accuracy of results can be observed. The deviations keep always less than
1.0%.
6.3.1.3 Superstructure
Bending moment
Shear force
6.3.1.4 Superstructure +
The effects of the load of the ballast are multiplied by 1.3 and the effects of the load of the
waterproof layer by 1.2. ANSYS calculations are carried out and its results are compared
with the ACOBRI results in the hereunder tables.
Bending moment
Shear force
6.3.1.5 Superstructure
Bending moment
Shear force
6.3.1.6 Equipment
Bending moment
Shear force
A very good accuracy of results can be observed. The deviation keeps always less than %.
Bending moment
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (deviations less than 1%).
Shear force
A very good accuracy of results can be observed (all deviations less than 1%).
Shear force
A good accuracy of results can be observed (significant values less than 1%).
r = r0 +
0.4 fctm
avec: =
st s
Ed fy / M,ser
The validation is made for the following sections of the first girder:
The section properties, the forces and the moments are read from the calculation sheet of
ACOBRI. The stress limits are obtained from the following values:
The reference calculations are carried out in an EXCEL sheet (ELS Contraintes Section 8
- 15.xls) and their results are compared hereunder with the ACOBRI results.
Section 8 Section 15
Reference ACOBRI Reference ACOBRI
Compression stress in the concrete
Design value c (MPa) 7.6 7.6 9.9 8.89
Combination of the maximum value 6 6 6 6
Stress limit k1 fck (MPa) 21 21 21 21
Tension stress in the reinforcement
Design value r (MPa) 67.3 67.3 245.7 247.74
Combination of the maximum value 3 3 6 6
Stress limit k3 fsk (MPa) 400 400 400 400
Normal stress in the upper flange
Design value t (MPa) 53.0 53.0 194.0 194.03
Combination of the maximum value 6 6 6 6
Stress limit fy / Mser (MPa) 345 345 345 345
Normal stress in the lower flange
Design value t (MPa) 114.6 114.6 160.1 160.09
Combination of the maximum value 6 6 6 6
Stress limit fy / Mser (MPa) 345 345 345 345
7 VALIDATION OF PARAMETERS
The aim of this chapter is to verify the value of the following parameters calculated by
ACOBRI before the general calculation of the bridge:
Test index 1 2 2s 3 4 5b 5p 6 7
Type of bridge
Road bridge X X X x
Footbridge X x x
Railways bridge x
Rules
French rules X x x
DIN X X x x
ENV X
Type of section
Normal section x x x x
Box girders x x
Prefabricated composite beams x
Box girders filled with concrete x
Filler beam deck x
Cantilevering x
Reinforced section x
Slab with concrete haunches x x
Slab with concrete planks x
Slab with steel sheeting x
Validation (number of values
verified)
Effective widths of concrete slabs 2 2 3
Modular ratio 6 6 8
Moments of flexural inertia 6 18 18 24 10 4 4
Moments of torsional inertia 6 28 24 10
Masses of steel beams 2 2 2 3 2
Volume and masses of concrete 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Masses of structures 6
Masses of equipments 2
Reactions 6 2 4
Light concrete modular ratio 2
References values:
Moments of inertia:
Masses:
Reactions on abutments:
ACOBRI values:
Moments of inertia:
Masses:
RV CS PP
Actual mass of steel (kg) 6731 6730
Corrected mass of steel (kg) 6910 6911
Overlength (mm) 400 400
3
Volume of concrete (m ) 30 30
Mass of concrete (kg) 75000 75000
Waterproof layer mass (kg) 7020 7020 7020
Footways mass (kg) 14400 14400 14400
Roadway surfacing mass (kg) 15862 15863 15860
Parapet (kN) 3.75 3.75
Gutter (kN) 1.5 1.5
Reactions on abutments:
RV CS PP
Self weight (kN) 801.8 801.8 801.8
Structure (kN) 365.7 365.8 365.7
Equipment (kN) 5250 5250 5250
TEST N2
Road bridge DIN German rules
Box girders Two beams, two spans
Main parameters of the bridge :
Lengths: span 1 = 15 m; span 2 = 12 m.
Slab: Width = 10 m; Depth = 25 cm; = 2350 kg/m3
Concrete haunch height = 10 cm
Concrete class : C35/45; Relative humidity RH = 80 %
Reinforcement ratio = 1.2% (67% top, 33% bottom)
Top
Stud diameter = 19 mm
Section of the beams: HEB900
A footway on each side of the slab. Footway width = 1.5 m.
