Law of chemical combination

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

Whenever sufficient energy is added or supplied to matter, or removed from it, the matter is said to
have undergone a change. Almost all of the changes taking place in matter might be classified into two
categories: physical change and chemical change.
Every substance possesses qualities or characteristics by which it can be identified.
These characteristics are called properties.

Physical properties are properties associated with physical changes and include its boiling point,
melting point, density, solubility, colour, odour, taste, thermal and electrical conductivity hardness etc.

The change may be physical if it is temporary, easily reversible and state of the substance changes
without its fundamental nature undergoing any change.

Chemical properties are the properties associated with chemical changes and include reactions of
chemical compounds resulting formation of new substances chemical properties depend on the
composition or change in composition of a substance.

A change may be chemical if it is permanent, not easily reversible and the chemical constitution of the
substance is altered which results in the formation of new substances.

Comparison of Physical and Chemical changes:

Physical change Chemical Change

A change in which the substance retains its A change in which the substance loses its
identity and changes in form or state without identity and produces one or more new
altering its composition. substances by change in its composition.
A physical change is temporary and easily A chemical change is permanent and not
reversible. easily reversible.
Examples of Physical Changes
The melting of ice and the freezing of water.
The vaporization of water and condensation of water vapour.
The glowing of a red-hot platinum wire.
The glowing of an electric bulb or a heater.
Dissolution of sugar in water.
Magnetization of iron.
Examples of Chemical Changes
The burning of coal
The chief component of coal is carbon, which is changed into a new substance,
Carbon dioxide.
C + O2 CO2
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 Law of chemical combination
The burning of wood
Wood is mainly cellulose. Cellulose is represented by the formula (C6H10O5)n .On combustion
(C6H10O5)n + 6nO2 6nCO2 + 5nH2O
The burning or combustion of petrol, diesel or kerosene
Petrol, diesel and kerosene are mixtures of a class of compounds known as hydrocarbons
(general formula CxHy) which contain only carbon and hydrogen. On burning or combustion,
they give carbon dioxide and water.
The rusting of iron
A reddish brown deposit, called rust, forms over a piece of iron when it is exposed to moist air
for some time. Rust is hydrated iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3 . xH2O), where x is uncertain.
The tarnishing of bright metal surfaces
For example the silver reacts with sulphur in the air to make silver sulphide, the black material
we call tarnish. 2Ag + S Ag2S
Changes where physical as well as chemical change is involved.
Examples :
i) Burning of a candle (wax) :
Candles are made of wax and a cotton thread (wicker of the candle). During the burning of
the candle:
a) Some wax melts and resolidifies as wax (physical change).
b) Some wax undergoes combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour, as the
cotton thread gets burnt. (chemical change)
Thus, the burning of a candle involves both physical and chemical change.
ii) Action of heat on zinc hydroxide
Zinc hydroxide, when heated, shows a physical as well as chemical change.
heat
Zn(OH ) 2 ZnO + H 2O(chemical change)
heat

ZnO ( physical change)
ZnO

( white ) cool ( yellow )

iii) Action of heat on sodium nitrate.

On heating sodium nitrate, it first melts, i.e., a physical change takes place.It then
decomposes to give two different products, sodium nitrite and oxygen, and this is a chemical
change.
heat

