En 1995 Ec5 PDF

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training workshop
18-20 February 2008
Brussels
EN 1995
Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
Organised by
European Commission: DG Enterprise and Industry, Joint Research Centre
with the support of

CEN/TC250, CEN Management Centre and Member States
Tuesday, February 19 Palais des Acadmies
EN 1995 - Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures

Bordet room
9:00-9:45 Introduction by chairman S. Winter
Technische Universitt Mnchen
9:45-10:45 Design of beams and columns stability S. Winter
theory of second order Technische Universitt Mnchen
10:45-11:15 Coffee
11:15-12:00 Tension perpendicular to the grain P. Dietsch
holes curved beams Technische Universitt Mnchen
12:00-12:30 Serviceability deflection and vibration H. Kreuzinger
12:30-14:00 Lunch
14:00-15:30 Connections Lateral load capacity - A. Leijten
Withdrawal capacity -dowels TU-Eindhoven
15:30-16:00 Coffee
16:00-16:45 Components and assemblies and H. Hartl
Structural detailing and control University of Innsbruck
16:45-17:30 Bridges H. Kreuzinger
17:30-18:00 Final discussion S. Winter
All workshop material will be available at

http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu
INTRODUCTION
S. Winter
Storage building in Japan 4 Jh. v. Ch.
EN 1995-1-1
Design of timber structures
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures
Stave church in Norway 13th century Bridge across river Sinne (Switzerland)
Faculty of architecture (Lyon)

EN1995-1-1 Scope and structure
Section 1: General definitions, terminology

Section 2: Basis of design: Timber specific supplement to EN1990
Section 3: Material properties to be used for design
Section 4: Durability concept
Section 5: Basis of structural analysis
Section 6: Ultimate limit state design principles
Section 7: Serviceability limit states
Section 8: Fasteners
Section 9: Design of components and assemblies
Section 10: Workmanship, structural detailing and control
1
EN1995-1-1 - Definition of axes Link of EN 1995-1-1 to EN1990 and EN1991
Structural safety,
safety,
EN 1990 serviceability and
durability
Actions on
EN 1991 structures
EN 1992 EN 1993 EN 1994 Design and

detailing
EN1995 EN 1995 EN 1996 EN 1999
EN 1997 EN 1998 Geotechnical

and seismic
design
National Annex National choices overview

Contains nationally determined
parameters
These override EN1995-1-1 values
Take account of national conditions,
such as geographical or
workmanship differences
Are yet not published in all countries
How to spot NDPs!
Semi-probalistic safety concept
Ed Rd
Effect of Resistance:
Actions: Structure
Self-Load Structural Elements
General concept Wind
Snow
Materials, E-
Modulus etc.
Variable loads cross sections,
Temperature Area, Moment of
Fire Inertia
....
12
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures
2
Design situations
Safety
Permanent situation
(after erection of the
Safety structure)
structure)
Ek Rk
frequency
Ed Rd
F M
Effect of action 95% quantile 5% quantile Load carrying

capacity R EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures
Design situations Design situations
temporary situation Accidential situation

(during erection)
erection) (impact,
impact, fire)
fire)
Limit state design

Limit states
Limit states are functional levels
beyond which the structure no
Ultimate limit states longer satisfies the performance
criterias.
Serviceability limit states
Ultimate limit state:
Safety level
For all design situations the limit states shall

Concerns safety of people
Integrity of structure
not be exceeded.
exceeded. Serviceability limit state
Comfort of building user

No excessive deflection, vibration,
cracks
Negotiable from project to project
3
Actions Ultimate limit state
Design values of actions
Basic combination:
combination:
Characteristic Actions according G,j Gk,j + Q,1 Qk,1 + Q,i 0,i Qk,i
to EN 1991 e.g. 1,35 Gk + 1,5 Wk + 1,5 0,5 Sk
Gk e.g.
e.g. self-
self-weight simplified:
Qk e.g.
e.g. wind, snow,
snow, traffic Most unfavourable variable action:
action:
G,j Gk,j + Q1 Qk,1 1,35 Gk + 1,5 Wk
Ak e.g.
e.g. impact
All unfavourable variable actions:
actions:
G,j Gk,j + 1,35 Qk,i 1,35 (Gk + Wk + Sk)
Combination factors
Design values of actions; coefficient for representative
values of actions:
From a statistic point of view its unlikely that all actions/loads act at the same
time with their fully values.
Coefficient for represantative values of actions

