2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507

BASE
Biotechnologie,Agronomie,SocitetEnvironnement/Biotechnology,Agronomy,SocietyandEnvironment

ISSN:13706233EISSN:17804507

Facteurd'impact:0,487

Accueil / Volume15(2011) / numro1

/ ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam

LaraZirbes,QuentinRenard,JosephDufey,PhamKhanhTu,HoangNghiaDuyet,PhilippeLebailly,FrdricFrancis&ricHaubruge

Valorisation of a water hyacinth in vermicomposting using an epigeic earthworm Perionyx excavatus in

CentralVietnam

Article

Document(s)associ(s)

Annexes

versionpdf

Notesdelardaction

ReceivedonJuly15,2009acceptedonAugust25,2010

Rsum

Valorisation de la jacinthe deau dans le lombricompostage par le ver de terre pig Perionyx excavatus dans le
CentreduVietnam.Lelombricompostagedelajacinthedeau(WH)[Eichhorniacrassipes(Mart.)Solms]enmlangeavecdiffrentes
quantits de fumier de porc (PM) est ralis avec le ver du compost tropical Perionyxexcavatus. Les vers de terre grandissent et se
reproduisent normalement jusqu incorporation de 50 % de WH dans le substrat initial. De plus grandes quantits de jacinthe deau
induisentlamortalitdesversdeterreetaffectentsignificativementlenombredejuvnilesetdecoconsproduitsdurantlapriodede
lombricompostage.Linfluencedelapplicationdecompost/lombricompostobtenupartirdelajacinthedeauenmlangeavecdufumier
deporcagalementttudiesurlagerminationdegraines.Uniquementlesubstratavec25%WHet75%PMamliorelagermination
des graines pour Oryzasp. et Nasturtiumofficinale. la fin des exprimentations, une diminution significative est observe pour la
teneurencarboneorganiquedanschaquesubstrattest(S1S8),enazotetotal(N)pourlessubstratsavecuneteneurenjacinthedeau
de70%100%(S5S3)etpourlescomposts(S1etS2).Uneimportantediminutionenpotassiumestgalementnotepourtousles
lombricomposts(S3S8),enmagnsiumpourlescomposts(S1etS2)etpourlerapportC/Npourlessubstratscontenantde0%50%
de jacinthe deau (S8 S6). Alors que lazote total dans le lombricompost contenant de 0 % 50 % de jacinthe deau (S8 S6), le
phosphoretotal,lepotassiumtotaldanslescomposts(S1etS2),lemagnsiumtotaldansleslombricomposts(S3S8)etlerapportC/N
dessubstratscontenantde70%100%dejacinthedeau(S5S3)prsententuneaugmentationsignificativeaprshuitsemaines.Les
rsultats suggrent que la jacinthe deau pourrait tre utilise comme matire premire dans le lombricompostage et comme bio
fertilisantsielleestmlange75%defumierdeporc.

Motscls:Jacinthedeau,fumierdeporc,lombricompostage,germinationdegraines

Abstract

Thefeasibilityofvermicompostingwaterhyacinth(WH)[Eichhorniacrassipes(Mart.)Solms]mixedwithpigmanure(PM)indifferent
proportionswastestedusingtropicalcompostingearthwormPerionyxexcavatus.Earthwormsgrewandreproducednormallyuntilthe
incorporation of 50% WH in initial substrate. Higher water hyacinth proportions induced earthworms mortality and significantly
affected the numbers of hatchlings and cocoons produced during vermicomposting period. The influence of the application of
compost/vermicompost obtained from water hyacinth mixed with pig manure was also studied on seeds germination. Only water
hyacinth substrate with 25% WH + 75% PM enhanced seeds germination for Oryza sp. and Nasturtium officinale. At the end of
experiments,asignificantdecreasewasobservedinorganiccarboncontentforeachtestedsubstrates(S1toS8),intotalnitrogen(N)for
substratescontaining70%to100%ofwaterhyacinth(S5toS3)andcompostsubstrates(S1andS2).Animportantdecreasewasalso
notedintotalpotassiumforallvermicompostsubstrates(S3toS8),intotalmagnesiumforcompostedsubstrates(S1andS2),andin
C/Nratioforsubstratescontaining0%to50%ofwaterhyacinth(S8toS6).WhereastotalNinvermicompostcontaining0%to50%of
waterhyacinth(S8toS6),totalphosphorus,totalpotassiumincompostedsubstrates(S1andS2),totalmagnesiuminvermicompost
substrates(S3toS8)andC:Nratioinsubstratescontaining70%to100%ofwaterhyacinth(S5toS3)expressedasignificantincrease
after eight weeks. The result suggested that water hyacinth could be potentially useful as raw material in vermicomposting and
biofertilizingifmixedwith75%ofpigmanure.

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 1/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige
Keywords : Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, Perionyx excavatus, Eichhornia crassipes, Perionyx excavatus, pig
manure,vermicomposting,seedgermination

Tabledesmatires

1.Introduction
2.Materialsandmethods
2.1.Waterhyacinth(WH),pigmanure(PM)andPerionyxexcavatus
2.2.Assaysofvermicomposting
2.3.Qualityofcompostandvermicompost
2.4.Chemicalanalysis
2.5.Statisticalanalysis
3.Resultsanddiscussion
3.1.GrowthandreproductionofP.excavatusindifferentreactors
3.2.Germinationtests
3.3.Chemicalchangesindifferentvermireactors
4.Conclusion

1.Introduction
Water hyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms] is one of the most troublesome weed in aquatic systems in the world (Abbasi, 1998
Tchobanoglous et al., 1999). This invasive weed has successfully resisted to chemical, physical, biological or hybrid means used to eliminate it
(Abbasietal.,2001).DifferentstrategiesweredevelopedinCentralVietnamtousewaterhyacinthinagriculturalactivities:litterforanimal,foodfor
pig,poultry,orcow,andfertilizingresidues.Howeverquantitiesofwaterhyacinthusedintheseactivitieswererelativelyweak.Somestudiestryto
findanotherviablemeansofutilizingwaterhyacinthinordertoencouragefarmerstoharvestthetropicalinvasivespecies.Theseattemptsinclude
useofwaterhyacinthintreatingthebiodegradablewastewater(Tchobanoglousetal.,1999),extractionofvolatilefattyacidfromwaterhyacinthto
supplement cow dung as feed in biogas digesters (Ganesh et al., 2005), and solidfeed digesters to generate fuel as methane (Ramasamy, 1997
Abbasietal.,1999).Evenifthesesolutionsaregainful,theproblemofwaterhyacinthstillremains.

Therefore a new technology respecting ecological and economical aspects was studied by authors using vermicomposting of water hyacinth
(Gajalakshmietal.,2001a2001b2002a2002bGuptaetal.,2007).ThesestudiesusedEudriluseugeniaeKindergandEiseniafetidaSavignyas
earthwormsspecies.

Onlysomeearthwormsspeciesareusedonawidespreadscaleinvermicomposting:Eiseniafetida,Eiseniaandrei,Eudriluseugeniae, Lumbricus
rubellus,Dendrobaenaveneta,Perionyxexcavatus and Perionyxhawayana (Edwards et al., 2004). P.excavatus is a tropical, very common in
Asia, species of earthworm. Its time to sexual maturity, from cocoons to hatch and time egg to maturity are average shorter than other
vermicompostingearthwormsspecies(Edwardsetal.,2004).Moreover,thisspecieswasfoundasthesecondearthwormadaptedtowaterhyacinth
decompositionafterE.eugenius(Gajalakshmietal.,2001b).

Inthisstudy,wepresentthePerionyxexcavatuscapacitytodegradedifferentproportionofwaterhyacinthwithpigmanuretoachievetheaimof
obtaining a valueadded biofertilizer with maximum of available nutrients. We have estimated the quality of obtained vermicompost in seeds
germinationassays.

2.Materialsandmethods

2.1.Waterhyacinth(WH),pigmanure(PM)andPerionyxexcavatus
Freshwaterhyacinthplantswerecollectedfromtwonaturalwetlands,oneinQuangThaitownship(NorthofHue,UTMdata:X=759299.6Y=
1839705.9)andoneinVinhHungtownship(SouthofHue,UTMdata:X=801838.1,Y=1816010.5).Thesoilresiduesadheredwithplantswere
eliminated.ThemainphysicochemicalcharacteristicsoffreshWHarepresentedintable1.Inordertofacilitateearthwormsdecompositionthe
plantswerecutin12cmpiecesandpartiallyairdrieduptohalfitsfreshweight(Figure1a)beforebeingusedinvermicompostingassays.

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 2/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

FreshpigmanurecamefromtwofarmsinThuaThienHueregion,Vietnam.ThemainphysicochemicalcharacteristicsoffreshPMarepresentedin
table1. The pig manure was grind with a sieve to 2 cm and air dried (Figure1b) before being used in vermicomposting assays in order to be
degradedmoreeasilyandrapidly.

Earthworms,Perionyxexcavatus,usedinthisstudycamefromtheexperimentalfarmoftheAgronomicandForestryUniversityofHue,Vietnam.

2.2.Assaysofvermicomposting
IneightPVCcircularvermireactors(0.045m)closedwithacirculartop(Figure2),WHandPMweremixedindifferentratios(0%,25%,50%,
70%,85%and100%ofwaterhyacinth).Onekgofsubstrate(ondryweightbasis)wasplacedineachplasticvermireactor.Allsubstrates(WHand
PM)wereusedondryweightbasis.Forthis,knownquantitiesoffeedmixtureweredriedat105Cinhotairoveninordertoobtainaconstantmass.
The vermireactors were shared out into two categories: composting and vermicomposting with precomposting. The composition of substrates in
reactorsispresentedintable2.Theexperimentswerereplicatedtwiceforeachfeedmixture.Themixtureswithprecompostingwereturnedoncea
dayduring15dayswitharakebeforeearthwormsrelease.

Themoisturecontentwascontrolledtwotimesperweekanddistilledwaterwasaddedifnecessarytomaintainhumiditycontentbetween70and
80%(anapproximately25gsampleofsubstrateswasdriedat105Cfor48htodeterminethemoisturecontent).Allreactorswerekeptinthedark,at
thetemperatureof323Candwitharelativehumidityaround70%.Aftereightweeks,thenumberofearthworms,hatchlingsandcocoonswas
recorded in each reactor by hand sorting. Hatchlings and cocoons were counted in five samples of 100 g from each reactor. Numbers of adult
earthwormsweredeterminedfromentirereactorsubstrate.

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 3/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

2.3.Qualityofcompostandvermicompost
InordertoevaluatethequalityofcompostandvermicompostagerminationtestwasrealizedwithOryzasp.andNasturtiumofficinale.Two200g
samplesofeachfeedmixturewereextractedfromeachvermireactorsubstrate.Twentyfourseedsbysampleweresownandthenumberofgerminated
seedswasthenrecordedevery12hduring6days.Thisexperimentwasreplicatedtwotimes.

2.4.Chemicalanalysis
The samples were used on dry weight basis for chemical analysis that was obtained by oven drying the known quantities of material at 105C.
Chemical analyses were realized on 500 g of each eight feed mixtures before starting experiments (so before earthworms incubation for
vermicomposting assays) and at the end of them. Total organic carbon (TOC) was determined according to the Walkley and Black method as
described in reference laboratory manuals (Page et al., 1996 Van Ranst et al., 1999) the oxidized C, as measured at room temperature, was
multipliedby1.3toestimatetotalorganicC.TotalKjeldhalnitrogen(TKN)wasdeterminedbyfollowingBremneretal.(1982).Availablephosphorus
(TP)wasextractedbythemethodofBrayIIandPwasquantifiedbyaspectrophotometer.Exchangeablebases(TCa,TMgandTK)wereextractedby
acetateammonium1MatpH7andTCaandTMgweremeasuredoutbyEDTAtitrationandTKwasdeterminedbyflamespectrophotometer.