NaNO3 NaNO3 ( physical change)
cool
( solid ) ( liquid )
heat
2 NaNO3 2 NaNO2 + O2 (chemical change)
TYPES OF CHEMICAL CHANGES
Synthesis Reactions
Also called Combination, Construction, or Composition Reactions
Two materials, elements or compounds, unite chemically to give a single product.
The hallmark of a synthesis reaction is a single product. A synthesis reaction might be
symbolized by
A + B AB
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 Law of chemical combination
Examples :
a) Heating mercury at its boiling point in air
2 Hg + O2 2 HgO (red mercuric oxide).
Heating magnesium in air. It forms mostly magnesium oxide and some magnesium nitride.
2 Mg + O2 2MgO
3Mg + N 2 Mg3 N 2
Calcium behaves similarly
2Ca + O2 2CaO
3Ca + N 2 Ca3 N 2
When sodium is heated in excess of air, it forms a pale yellow sodium peroxide, while
potassium forms KO2 (a superoxide).
2Na + O2 Na2O2
K + O2 KO2
Many non-metals burn in O2 forming their respective oxides
2 H 2 + O2 2 H 2O ; S + O2 SO2
C + O2 CO2 ; P4 + 5O2 P4O10
Cl2, Br2 and I2 do not directly combine with oxygen.
b) PbO2 + SO2 PbSO4
CaO + H 2O Ca (OH ) 2
H 2O + SO3 H 2 SO4
Decomposition Reactions
Also called Desynthesis, Decombination, or Deconstruction
A chemical reaction in which a chemical compound decomposes or splits up into two or more
simpler substances.
Thermal decomposition: A decomposition reaction brought about by heat .
Representation: XY X + Y
Examples :
a) Mercuric oxide and silver oxide are unstable to heat and they decompose readily.
D D
2 HgO 2 Hg + O2 ; 2 Ag 2O 4 Ag + O2

b) 2 KNO3 2 KNO2 + O2
Potassium Potassium
nitrate nitrite 2 KCl + 3O2
2 KClO3
2CaCl2 + O2
2CaOCl2

c) Lead nitrate on decomposition

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 Law of chemical combination
2 Pb( NO3 )2 2 PbO + 4 NO2 + O2
lith arg e or lead ( II ) oxide
(red when hot and yellow when cold )
2 AgNO3 2 Ag + 2 NO2 + O2
NH 4 NO3 N 2O + 2 H 2O
( NH 4 ) 2 SO4 2 NH 3 + H 2 SO4
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
PbCO3 PbO + CO2

2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H 2O + CO2

Single Replacement reactions

Also Called Displacement, Single Substitution, or Activity replacement.
If one element or radical(or ion) replaces another element or radical in a substance it is called
displacement reaction.
The ability of an element to displace another is determined by its relative position in the
electrochemical series.
A more electropositive metal displaces a less electropositive metal from its aqueous solution.
Representation: X + YZ Y + XZ
Depending on their electrochemical character, metals may be arranged in the order of
decreasing electropositive character as given below. This is called the electrochemical series or
displacement series. Generally the metal above in the displacement series replaces the metal
below it from its solution.

Electro chemical series

K
Electro - positive character decreases

Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Sn
Pb
H
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au
Pt

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 Law of chemical combination

Examples :
a) Displacement of a metal by another.
zinc displaces copper from CuSO4 solution, while copper displaces Ag from AgNO3 solution.
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
Cu + 2 AgNO3 Cu ( NO3 ) 2 + 2 Ag
b) Displacement of hydrogen from water.
i) K, Na, Ca : These are strongly electropositive metals and they displace hydrogen from cold
water and form the corresponding metal hydroxide.
2 K + 2 HOH 2 KOH + H 2
2 Na + 2 HOH 2 NaOH + H 2
Ca + 2 HOH Ca (OH ) 2 + H 2
ii) Mg, Al, Zn, Fe : Red hot metals displace H2 from steam, forming the corresponding metal
oxide.
Mg + H 2O MgO + H 2
Zn + H 2O ZnO + H 2
3Fe + 4 H 2O Fe3O4 + 4 H 2
( ferrosferric oxide
or mixed oxide of iron)
Note : i) The reaction between iron and steam is reversible.
ii) Pure aluminium is not affected by pure water. But impure metal displaces H 2 slowly from
boiling water forming Al(OH)3.
2 Al + 6 H 2O 2 A(OH )3 + 3H 2
iii) Sn, Pb : They do not displace hydrogen from water.
iv) Cu, Hg, Ag, Au and Pt : They cannot displace hydrogen from water or steam as they are
below hydrogen in the electrochemical series.
c) Action of dilute HCl, concentrated HCl and dilute H2SO4.
i) K, Na, Ca : They displace hydrogen from dilute HCl or H2SO4.
ii) Mg, Al, Zn, Fe displace hydrogen readily from dilute HCl or H2SO4.
Mg + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H 2
Zn + H 2 SO4 ZnSO4 + H 2
iii) Sn, Pb : These metals which do not decompose water readily, displace hydrogen from hot
concentrated HCl.
iv) Metals below hydrogen cannot displace hydrogen from HCl or dilute H 2SO4.