Main parameters of the load :
Footway: Thickness = 220 mm = 2500 kg/m3
Waterproof layer: Thickness = 25 mm = 3200 kg/m3
Roadway surfacing: Thickness = 60 mm = 2600 kg/m3
File: TEST_2.APM
Values to be verified :
Effective widths of the slab. Modular ratio.
Moments of inertia during the several phases.
Masses.
References values:
For each span, the effective width of the concrete slab is given by the following
relation:
li = b0 + b1 / 4
For DIN rules and an end span: b1 = 0.85 x length of the span
b0 is the transverse spacing between two studs. Because the stud repartition is
not known at this point of the calculations, the following relation is used:
b0 = bf 2.5 ds
Modular ratio:
So, with the recommended values of DIN, adopted for this test, the reference
values of the modular ratio are:
Torsional inertia:
The theoretical value for the steel box girder is given by the following expression:
4 2
ITs =
ds
e
With:
So:
For the composite section, the theoretical expression of the torsionnal inertia is
given by:
With:
In the
Outside the cracked zone cracked
zone
Loads neq L = 3.74 m L = 3.10 m /
Construction phase / 243421 243421 243421
Shrinkage and thermal 16.21 303483 293205 243421
Dead loads phase 16.03 304164 293770 243421
Live loads phase 6.31 397773 371360 243421
Masses:
ACOBRI values:
RV CS
Span 1 3.74 3.74
Span 2 3.10 3.10
Modular ratio:
RV CS PP
Shrinkage and thermal 16.216 16.22 16.22
Dead loads 16.034 16.03 16.03
Live loads 6.31 6.31 6.31
Masses:
RV CS PP
Actual mass of steel (kg) 31479 31480
Corrected mass of steel (kg) 31945 31943
Overlength (mm) 400 400
3
Volume of concrete (m ) 70.74 70.7
Mass of concrete (kg) 166239 166240
7.2.2 EN Rules
TEST N2EN
Road bridge Eurocode EN
Box girders Two beams, two spans
Main parameters of the bridge :
Same bridge as Test 2 but EN rules
File: TEST_2EN.APM
Values to be verified :
Effective widths of the slab. Modular ratio.
Moments of inertia during the several phases.
Masses.
RV CS
Span 1 3.74 3.74
Span 2 3.10 3.10
Modular ratio:
RV CS PP
Shrinkage and thermal 16.216 16.22 16.22
Dead loads 16.034 16.03 16.03
Live loads 6.31 6.31 6.31
Masses:
RV CS PP
Actual mass of steel (kg) 31479 31480
Corrected mass of steel (kg) 31945 31943
Overlength (mm) 400 400
3
Volume of concrete (m ) 70.74 70.7
Mass of concrete (kg) 166239 166240
TEST N2S
Road bridge DIN German rules
Box girders Two beams, two spans
Main parameters of the bridge :
All parameters are the same as for test 2, but:
Lengths: span 1 = 12 m; span 2 = 15 m.
File: TEST_2s.APM
Values to be verified :
Effective widths of the slab. Modular ratio.
Moments of inertia during the several phases.
Masses.
References values:
Reference values are the same than the ones calculated for test 2
ACOBRI values:
RV CS
Span 1 3.1025 3.10
Span 2 3.74 3.74
Modular ratio:
RV CS PP
Shrinkage and thermal 16.216 16.22 16.22
Dead loads 16.034 16.03 16.03
Live loads 6.31 6.31 6.31
Masses:
RV CS PP
Actual mass of steel (kg) 31479 31480
Corrected mass of steel (kg) 31945 31943
Overlength (mm) 400 400
3
Volume of concrete (m ) 70.74 70.7
Mass of concrete (kg) 166239 166240
TEST N3
Footbridge Eurocodes ENV rules
Prefabricated composite girders Two beams, three spans
Main parameters of the bridge :
Lengths: span 1 = 15 m; span 2 = 18 m: span 3 = 15 m.
Slab: Width = 6 m; Depth = 20 cm; = 2400 kg/m3
Prefabricated slab depth = 10 cm
Concrete class : C25/35; Relative humidity RH = 65 %
Reinforcement ratio = 1.% (67% top, 33% bottom)
Top
Stud diameter = 19 mm
Section of the beams: IPE600
File: TEST_3.APM
Values to be verified :
Effective widths of the slab. Modular ratio.