(for exact national data see: National Annexes)
0 combination coefficient (in fundamental design situations)
1 frequent coefficient (in accidential design situations and servicability
calculations)
2 quasi-permanent coefficient (in servicability calculations)
Principle rule:
G GK + Q,1 QK ,1 + 0 ,i Q,i QK ,i
i 2
Use of 0 from the second variable action/load.
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures
Combination factors Partial safety factors for actions

(EN 1990)
Action 0 1 2
Domestic residential areas 0,7 0,5 0,3 Action permanent variable
Congregation areas 0,7 0,7 0,6 favourable G = 1,0 Q = 0
Storage areas 1,0 0,9 0,8 unfavourable G = 1,35 Q = 1,5
Wind 0,6 0,5 0,0
Snow ( 1000 m) 0,5 0,2 0,0
4
Safety Concept - simplified
Partial Safety Factors F ( G ,Q ) , M
Calculation of
deformations
Gk G + Qk Q kmod Rk / M (timber: M = 1,3)
vibrations
Safety factors in case of fire or other accidential
situations: = 1,0
25
III.1 Eurocode 5 in basic; loads/actions on structures

. the combination of actions
under consideration
Increase the actions/load by partial safety factors (gamma factors)

Design values of actions
characteristic (rare) combination:
combination:
Gd = G Gk
Gk,j + Qk,1 + 0,i Qk,i
Qd = Q Qk Gk + Wk + 0,5 Sk
Design situation G Q
Structural design
calculation quasi-
quasi-permanent combination:
combination:
favourable effect 1,0 - Gk,j + 2,i Qk,i
unfavourable effect 1,35 1,5
Check at servicability
1,0 1,0
Gk + 0,0 Wk + 0,0 Sk
limit state
less safety risks

Comparison of safety concepts Comparison of safety concepts

Concept of Concept of
Semi-
Semi-probalistic Semi-
Semi-probalistic
Taking into account permissible Taking into account permissible
method method
stresses stresses
Combination factor Combination factor
combinations combinations w+s/2 or s+w/2

Action Action
Safety factor Safety factor
Load duration - and Load duration - and

service-
service-class service-
service-class
timber timber
Safety factor Safety factor
5
Semi-
Semi-probalistic
method method
stresses stresses
combinations w+s/2 or s+w/2 combinations w+s/2 or s+w/2

Action
= 1,35 (G) Action =?
Safety factor = 1,35 (G)
= 1,50 (Q) Safety factor (permissible stress)
= 1,50 (Q)
Load duration - and

service-
service-class Load duration - and
timber service-
service-class
timber
Safety factor
Safety factor

Concept of
Semi-
Semi-probalistic Concept of
Taking into account permissible Semi-
Semi-probalistic
method Taking into account permissible
stresses method
stresses
Combination factor
combinations w+s/2 or s+w/2 Combination factor
combinations w+s/2 or s+w/2

Action =?
= 1,35 (G) Action =?
Safety factor (permissible stress) = 1,35 (G)
= 1,50 (Q) Safety factor (permissible stress)
= 1,50 (Q)
kmod
?
0,6 permanent,SC 1 kmod
Load duration - and (permissible stress)
0,9 short,
short, SC 1 0,6 permanent,SC 1
service-
service-class Load duration - and
timber 0,5 permanent, SC 3 0,9 short,
short, SC 1
service-
service-class Reduction of 1/6
0,7 short,
short, SC 3 timber 0,5 permanent, SC 3
(SC 3)
0,7 short,
short, SC 3
Safety factor
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Safety factor

Semi-
Semi-probalistic
method method
stresses stresses
combinations w+s/2 or s+w/2 combinations w+s/2 or s+w/2

Action =? Action =?
= 1,35 (G) = 1,35 (G)
Safety factor (permissible stress) Safety factor (permissible stress)
= 1,50 (Q) = 1,50 (Q)
? ?
kmod kmod
(permissible stress) (permissible stress)
0,6 permanent,SC 1 0,6 permanent,SC 1
Load duration - and Load duration - and
0,9 short,
short, SC 1 0,9 short,
short, SC 1
service-
service-class Reduction of 1/6 service-
service-class Reduction of 1/6
timber 0,5 permanent, SC 3 0,5 permanent, SC 3
(SC 3) (SC 3)
0,7 short,
short, SC 3 timber 0,7 short,
short, SC 3
=?
Safety factor = 1,3 (5%-
(5%-Quantil)
(permissible stress)
Safety factor = 1,3 (5%-
(5%-Quantil)
6
Steps for the designer
Identify material strength and

stiffness properties in supporting
standard
Materials and service classes Establish modification factors