2.5.Statisticalanalysis
DatawereanalyzedstatisticallybybalancedANOVAandonewayANOVAusingMinitab15.Foreachdeterminedparameter,likethenumberof
earthworms,thenumberofgerminatedseeds,etc.,themeanswereseparatedstatisticallyusingGuptatest.Theprobabilitylevelsusedforstatistical
significancewerep<0.05forthetests.

3.Resultsanddiscussion

3.1.GrowthandreproductionofP.excavatusindifferentreactors
Table3showsthenumberofearthworms,hatchlingsandcocoonsobservedin6differentWHsubstrates.

WHproportionhasasignificantimpactongrowthandreproductionofP.excavatus(Table3).Thenumberofearthworms,hatchlingsandcocoons
waslineardecreasewithincreasingpercentageofwaterhyacinthintheprecompostedtreatment.ThreeGuptatestswererealizedtodeterminewhich
WHratioisfavorabletovermicompostingprocess.TheseresultanalysesdeterminethatS6,S7andS8substratesaremarginallybetterwastesfor
matureandhatchlingearthwormsdevelopment.NumberofcocoonswasnotsignificantlydifferentfromS5toS8.Accordingwiththeseresults,it
wasconcludedthatsubstratewith50%ofwaterhyacinthand50%ofpigmanurecouldbeasuitablewasteforvermicompostingwithP.excavatus.
Higher percentage of WH in the feed mixture has significantly reduced the number of earthworms, hatchlings and cocoons and caused adult
earthwormsmortality.Earthwormmortalityduringwaterhyacinthvermicompostingisobservedforthefirsttime(Gajalakshmietal.,2001b2002b
Guptaetal.,2007).Differenthypothesescouldexplainthisearthwormsmortality.Someobservationsshowthatsubstrateswithahighquantityof
waterhyacintharecompact.Thishighdensitycouldcauseanaerobicconditions.Limitedoxygendiffusioncouldinhibitearthwormsgrowthand
reproduction.Satchell(1967)haspostulatedthatthedistributionoftwoearthwormspecies(B.eiseniandD.octaedra)arelimitedinsomesitesby
minimumoxygentensionoccurring.Anaerobicconditionscouldalsoberesponsibleofsubstratesfermentationwhichinducesemissionofmethane
andcarbondioxide.Presenceofanundesirablegaslikemethaneorcarbondioxidewouldespeciallyberepellenttoearthwormsandtheydidnot
survivealongtimeinsubstratesthatemitthiskindofgasduringcomposting(Majumdaretal.,2006).Inanaerobicconditions,ammoniumcouldbe
producedfromaminoacids(Voetetal.,2008).Earthwormsareverysensitivetoammoniumandcannotsurviveinorganicwastescontaininghigh
levelofthiscation(Dominguez,2004).TheproductionofammoniumcouldalsoaffectpHofsubstrate.AnincreaseofpHwasassociatedwitha
decreaseinnumbersofearthwormsinEgyptiansoils,demonstratingthatsubstratescanalsobetooalkalinetofavorearthworms(ElDuweinietal.,
1965Edwardsetal.,1996).SomefuturesanalysesofpHforeachsubstratecouldhelptoanswertothishypothesis.

In the experimental conditions of this study, some phytotoxic compounds could be produced by water hyacinth and cause earthworms mortality.
SomeextractsofEichhorniacrassipes(Mart.)Solmshavealreadyreportedtobephytotoxiccompounds(Ahmedetal.,1982).Moreexperimentson
anaerobicconditionsandtoxiccompoundscouldhelptoexplainwhyearthwormsmortalityisobservedwithhighquantityofwaterhyacinth.

Therefore,P.excavatuswaseffectivetovermicompostsubstratewith50%ofwaterhyacinthand50%ofpigmanurewhereasE.fetidawasefficiency
tofeedamixturecomposedof25%ofwaterhyacinthand75%ofcowdung(Guptaetal.,2007).FeedmixturewithhigherquantityofWHcouldnot
containenougheasilymetabolizableorganicmatteranditiswellknownthatthekindandamountoffoodavailableinfluencetherateofgrowthand
fecundityofearthworms(Edwardsetal.,1996).

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 4/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

3.2.Germinationtests
TheimpactofdifferentWHratioswastestedongerminatedseedsofriceandcardamineinordertodeterminequalityofcompostandvermicompost
withwaterhyacinth(Figures3and4).Compostingtreatments(S1andS2)wereincludedinthesetestsbutnoseedsweregerminatedduringthe
experimentation. So these treatments were not considered in followed analyses. These results show clearly that vermicompost could be used
beneficiallytoincreaseseedsgermination.

ThenumberofriceandcardaminegerminatedseedswasalsocomparedaccordingtoWHproportionsinvermicompostingwastes.Likeforgrowth
andreproductionofP.excavatus,therateofseedsgerminationvariessignificantlywithWHproportion(Figures3and4).GuptatestsshowthatS7
and S8 wastes were significantly better for seeds germination. Water hyacinth vermicompost offers great potential as component of germination
media.Itcouldbeusedbeneficiallytoenhancetheseedsgerminationofriceandcardaminewith25%ofwaterhyacinthand75%ofpigmanure.
Gajalakshmietal.(2002c)havereportedthatwaterhyacinthvermicompostimprovedsignificantlythegrowthandfloweringofcrossandraplants
eveninkitchengardensownedbyfarmers.Standardcommercialgreenhousecontainermediumsubstitutedwith20%ofvermicompostpigmanure
maximized the production of greenhouse tomatoes (Atiyed et al., 2000). In future studies, mix between S7 and commercial medium could be
investigatedtodeterminethebetterproportiontoriceandcardamineproduction.

The poor rate of seeds germination with high density of water hyacinth could be explained by production of concentrated phytotoxic compounds
emittedbywaterhyacinth.Ahmedetal.(1982)showthatEichhorniacrassipesextractsofwaterfromleafsandrhizomesarephytotoxicandinhibit
seedsgerminationofradish.

3.3.Chemicalchangesindifferentvermireactors
Carbonandnitrogenareessentialforthesurvivalandthegrowthofallanimalsandforearthworms.Absolutedeficiencyofoneorbothelements
limitsearthwormspopulationsbutmorecommonlyitistheC/Nratiothatlimitspopulations.P.excavatuscandegradesubstrateswithinitialC/N
ratiocomprisedbetween28and45(Suthar,2007).

TheTOCforeachsubstratesignificantly(p<0.05)decreasesbytheendofcompostingandvermicompostingperiod(Table4).ThedecreaseinTOC
wasrangedfrom5%to22.8%.ThisreductionispartiallyduetomicrobialdegradationoforganiccarboninCO2bybiooxydation(Mustin,1987).The
greattransformationofTOCinCO2isobservedincompostwithonlywaterhyacinth(22.8%).Comparisonbetweendifferentproportionsofwater
hyacinthinvermicompostshowsthatTOCreductioninsubstrateP85wassignificantly(p<0.05)higherthanothervermicomposts.Guptaetal.
(2007)foundthatTOCreductionwasinverselyrelatedtothewaterhyacinthcontent.Butthisstudyshowsthatthelowerreductionisassociatedwith
100%pigmanuresubstrate.ThisdifferenceisprobablyduetothehigherTOCcontentinWHthaninPMwhereasorganiccarboncontentislowerin
WHthanincowdunginGuptasstudy.TOCreductioninvermicompostwassupportedbyotherworkers(Kaushiketal.,2003Kavirajetal.,2003
Guptaetal.,2008).

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 5/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the TKN content occurred during vermicomposting process except for S6 (vermicompost with 50% of water
hyacinth),S7(vermicompostwith25%ofwaterhyacinth)andS8(vermicompostonlywithpigmanure)(Table4).Adiminutionofnitrogencontent
duringvermicompostingwasasurprisingresult.Indeed,anincreaseofTKNisgenerallyobtainedduringfeedmixturedegradationbyearthworms
likeforS6toS8(Kaushiketal.,2003Gargetal.,2006Suthar,2007Guptaetal.,2008Tajbakhshetal.,2008).HoweverParvareshetal.(2004)
observe at the end of vermicomposting period a great variation in nitrogen concentration and no significant differences in TKN were found by
Mitchell (1997) and Ndegwa et al. (2000) in feed mixture before and after earthworms degradation. This decreasing in nitrogen content for
substrateswithahighdensityofwaterhyacinthcouldbeexplainedbytheevaporationofammoniuminanaerobicconditions(Myrold,2007Voetet
al.,2008).

The C/N ratio is used as an index for maturity of organic matter. Due to our particular results for nitrogen content, an increase of C/N ratio is
observed instead of a reduction except for S6, S7 and S8 (because in these cases TKN increases) and for S1 (Table 4). Indeed, composting of
farmyardmanureshowsareductionC/Nratioafterthreemonthsofstorage(LeviMinzietal.,1986)butnormallyearthwormactivitiesaccelerate
thisdiminution(Atiyedetal.,2000Guptaetal.,2008).InitialC/Nratios(from17.18to30.43)areadequatetoP.excavatus(Suthar,2007)but
P.excavatuswasmostabundantinsoilswithlowC/Nratios.IncreasingC/Nratiosarenotfavorabletoearthwormsdevelopmentandcouldexplain
weak growth and reproduction in substrates with high quantity of water hyacinth. Moreover an increase in C/N ratio could reflect an anaerobic
decomposition of water jacinth (Gopal, 1978).This finding suggests that anaerobic conditions are a likely hypothesis to explain
earthwormsmortalityanddiminutionofnitrogencontent.

Thechemicalnutrientcontentsofvermicompostincomparisonwithcommercialplantgrowthmediumusuallycontainmostofthenecessarymineral
elements for plants (Edwards et al., 2004). Content of phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium is evaluated in each vermicompost and
compostwithwaterhyacinth.

Theamountofphosphoruscontent(TP)increasedduringcompostingandvermicompostingperiodexceptforcompostwith75%ofWHand15%of
pigmanure(S2)and100%pigmanurevermicompost(S8)(Table4). TP is between 1% and 37% more important at the end of vermicomposting
comparingtoinitialsubstrateswhereasthedecreasesforS2andS8wererespectively12.2%and28.1%.Guptaetal.(2007)reportedanincreasein
TPafteringestionofwaterhyacinthfeedmixturebyE.fetida.

TK content significantly increases for compost substrates from 2% to 35% and decreases during vermicomposting from 2% to 29% (Table 4).
DegradationofwaterhyacinthbyE.fetidainducesahigherTKcontentattheendofvermicomposting(Guptaetal.,2007).

Agreatvariationoftotalcalcium(TCa)isobservedindifferentfeedmixture(Table4).TCaincreasesbetween1.5%and34.2%forS1(compostwith
onlywaterhyacinth),S3(vermicompostwithonlywaterhyacinth),S4(vermicompostwith15%ofwaterhyacinthand75%ofpigmanure)andS6
(vermicompostwith50%ofwaterhyacinth)anddecreasesbetween5%and33.7%forothersubstrates.Thevermicompostingofsludgefromdistillery
industryshowsthatcalciumcontentincreasesafterP.excavatusdecomposition(Suthar,2008Tajbakhshetal.,2008).

Bytheendofvermicompostingperiodtotalmagnesium(TMg)significantly(p<0.05)increasedfrom7to50%(Table4).Theseresultsaresimilar
tothefindingofGratellyetal.(1996),Tajbakhshetal.(2008)andSuthar(2008).Therefore,adecreaseofmagnesiumcontentwasobservedfor
compost.