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 Law of chemical combination
d) Displacement of Hydrogen from alkalis.
Metals such as Zn, Al, Sn and Pb (less electropositive) dissolve and displace hydrogen from
hot concentrated NaOH or KOH.
D
Zn + 2 NaOH Na2 ZnO2 + H 2
( Na2O.ZnO )
sodium zincate
D
2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H 2O 2 NaAlO2 + 3H 2
( Na2O. Al2O3 )
sodium aluminate
Double replacement reactions
Also called Double Displacement or Double Decomposition :
Mutual exchange of elements or radicals by two substances is known as double
decomposition.
Note : Single and double replacement reactions are generally referred as solution reactions because
they occur in solution phase.
Representation : XY + AB XB + AY

Examples : AgNO3[ aq ] + KCl[ aq ] AgCl + KNO3[ aq ]

BaCl2 + Na2 SO4 BaSO4 +2 NaCl
2 KI + Pb( NO3 ) 2 2 KNO3 + PbI 2
Na2CO3 + Ca(OH )2 CaCO3 + 2 NaOH
KNO3[ aq ] + H 2 SO4[ aq ] HNO3 + KHSO4[ aq ]
AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3
Pb( NO3 ) 2 + 2 HCl PbCl2 +2 HNO3

Other types of reactions :

Hydrolysis :
Double decomposition reactions in which water is one of the reactants.
Examples :
PCl3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3HCl.
PCl5 + 4H2O POCl3 + 5HCl.
Mg3N2 + 6H2O 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3
Ca3P2 + 6H2O 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3
CaO2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

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 Law of chemical combination
Neutralisation reactions
Double decomposition reaction that takes place when acid and base react with each other.
Acid + Base Salt + Water
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Oxidation-reduction reactions
Oxidation is a reaction that involves the addition of Oxygen or the removal of hydrogen
Reduction is a reaction that involves the addition of Hydrogen or the removal of Oxygen.
Oxidation reduction reactions occur simultaneously & are usually abbreviated as
Redox reactions.

1.
2H 2
+ O 2
2 H 2O

r e d u c tio n

M g + H 2O M gO + H 2

2.
r e d u c tio n

3. H 2 + C uO H 2O + C u

r e d u c t io n

Burning or Combustion
Burning or combustion is a chemical change, in which combustible substances combine with
oxygen to produce new compounds, called Oxides, with the liberation of large amount of
energy in the form of heat and light.
The oxygen in air is mainly responsible for burning. On burning:
New compounds are formed such as the respective oxides.
Heat is released.
Often light is evolved, as well.

Examples :
CH4 + 2O2 2H2O + CO2
2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O

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 Law of chemical combination

LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

Laws which describe the quantities of reacting substances and the products involved in the chemical
changes, called the laws of chemical combination they are,
Law of Conservation of Mass.
Law of Constant composition or Definite Proportions.
Law of Multiple Proportions.
Law of Reciprocal Proportions.
The Law of Conservation of Mass
This law is also known as the Law of Indestructibility of Matter. It states: The total mass of the
reacting substances remains the same throughout the change.
It means that during all changes whether physical or chemical, the total mass of the
substances before the change is equal to the total mass of the substances after the change.
With the help of this law, it is possible to write equations for various chemical reactions. Most
of the calculations based on chemical equations are an application of this law.
Note : According modern ideas, emission of energy during chemical change involves loss of mass.
The relation is expressed in Einsteins equation, E = mc 2, where E is the energy, m the mass
and c the velocity of light. This relation is only significant for nuclear reactions. In ordinary
chemical changes, the accompanying energy changes are so small that their influence on mass
cannot be detected by any weighing apparatus in common use.