Material
Load
Service class
Determine material resistance for
calculation
Design value of material properties

Xd Structural design calculation
kmod Xk
loading resistance
Xd =
frequency
M design values
5%-
quantiles
Xk - characteristic value of a strength property
x G x kmod
M partial factor for a material property Ek Ed fk
Q M
kmod modification factor, taking into account duration of load and moisture content
d fd
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles
Partial safety factor M

Characteristic values of material properties
5%-
5%-Quantil of strength properties,
properties, e.g.
e.g.
Bending strength
Tension strength
Capacity of a connection
Mean value of stiffness properties,
properties, e.g.
e.g.
Modulus of Elasticity
(exceptions:
exceptions: Theory of second order, buckling)
buckling)
Recommended material safety factor M = 1,3

EC 5-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures
7
Hygroscopisc isotherms for fir timber by W.K. Loughborough, R. Keylwerth
Mechanical properties in general
Different in growth directions
Modulus of elasticity
11000
10000
9000
8000
E in [N /mm]
7000 11000 11 00 370

6000 E E= =
11000
11 000
sin 33
5000
370
sin + co s 3
4000
370
3000
2000
1000
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
in []
Mechanical properties are related to the density
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Timber Structures
Moisture dependend strength properties are leading to

Effect of moisture content
Service Classes
The mechanical properties of timber are
moisture dependend!
Service Class Average moisture Environmental conditions
- Example content um
Change of moisture content from 1 u 12% 20C und 65% rel. humidity
12% to 20%
leads to a significant reduction 2 u 20% 20C und 85% rel. humidity
3 u > 20% Higher humidity compared to SC 2
68 N/mm
= 0,7391
92 N/mm
Actions on a floor Load duration classes

p [kN/m ]
2
2,0
1,0
Q
G
0,0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Load duration
[a]
EC 5-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EC 5-1-1 Design of Timber Structures
8
Strength properties for timber (Tab. F. 5 DIN 1052)
Influence of service classes and duration of load Festigkeitsklasse (Sortierklasse nach DIN 4074-
1)
C16 C24 C30 C35 C40
Festigkeitskennwerte in N/mm2
2)
Biegung fm,k 16 24 30 35 40
Zug parallel ft,0,k 2) 10 14 18 21 24
rechtwinklig ft,90,k 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,4
Druck parallel fc,0,k 17 21 23 25 26
rechtwinklig fc,90,k 2,2 2,5 2,7 2,8 2,9
Schub und Torsion fv,k 3) 6) 2,7 2,7 2,7 2,7 2,7
Ultimate limit state: kmod fk kmod for the action/load with shortest Steifigkeitskennwerte in N/mm2
design situation Elastizittsmodul parallel E0,mean 4) 8000 11000 12000 13000 14000
rechtwinklig E90,mean 4) 270 370 400 430 470
4) 5)
Schubmodul Gmean 500 690 750 810 880
E Rohdichtekennwerte in kg/m3
1 + kdef
Serviceability separate for each action/load Rohdichte k 310 350 380 400 420
limit state: wel (1+ kdef)

1)
2)
Nur maschinen sortiert
Nadelrundholz geschlt ohne angeschnittene Faser: +20%
3)
Beim Nachweis von Querschnitten die mindestens 1,50 m vom Hirnholz entfernt liegen, darf fv,k um 30 %
erhht werden.
4)
Fr die charakteristischen Steifigkeitskennwerte E0,05, E 90,05 und G05 gelten die Rechenwerte:
E0,05 = 2/3E0,mean E90,05 = 2/3E90,mean G05 = 2/3Gmean
5)
Der zur Rollschubbeanspruchung gehrende Schubmodul darf mit GR,mean = 0,10Gmean angenommen
werden.
6)
Als Rechenwert fr die charakteristische Rollschubfestigkeit des Holzes darf fr alle Festigkeitsklassen mit
fR,k = 1,0 N/mm2 angenommen werden.
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles
Strength properties for glulam (Tab. F. 9 DIN 1052)