Animportantfeatureofvermicompostisthat,duringtheprocessingofthevariousorganicwastesbyearthworms,manynutrientsthattheycontain
are changed to forms that are more rapidly taken up by plants, such as nitrate or ammonium nitrogen, exchangeable phosphorus, and soluble
potassium,calciumandmagnesium(Lee,1985Edwardsetal.,2004Gargetal.,2006).Analysesofresultsshowthatforallendproductsalackof
potassiumispresent.Moreover,vermicompostsandcompostswithhighquantityofwaterhyacinthhavelessnitrogenthaninitialsubstratesand
vermicompostwith70%ofwaterhyacinthispoorerinCaattheendoftheprocess.ThislackinCaaftervermicompostingisalsoobservedtoS7(25%

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 6/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige
ofwaterhyacinth,75%ofpigmanure)andS8(onlypigmanure).Accordingtothesefindings,S6presentsthebestchemicalnutrientcontentexcept
itslackinpotassium.

4.Conclusion
TheinformationpresentedhereconfirmtheutilizationofwaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusingPerionyxexcavatus. The results indicate that
25%and50%ofwaterhyacinth(dryweight)mixedwithpigmanuredonotaffectvermicompostquality.ForS6,S7andS8thefinalproductwas
morestabilizedasshowsthesignificantdecreaseinC/Nratio.Potscontainingvermicompostwithmaximum25%ofwaterhyacinthwith75%ofpig
manure (dry weight) have achieved the germination rate of rice and cardamine. No seed was germinated in compost product. The experimental
conditionsinducepoorerpotassiumcontentinvermicompostthanininitialrawmaterial,poorernitrogencontenttoendproductwithmorethan
50%ofwaterhyacinthandinsomecases,poorercalciumcontentisrecordedbutsubstratewith50%ofwaterhyacinthcontainsthebetterchemical
nutrientcontentfollowedbyS7whichispoorerincalciumcontent.

Accordingtoearthwormsmortality,germinationandchemicalresults,substratewith25%ofwaterhyacinthand75%ofpigdungpresentsthebest
proportiontovermicompostwaterhyacinthwithP.excavatusandtoobtainagoodamendmentwithcalciumaddition.

TheuseofwaterhyacinthasrawmaterialcanhelptoconverttheweedintoavalueaddedfertilizerforfarmersinCentralVietnam.Nevertheless,
more information on earthworms mortality and on surprising variation in chemical nutrients content must be studied before applying this
vermicompostingprocess.

Acknowledgements

Thisstudyisrealizedinaninteruniversityproject(PIC),financedbyC.I.U.F.(ConseilInteruniversitairedelaCommunautFranaisedeBelgique).
ThisprojectisentitledImprovingfoodcropproductivityinthecoastalsandyareaoftheThuaThienHueprovinceCentralVietnam.LaraZirbes
wasfinanciallysupportedbyaPhDgrantfromtheFondspourlaFormationlaRecherchedanslIndustrieetlAgriculture(FRIA),Belgium.

Bibliographie

AbbasiS.A.,1998.Weedsofdespair,andhope.In:WetlandsofIndia.NewDelhi:DiscoveryPublishingHouse,1221.

AbbasiS.A.&RamasamyE.V.,1999.Anaerobicdigestionofhighsolidwaste.In:Proceedingsof8thNationalSymposiumonEnvironmentIGCAR,
Kalpakkam,India,220224.

AbbasiS.A.&RamasamyE.V.,2001.Solidwastemanagementwithearthworms.NewDelhi:DiscoveryPublishingHouse.

AhmedS.A.,ItoM.&UekiK.,1982.Phytotoxiceffectofwaterhyacinthwaterextractanddecayedresidue.WeedRes.Japan,27,177183.

AtiyedR.M.,AranconN.,EdwardsC.A.&MetzgerJ.D.,2000.Influenceofearthwormprocessedpigmanureonthegrowthandyieldofgreenhouse
tomatoes.Bioresour.Technol.,75,175180.

Bremner J.M. & Mulvaney C.S., 1982. Nitrogen Total. In: Page A.L. et al., eds. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2.2nd ed. Madison, WI., USA:
AmericanSocietyofAgronomy,595624.

DominguezJ.,2004.Stateoftheartandnewperspectivesonvermicompostingresearch.In:EdwardsC.A.,ed.Earthwormecology.BocaRaton,FL,
USA:CRCPress,401424.

EdwardsC.A.&BohlenP.J.,1996.Biologyandecologyofearthworms.London:ChapmanandHall.

Edwards C.A. & Arancon N., 2004. The use of earthworms in the breakdown of organic wastes to produce. In: Edwards C.A., ed. Earthworm
ecology.BocaRaton,FL,USA:CRCPress,345371.

ElDuweiniA.K.&GhabbourS.I.,1965.PopulationdensityandbiomassofearthwormsindifferenttypesofEgyptiansoils.J.Appl.Ecol.,2,271
287.

GajalakshmiS.,RamasamyE.V.&AbbasiS.A.,2001a.Assessmentofsustainablevermiconversionofwaterhyacinthatdifferentreactorefficiencies
employingEudriluseugeniaKinderg.Bioresour.Technol.,80,131135.

Gajalakshmi S., Ramasamy E.V. & Abbasi S.A., 2001b. Potential of two epigeic and two anecic earthworm species in vermicomposting of water
hyacinth.Bioresour.Technol.,76,177181.

GajalakshmiS.,RamasamyE.V.&AbbasiS.A.,2002a.Highratecompostingvermicompostingofwaterhyacinth[Eichhorniacrassipes (Mart.)
Solms].Bioresour.Technol.,83,235239.

GajalakshmiS.,RamasamyE.V.&AbbasiS.A.,2002b.VermicompostingofdifferentformsofwaterhyacinthbytheearthwormEudriluseugeniae
Kinberg.Bioresour.Technol.,82,165169.

GajalakshmiS.&AbbasiS.A.,2002c.Effectofapplicationofwaterhyacinthcompost/vermicompostonthegrowthandfloweringofCrossandra
undulaefolia,andonseveralvegetables.Bioresour.Technol.,85,197199.

GaneshP.S.,RamasamyE.V.,GajalakshmiS.&AbbasiS.A.,2005.Extractionofvolatilefattyacids(VFAs)fromwaterhyacinthusinginexpensive
contraptions,andtheuseoftheVFAsasfeedsupplementinconventionalbiogasdigesterswithconcomitantfinaldisposalofwaterhyacinth
asvermicompost.Biochem.Eng.J.,27,1723.

GargV.K.,YadavY.K.,AleenjeetS.&SubhashC.K.K.,2006.Livestockexcretamanagementthroughvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthworm
Eiseniafoetida.Environmentalist,26,269276.

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 7/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige
Gopal,1978.Waterhyacinth.Amsterdam,TheNetherlands:ElsevierSciencesPublishersB.V.

GratellyP.etal.,1996.Stabilizationofsludgefromadairyprocessingplantusingvermicomposting.In:RodrigoezBarruecoC.,ed.Fertilizersand
environmental.Dordrecht,TheNetherlands:Kluwer,341343

Gupta R. et al., 2007. Development of a water hyacinth based vermireactor using an epigeic earthworm Eiseniafetida. Bioresour. Technol., 98,
26052610.

GuptaR.&GargV.K.,2008.Stabilizationofprimarysewagesludgeduringvermicomposting.J.Hazard.Mat.,153,10231030.

Kaushik P. & Garg V.K., 2003. Vermicomposting of mixed solid textile mill sludge and cow dung with the epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida.
Bioresour.Technol.,90,311316.

Kaviraj & Sharma S., 2003. Municipal solid waste management through vermicomposting employing exotic and local species of earthworms.
Bioresour.Technol.,90,169173.

LeeK.E.,1985.Earthworms:theirecologyandrelationshipswithsoilandlanduse.London:AcademicPress.

LeviMinziR.,RiffadiR.&SaviozziA.,1986.Organicmatterandnutrientsinfreshandmaturefarmyardmanure.Agric.Wastes,16,225236.

Majumdar D., Patel J., Bhatt N. & Desai P., 2006. Emission of methane and carbon dioxide and earthworm survival during composting of
pharmaceuticalsludgeandspentmycelia.Bioresour.Technol.,97,648658.

MitchellA.,1997.ProductionofEiseniafetidaandvermicompostfromfedlotcattlemanure.SoilBiol.Biochem.,29,763766.

MustinM.,1987.Lecompost:lagestiondelamatireorganique.Paris:LavoisierTec&Doc.

MyroldD.,2007.Quantificationofnitrogentransformations.In:HurstC.J.C.etal.,eds.Manualofenvironmentalmicrobiology.Washington,DC,
USA:ASMPress,687696.

NdegwaP.M.,ThompsonS.A.&DasK.C.,2000.Effectofstockingdensityandfeedingrateonvermicompostingofbiosolids.Bioresour.Technol.,
71,512.

PageA.L.,MillerR.H.&KeeneyD.R.,1996.Methodsofsoilanalysis,chemicalandmicrobiologicalproperties.Part2.ASAMonographNo.9.2nd
ed.Madison,WI,USA:AmericanSocietyofAgronomy.

Parveresh A., Movahedian H. & Hamidian L., 2004. Vermistabilization of municipal wastewater sludge with Eisenia fetida. Iran. J. Environ.
HealthSci.Eng.,1,4350.

RamasamyE.V.,1997.Biowastetreatmentwithanaerobicreactors.PhDThesis:PondicherryUniversity(India).

SatchellJ.E.,1967.Lumbricidae.In:BurgesA.&RawF.,eds.Soilbiology.London:AcademicPress,259322.

SutharS.,2007.NutrientchangesandbiodynamicsofepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatus(Perrier)duringrecyclingofsomeagriculturewastes.
Bioresour.Technol.,98,16081614.

SutharS.,2008.Feasibilityofvermicompostinginbiostabilizationofsludgefromadistilleryindustry.Sci.TotalEnviron.,394,237243.

TajbakhshJ.etal.,2008.RecyclingofspentmushroomcompostusingearthwormsEiseniafoetidaandEiseniaandrei.Environmentalist,28,476
482.

TchobanoglousG.&BurtonF.L.,1999.Wastewaterengineeringtreatment,disposalandreuse.NewDelhi:T.McGrawHill.

VanRanstE.,VerlooM.,DemeyerA.&PauwelsJ.M.,1999.Manualforthesoilchemistryandfertilitylaboratory.Analyticalmethodsforsoils
andplantsequipmentandmanagementofconsumables.Ghent,Belgium:UniversityofGhent.

VoetD.,VoetG.&PrattC.,2008.Principlesofbiochemistry.NewYork,USA:Wiley.

Pourcitercetarticle

Lara Zirbes, Quentin Renard, Joseph Dufey, Pham Khanh Tu, Hoang Nghia Duyet, Philippe Lebailly, Frdric Francis & ric Haubruge,
Valorisation of a water hyacinth in vermicomposting using an epigeic earthworm Perionyx excavatus in Central Vietnam, BASE [En ligne],
numro1,Volume15(2011),8593URL:http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006.

Aproposde:LaraZirbes

Univ.LigeGemblouxAgroBioTech.Unitd'Entomologiefonctionnelleetvolutive.PassagedesDports,2.B5030Gembloux(Belgium).E
mail:lara.zirbes@ulg.ac.be

Aproposde:QuentinRenard

Univ.LigeGemblouxAgroBioTech.Unitd'Entomologiefonctionnelleetvolutive.PassagedesDports,2.B5030Gembloux(Belgium).

Aproposde:JosephDufey

UniversitcatholiquedeLouvain(UCL).UnitSciencesduSol.CroixduSud2/10.B1348LouvainlaNeuve(Belgium).