The Law of Constant Composition

(or Definite Proportions)
The law states All pure samples of the same chemical compound contain the same
elements combined in the same proportions by mass.
For example calcium oxide may be prepared in many different ways e.g., by the direct union of
calcium and oxygen, heating calcium carbonate etc. By whatever method it is prepared, the
compound calcium oxide will contain the same elements calcium and oxygen, and in the same
ratio by weight i.e., 40 parts by weight of calcium and 16 parts by weight of oxygen. If any of the
constituents are present in excess of the required ratio for the formation of a compound, the
excess will be left uncombined. Not only the ratio by weight of calcium is constant, but ratios
wt . of calcium wt. of oxygen
or
wt. of calcium oxide wt . of calcium oxide
will also be constant.
The Law of Multiple Proportions

If two elements A and B combine together to form more than one compound, then the
several masses of A, which separately combine with a fixed mass of B, are in a simple
ratio.

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 Law of chemical combination
To illustrate this law we take the compounds of sulphur and oxygen. These two elements
combine to form stable oxides SO 2 & SO3. When the weight of sulphur is fixed in these two
compounds, we find that weights of oxygen are in the simple whole number ratio. Thus

Wt.of Wt.of Wt.of S Wt.of Ratio of the Wt. Of

Sulphur Oxygen fixed O2 Oxygen
SO2 32 32 32 32 4
SO3 32 48 32 48 6

The ratio of weights of oxygen in these two oxides comes to be 2 : 3 which is simple and whole
number.
THE LAW OF RECIPROCAL PROPORTIONS
If an element A combines with several other elements, B, C, D, the masses of B, C, D, which
combine with a fixed mass of A are the masses of B, C and D which combine with each other,
or simple multiples of those masses.

WORKED EXAMPLES
1. When 0.7 g of iron filings were heated in a current of dry air, gave 0.9g of iron oxide. Find
the weight of oxygen that combines with this weight of metal with the help of the Law of
Conservation of Mass.
Sol: From the law of conservation of mass we have Wt. of oxygen + Wt. of iron = Wt. of iron oxide
Wt. of oxygen + 0.7 = 0.9.
Wt. of oxygen which combines with 0.9 g iron.
= 0.9 0.7 = 0.2 g.
2. In two experiments 0.259 gram and 0.207 gram of an element A were converted into its
chloride, yielding 0.3885 gram and 0.3105 gram of chloride respectively. Show that the
data illustrates the law of constant composition.
Sol : First Experiment
Wt. of chloride of A = 0.3885 g,
Wt. of metal A = 0.259 g.
Wt. of chlorine which combines with 0.259 g A
= 0.3885 0.259 = 0.1295 g.
Now 0.1295 g chlorine combines with A = 0.259,
0.259
Now 1 chlorine combines with A =1 =2
0.1295
The ratio of chlorine : A = 1 : 2.
Second experiment
Wt. of chloride of A = 0.3105 g
Wt. of metal A = 0.207 g
Wt. of chlorine that combines with 0.207 g A = 0.3105 0.207