Moments of inertia during the several phases.
Masses. Reactions on the abutments under dead loads.
References values:
For each span, the effective width of the span is given by the following relation:
li = b0 + b1 / 4
b0 is the transverse spacing between two studs. Because the stud repartition is
not known at this point of the calculations, the following relation is used:
b0 = bf 2.5 ds
But with consideration of the available width of the slab, the effective widths
should be:
Modular ratio:
So, with the recommended values of ENV, adopted for this test, the reference
values of the modular ratio are:
Flexural Flexural
inertia inertia
M+ M-
neq (cm4) (cm4)
Span 1: Effective width of slab = 2.59 m
Construction phase 23.49 172133 109891
Shrinkage and thermal 22.77 247723 162458
Dead loads phase 23.49 245609 162458
Live loads phase 6.89 323834 162458
Span 2: Effective width of slab = 2.66 m
Construction phase 23.49 173397 110324
Shrinkage and thermal 22.77 249530 163888
Dead loads phase 23.49 247420 163888
Live loads phase 6.89 325450 163888
Torsional Flexural
inertia inertia
M+ M-
neq (cm4) (1) (cm4) (2)
Span 1: Effective width of slab = 2.59 m
Construction phase 23.49 2003 165.4
Shrinkage and thermal 22.77 14867 165.4
Dead loads phase 23.49 15332 165.4
Live loads phase 6.89 50286 165.4
Span 2: Effective width of slab = 2.66 m
Construction phase 23.49 2053 165.4
Shrinkage and thermal 22.77 15264 165.4
Dead loads phase 23.49 15741 165.4
Live loads phase 6.89 51641 165.4
ACOBRI values:
RV CS
Spans 1 and 3 2.59 2.59
Span 2 2.66 2.66
Modular ratio:
RV CS PP
Shrinkage and thermal 22.77 22.77 22.77
Dead loads 23.49 23.49 23.49
Live loads 6.89 6.89 6.89
Construction phase 23.49 23.49 23.49
TEST N3EN
Footbridge Eurocodes EN rules
Prefabricated composite girders Two beams, three spans
Main parameters of the bridge :
Same bridge as Test 3 but under EN rules
File: TEST_3EN.APM
Values to be verified :
Effective widths of the slab. Modular ratio.
Moments of inertia during the several phases.
Masses. Reactions on the abutments under dead loads.
References values:
For each span, the effective width of the span is given by the following relation:
li = b0 + b1 / 4
For EN rules: b1 = 0.85 x length of an end span (and not 0.8 as with ENV)
But with consideration of the available width of the slab, the effective widths
should be: l1 = 3.36/2 + 1.0 = 2.68 m
ACOBRI values:
RV ACOBRI
Spans 1 and 3 2.68 2.68
Span 2 2.66 2.66
Modular ratio:
RV ACOBRI
Shrinkage and thermal 22.77 22.77
Dead loads 23.49 23.49
Live loads 6.89 6.89
Construction phase 23.49 23.49
Stud diameter = 19 mm
Section of the beams: HEB800
One railway line.
Ballast dimensions: mean height = 400 mm; width = 4 m
= 2000 kg/m3
File: TEST_4.APM
Values to be verified :
Effective widths of the slab. Modular ratio.
Moments of inertia during the several phases.
Masses. Reactions on the abutments under dead loads.
References values:
Masses:
ACOBRI values:
Masses:
RV CS PP
Actual mass of beams (kg) 33580
Corrected mass of beams (kg) 34000 33998
Overlength (mm) 400 400
Actual mass of plates (kg) 1130 1130
Total mass of steel (kg) 34710 34710
Volume of concrete slab (m3) 57.6 57.6
Mass of concrete slab (kg) 135360
Total mass of concrete (kg) 177385 177970
(0.3%)
Mass of ballast (kg) 102400 102400
RV CS PP
Self weight (kN) 2082.6 2086.3 2086.32
TEST N5b
Footbridge DIN rules
Normal beams Slab with steel sheeting Two beams, two spans
Main parameters of the bridge :
Lengths: span 1 = 15 m; span 2 = 15 m.
Slab: Width = 6 m; Depth = 20 cm; = 2450 kg/m3
Concrete class : C35/45; Relative Humidity 80 %
Reinforcement ratio = 1.% (67% top, 33% bottom)
Steel Sheeting COFRAPLUS 60. See dimensions on Figure 84.