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 8/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige
Aproposde:PhamKhanhTu

UniversitagronomiqueetforestiredeHu(UAFH).24,PhungHung.VNHueCity(Vietnam).

Aproposde:HoangNghiaDuyet

UniversitagronomiqueetforestiredeHu(UAFH).24,PhungHung.VNHueCity(Vietnam).

Aproposde:PhilippeLebailly

Univ.LigeGemblouxAgroBioTech.Unitd'conomieetDveloppementrural.PassagedesDports,2.B5030Gembloux(Belgium).

Aproposde:FrdricFrancis

Univ.LigeGemblouxAgroBioTech.Unitd'Entomologiefonctionnelleetvolutive.PassagedesDports,2.B5030Gembloux(Belgium).

Aproposde:ricHaubruge

Univ.LigeGemblouxAgroBioTech.Unitd'Entomologiefonctionnelleetvolutive.PassagedesDports,2.B5030Gembloux(Belgium).

array(96){["env"]=>NULL["id"]=>int(7006)["idgroup"]=>int(0)["idclass"]=>int(0)["idparent"]=>string(4)
"6877"["idtype"]=>string(5)"10559"["identity"]=>string(4)"7006"["version"]=>string(3)"0.9"["shareurl"]=>
string(10)"/share0.9"["extensionscripts"]=>string(3)"php"["currenturl"]=>string(51)
"http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006"["siteroot"]=>string(0)""["site"]=>string(9)"17804507"
["sharedir"]=>string(14)".././share0.9"["tableprefix"]=>string(0)""["tp"]=>string(0)""["base_rep"]=>array(0){
}["charset"]=>string(5)"utf8"["db_charset"]=>string(4)"utf8"["siteinfos"]=>array(13){["id"]=>string(1)"6"
["title"]=>string(4)"BASE"["subtitle"]=>string(4)"base"["name"]=>string(9)"17804507"["path"]=>string(10)
"/17804507"["statistics"]=>string(0)""["url"]=>string(33)"http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507"["langdef"]=>
string(0)""["lang"]=>string(0)""["status"]=>string(1)"1"["homepage"]=>string(1)"1"["type"]=>string(5)"revue"
["upd"]=>string(19)"2017042714:26:52"}["siteurl"]=>string(33)"http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507"
["options"]=>array(7){["servoo"]=>array(1){["url"]=>string(31)"http://servoodevel.revues.org//"}
["metadonneessite"]=>array(9){["titresite"]=>string(4)"BASE"["soustitresite"]=>string(102)"Biotechnologie,
Agronomie,SocitetEnvironnement/Biotechnology,Agronomy,SocietyandEnvironment"["titresiteabrege"]=>
string(32)"Biotechnol.Agron.Soc.Environ."["descriptionsite"]=>string(0)""["issn"]=>string(9)"13706233"
["issn_electronique"]=>string(9)"17804507"["langueprincipale"]=>string(2)"fr"["statdate"]=>string(10)"2011
0205"["editeur"]=>NULL}["comite"]=>array(7){["editeur"]=>string(32)"PressesagronomiquesdeGembloux"
["directeurpublication"]=>string(14)"BernardPochet"["redacteurenchef"]=>string(17)"CdricVermeulen"
["comite_de_redaction"]=>string(209)"Y.Beckers,M.Cavelier,Y.Curnel,G.Lognay,E.Franois,B.Godin,D.
Goffin,G.Berben,J.Kummert,F.Lebeau,N.Mabon,R.Oger,B.Pochet,F.Verheggen."["comite_scientifique"]=>
string(762)"D.Portetelle(GxABT),V.Baeten(CRAW),J.P.Baudoin(GxABT),G.Berben(CRAW),Ph.Delahaut
(CER),W.Delvingt(GxABT),J.P.Destain(CRAW)vicepresident,Ph.Druart(CRAW),P.duJardin(GxABT),E.
Froidmont(CRAW,secretary),P.Gepts(UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside),E.Haubruge(GxABT),J.Hbert
(GxABT),J.Kummert(GxABT),Y.Larondelle(UCL),M.Lateur(CRAW),P.Lebailly(GxABT),Ph.Lecomte
(CIRAD),G.Lognay(GxABT),G.Mahy(GxABT),J.M.Marcoen(GxABT),A.Mottet(GxABT),B.Nicks(ULg),S.
Ochatt(INRA),R.Oger(CRAW),R.Paul(GxABT),V.Planchon(CRAW),B.Pochet(GxABT),R.Renaville(GxABT),
M.Visser(ULB)."["comite_de_lecture"]=>string(0)""["adresseediteur"]=>string(39)"PassagedesDports,25030
Gembloux"}[""]=>array(1){["signalermail"]=>string(7)"inactif"}["oai"]=>array(4){["oai_allow"]=>string(1)"*"
["oai_deny"]=>string(0)""["oai_email"]=>string(20)"s.danhieux@ulg.ac.be"["oai_identifier"]=>string(20)
"ulg:popups:17804507"}["optionsdepresentation"]=>array(7){["institution"]=>string(3)"ulg"["institutionurl"]=>
string(20)"http://www.ulg.ac.be"["facteurimpact"]=>string(5)"0,487"["facteurimpactannee"]=>string(0)""
["presentationrevue"]=>string(20863)"

BASEpublishesoriginalpapersinthefieldsoflifesciences:environmentalscienceandtechnology,forestandnatural
spacemanagement,agronomicalscience,andchemistryandbioindustries.

WhypublishinBASE?

1.Publishedintwolanguages

BASEpublishespaperswritteninFrenchorinEnglish.Titles,abstracts,keywordsandcaptionsarewritteninboth
languages.

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 9/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

2.Backedbyprestigiousinstitutions

EditedbythenonprofitorganizationlesPressesagronomiquesdeGembloux,BASEcomesunderthescientificauthority
ofGemblouxAgroBioTech(GxABT)UniversityofLiege(ULg)andoftheWalloonAgriculturalResearchCentre(CRAW).
BASEisalsofundedbytheBelgianNationalFundforScientificResearch(FNRS)andthePublicServiceofWallonia(SPW
APEservice).

BASEhasbeenpublishedsince1932,undervarioustitles:from1932to1965,itwaspublishedunderthetitle"Bulletin
del'InstitutAgronomiqueetdesStationsdeRecherchesdeGembloux"andfrom1966to1995underthetitle"Bulletin
desRecherchesAgronomiquesdeGembloux"(ISSN04352033).Volume1ofBASEwaspublishedin1997.

3.ProvidesOpenAccess(goldOA)

AllpapersappearinginBASEarepublishedwithfreeandopenaccesstothefulltext(goldOA)undertheCreative
Commonslicense(CCBYSA4.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/atnocharge.Theauthorretainshisrights
andhastherighttopubliclyselfarchivehis/herarticle(greenOA)intheeditor'spostprintversion
(see:http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/issn/13706233/).

4.Indexing

BASEisindexedinthemaingeneralistandspecializeddatabases:AGRIS,AGRICOLA,BiologicalAbstracts,BIOSIS
Previews,CABI,ChemicalAbstracts,DirectoryofOpenAccessJournals(DOAJ),EnvironmentComplete,FSTA,Inside,
JournalCitationReport,PASCAL,Paperity,Scopus,WebofScience(SciSearch)andZoologicalRecord.

5.Ethics

BASEisparticularlyattentivetoethicalaspects.TheeditorialBoardconsidersanycriticismsandcomplaintsthatit
receives.Hewillsettleanydisputesbetweenreaders,theauthorsandthejournal.

BASEfollowtheCOPE(CommitteeonPublicationEthics)codeofconductforjournalpublishersandTheEuropean
CodeofConductforResearchIntegrity(ALLEA).

6.Frequencyofpublication

BASEispublishedquarterly,inMarch,June,SeptemberandDecember.BASEalsopublishesproceedingsofconferences
(specialissues).

7.Impactfactorandcitations

BASEisincludedintheScienceCitationIndexandJournalCitationReportssince2008.Thelatestimpactfactoristhe
2015oneandisof0.487.

Sincedecember15,2016,Scopushasreported654citationsofpaperspublishedbetween2011and2015inBASE(312
itemspublished).The2015ScopusCiteScoreisof0.62.

DatafromScimagoJournalandCountryRankdatasarehere.

Thelast(2015)GoogleScholarH5indexofBASEisof14.

8.Impartialselection(peerreview)

Allmanuscriptsaresubmittedtoatleasttworeviewersfromtheinternationalscientificcommunity.Thereviewersare
selectedbythe15membersoftheeditorialboard.Fortheperiod20102014,thereviewingprocessresultedinan
averagerejectionrateof77.41%.Seeinfography.

9.Writingaids

Awritingmanualisfreelyavailabletoallauthors(hdl.handle.net/2268/186181).Thesecretariatcanalsoprovide
assistancetoauthors.Allreviewedmanuscriptsarereturnedwithextensivecommentstoallowauthorstoimprovetheir
work.

10.Widedissemination

SixhundredcopiesoftheprintedversionofBASEaresentoutto83differentcountries.Allpapers,fromthefirstissue,
arefreelyavailableonthiswebsite,inthePoPuPSportal(ULg)andontheDOAJ.

ThefulltextsofthepapersarealsoincludedinseveralEBSCOdatabasesandonTEEALCD(TheEssentialElectronic
AgriculturalLibrary),whicharewidelydistributedinAfrica.

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 10/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

PublishedinOpenAccess |Archivingandcopyrightpolicy,see:

ISSN:13706233/eISSN:17804507|5yearsImpactFactor:0.676|GooglescholarMostcitedpapers

ULgGemblouxAgroBioTech CentrewallondeRecherchesagronomiques

BASE est une revue pluridisciplinaire qui publie des articles originaux dans les domaines des sciences
agronomiques,desforts,delanatureetdespaysages,dessciencesetdestechnologiesdelenvironnement
etdelachimieetdesbioindustries.

PourquoipublierdansBASE?

1.Langues

BASEpubliedesarticlesenfranaisouenanglais.Letitre,lersum,lesmotsclsetleslgendesdesfiguresetdes
tableauxdoiventtrerdigsdanslesdeuxlangues.

2.Institutionsprestigieuses

diteparl'asbllesPressesagronomiquesdeGembloux(Belgique),larevueBASEestplacesousl'autorit
scientifiquedeGemblouxAgroBioTech(GxABT)del'UniversitdeLige(ULg)etduCentrewallondeRecherches
agronomiques(CRAW).ElleestparailleursfinanceparleFondsNationaldelaRechercheScientifiquebelge(FNRS)et
leServicePublicdeWallonie(SPWserviceAPE).

Larevue,sousd'autrestitres,existedepuis1932de19321965sousletitreBulletindel'InstitutAgronomiqueet
desStationsdeRecherchesdeGemblouxetde19661995,sousletitreBulletindesRecherchesAgronomiquesde
Gembloux(ISSN04352033).Levolume1deBASEcorrespondl'anne1997.

3.PublicationenOpenAccess

TouslesarticlesdeBASEsontpublisavecaccslibreetgratuitautexteintgral(voied'or)souslalicenceCreative
Commons(CCBYSA4.0https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.fr)etsansfraisd'ditionchargedes
auteurs.Lauteurconservesesdroitsetpeutautoarchiverpubliquementsonarticle(voieverte)danslaversionpostprint
diteur(voir:http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/issn/13706233/).

4.Indexationdanslesprincipalesbasesdedonnes

BASEestindexedanslesprincipalesbasesdedonnesgnralistesoududomaine:AGRIS,AGRICOLA,Biological
Abstracts,BIOSISpreviews,CABI,ChemicalAbstracts,DirectoryofOpenAccessJournals(DOAJ),EnvironmentComplete,
FSTA,Inside,JournalCitationReport,PASCAL,Paperity,Scopus,WebofScience(SciSearch)etZoologicalRecord.