Festigkeitsklasse des Brettschichtholzes GL 24 GL 28 GL 32 GL 36
kmod- und kdef-values
h = homogen c = kombiniert h c h c h c h c
Festigkeitskennwerte in N/mm2
Biegung fm,y,k 1)
24 24 28 28 32 32 36 36 Modification value kmod und deformation value kdef
2)
fm,z,k 28,8 24 33,6 28 38,4 32 43,2 36
Zug parallel ft,0,k 16,5 14 19,5 16,5 22,5 19,5 26 22,5
taking into account service class and load duration
rechtwinklig ft,90,k 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
Druck parallel fc,0,k 24 21 26,5 24 29 26,5 31 29
kmod Modification value for ultimate limit state design
rechtwinklig fc,90,k 2,7 2,4 3,0 2,7 3,3 3,0 3,6 3,3
Schub und Torsion fv,k 3) 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5 3,5
Steifigkeitskennwerte in N/mm2
Elastizittsmodul parallel E0,mean 4) 11600 11600 12600 12600 13700 13700 14700 14700 kdef Deformation value for serviceability limit state design
rechtwinklig E90,mean 4) 390 320 420 390 460 420 490 460
4) 5)
Schubmodul Gmean 720 590 780 720 850 780 910 850
Rohdichtekennwerte in kg/m3
Rohdichte k 380 350 410 380 430 410 450 430
1)
Bei Brettschichtholz mit liegenden Lamellen und einer Querschnitthhe H 600 mm darf fm,y,k mit folgendem Faktor
multipliziert werden: (600 / H)0,14 1,1
2)
Brettschichtholz mit mindestens 4 hochkant stehenden Lamellen
3)
Als Rechenwert fr die charakteristische Rollschubfestigkeit des Holzes darf fr alle Festigkeitsklassen fR,k = 1,0
N/mm2 angenommen werden.
4)
Fr die charakteristischen Steifigkeitskennwerte E0,05, E90,05 und G05 gelten die Rechenwerte:
E0,05 = 5/6E0,mean E90,05 = 5/6E90,mean G05 = 5/6Gmean
5)
Der zur Rollschubbeanspruchung gehrende Schubmodul darf mit GR,mean = 0,10Gmean angenommen werden.
kmod- values kdef-values
9
Size factors Strength Classes solid timber
Size factors taking into account volume effects
kh is a variable factor in correlation with the reference

depth in bending
Solid timber Glulam LVL
Grading
Strength Classes solid timber
Visual grading:
Criteria: Knots, cracks, discoloration, bark etc. Reliability ??
Mechanically grading:
Laufrichtung
F
Bending principe:
w
Measurement of natural Empfnger

frequency:
Empfnger Sender
Radiation:
Strength Classes solid timber (EN 338) Strength Classes glulam (EN 1194)
10
Strength Classes glulam (EN 1194) Strength Classes glulam (DIN 1052)
kcrack-value
Strength Classes glulam (EN 1995-1-1)
Warning Letter !!
Solid timber: fv.k = 2,0 N/mm k crack f v ,k k mod

f v ,d =
M
Glulam: fv.k = 2,5 N/mm
will be taken into account by a factor kcr
Wood based panels

Plywood (EN 636)
Wood based panels covered by EN 1995-1-1
Missing materials:
Cement bonded particle board,
gypsum based panels,
X lam (cross laminated glulam) .
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EC 5-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Holzbau Grundlagen
11
LVL (EN 14374) OSB (EN 300)
EC 5-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Holzbau Grundlagen EC 5-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Holzbau Grundlagen
Particleboard (EN 312) Fibreboard, hard (EN 622-2)
Fibreboard medium (EN 622-3) Fibreboard MDF (EN 622-5)
12
Beams and columns
Design resistance for cross-sections
My
z
y Mz
min
y
-
m
y
= Vd 6
z + 5
My
z ax
m
m
z
Iy +
Mz
y
Iz
=
(y, z )
EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures Design and calculation principles
Design value of material properties: Shear
X Vd S
Ultimate limit state: X d = kmod 05 d = fv,d
M I b Vd = design value of the shear force
S = static moment (section modulus)
fm,k = bh2/8 (rectangle cross-section)
Bending strength: fm,d = kmod d I = second moment of area (moment of inertia)
M 1 = bh3/12 (rectangle cross-section)
fv,d
b = width
f fv,d = design shear strength for the actual condition
Tensile strength: ft ,0 ,d = kmod t ,0 ,k
M
Vd 1,5Vd A
Servicability limit state: Xd = Xm d =1,5 fv,d 1
A fv,d
Modulus of elasticity: Ed = E0 ,mean
Roof construction
Vd V A d in [N/mm]
d = 15 fv ,d 15 d 1 Vd in [kN] Sparren rafter
A fv ,d A in [cm]
fv,d in [N/mm]
Pfette purlin
static systems
A in [cm ]
Vd
dimensioning erf A 15 with Vd in [ kN ]
fv ,d uniaxial bending