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 Law of chemical combination
= 0.1035 g
Now 0.1035 g chlorine combines with A = 0.207
0.207
Now 1 g chlorine combines with A = =2
0.1035
The ratio of chlorine : A = 1 : 2
The two ratios are same. Hence the data illustrates the Law of Constant Composition.
3. Copper combine with oxygen to form two oxides which have the following composition :
0.716 g of cuprous oxides contains 0.630 g of copper.
ii) 0.398 g of cupric oxide contains 3.318 g of copper.
Prove that the above data illustrates the law of multiple proportions.
a) In cupric oxide:
Weight of Cupric oxide = 0.398 g,
Weight of Copper = 0.318 g.
Weight of Oxygen = 0.080 g.
b) In Cuprous oxide:
Weight of Cuprous oxide = 0.716 g,
Weight of Copper = 0.636 g.
Weight of Oxygen = 0.080 g.
In Cuprous oxide, Weight of Cu = 0.636 g, Weight of Oxygen = 0.080 g.
In Cupric oxide, Weight of Cu = 0.318, Weight of Oxygen = 0.080 g.
Since the weights of oxygen are same in both the cases, the weights of Copper are in the ratio
of 0.636 : 0.318 (i.e., 2 : 1).
Thus we find that when the weights of Oxygen are fixed, the Weights of Copper are in simple
whole number ratio (2 : 1).
This illustrates the law of multiple proportions.
4. One gram of hydrogen combines with 15.88 g of Sulphur to form hydrogen sulphide. One
gram of Hydrogen combines with 7.92 g of Oxygen to form water, one gram of Sulphur
combines with 0.998 of Oxygen to form sulphur dioxide. Show that this data illustrate the
Law of Reciprocal Proportions.
It is given that ,
One gram of Hydrogen combines with Sulphur = 15.88 g.
One gram of Hydrogen combines with Oxygen = 7.92 g.
The ratio of the weights of Sulphur and Oxygen which
combines with one gram of Hydrogen = 15.88 : 7.92.
= 2 : 1(approximately).
Also, one gram of Sulphur combines with Oxygen = 0.988 g.
The ratio of the Weights of Sulphur and Oxygen = 1 : 1 (approximately).
Thus we find that the ratio of the weights of Sulphur and Oxygen which combine with same
weights of Hydrogen is a simple multiple of the ratio of the weights of Sulphur and
Oxygen in which they unite with each other.

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 Law of chemical combination
5. Write the formula for each material correctly and then balance the equation. For each
reaction tell what type of reaction is.
Sulphur trioxide and water combine to make sulphuric acid.
H O + SO H SO
2 3 2 4
synthesis
Calcium carbonate will come apart when you heat it to leave calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide.
CaCO D
CaO + CO
3 2
decomposition
Ammonia gas when it is pressed into water will make ammonium hydroxide.
NH + H O NH OH
3 2 4
synthesis

Sodium hydroxide neutralizes carbonic acid.

2 NaOH + H CO Na CO + 2H O
2 3 2 3 2
double decomposition or acid -base neutralization
Zinc sulphide and oxygen react to give zinc oxide and sulphur.
2 ZnS + O 2ZnO + 2S
2
Displacement reaction
Calcium phosphate and sulphuric acid react to form calcium sulphate and phosphoric
acid.
Ca ( PO ) + 3H SO 3CaSO + 2H PO
3 4 2 2 4 4 3 4
double replacement or double decomposition

LEVEL I
1. Which of the following is not a physical change?
a) Freezing of water. b) Powdered sulphur when heated gently
c) Magnetization of a piece of iron d) Burning of a piece of magnesium wire in air
2. Give reasons to show that the following are chemical changes:
a) Burning of magnesium in air. b) Adding of sodium to water.
3. Carbon and Oxygen react in the ratio 3 : 8 to produce CO 2. Calculated the weight of Oxygen
required to convert 4.5 grams of carbon into CO2?
4. CaCO3 on strong heating decomposes into CaO and CO2. When 20 grams of CaCO3 was
heated, 11.2 grams of CaO was left in the test-tube. Find the weight of CO 2 liberated.
5. 1.4 g of iron combines directly with 0.8 g of sulphur to yield iron sulphide. In another experiment
2.1 g of iron on treatment with H2SO4 and sodium sulphide gave 3.3.g of iron sulphide. Show
that the above data illustrates the Law of Constant Composition.