5.Rgularit

BASEestunerevuetrimestriellequiparaitenmars,juin,septembreetdcembre.BASEpubliegalementdesactesde
colloquesinternationauxsouslaformedenumrosspciauxsupplmentaires.

6.thique

LarevueBASEestparticulirementattentiveauxaspectsthiques.Lecomitderdactionprendenconsidrationtoutes
lescritiquesetlesplaintesqu'ilreoit.C'estluiquirglelesventuelsconflitsentreleslecteurs,lesauteursetlarevue.

BASEserfreaucodeofconductforjournalpublishersduCommitteeonPublicationEthics(COPE)etThe
EuropeanCodeofConductforResearchIntegrity(ALLEA).

7.Facteurd'impactetcitations

BASEestreprisedansleScienceCitationIndexetleJournalCitationReportsdepuis2008.Ledernierfacteurd'impact
publiestl'IF2015.Ilestde0,487.

Au15/12/2016,Scopusaenregistr654citationsd'articlespublisparBASEentre2011et2015(312articles
publis).LeCiteScore2015calculpardeScopusestde0,62.LesdonnesScimagoJournalandCountryRanksontici.

LeH5index(2015)deGoogleScholarMetricsestde14.

8.Slectionimpartiale(peerreview)
http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 11/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

Touslesmanuscritssontsoumisaumoinsdeuxlecteursissusdelacommunautscientifiqueinternationale.Les
lecteurssontslectionnsparuncomitderdactioncomposde15membres.Pourlapriode20102014,cette
slectionaaboutiuntauxderejetmoyende77,41%.Voirl'infographie.

9.Aideslardaction

Unmanueld'aidelardactionestproposgratuitementtouslesauteurs(hdl.handle.net/2268/186181).Lesecrtariat
d'ditionestladispositiondesauteurspourleurprodiguerconseilsetaides.Lesmanuscritsenrvisionfontl'objetde
commentairesapprofondispermettantauxauteursd'amliorerleurtravail.

10.Largediffusion

LaversionimprimedeBASEesttire600exemplairesetexpdiedans83paysdiffrents.Touslesarticles,depuisle
premierfascicule,sontaccessiblesentexteintgralsurcesite,surPoPuPS(ULg)etsurleDOAJ.

LetexteintgraldesarticlesdeBASEestaussidisponibledansplusieursbasesdedonnesEBSCOetsurlesCD
TEEAL(TheEssentialElectronicAgriculturalLibrary)largementdiffussenAfrique.

PublienLibreAccs |Politiqued'archivageetdecopyright,voir:

ISSN:13706233/eISSN:17804507|Facteurd'impact5ans:0,676|GooglescholarMostcitedpapers

ULgGemblouxAgroBioTech CentrewallondeRecherchesagronomiques

"["instructionsauxauteurs"]=>string(2306)"

LesdirectivesauxauteurssontaccessiblesurlesiteOJS(OpenJournalSystem)desPressesagronomiquesdeGembloux.

Notezquel'inscription(s'inscrireentantqu'auteur)etl'ouvertured'unesessionOJSsontobligatoirespoursoumettredesarticleset
pourvrifierl'tatdessoumissionscourantes.

Seetheauthor'sguidelinesontheOJS(OpenJournalSystem)websiteofthePressesagronomiquesdeGembloux.

Notethatregistration(registerasauthor)andOJSloginarerequiredtosubmititemsandtocheckthestatusofcurrentsubmissions.

"["interfaceaccueil"]=>string(7)"article"}["autre"]=>array(2){["appelcontribution"]=>string(0)""
["appelcontribtexte"]=>string(0)""}}["sitelang"]=>string(2)"fr"["defaultlang"]=>array(16){["AR"]=>string(14)
""["DE"]=>string(7)"Deutsch"["EL"]=>string(16)""["EN"]=>string(7)"English"["ES"]=>string(8)
"Espaol"["EU"]=>string(7)"Euskara"["FA"]=>string(13)"FR"]=>string(9)"Franais"["HU"]=>string(6)"]"
"Magyar"["IT"]=>string(8)"Italiano"["LA"]=>string(6)"Latine"["NL"]=>string(10)"Nederlands"["PL"]=>
string(6)"Polski"["PT"]=>string(10)"Portugus"["RU"]=>string(23)""["TR"]=>string(8)"Trke"}
["installlang"]=>string(2)"fr"["lodeluser"]=>array(1){["adminlodel"]=>NULL}["nocache"]=>bool(false)
["identifier"]=>string(116)"valorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthworm
perionyxexcavatusincentralvietnam"["classtype"]=>string(8)"entities"["g_title"]=>string(116)"Valorisationofa
waterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam"
["usergroup"]=>string(1)"1"["iduser"]=>string(1)"1"["creationdate"]=>string(19)"2011030115:04:09"
["modificationdate"]=>string(19)"2011030115:04:09"["creationmethod"]=>string(6)"servoo"["creationinfo"]=>
string(26)"lodel/sources/Zirbestexte"["rank"]=>string(1)"7"["status"]=>string(1)"1"["upd"]=>string(19)"2014
022109:19:47"["tpl"]=>string(7)"article"["type"]=>string(7)"article"["class"]=>string(6)"textes"["titre"]=>
string(125)"ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusin
CentralVietnam"["soustitre"]=>string(0)""["intro"]=>string(0)""["langresume"]=>string(0)""["lang"]=>
string(0)""["meta"]=>string(0)""["datepubli"]=>string(10)"20110301"["surtitre"]=>string(0)""["texte"]=>
string(25281)"

1.Introduction
Waterhyacinth[Eichhorniacrassipes(Mart.)Solms]isoneofthemosttroublesomeweedinaquaticsystemsinthe
world(Abbasi,1998Tchobanoglousetal.,1999).Thisinvasiveweedhassuccessfullyresistedtochemical,physical,
biologicalorhybridmeansusedtoeliminateit(Abbasietal.,2001).DifferentstrategiesweredevelopedinCentral
Vietnamtousewaterhyacinthinagriculturalactivities:litterforanimal,foodforpig,poultry,orcow,andfertilizing
http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 12/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

residues.Howeverquantitiesofwaterhyacinthusedintheseactivitieswererelativelyweak.Somestudiestrytofind
anotherviablemeansofutilizingwaterhyacinthinordertoencouragefarmerstoharvestthetropicalinvasivespecies.
Theseattemptsincludeuseofwaterhyacinthintreatingthebiodegradablewastewater(Tchobanoglousetal.,1999),
extractionofvolatilefattyacidfromwaterhyacinthtosupplementcowdungasfeedinbiogasdigesters(Ganeshetal.,
2005),andsolidfeeddigesterstogeneratefuelasmethane(Ramasamy,1997Abbasietal.,1999).Evenifthese
solutionsaregainful,theproblemofwaterhyacinthstillremains.

Thereforeanewtechnologyrespectingecologicalandeconomicalaspectswasstudiedbyauthorsusing
vermicompostingofwaterhyacinth(Gajalakshmietal.,2001a2001b2002a2002bGuptaetal.,2007).These
studiesusedEudriluseugeniaeKindergandEiseniafetidaSavignyasearthwormsspecies.

Onlysomeearthwormsspeciesareusedonawidespreadscaleinvermicomposting:Eiseniafetida,Eiseniaandrei,
Eudriluseugeniae,Lumbricusrubellus,Dendrobaenaveneta,PerionyxexcavatusandPerionyxhawayana(Edwards
etal.,2004).P.excavatusisatropical,verycommoninAsia,speciesofearthworm.Itstimetosexualmaturity,from
cocoonstohatchandtimeeggtomaturityareaverageshorterthanothervermicompostingearthwormsspecies
(Edwardsetal.,2004).Moreover,thisspecieswasfoundasthesecondearthwormadaptedtowaterhyacinth
decompositionafterE.eugenius(Gajalakshmietal.,2001b).

Inthisstudy,wepresentthePerionyxexcavatuscapacitytodegradedifferentproportionofwaterhyacinthwithpig
manuretoachievetheaimofobtainingavalueaddedbiofertilizerwithmaximumofavailablenutrients.Wehave
estimatedthequalityofobtainedvermicompostinseedsgerminationassays.

2.Materialsandmethods
2.1.Waterhyacinth(WH),pigmanure(PM)andPerionyx
excavatus
Freshwaterhyacinthplantswerecollectedfromtwonaturalwetlands,oneinQuangThaitownship(NorthofHue,
UTMdata:X=759299.6Y=1839705.9)andoneinVinhHungtownship(SouthofHue,UTMdata:X=801838.1,Y=
1816010.5).Thesoilresiduesadheredwithplantswereeliminated.Themainphysicochemicalcharacteristicsoffresh
WHarepresentedintable1.Inordertofacilitateearthwormsdecompositiontheplantswerecutin12cmpiecesand
partiallyairdrieduptohalfitsfreshweight(Figure1a)beforebeingusedinvermicompostingassays.

FreshpigmanurecamefromtwofarmsinThuaThienHueregion,Vietnam.Themainphysicochemicalcharacteristics
offreshPMarepresentedintable1.Thepigmanurewasgrindwithasieveto2cmandairdried(Figure1b)before
http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 13/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

beingusedinvermicompostingassaysinordertobedegradedmoreeasilyandrapidly.

Earthworms,Perionyxexcavatus,usedinthisstudycamefromtheexperimentalfarmoftheAgronomicandForestry
UniversityofHue,Vietnam.

2.2.Assaysofvermicomposting
IneightPVCcircularvermireactors(0.045m)closedwithacirculartop(Figure2),WHandPMweremixedin
differentratios(0%,25%,50%,70%,85%and100%ofwaterhyacinth).Onekgofsubstrate(ondryweightbasis)was
placedineachplasticvermireactor.Allsubstrates(WHandPM)wereusedondryweightbasis.Forthis,known
quantitiesoffeedmixtureweredriedat105Cinhotairoveninordertoobtainaconstantmass.Thevermireactors
weresharedoutintotwocategories:compostingandvermicompostingwithprecomposting.Thecompositionof
substratesinreactorsispresentedintable2.Theexperimentswerereplicatedtwiceforeachfeedmixture.The
mixtureswithprecompostingwereturnedonceadayduring15dayswitharakebeforeearthwormsrelease.

Themoisturecontentwascontrolledtwotimesperweekanddistilledwaterwasaddedifnecessarytomaintain
humiditycontentbetween70and80%(anapproximately25gsampleofsubstrateswasdriedat105Cfor48hto
determinethemoisturecontent).Allreactorswerekeptinthedark,atthetemperatureof323Candwitharelative
humidityaround70%.Aftereightweeks,thenumberofearthworms,hatchlingsandcocoonswasrecordedineach
reactorbyhandsorting.Hatchlingsandcocoonswerecountedinfivesamplesof100gfromeachreactor.Numbersof
adultearthwormsweredeterminedfromentirereactorsubstrate.

2.3.Qualityofcompostandvermicompost
InordertoevaluatethequalityofcompostandvermicompostagerminationtestwasrealizedwithOryzasp.and
Nasturtiumofficinale.Two200gsamplesofeachfeedmixturewereextractedfromeachvermireactorsubstrate.
Twentyfourseedsbysampleweresownandthenumberofgerminatedseedswasthenrecordedevery12hduring
6days.Thisexperimentwasreplicatedtwotimes.