fv ,d in [N/mm ] Md Md / Wn
m,d = fm,d 1
Wn fm,d
For sawn timber C 24, service class 2 and medium term action:
A in [cm ]
m,d = design value of bending stress
erf A 9 Vd with Md = design value of bending moment

Vd in [ kN ] Wn = netto moment of resistance considering the cross section weaks
fm,d = design value of bending strength
13
Ultimate limit state
Wn in [cm ]
m,d in [N/mm] Md
Dimensioning erf Wn 1000
fm,d
mit Md in [kNm ]
Md M / Wn Md in [kNm]
m,d = 1000 fm,d 1000 d 1 Wn in [cm] fm,d in [N/mm ]
Wn fm,d
fm,d in [N/mm]
Influence of height of glulam

600 mm h fm,y,k
For sawn timber C 24, service class 2 and medium term action:
0,1
250 mm < h< 600
h fm,y ,k
600 mm h Wn in [cm ]
erf Wn 68 Md with
h 250 mm fm,y,k 1,1
Md in [ kNm ]
Compression members endangered by buckling
Stability of Members
imperfections additional bending moment
Structural design calculation using compressive stress values and reduced

2
Fc compressive strength:
w
qz y y
100 100 mm
Fc,0,d Fc,0,d An
lef
c,0,d = kc fc,0,d 1
4,3 m
Fc
y y wz y y wz
An kc fc,0,d
=1
An: local cross section weakenings might be neglected at the stress
verification if they are not situated in the middle third of the buckling length.
kc: local cross section weakenings might be neglected at the calculation
of the buckling coefficient.
Buckling coefficient
Buckling length coefficient
1
kc = 1
k + k 2 rel
2
,c
1 2 3 4
= 0,5 1 + c ( rel ,c 0,3 ) + rel ,c
2
k
c = 0,2 for solid timber lef
0,1 for glued laminated timber and LVL lef
s lef lef
l ef fc ,0,k fc ,0 ,k
rel,c = Relative Slenderness = i E0 ,05 = E0 ,05
l ef =1 =0,7
= =2 =0,5
i = Slenderness
lef = s = effective lenght
= buckling length coefficient
i = I A
14
Design calculation
Compression member with intermediate lateral support:

buckling length = distance of lateral support
different buckling lengths lef,y and lef,z :
Scheibe
ho h
h
hu
3
z y
2
y z
1
Design calculation
Design resistance of squared columns C 24 in a
Service class 2 for medium action load
for axial compression a
1. determination of buckling lengths lef for buckling around the principal axis
a A Nd, max in kN for a buckling length of lef in m
2. calculation of the slenderness ratio y and z
mm mm 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50 5,00 5,50 6,00 6,50 7,00
= l ef i with i = 0,289 h resp. = 0,289 w at rectangular cross sections 100 10000 72 50,4 36,4 27,4 21,3 17 13,9 11,5 9,7 8,3 7,2
120 14400 130 97,6 72,5 55,2 43,2 34,6 28,3 23,6 20 17,1 14,8
140 19600 202 164 127 98,7 78 62,9 51,6 43,1 36,6 31,4 27,2
3. determination of instability factors kc,y und kc,z
160 25600 284 247 202 161 129 105 86,5 72,5 61,5 52,9 45,9
180 32400 375 340 293 243 199 163 136 114 97,1 83,6 72,7
200 40000 476 444 399 343 288 240 201 170 146 126 109
220 48400 587 557 514 459 397 337 286 244 209 181 158
4. verification of buckling resistance
240 57600 709 679 639 586 522 454 391 336 290 252 221
c,0,d in [N/mm]
260 67600 841 812 773 723 660 588 515 448 390 340 299
Fc ,0 ,d Fc,0 ,d An Fc,0,d in [kN]
c,0 ,d = 10 kc fc,0,d 10 1 An in [cm]
An kc fc,0 ,d
fc,0,d in [N/mm]
Thank you very much