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 Law of chemical combination
6. Al reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the equation
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2
How many moles of aluminium are required to form 60 g of hydrogen ?
7. Why caustic soda is not transported in aluminium vessels ?
8. Oxygen can be prepared in the laboratory by the reaction 2KClO3 heat
2KCl + 3O2
How many moles of KClO3 is required to prepare 0.1mol of O2 ?
2 3
a) 0.1 b) 0.2 c) 0.1 d) 0.1
3 2
9. 1g of one oxide of X contained 0.5g of X, and 4g of another oxide of X contained 1.6 g of X.
Show these weights to be in accordance with the Law of Multiple Proportions.
10. Blue colour copper sulphate solution is stirred with Zn spoon, colour of the solution slowly fades
away. Explain why ?
11. Can we store AgNO3 in copper vessel ?
12. The reaction 2C + O2 2CO is carried out by taking 24 g of carbon and 96 g of O 2. Which one
is limiting reagent ?
a) C b) O2 c) CO2 d) None
13. Why sodium metal is kept under oil ?
14. Magnesium liberates Hydrogen gas from dilute HCl this represents
a) combination b) decomposition c) displacement d) double decomposition
15. In the manufacture of Sulphuric acid (H 2SO4) the Sulphur trioxide (SO3) gas is dissolved in
water. The chemical change represents.
a) combination b) decomposition c) displacement d) double decomposition
16. Match the following
1. Combination reaction a) AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
2. Decomposition reaction b) 2HgO 2Hg + O2
3. Displacement reaction c) 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
4. Double decomposition reaction d) 2NaI + Cl2 2NaCl + I2
17. For the reaction A + 2B C; 5 moles of A and 8 moles B will produce
a) 5 moles of C b) 4 moles of C c) 8 moles of C d) 13 moles of C
LEVEL II
1. State, giving reasons, whether substances printed in bold letters have been oxidized or
reduced.
i) PbO + CO Pb + CO2
ii) H2S + Cl2 2HCl + S
2. Zinc sulphate crystals contain 22.65% of zinc and 43.9% of water. If the law of constant
composition is true, how much zinc is required to produce 7.4 g of zinc sulphate crystals and
what amount of water will they have.

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 Law of chemical combination
3. The percentage composition of ferrous sulphide is Fe = 63.54% S = 36.46% If the Law of
constant composition is true, how much iron sulphide will be obtained from 4g of iron when
heated with 5g of sulphur ? How much sulphur will be left unconsumed?
4. i) 2.4 g of magnesium when heated in air formed 4.0 g of magnesium oxide
ii) Magnesium oxide obtained by heating magnesium carbonate was found to contain 60%
magnesium and 40% oxygen.
Show that the results in (i) and (ii) are in accordance with the law of constant composition.
5. State and explain the law of multiple proportions. Two oxides of hydrogen H 2O and H2O2,
contain 88.8% and 94.07% of oxygen respectively. Show how this data illustrates the law of
multiple proportions.
6. A metal forms two oxides. One of the oxides has 20% oxygen and the other 11.1% oxygen.
Show which of the laws of chemical combination is illustrated here.
7. Elements A and B combine to form three different compounds 0.3 g of A+ 0.4 g of B 0.7 g
of compound X ; 18 g of A + 48 g of B 66 g of compound Y ; 40g of A + 159.99 g of
B 199.9 of Z. Show that the Law of Multiple Proportions is verified by the data given above.
8. Two oxides of a metal contained respectively 7.41% and 3.85% of Oxygen. Show these facts
agree with the Law of Multiple Proportions.
9. Caustic soda, NaOH, can be prepared commercially by the reaction of Na 2CO3 with slaked lime,
Ca(OH)2. State the type of reaction and how many grams of NaOH can be obtained by treating
1.000 kg of Na2CO3 with Ca(OH)2 ?
10. List to which type the following reactions belong
I) NaOH + KNO3 NaNO3 + KOH
II) CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
PbO2
III) Pb + O2
IV) Na2CO3 Na2O + CO2
11. Calculate the weight of lime (CaO) obtained by heating 200 kg of 95% pure limestone (CaCO 3).
12. Write complete and balanced equations for each of the following reaction. State the type of r
reaction
I) Zn + H2SO4 II) C2H6 + O2
III) Cu + AgNO3 IV) KClO3
catalyst