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 14/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

2.4.Chemicalanalysis
Thesampleswereusedondryweightbasisforchemicalanalysisthatwasobtainedbyovendryingtheknown
quantitiesofmaterialat105C.Chemicalanalyseswererealizedon500gofeacheightfeedmixturesbeforestarting
experiments(sobeforeearthwormsincubationforvermicompostingassays)andattheendofthem.Totalorganic
carbon(TOC)wasdeterminedaccordingtotheWalkleyandBlackmethodasdescribedinreferencelaboratory
manuals(Pageetal.,1996VanRanstetal.,1999)theoxidizedC,asmeasuredatroomtemperature,wasmultipliedby
1.3toestimatetotalorganicC.TotalKjeldhalnitrogen(TKN)wasdeterminedbyfollowingBremneretal.(1982).
Availablephosphorus(TP)wasextractedbythemethodofBrayIIandPwasquantifiedbyaspectrophotometer.
Exchangeablebases(TCa,TMgandTK)wereextractedbyacetateammonium1MatpH7andTCaandTMgwere
measuredoutbyEDTAtitrationandTKwasdeterminedbyflamespectrophotometer.

2.5.Statisticalanalysis
DatawereanalyzedstatisticallybybalancedANOVAandonewayANOVAusingMinitab15.Foreachdetermined
parameter,likethenumberofearthworms,thenumberofgerminatedseeds,etc.,themeanswereseparated
statisticallyusingGuptatest.Theprobabilitylevelsusedforstatisticalsignificancewerep<0.05forthetests.

3.Resultsanddiscussion
3.1.GrowthandreproductionofP.excavatusindifferentreactors
Table3showsthenumberofearthworms,hatchlingsandcocoonsobservedin6differentWHsubstrates.

WHproportionhasasignificantimpactongrowthandreproductionofP.excavatus(Table3).Thenumberof
earthworms,hatchlingsandcocoonswaslineardecreasewithincreasingpercentageofwaterhyacinthinthe
precompostedtreatment.ThreeGuptatestswererealizedtodeterminewhichWHratioisfavorableto
vermicompostingprocess.TheseresultanalysesdeterminethatS6,S7andS8substratesaremarginallybetterwastes
formatureandhatchlingearthwormsdevelopment.NumberofcocoonswasnotsignificantlydifferentfromS5toS8.
Accordingwiththeseresults,itwasconcludedthatsubstratewith50%ofwaterhyacinthand50%ofpigmanurecould
beasuitablewasteforvermicompostingwithP.excavatus.HigherpercentageofWHinthefeedmixturehas
significantlyreducedthenumberofearthworms,hatchlingsandcocoonsandcausedadultearthwormsmortality.
Earthwormmortalityduringwaterhyacinthvermicompostingisobservedforthefirsttime(Gajalakshmietal.,2001b
2002bGuptaetal.,2007).Differenthypothesescouldexplainthisearthwormsmortality.Someobservationsshow
thatsubstrateswithahighquantityofwaterhyacintharecompact.Thishighdensitycouldcauseanaerobicconditions.
Limitedoxygendiffusioncouldinhibitearthwormsgrowthandreproduction.Satchell(1967)haspostulatedthatthe
distributionoftwoearthwormspecies(B.eiseniandD.octaedra)arelimitedinsomesitesbyminimumoxygen
tensionoccurring.Anaerobicconditionscouldalsoberesponsibleofsubstratesfermentationwhichinducesemission
ofmethaneandcarbondioxide.Presenceofanundesirablegaslikemethaneorcarbondioxidewouldespeciallybe
repellenttoearthwormsandtheydidnotsurvivealongtimeinsubstratesthatemitthiskindofgasduringcomposting
(Majumdaretal.,2006).Inanaerobicconditions,ammoniumcouldbeproducedfromaminoacids(Voetetal.,2008).
Earthwormsareverysensitivetoammoniumandcannotsurviveinorganicwastescontaininghighlevelofthiscation

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 15/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

(Dominguez,2004).TheproductionofammoniumcouldalsoaffectpHofsubstrate.AnincreaseofpHwasassociated
withadecreaseinnumbersofearthwormsinEgyptiansoils,demonstratingthatsubstratescanalsobetooalkalineto
favorearthworms(ElDuweinietal.,1965Edwardsetal.,1996).SomefuturesanalysesofpHforeachsubstratecould
helptoanswertothishypothesis.

Intheexperimentalconditionsofthisstudy,somephytotoxiccompoundscouldbeproducedbywaterhyacinthand
causeearthwormsmortality.SomeextractsofEichhorniacrassipes(Mart.)Solmshavealreadyreportedtobe
phytotoxiccompounds(Ahmedetal.,1982).Moreexperimentsonanaerobicconditionsandtoxiccompoundscould
helptoexplainwhyearthwormsmortalityisobservedwithhighquantityofwaterhyacinth.

Therefore,P.excavatuswaseffectivetovermicompostsubstratewith50%ofwaterhyacinthand50%ofpigmanure
whereasE.fetidawasefficiencytofeedamixturecomposedof25%ofwaterhyacinthand75%ofcowdung(Guptaet
al.,2007).FeedmixturewithhigherquantityofWHcouldnotcontainenougheasilymetabolizableorganicmatterand
itiswellknownthatthekindandamountoffoodavailableinfluencetherateofgrowthandfecundityofearthworms
(Edwardsetal.,1996).

3.2.Germinationtests
TheimpactofdifferentWHratioswastestedongerminatedseedsofriceandcardamineinordertodeterminequality
ofcompostandvermicompostwithwaterhyacinth(Figures3and4).Compostingtreatments(S1andS2)were
includedinthesetestsbutnoseedsweregerminatedduringtheexperimentation.Sothesetreatmentswerenot
consideredinfollowedanalyses.Theseresultsshowclearlythatvermicompostcouldbeusedbeneficiallytoincrease
seedsgermination.

ThenumberofriceandcardaminegerminatedseedswasalsocomparedaccordingtoWHproportionsin
vermicompostingwastes.LikeforgrowthandreproductionofP.excavatus,therateofseedsgerminationvaries
significantlywithWHproportion(Figures3and4).GuptatestsshowthatS7andS8wastesweresignificantlybetter
forseedsgermination.Waterhyacinthvermicompostoffersgreatpotentialascomponentofgerminationmedia.It

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 16/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

couldbeusedbeneficiallytoenhancetheseedsgerminationofriceandcardaminewith25%ofwaterhyacinthand75%
ofpigmanure.Gajalakshmietal.(2002c)havereportedthatwaterhyacinthvermicompostimprovedsignificantlythe
growthandfloweringofcrossandraplantseveninkitchengardensownedbyfarmers.Standardcommercial
greenhousecontainermediumsubstitutedwith20%ofvermicompostpigmanuremaximizedtheproductionof
greenhousetomatoes(Atiyedetal.,2000).Infuturestudies,mixbetweenS7andcommercialmediumcouldbe
investigatedtodeterminethebetterproportiontoriceandcardamineproduction.

Thepoorrateofseedsgerminationwithhighdensityofwaterhyacinthcouldbeexplainedbyproductionof
concentratedphytotoxiccompoundsemittedbywaterhyacinth.Ahmedetal.(1982)showthatEichhorniacrassipes
extractsofwaterfromleafsandrhizomesarephytotoxicandinhibitseedsgerminationofradish.

3.3.Chemicalchangesindifferentvermireactors
Carbonandnitrogenareessentialforthesurvivalandthegrowthofallanimalsandforearthworms.Absolute
deficiencyofoneorbothelementslimitsearthwormspopulationsbutmorecommonlyitistheC/Nratiothatlimits
populations.P.excavatuscandegradesubstrateswithinitialC/Nratiocomprisedbetween28and45(Suthar,2007).

TheTOCforeachsubstratesignificantly(p<0.05)decreasesbytheendofcompostingandvermicompostingperiod
(Table4).ThedecreaseinTOCwasrangedfrom5%to22.8%.Thisreductionispartiallyduetomicrobialdegradation
oforganiccarboninCO2bybiooxydation(Mustin,1987).ThegreattransformationofTOCinCO2isobservedin
compostwithonlywaterhyacinth(22.8%).Comparisonbetweendifferentproportionsofwaterhyacinthin
vermicompostshowsthatTOCreductioninsubstrateP85wassignificantly(p<0.05)higherthanother
vermicomposts.Guptaetal.(2007)foundthatTOCreductionwasinverselyrelatedtothewaterhyacinthcontent.But
thisstudyshowsthatthelowerreductionisassociatedwith100%pigmanuresubstrate.Thisdifferenceisprobablydue
tothehigherTOCcontentinWHthaninPMwhereasorganiccarboncontentislowerinWHthanincowdungin
Guptasstudy.TOCreductioninvermicompostwassupportedbyotherworkers(Kaushiketal.,2003Kavirajetal.,
2003Guptaetal.,2008).

Asignificant(p<0.05)decreaseintheTKNcontentoccurredduringvermicompostingprocessexceptforS6
(vermicompostwith50%ofwaterhyacinth),S7(vermicompostwith25%ofwaterhyacinth)andS8(vermicompost
onlywithpigmanure)(Table4).Adiminutionofnitrogencontentduringvermicompostingwasasurprisingresult.
Indeed,anincreaseofTKNisgenerallyobtainedduringfeedmixturedegradationbyearthwormslikeforS6toS8
(Kaushiketal.,2003Gargetal.,2006Suthar,2007Guptaetal.,2008Tajbakhshetal.,2008).HoweverParvaresh

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 17/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

etal.(2004)observeattheendofvermicompostingperiodagreatvariationinnitrogenconcentrationandno
significantdifferencesinTKNwerefoundbyMitchell(1997)andNdegwaetal.(2000)infeedmixturebeforeandafter
earthwormsdegradation.Thisdecreasinginnitrogencontentforsubstrateswithahighdensityofwaterhyacinth
couldbeexplainedbytheevaporationofammoniuminanaerobicconditions(Myrold,2007Voetetal.,2008).

TheC/Nratioisusedasanindexformaturityoforganicmatter.Duetoourparticularresultsfornitrogencontent,an
increaseofC/NratioisobservedinsteadofareductionexceptforS6,S7andS8(becauseinthesecasesTKNincreases)
andforS1(Table4).Indeed,compostingoffarmyardmanureshowsareductionC/Nratioafterthreemonthsof
storage(LeviMinzietal.,1986)butnormallyearthwormactivitiesacceleratethisdiminution(Atiyedetal.,2000
Guptaetal.,2008).InitialC/Nratios(from17.18to30.43)areadequatetoP.excavatus(Suthar,2007)but
P.excavatuswasmostabundantinsoilswithlowC/Nratios.IncreasingC/Nratiosarenotfavorabletoearthworms
developmentandcouldexplainweakgrowthandreproductioninsubstrateswithhighquantityofwaterhyacinth.
MoreoveranincreaseinC/Nratiocouldreflectananaerobicdecompositionofwaterjacinth(Gopal,1978).Thisfinding
suggeststhatanaerobicconditionsarealikelyhypothesistoexplainearthwormsmortalityanddiminutionofnitrogen
content.

Thechemicalnutrientcontentsofvermicompostincomparisonwithcommercialplantgrowthmediumusuallycontain
mostofthenecessarymineralelementsforplants(Edwardsetal.,2004).Contentofphosphorus,potassium,calcium
andmagnesiumisevaluatedineachvermicompostandcompostwithwaterhyacinth.

Theamountofphosphoruscontent(TP)increasedduringcompostingandvermicompostingperiodexceptforcompost
with75%ofWHand15%ofpigmanure(S2)and100%pigmanurevermicompost(S8)(Table4).TPisbetween1%
and37%moreimportantattheendofvermicompostingcomparingtoinitialsubstrateswhereasthedecreasesforS2
andS8wererespectively12.2%and28.1%.Guptaetal.(2007)reportedanincreaseinTPafteringestionofwater
hyacinthfeedmixturebyE.fetida.

TKcontentsignificantlyincreasesforcompostsubstratesfrom2%to35%anddecreasesduringvermicompostingfrom
2%to29%(Table4).DegradationofwaterhyacinthbyE.fetidainducesahigherTKcontentattheendof
vermicomposting(Guptaetal.,2007).