for your attention!
attention!
15
European Standardisation Personal Statement
Standards for the What is the inspiration to work,
design of timber structures research and teach on the field of
timber engineering and fire safety?
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
Timber
is worldwide the leading biogene Standardisation helps
based construction material and Trade
perhaps one of the key materials to
find sustainable solutions for Quality control
spaceship earth! Design and construction
of structures
in the European Union and
all over the world!
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
Target of the European The European Commission

Commission Defines the regulations (standards)
A unique set of standards for the But NOT the requirements.
design of building structures until
2010
Drafting of the codes: The requirements, especially safety
Technical committees of CEN requirements (e.g. fire safety) are
(CEN = Comit Europen de Normalisation) established by the national legal
Implementation of the codes: bodies!!
National legal bodies with support from the
national standardisation bodies, e.g. DIN
1
National Standardisation
Bodies (e.g. DIN, BSI) The following types of standards
are participating in the are available:

standardisation process, set up Test standards
mirror committees to comment to
European Standards and Product standards
implement finalized and translated Design standards

standards as national standards, e.g. Value standards
DIN EN 1995-1-1: Eurocode 5 Umbrella standards
Design of timber structures
Product standards
Test standards
define the product, product classes
define methods to evaluate and (in a harmonized standard) the
characteristic material properties, e.g. attestation of conformity procedure,
EN 380 Timber Structures Test methods General e.g.
principles for static load testing
EN 300 Oriented Strand Board Definitions, classification
EN 789 Timber Structures Test methods and specifications (without Annex ZA)
Determination of mechanical properties of wood based
EN 14081-1 Strucutural timber with rectangular cross
panels
sections Part 1, Grading requirements to strength
EN 14358 Timber Structures Evaluation of graded timber (with Annex ZA)
characteristic 5-percentile values
EN 14080 Glued laminated timber products
requirements (with Annex ZA)
Note Note
Product standards give requirements Because not all product standards
for the production control, but contain give requirements for the evaluation of
no characteristic values for the design conformity and CE-marking, these
of timber structures. These values are regulations are given in separate
given in separate (value) standards, umbrella standards, e.g.
e.g.
EN 338 Structural Timber Strength Classes EN 13986 Wood based panels for use in construction
Characteristics, evaluation of conformity and marking
EN 12369-1 Wood based panels Characteristic values
for the design of timber structures Part 1: OSB,
chipboard and fibreboards
2
Note Design standards
Cause this umbrella standards could Define the procedures of design of
effect the national safety level, the timber structures based on the
memberstates could implement characteristic values given in product
additional applicaton standards, standards which are evaluated
e.g. to according to the valid test standards
DIN EN 13986 Wood based panels for use in
construction Characteristics, evaluation of conformity
and marking EN 1995-1-1 Eurocode 5 Design of timber structures
Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
in Germany
DIN V 20000-1 Application of construction products in
structures Part 1: Wood based panels
Note
Design standards
The design methods used in the
comprise a set of standards regarding Eurocodes are linked to the test
actions and general regulations, e.g. standards. If the test method changes
EN 1990 Eurocode Basis of structural design a different design method could be
EN 1991-1-1 Eurocode 1 Actions on structures Part 1- necessary!
1: General Actions - Densities, self-weight, imposed
loads for buildings
EN 1991-1-2 Eurocode 1 Actions on structures Part 1-
2: General Actions - Actions on structures exposed to fire A complete final set of standards is
scheduled for October 2010!
Engineers use the design codes for

The CE mark shows
calculating a timber structure
that the product is in accordance
How do they know, that the material
taken into account is the material used with the relevant product standard.
on site?
The mark contains classes or
CE - mark declared characteristic values to be
used in the design procedure
3
CE marking
CE marking is based on internal and
Example for a CE mark of a external factory production control
wood based panel (OSB) according to the attestation of
conformity procedure given by the
No. of
certification
European Commission.
company
Year of marking It is accepted by the national