Top
Stud diameter = 19 mm
Section of the beams: IPE600
File: TEST_5B.APM
Values to be verified :
Moments of inertia during the several phases.
Masse and volume of concrete slab.
References values:
Flexural Flexural
inertia inertia
M+ M-
neq (cm4) (cm4)
Spans 1 and 2: Effective width of slab = 3.00 m
Live loads phase 6.31 336623 157090
Masses:
ACOBRI values:
Masses:
RV CS PP
3
Volume of concrete slab (m ) 29.64 29.7
Total mass of concrete (kg) 72618 72690
TEST N5b EN
Footbridge Eurocode EN rules
Normal beams Slab with steel sheeting Two beams, two spans
Main parameters of the bridge :
Same as test 5b but under Eurocode EN rules
File: TEST_5BEN.APM
Values to be verified :
Moments of inertia during the several phases.
Masse and volume of concrete slab.
Masses:
RV ACOBRI
3
Volume of concrete slab (m ) 29.64 29.7
Total mass of concrete (kg) 72618 72690
7.5.3 Slab with non composite concrete planks under DIN rules
TEST N5p
Footbridge DIN rules
Normal beams Non composite planks Two beams, two spans
Main parameters of the bridge :
Same parameters as Test n5b but:
No Steel Sheeting
Non composite Concrete planks of thickness = 58 mm
File: TEST_5P.APM
Values to be verified :
Moments of inertia during the several phases.
Masse and volume of concrete slab.
References values:
Flexural Flexural
inertia inertia
M+ M-
neq (cm4) (cm4)
Spans 1 and 2: Effective width of slab = 3.00 m
Live loads phase 6.31 336623 157090
Masses:
ACOBRI values:
Masses:
RV CS PP
3
Volume of concrete slab (m ) 36 36
Total mass of concrete (kg) 88200 88200
TEST N5p EN
Footbridge Eurocode EN rules
Normal beams Non composite planks Two beams, two spans
Main parameters of the bridge :
Same parameters as Test n5p but under Eurocode EN rules
File: TEST_5PEN.APM
Values to be verified :
Moments of inertia during the several phases.
Masse and volume of concrete slab.
Masses:
RV ACOBRI
3
Volume of concrete slab (m ) 36.0 36.0
Total mass of concrete (kg) 88200 88200
TEST N6
Road bridge DIN rules
Filler beam deck Twelve beams, two spans
Main parameters of the bridge :
Lengths: span 1 = 15 m; span 2 = 15 m.
Slab: Width = 10 m; Depth of concrete over the beams = 10 cm; = 2475 kg/m3
One cantilevering on the left. Width 1.5 m, average depth: 0.35 m.
Formwork depth = 0.065 m
Concrete class : C35/45; Relative Humidity 80 %
Reinforcement ratio = 1.%
Section of the beams: HEA800. 12 beams.
File: TEST_6.APM
Values to be verified :
Masse and volume of concrete slab.
Reactions on the abutments under dead loads.
References values:
Masses:
Steel beams:
Formwork:
Concrete:
ACOBRI values:
Masses:
RV CS PP
Actual mass of beams (kg) 80767 80770
Corrected mass of beams (kg) 81844 81851
3
Volume of concrete slab (m ) 214.3 214.3
Total mass of formwork (kg) 34264 34280
Total mass of concrete (kg) 530417 530400
RV CS PP
Self weight (kN) 5949.4 5949.5 5949.5
Cantilevering (kN) 382.4 382.4 382.4
TEST N6 EN
Road bridge Eurocode EN rules
Filler beam deck Twelve beams, two spans
Main parameters of the bridge :
Same as Test 6 but under Eurocode EN
File: TEST_6EN.APM
Values to be verified :
Masse and volume of concrete slab.
Reactions on the abutments under dead loads.
Masses:
RV CS
Actual mass of beams (kg) 80767 80770
Corrected mass of beams (kg) 81844 81851
3
Volume of concrete slab (m ) 214.3 214.3
Total mass of formwork (kg) 34264 34280
Total mass of concrete (kg) 530417 530400
RV ACOBRI
Self weight (kN) 5949.4 5949.5
Cantilevering (kN) 382.4 382.4
7.7 Test n7
TEST N7
Road bridge French rules
Normal beams Two beams, single span
Main parameters of the bridge :
Same bridge as Test n1 but:
Slab: Light concrete; = 2200 kg/m3
File: TEST_7.APM
Values to be verified :
Modular ratios.