Agreatvariationoftotalcalcium(TCa)isobservedindifferentfeedmixture(Table4).TCaincreasesbetween1.5%
and34.2%forS1(compostwithonlywaterhyacinth),S3(vermicompostwithonlywaterhyacinth),S4(vermicompost
with15%ofwaterhyacinthand75%ofpigmanure)andS6(vermicompostwith50%ofwaterhyacinth)anddecreases
between5%and33.7%forothersubstrates.Thevermicompostingofsludgefromdistilleryindustryshowsthatcalcium
contentincreasesafterP.excavatusdecomposition(Suthar,2008Tajbakhshetal.,2008).

Bytheendofvermicompostingperiodtotalmagnesium(TMg)significantly(p<0.05)increasedfrom7to50%
(Table4).TheseresultsaresimilartothefindingofGratellyetal.(1996),Tajbakhshetal.(2008)andSuthar(2008).
Therefore,adecreaseofmagnesiumcontentwasobservedforcompost.

Animportantfeatureofvermicompostisthat,duringtheprocessingofthevariousorganicwastesbyearthworms,
manynutrientsthattheycontainarechangedtoformsthataremorerapidlytakenupbyplants,suchasnitrateor
ammoniumnitrogen,exchangeablephosphorus,andsolublepotassium,calciumandmagnesium(Lee,1985Edwards
etal.,2004Gargetal.,2006).Analysesofresultsshowthatforallendproductsalackofpotassiumispresent.
Moreover,vermicompostsandcompostswithhighquantityofwaterhyacinthhavelessnitrogenthaninitialsubstrates
andvermicompostwith70%ofwaterhyacinthispoorerinCaattheendoftheprocess.ThislackinCaafter
vermicompostingisalsoobservedtoS7(25%ofwaterhyacinth,75%ofpigmanure)andS8(onlypigmanure).
Accordingtothesefindings,S6presentsthebestchemicalnutrientcontentexceptitslackinpotassium.

4.Conclusion
TheinformationpresentedhereconfirmtheutilizationofwaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusingPerionyx
excavatus.Theresultsindicatethat25%and50%ofwaterhyacinth(dryweight)mixedwithpigmanuredonotaffect
vermicompostquality.ForS6,S7andS8thefinalproductwasmorestabilizedasshowsthesignificantdecreaseinC/N
ratio.Potscontainingvermicompostwithmaximum25%ofwaterhyacinthwith75%ofpigmanure(dryweight)have
achievedthegerminationrateofriceandcardamine.Noseedwasgerminatedincompostproduct.Theexperimental
conditionsinducepoorerpotassiumcontentinvermicompostthanininitialrawmaterial,poorernitrogencontentto
endproductwithmorethan50%ofwaterhyacinthandinsomecases,poorercalciumcontentisrecordedbutsubstrate

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 18/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

with50%ofwaterhyacinthcontainsthebetterchemicalnutrientcontentfollowedbyS7whichispoorerincalcium
content.

Accordingtoearthwormsmortality,germinationandchemicalresults,substratewith25%ofwaterhyacinthand75%
ofpigdungpresentsthebestproportiontovermicompostwaterhyacinthwithP.excavatusandtoobtainagood
amendmentwithcalciumaddition.

Theuseofwaterhyacinthasrawmaterialcanhelptoconverttheweedintoavalueaddedfertilizerforfarmersin
CentralVietnam.Nevertheless,moreinformationonearthwormsmortalityandonsurprisingvariationinchemical
nutrientscontentmustbestudiedbeforeapplyingthisvermicompostingprocess.

Acknowledgements

Thisstudyisrealizedinaninteruniversityproject(PIC),financedbyC.I.U.F.(ConseilInteruniversitairedela
CommunautFranaisedeBelgique).ThisprojectisentitledImprovingfoodcropproductivityinthecoastalsandy
areaoftheThuaThienHueprovinceCentralVietnam.LaraZirbeswasfinanciallysupportedbyaPhDgrantfromthe
FondspourlaFormationlaRecherchedanslIndustrieetlAgriculture(FRIA),Belgium.

"["notesbaspage"]=>string(0)""["notefin"]=>string(0)""["bibliographie"]=>string(9631)"

AbbasiS.A.,1998.Weedsofdespair,andhope.In:WetlandsofIndia.NewDelhi:DiscoveryPublishingHouse,1221.

AbbasiS.A.&RamasamyE.V.,1999.Anaerobicdigestionofhighsolidwaste.In:Proceedingsof8thNational
SymposiumonEnvironmentIGCAR,Kalpakkam,India,220224.

AbbasiS.A.&RamasamyE.V.,2001.Solidwastemanagementwithearthworms.NewDelhi:DiscoveryPublishing
House.

AhmedS.A.,ItoM.&UekiK.,1982.Phytotoxiceffectofwaterhyacinthwaterextractanddecayedresidue.WeedRes.
Japan,27,177183.

AtiyedR.M.,AranconN.,EdwardsC.A.&MetzgerJ.D.,2000.Influenceofearthwormprocessedpigmanureonthe
growthandyieldofgreenhousetomatoes.Bioresour.Technol.,75,175180.

BremnerJ.M.&MulvaneyC.S.,1982.NitrogenTotal.In:PageA.L.etal.,eds.Methodsofsoilanalysis.Part2.
2nded.Madison,WI.,USA:AmericanSocietyofAgronomy,595624.

DominguezJ.,2004.Stateoftheartandnewperspectivesonvermicompostingresearch.In:EdwardsC.A.,ed.
Earthwormecology.BocaRaton,FL,USA:CRCPress,401424.

EdwardsC.A.&BohlenP.J.,1996.Biologyandecologyofearthworms.London:ChapmanandHall.

EdwardsC.A.&AranconN.,2004.Theuseofearthwormsinthebreakdownoforganicwastestoproduce.In:
EdwardsC.A.,ed.Earthwormecology.BocaRaton,FL,USA:CRCPress,345371.

ElDuweiniA.K.&GhabbourS.I.,1965.PopulationdensityandbiomassofearthwormsindifferenttypesofEgyptian
soils.J.Appl.Ecol.,2,271287.

GajalakshmiS.,RamasamyE.V.&AbbasiS.A.,2001a.Assessmentofsustainablevermiconversionofwaterhyacinthat
differentreactorefficienciesemployingEudriluseugeniaKinderg.Bioresour.Technol.,80,131135.

GajalakshmiS.,RamasamyE.V.&AbbasiS.A.,2001b.Potentialoftwoepigeicandtwoanecicearthwormspeciesin
vermicompostingofwaterhyacinth.Bioresour.Technol.,76,177181.

GajalakshmiS.,RamasamyE.V.&AbbasiS.A.,2002a.Highratecompostingvermicompostingofwaterhyacinth
[Eichhorniacrassipes(Mart.)Solms].Bioresour.Technol.,83,235239.

GajalakshmiS.,RamasamyE.V.&AbbasiS.A.,2002b.Vermicompostingofdifferentformsofwaterhyacinthbythe
earthwormEudriluseugeniaeKinberg.Bioresour.Technol.,82,165169.

GajalakshmiS.&AbbasiS.A.,2002c.Effectofapplicationofwaterhyacinthcompost/vermicompostonthegrowthand
floweringofCrossandraundulaefolia,andonseveralvegetables.Bioresour.Technol.,85,197199.

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 19/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

GaneshP.S.,RamasamyE.V.,GajalakshmiS.&AbbasiS.A.,2005.Extractionofvolatilefattyacids(VFAs)fromwater
hyacinthusinginexpensivecontraptions,andtheuseoftheVFAsasfeedsupplementinconventionalbiogasdigesters
withconcomitantfinaldisposalofwaterhyacinthasvermicompost.Biochem.Eng.J.,27,1723.

GargV.K.,YadavY.K.,AleenjeetS.&SubhashC.K.K.,2006.Livestockexcretamanagementthroughvermicomposting
usinganepigeicearthwormEiseniafoetida.Environmentalist,26,269276.

Gopal,1978.Waterhyacinth.Amsterdam,TheNetherlands:ElsevierSciencesPublishersB.V.

GratellyP.etal.,1996.Stabilizationofsludgefromadairyprocessingplantusingvermicomposting.In:Rodrigoez
BarruecoC.,ed.Fertilizersandenvironmental.Dordrecht,TheNetherlands:Kluwer,341343

GuptaR.etal.,2007.DevelopmentofawaterhyacinthbasedvermireactorusinganepigeicearthwormEiseniafetida.
Bioresour.Technol.,98,26052610.

GuptaR.&GargV.K.,2008.Stabilizationofprimarysewagesludgeduringvermicomposting.J.Hazard.Mat.,153,
10231030.

KaushikP.&GargV.K.,2003.Vermicompostingofmixedsolidtextilemillsludgeandcowdungwiththeepigeic
earthwormEiseniafetida.Bioresour.Technol.,90,311316.

Kaviraj&SharmaS.,2003.Municipalsolidwastemanagementthroughvermicompostingemployingexoticandlocal
speciesofearthworms.Bioresour.Technol.,90,169173.

LeeK.E.,1985.Earthworms:theirecologyandrelationshipswithsoilandlanduse.London:AcademicPress.

LeviMinziR.,RiffadiR.&SaviozziA.,1986.Organicmatterandnutrientsinfreshandmaturefarmyardmanure.
Agric.Wastes,16,225236.

MajumdarD.,PatelJ.,BhattN.&DesaiP.,2006.Emissionofmethaneandcarbondioxideandearthwormsurvival
duringcompostingofpharmaceuticalsludgeandspentmycelia.Bioresour.Technol.,97,648658.

MitchellA.,1997.ProductionofEiseniafetidaandvermicompostfromfedlotcattlemanure.SoilBiol.Biochem.,29,
763766.

MustinM.,1987.Lecompost:lagestiondelamatireorganique.Paris:LavoisierTec&Doc.

MyroldD.,2007.Quantificationofnitrogentransformations.In:HurstC.J.C.etal.,eds.Manualofenvironmental
microbiology.Washington,DC,USA:ASMPress,687696.

NdegwaP.M.,ThompsonS.A.&DasK.C.,2000.Effectofstockingdensityandfeedingrateonvermicompostingof
biosolids.Bioresour.Technol.,71,512.

PageA.L.,MillerR.H.&KeeneyD.R.,1996.Methodsofsoilanalysis,chemicalandmicrobiologicalproperties.Part2.
ASAMonographNo.9.2nded.Madison,WI,USA:AmericanSocietyofAgronomy.

ParvereshA.,MovahedianH.&HamidianL.,2004.VermistabilizationofmunicipalwastewatersludgewithEisenia
fetida.Iran.J.Environ.HealthSci.Eng.,1,4350.

RamasamyE.V.,1997.Biowastetreatmentwithanaerobicreactors.PhDThesis:PondicherryUniversity(India).

SatchellJ.E.,1967.Lumbricidae.In:BurgesA.&RawF.,eds.Soilbiology.London:AcademicPress,259322.

SutharS.,2007.NutrientchangesandbiodynamicsofepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatus(Perrier)during
recyclingofsomeagriculturewastes.Bioresour.Technol.,98,16081614.

SutharS.,2008.Feasibilityofvermicompostinginbiostabilizationofsludgefromadistilleryindustry.Sci.Total
Environ.,394,237243.

TajbakhshJ.etal.,2008.RecyclingofspentmushroomcompostusingearthwormsEiseniafoetidaandEiseniaandrei.
Environmentalist,28,476482.

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 20/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

TchobanoglousG.&BurtonF.L.,1999.Wastewaterengineeringtreatment,disposalandreuse.NewDelhi:T.
McGrawHill.