Relevant standard
Type of panel
authorities to use the characteristic
Class of
combustability
values of the product in accordance
with the legal regulations.
Approvals
CE marking is necessary
In addition to materials and structures
for free trade but also according to standards, new construction
for the legal control. materials or building kits can be used with
an
It shows the (end-)user the conformity
and usability of the product. European Technical Approval (ETA)
given by an notified body
(e.g. DIBT, VTT, BRE)
CE-Zeichen
An exampel: Oriented Strand Board An exampel: Oriented Strand Board
Product standard Harmonised (umbrella) product standard
4
An exampel: Oriented Strand Board An exampel: Oriented Strand Board
Value standard German application standard
E.g. -values for the calculation of material properties using a

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter deterministic design Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stefan Winter
5
TENSION PERPENDICULAR TO THE GRAIN
HOLES CURVED BEAMS
P. Dietsch
EN 1995 - Timber Structures Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch Eurocodes - Background & Applications
Tension Perpendicular to Grain 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Eurocodes Background and Applications

EN 1995 Tension Perpendicular to Grain
Dipl.-Ing. Philipp Dietsch

Chair of Timber Structures and Building Construction
Chair of Timber Structures

and Building Construction
Timber Strength Classes
ft,90,k
1/30 ft,0,k
fv,k
1/10 fm,k
[EN 338]
Double tapered, curved and pitch cambered Beams
Distribution of Tension Perpendicular to Grain Stresses
D D t,90
F
Z
m m
Z
t,90
rin

Distribution of Shear Stresses
h= h ap
max
max m max

Distribution of Shear and Tension Perpendicular to Grain Stresses
Shear Tension perp. to grain
Interaction
[SIA 265] (Kirchanschring, MPA BAU) (Neuburg on the Danube, MPA BAU)
Brittle materials Size Effect

A member under tension stress is only as strong as the weakest link
F F F
F F F
m
The strength of a brittle material is a function fi V j
=
of its volume under uniform stress. f j V i

Double tapered, curved and pitch cambered Beams in EC 5

.
.
.
[EN 1995-1-1:2004; 6.4.3, p. 48ff]


.
.
.
[EN 1995-1-1:2004; 6.4.3, p. 48ff]

.
.
.

Strengthening Measures
Self-tapping
screws with
continuous
threads or
rin threaded
rods
Plywood /
Laminated
rin Veneer
Lumber

Strengthening Measures Screws or threaded Rods
lad ef
lad max
Fritz Leonhardt, Vorlesungen ber Massivbau

Outer lamella
rin

Strengthening Measures Plywood / Laminated Veneer Lumber

glued to Timber Member
t t Strengthening measures (screws /

plates) should be designed to carry full
tension perpendicular to grain stresses
and should cover the entire area under
tension perp. to grain stresses (curved
area)
rin

Moisture Conditions
Ice-rink arena Gymnasium with skylights

(Ingolstadt, MPA BAU) (Benediktbeuern, MPA BAU)
20 mm 10 mm
= 25,1 % = 7,5 %
55 mm 70 mm
= 18,9 % = 10,5 %
95 mm 120 mm
= 19,1 % = 11,7 %
Moisture Conditions Cracks caused by Shrinking

In Glulam Beams Crack Distribution enabled
c,90
t,90
f t,90
Stefan Khn


In Glulam Beams Crack Distribution enabled
c,90
t,90
f t,90
Stefan Khn
(Benediktbeuern, MPA BAU)


In Combination with Fasteners Crack Distribution impeded
Residual cross
section to
transmit shear
stresses and/or
stresses in
tension perp.
(Feldkirchen, Prof. Winter)
reduction of applicable strength values or cross sections by e.g. kcr

Notched Beams
Picture: Prof. H. Bla, TH Karlsruhe

Notched Beams in Concrete
Constant
tensile strength
in all directions
Fritz Leonhardt, Vorlesungen ber Massivbau

Notched Beams in Timber
ft,90,k 0.5
10 ft,0,k 21 [MN/m2]
Tensile strength changes with varying

angle between load and grain
ft,90,k 1/30 ft,0,k


t,90
ft,90 t,90
c,90

Notched Beams in Timber Constructive Measures
t,90
ft,90
t,90
ft,90


.
.
.
.
.
[EN 1995-1-1:2004; 6.5.2, p. 52ff]


.
.
.
.
.
[EN 1995-1-1:2004; 6.5.2, p. 52ff]