References values:
Under French rules, the modular ratios for light concrete are given by the following
expressions:
3/2
2500
Live loads: m = 6
= Ea / Eb
b
Dead loads: m = 2 Ea / Eb
With:
p: Mass per unit of volume of concrete b = 2200 kg/m3
So:
Eb = 37173 MPa
3/2
2500
Live loads: m = 6
= 7.27
b
Dead loads: m = 2 Ea / Eb = 14.54
ACOBRI values:
RV CS PP
Modular ratio for dead loads 14.54 14.54 14.54
Modular ratio for live loads 7.27 7.27 7.27
Elastic neutral
axis
References values:
The theoretical maximal negative moment Mt under ULS combinations for the bridge
with trimmers can then be calculated with the following relation:
Mt = MULS 1.35 MW
With:
MULS: Maximal negative moment under ULS combinations for reference road
bridge
MW : Negative moment under weight load case for reference road bridge
The theoretical resistant moment of the sections at intermediate piers, calculated with
the principles explained before (see Figure 85) are given in the following table:
- Wrein fyrein / v
- Wf fy / M0
ACOBRI values:
MEd 2958 2963 2957 2576 2576 2579 3136 3136 3136
MRd 2808 2808 2807 2502 2528 2528 2778 2777 2777
Ratio 1.053 1.06 1.05 1.030 1.02 1.02 1.129 1.13 1.13
Wrein 6460 6458 6458 5817 5816 5816 6390 6389 6389
Wbot 7812 7812 7812 7991 7990 7990 7809 7809 7809
rein 311.9 312.3 312.2 301.8 295.1 295.1 317.9 318.2 318.2
rein 0.780 0.78 0.78 0.753 0.74 0.74 0.795 0.80 0.80
top 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
bot 284.3 284.9 284.5 247.0 241.4 241.6 295.3 295.6 295.5
bot 0.646 0.65 0.65 0.561 0.55 0.55 0.671 0.67 0.67
With:
The most important deviation observed is 2.2 % for the stress in reinforcement of the girder
n2.
The section controlled is the left section on the intermediate pier. The shear forces calculated
by ACOBRI for this section are:
Load case V (kN) M (kNm)
Weight (W) 408.54 -1766.5
Superstructure (SS) 153.40 -589.2
Superstructure + (SSP) 171.65 -660.0
Thermal loads under + T (THP) -21.38 132.2
Thermal loads under - T (THM) 21.38 -132.2
Shrinkage (SH) 40.75 -855.6
Live loads UDL (UDL) 276.37 -980.9 (*)
Live loads TS (TS) 410.19 -375.7 (*)
Live footways (FW) 61.61 -221.7 (*)
Live loads UDL (UDL) 276.37 (*) -980.9
Live loads TS (TS) 294.1 (*) -701.7
Live footways (FW) 61.6 (*) -221.7
(*): concomitant values
According to these values, the most unfavourable ULS combination to be considered is:
VcRd = v bw tw fy / ( 3 M1)
The reduction factor is calculated from the relative slenderness of the web:
So v = 0.83 / w = 0.932
And VcRd = 3295 kN
And:
Maximum shear force Maximum moment
Concomitant moment Concomitant shear force
3 = VSd / VcRd 0.58 0.51
Because 3 > 0.5, the interaction criteria for the web buckling should be verified too. The
following relation should be used:
The value given by ACOBRI for this criterion is equal to: 1.06
The ULS criterion of resistance of a section under negative moment is controlled here after
for the section on the intermediate pier. The moments to be considered are (calculated by
ACOBRI):
Index Combination
ULS-1 1.35 W + 1.35 SSP + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 UDL + 1.5 TS + 0.75 FW
ULS-2 1.35 W + 1.35 SS + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 UDL + 1.5 TS + 0.75 FW
ULS-3 1.35 W + 1.35 SSP + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TKP + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW
ULS-4 1.35 W + 1.35 SS + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TKP + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW
ULS-5 1.35 W + 1.35 SSP + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TKM + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW
ULS-6 1.35 W + 1.35 SS + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TKM + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW
ULS-7 1.35 W + 1.35 SSP + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 UDL + 1.5 TS + 0.75 FW + 1.35 SH
ULS-8 1.35 W + 1.35 SS + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 UDL + 1.5 TS + 0.75 FW + 1.35 SH
ULS-9 1.35 W + 1.35 SSP + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TKP + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW + 1.35 SH