VanRanstE.,VerlooM.,DemeyerA.&PauwelsJ.M.,1999.Manualforthesoilchemistryandfertilitylaboratory.
Analyticalmethodsforsoilsandplantsequipmentandmanagementofconsumables.Ghent,Belgium:Universityof
Ghent.

VoetD.,VoetG.&PrattC.,2008.Principlesofbiochemistry.NewYork,USA:Wiley.

"["annexe"]=>string(0)""["erratum"]=>string(0)""["ndlr"]=>string(97)"

ReceivedonJuly15,2009acceptedonAugust25,2010

"["historique"]=>string(0)""["fichiersassocies"]=>string(0)""["resume"]=>string(4195)"

ValorisationdelajacinthedeaudanslelombricompostageparleverdeterrepigPerionyx
excavatusdansleCentreduVietnam.Lelombricompostagedelajacinthedeau(WH)[Eichhorniacrassipes
(Mart.)Solms]enmlangeavecdiffrentesquantitsdefumierdeporc(PM)estralisavecleverducomposttropical
Perionyxexcavatus.Lesversdeterregrandissentetsereproduisentnormalementjusquincorporationde50%de
WHdanslesubstratinitial.Deplusgrandesquantitsdejacinthedeauinduisentlamortalitdesversdeterreet
affectentsignificativementlenombredejuvnilesetdecoconsproduitsdurantlapriodedelombricompostage.
Linfluencedelapplicationdecompost/lombricompostobtenupartirdelajacinthedeauenmlangeavecdufumier
deporcagalementttudiesurlagerminationdegraines.Uniquementlesubstratavec25%WHet75%PM
amliorelagerminationdesgrainespourOryzasp.etNasturtiumofficinale.lafindesexprimentations,une
diminutionsignificativeestobservepourlateneurencarboneorganiquedanschaquesubstrattest(S1S8),en
azotetotal(N)pourlessubstratsavecuneteneurenjacinthedeaude70%100%(S5S3)etpourlescomposts(S1
etS2).Uneimportantediminutionenpotassiumestgalementnotepourtousleslombricomposts(S3S8),en
magnsiumpourlescomposts(S1etS2)etpourlerapportC/Npourlessubstratscontenantde0%50%dejacinthe
deau(S8S6).Alorsquelazotetotaldanslelombricompostcontenantde0%50%dejacinthedeau(S8S6),le
phosphoretotal,lepotassiumtotaldanslescomposts(S1etS2),lemagnsiumtotaldansleslombricomposts(S3S8)
etlerapportC/Ndessubstratscontenantde70%100%dejacinthedeau(S5S3)prsententuneaugmentation
significativeaprshuitsemaines.Lesrsultatssuggrentquelajacinthedeaupourraittreutilisecommematire
premiredanslelombricompostageetcommebiofertilisantsielleestmlange75%defumierdeporc.

Thefeasibilityofvermicompostingwaterhyacinth(WH)[Eichhorniacrassipes(Mart.)Solms]mixedwithpigmanure
(PM)indifferentproportionswastestedusingtropicalcompostingearthwormPerionyxexcavatus.Earthwormsgrew
andreproducednormallyuntiltheincorporationof50%WHininitialsubstrate.Higherwaterhyacinthproportions
inducedearthwormsmortalityandsignificantlyaffectedthenumbersofhatchlingsandcocoonsproducedduring
vermicompostingperiod.Theinfluenceoftheapplicationofcompost/vermicompostobtainedfromwaterhyacinth
mixedwithpigmanurewasalsostudiedonseedsgermination.Onlywaterhyacinthsubstratewith25%WH+75%PM
enhancedseedsgerminationforOryzasp.andNasturtiumofficinale.Attheendofexperiments,asignificantdecrease
wasobservedinorganiccarboncontentforeachtestedsubstrates(S1toS8),intotalnitrogen(N)forsubstrates
containing70%to100%ofwaterhyacinth(S5toS3)andcompostsubstrates(S1andS2).Animportantdecreasewas
alsonotedintotalpotassiumforallvermicompostsubstrates(S3toS8),intotalmagnesiumforcompostedsubstrates
(S1andS2),andinC/Nratioforsubstratescontaining0%to50%ofwaterhyacinth(S8toS6).WhereastotalNin
vermicompostcontaining0%to50%ofwaterhyacinth(S8toS6),totalphosphorus,totalpotassiumincomposted
substrates(S1andS2),totalmagnesiuminvermicompostsubstrates(S3toS8)andC:Nratioinsubstratescontaining
70%to100%ofwaterhyacinth(S5toS3)expressedasignificantincreaseaftereightweeks.Theresultsuggestedthat
waterhyacinthcouldbepotentiallyusefulasrawmaterialinvermicompostingandbiofertilizingifmixedwith75%of
pigmanure.

"["fichiersource"]=>string(26)"lodel/sources/Zirbestexte"["importversion"]=>string(19)"oochargement0.7"
["noticebiblio"]=>string(63)"

Bibliography

"["pagination"]=>string(5)"8593"["droitsauteur"]=>string(26)"Propritintellectuelle"["commentaireinterne"]=>
string(0)""["langue"]=>string(2)"fr"["datepublipapier"]=>string(10)"00000000"["prioritaire"]=>string(1)"0"
["icone"]=>string(0)""["lien"]=>string(0)""["URLessai"]=>string(0)""["affiche"]=>string(1)"0"
["alterfichier"]=>NULL["addendum"]=>NULL["documentcliquable"]=>string(1)"1"["ndla"]=>NULL
["numerodocument"]=>NULL["titreoeuvre"]=>NULL["dedicace"]=>NULL["ocr"]=>NULL["altertitre"]=>NULL
http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 21/22
2017528 ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyxexcavatusinCentralVietnam|UniversitdeLige

["noticebibliooeuvre"]=>NULL["datepublicationoeuvre"]=>NULL["doiarticle"]=>NULL["generic"]=>array(6){
["dc_title"]=>string(125)"ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyx
excavatusinCentralVietnam"["dc_date"]=>string(10)"20110301"["dc_language"]=>string(2)"fr"
["dc_description"]=>string(4195)"

ValorisationdelajacinthedeaudanslelombricompostageparleverdeterrepigPerionyx
excavatusdansleCentreduVietnam.Lelombricompostagedelajacinthedeau(WH)[Eichhorniacrassipes
(Mart.)Solms]enmlangeavecdiffrentesquantitsdefumierdeporc(PM)estralisavecleverducomposttropical
Perionyxexcavatus.Lesversdeterregrandissentetsereproduisentnormalementjusquincorporationde50%de
WHdanslesubstratinitial.Deplusgrandesquantitsdejacinthedeauinduisentlamortalitdesversdeterreet
affectentsignificativementlenombredejuvnilesetdecoconsproduitsdurantlapriodedelombricompostage.
Linfluencedelapplicationdecompost/lombricompostobtenupartirdelajacinthedeauenmlangeavecdufumier
deporcagalementttudiesurlagerminationdegraines.Uniquementlesubstratavec25%WHet75%PM
amliorelagerminationdesgrainespourOryzasp.etNasturtiumofficinale.lafindesexprimentations,une
diminutionsignificativeestobservepourlateneurencarboneorganiquedanschaquesubstrattest(S1S8),en
azotetotal(N)pourlessubstratsavecuneteneurenjacinthedeaude70%100%(S5S3)etpourlescomposts(S1
etS2).Uneimportantediminutionenpotassiumestgalementnotepourtousleslombricomposts(S3S8),en
magnsiumpourlescomposts(S1etS2)etpourlerapportC/Npourlessubstratscontenantde0%50%dejacinthe
deau(S8S6).Alorsquelazotetotaldanslelombricompostcontenantde0%50%dejacinthedeau(S8S6),le
phosphoretotal,lepotassiumtotaldanslescomposts(S1etS2),lemagnsiumtotaldansleslombricomposts(S3S8)
etlerapportC/Ndessubstratscontenantde70%100%dejacinthedeau(S5S3)prsententuneaugmentation
significativeaprshuitsemaines.Lesrsultatssuggrentquelajacinthedeaupourraittreutilisecommematire
premiredanslelombricompostageetcommebiofertilisantsielleestmlange75%defumierdeporc.

Thefeasibilityofvermicompostingwaterhyacinth(WH)[Eichhorniacrassipes(Mart.)Solms]mixedwithpigmanure
(PM)indifferentproportionswastestedusingtropicalcompostingearthwormPerionyxexcavatus.Earthwormsgrew
andreproducednormallyuntiltheincorporationof50%WHininitialsubstrate.Higherwaterhyacinthproportions
inducedearthwormsmortalityandsignificantlyaffectedthenumbersofhatchlingsandcocoonsproducedduring
vermicompostingperiod.Theinfluenceoftheapplicationofcompost/vermicompostobtainedfromwaterhyacinth
mixedwithpigmanurewasalsostudiedonseedsgermination.Onlywaterhyacinthsubstratewith25%WH+75%PM
enhancedseedsgerminationforOryzasp.andNasturtiumofficinale.Attheendofexperiments,asignificantdecrease
wasobservedinorganiccarboncontentforeachtestedsubstrates(S1toS8),intotalnitrogen(N)forsubstrates
containing70%to100%ofwaterhyacinth(S5toS3)andcompostsubstrates(S1andS2).Animportantdecreasewas
alsonotedintotalpotassiumforallvermicompostsubstrates(S3toS8),intotalmagnesiumforcompostedsubstrates
(S1andS2),andinC/Nratioforsubstratescontaining0%to50%ofwaterhyacinth(S8toS6).WhereastotalNin
vermicompostcontaining0%to50%ofwaterhyacinth(S8toS6),totalphosphorus,totalpotassiumincomposted
substrates(S1andS2),totalmagnesiuminvermicompostsubstrates(S3toS8)andC:Nratioinsubstratescontaining
70%to100%ofwaterhyacinth(S5toS3)expressedasignificantincreaseaftereightweeks.Theresultsuggestedthat
waterhyacinthcouldbepotentiallyusefulasrawmaterialinvermicompostingandbiofertilizingifmixedwith75%of
pigmanure.

"["dc_subject"]=>array(12){[0]=>string(16)"Jacinthedeau"[1]=>string(14)"fumierdeporc"[2]=>string(16)
"lombricompostage"[3]=>string(22)"germinationdegraines"[4]=>string(14)"Waterhyacinth"[5]=>string(20)
"Eichhorniacrassipes"[6]=>string(18)"Perionyxexcavatus"[7]=>string(20)"Eichhorniacrassipes"[8]=>string(18)
"Perionyxexcavatus"[9]=>string(10)"pigmanure"[10]=>string(15)"vermicomposting"[11]=>string(16)"seed
germination"}["dc_creator"]=>array(8){[0]=>string(17)"PhilippeLebailly"[1]=>string(18)"FrdricFrancis"
[2]=>string(14)"ricHaubruge"[3]=>string(11)"LaraZirbes"[4]=>string(14)"QuentinRenard"[5]=>string(12)
"JosephDufey"[6]=>string(13)"PhamKhanhTu"[7]=>string(17)"HoangNghiaDuyet"}}["view"]=>array(2){
["tpl"]=>string(7)"article"["format"]=>bool(false)}["format"]=>NULL["idrecup"]=>string(4)"7006"
["titreflux"]=>string(119)"ValorisationofawaterhyacinthinvermicompostingusinganepigeicearthwormPerionyx
excavatusinCentralVietnam"["hascomite"]=>string(1)"1"["url"]=>NULL["querystring"]=>string(12)"id=7006&"
["page"]=>NULL["strencoded"]=>string(62)"http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006&format=pdf"
["idrec"]=>string(1)"0"}

http://popups.ulg.ac.be/17804507/index.php?id=7006 22/22