13. Give the equations for the following

I) Red hot iron interacts with steam
II) Potassium displaces hydrogen from cold water
III) Combustion of methane
IV) Sulphuric acid Neutralizes sodium hydroxide
14. Show that the Law of Reciprocal Proportions is proved by the following data:
1.4g of an element A is known to combine with 1.6 g of element while 0.5 g of another element
C combine with 3.5 g of element A and 2.857 g of element C combine with 22.857 g of the
element B.

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 Law of chemical combination

KEY TO LEVEL I
1. d
2. (a) On burning Magnesium forms Magnesium oxide
b) Sodium liberates Hydrogen and forms Sodium hydroxide with water
3. 12 g
4. 8.8 g
6. 20
7. Aluminium displaces Hydrogen from caustic soda (NaOH)
8. c
10. Zinc displaces Cu from CuSO4 solution
11. No, Cu displaces Ag from AgNO3
12. a
13. It readily reacts with atmospheric oxygen forms its oxide
14. c
15. a
16. (1) c (2) b (3) d (4) a
17. b
KEY TO LEVEL II
1. Refer
2. 6.206g Zn, 12.028g Water
3. 6.3g FeS, 2.7g Sulphur
9. Double decomposition, 755g.
10. I) Double decomposition.
II) Combustion.
III) Synthesis.
IV) Decomposition.
11. 106.4Kg
ZnSO +H
12. I) Zn + H2SO4 4 2
Displacement
4CO + 6 H O
II) 2C2H6 +7 O2 2 2
Combustion
Cu ( NO ) + 2 Ag
III) Cu + 2AgNO3 3 2
Displacement
IV) 2KClO3 catalyst
2 KCl + 3O
decompositon 2
13. I) 3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2
II) 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2
III) CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
IV) H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

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 Law of chemical combination

WORK SHEET
1. What is the definition of physical change?
2. What is the definition of chemical change?
3. Any four examples of physical change?
4. Any four examples of chemical change?
5. What is synthesis reaction give two examples?
6. What is decomposition reactions give two examples?
7. What is single replacement reactions give two examples?
8. What is double displacement reaction give two examples?
9. What is neutralization reaction? Give example?
10. What are laws of chemical combination with definition?
11. List to which type the following reactions belong
a) NaOH + KNO3 NaNO3 + KOH
b) CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2 O
c) Pb + o2 pbo2
d) Na2 co3 Na2 o + co 2
12. Burning of Coal --------------------------------change
13. The glowing of an electric bulb or a heater--------------------change
Heat
14.
Nano3( s ) Nano3( L) -------------------change
cool

15.
Heat
NaNo3 2 NaNO2 + O2 ---------------------------- Change
16. New compounds are formed during ----------------------- change
17. ---------------------- change may be reversed by reversing the experimental conditions.
18. Melting wax is a ------------------------- change
19. Neutralization is a -------------------------- change
Heat
20. caco3 --------------------- + -------------------
21. for the reaction A + 2 B C ,10 moles of A and 16 moles of B will produce ----------- moles of C
22. Can we store AgNO3 in copper vessel?
23. Acid + base salt + Water this is called as --------------------------
24. Zn ( OH ) 2
Heat
Zno + H 2O ----------------------- Change

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