ULS-10 1.35 W + 1.35 SS + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TKP + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW + 1.35 SH
ULS-11 1.35 W + 1.35 SSP + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TKM + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW + 1.35 SH
ULS-12 1.35 W + 1.35 SS + 1.35 EQ + 1.5 TKM + 0.6 UDL + 1.125 TS + 0.3 FW + 1.35 SH
Class of the flange in compression (lower flange), from Table II-5.3.1 of DIN 103:
20
Plastic neutral axis
670 13
d
d zANP = 461.8
17
300
d
zANE = 405
+fy
The verification of the bending resistance is then carried out by verifying the following
relations:
t fy / M0 and b fy / M0
With:
The stresses are calculated from the moments given before and from the elastic modulus of
the section, given in the following table (calculated by ACOBRI):
The stresses obtained are (see chapter 2.2 for sign convention):
The verification of this section with ACOBRI gives Class 3 and the following stresses:
rc = 24
tw = 8
ht = 270
tf = 13
bf = 280
Effective section:
The web is class 2 under pure compression, so it is completely effective.
A flange under compression is class 4 and its effective width is given by:
beff = bf = 265.7 mm
Considering the upper flange in tension and then completely effective and the
parameters of the slab:
Effective width of concrete: Lpart = 1.3 m
Slab thickness: ED = 150 mm
Reinforcement ratio: 1%
the characteristics of the section are:
The stresses in lower and upper flange are calculated for the ULS combination. The maximal
values obtained are:
Upper flange: t = 206.9 MPa
Lower flange: b = -290.1 MPa
Because of the class 4, the limit for stresses is fy / M1 = 418.2 MPa.
The limit for these stresses considered by ACOBRI is lim = 418.2 MPa
TEST NV3
Road bridge DIN rules
Box girders Two beams, two spans
Main parameters of the bridge :
Steel section HE800B.
Box girders
File: TEST ROAD V3.APM
Criteria to be controlled:
Shear stresses.
The section controlled is the left section on the intermediate pier. The shear forces and the
torsional moments calculated by ACOBRI for this section are:
The maximal shear force in the section under characteristic combination is then:
Av = 323.5 cm2
TEST NV3b
Road bridge DIN rules
Box girders filled with concrete Two beams, two spans
Main parameters of the bridge :
Steel section HE800B.
Box girders
File: TEST ROAD V3B.APM
Criteria to be controlled:
Shear stresses.
In this case, the box girder is not closed, so that the torsional moments do not induce shear
stresses in the web.
The section controlled is the left section on the intermediate pier. The shear forces calculated
by ACOBRI for this section are:
The maximal shear force in the section under characteristic combination is then:
VSd = 1570.6 kN
Av = 323.5 cm2
Elastic modulus
Neutral Axis Second moment
State of concrete Modular ratio of the lower
location (mm) of area (cm4)
flange (cm3)
Construction 400 718162 17954
Permanent loads 16.04 701.6 2010625 28656
Shrinkage or
16.22 699.9 2002991 28618
thermal loads
Live loads 6.31 839.6 2637021 31408
Elastic modulus
State of concrete of the lower
flange (cm3)
Construction 17954
Permanent loads 28657
Shrinkage or
28618
thermal loads
Live loads 31408
The bending moments in the section and the normal force in the slab, calculated by ACOBRI
are:
The associated bending normal stresses in the lower flange, considering a non cracked
concrete, are:
=M/W+N/A
And then, the envelope stress in the lower flange under characteristic combination should be:
= 203.43 MPa
Elastic modulus
Neutral Axis Second moment
State of concrete of the lower
location (mm) of area (cm4)
flange (cm3)
Construction 335.0 897411 24927
Other loads 449.4 1559087 32863
Elastic modulus
State of concrete of the lower
flange (cm3)
Construction 24929
Other loads 32857
The bending moments in the section and the normal force in the slab, calculated by ACOBRI
are:
The associated bending normal stresses in the lower flange, considering a cracked concrete,
are:
=M/W
And then, the envelope stress in the lower flange under characteristic combination should be:
= -262.47 MPa