Notched Beams in Timber Strengthening Measures

t,90
ft,90
c,90
Example of reinforcement in concrete structures
Strengthening measure /
> ad
hef
reinforcement by self-tapping
h
screws with continuous

thread
ad

Notched Beams in Timber Strengthening Measures

t,90
t t
ft,90
c,90
Strengthening measure /
hef
reinforcement by glueing
h
plywood / LVL to the sides of

beam, glueline pressed by nails
Chair of Timber Structures r

Cross Connections
Pictures: Prof. H. Bla, TH Karlsruhe

Cross Connections Pure Compression (Fc)

F Perpendicular to Grain
Fc = F
Tension and Compression

Perpendicular to Grain
F
Fc = 1-*F; Ft = *F
F Pure Tension (Ft)

Perpendicular to Grain
Ft = F

Cross Connections Influences on load-carrying Capacity
t t
ar h1
h2
h3
hn
h
be
F F/2 F/2
Load-carrying capacity depends on stressed volume and stress

distribution / stress peaks and is therefore influenced by:
Ratio between distance be and beam depth h
Fastener spacing in grain direction / length ar
Penetration thickness t

Cross Connections
.
.
.
[EN 1995-1-1:2004; 8.1.4, p. 59ff]

Cross Connections
.
.
.
[EN 1995-1-1:2004; 8.1.4, p. 59ff]
See also STEP C2 Tension perpendicular to the grain in joints

Cross Connections Strengthening Measures
ad,t Self-tapping screws

with continuous thread
ad,c
critical area
F F/2 F/2
Plywood / LVL,
glued, pressed by
screws
ad,c
F F/2 F/2
Openings
Pictures: Prof. H. Bla, TH Karlsruhe

Openings
V/2
V V
V/2

Openings

Openings - Constructive Measures

Place in center line of member, at distance from supports
Size as small as possible (minimize reduction in cross section)
Round openings or chamfered corners (avoid stress peaks)

Openings - Strengthening Measures

hro hd hro
a a
t t
hro hd hro
ar a ar ar a ar r a r

Tension Perpendicular to Grain - Conclusion
Tension perpendicular to grain strength very low

Avoid tension perp. to grain stresses whenever possible
Members with tension perp. to grain stresses are:
Double tapered, curved and pitch cambered beams
Notched members, members with holes or cross connctions
Tension perp. to grain stresses also develop with changing
moisture content
Possible reinforcements are: Self-tapping screws with
continuous thread, drilled or glued-in rods, plywood / LVL
Proposal: reinforcements should be designed to carry full tension
perp. to grain stresses (cracked tension perp. to grain zone)

Literature
Timber Engineering STEP 1, STEP 2; Centrum Hout; The

Netherlands
Erluterungen zu DIN 1052:2004; DGFH; Germany (in German)
CIB W18 Proceedings; TH Karlsruhe; Germany
Design of Structural Timber to EC5; Palgrave; GB
Structural Timber Design to Eurocode 5; Blackwell Publishing; GB

SERVICEABILITY DEFLECTION AND
VIBRATION
H. Kreuzinger
Eurocodes - Background & Applications
EN 1995-1 Timber Structures
18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Section 7
Heinrich Kreuzinger

1


Calculation of
Deformations, Deflections
Vibrations

2

Deflections, Deformations
M M N N Q Q FF
w=

System
EI + EA + GA * ds + Verbindung

en K ser

Vibrations 7.1 Table 1
K
= = 2 f
M

3
Section 2.2.3
E mean
E=
(1 + k def )
4


5


6
Deflections Vibrations
Frequency
5
f =
0,8 w

7

Vibrations:
Servicability limit states
If necessary
Ultimate limit states
Fatigue
Durability

8

Serviceability (Ohlsen)

9
Single degree of freedom System

floor, beam
w (x, t ) = w 0 (x ) sin t w (t ) = w 0 sin t
Viechtach, Bertsche

10


F (t)
w (t)
R K
Lemgo, Mayer/Ludscher, SFS

11


M Mass t
K Stiffness kN/m
F (t)
R Damping kN/(m/s)
R=2 M D
D Damping ratio
M
K
= = 2 f w (t)
M R K
G M g g g
wg = = = 2 =
(2 f )
2
K K
5
f = wg in cm !
wg
12
Frequency - Deformation
5 w
f = wg in cm !
wg
wg + 0,3 p = 6 mm = 0,6cm
5
f = = 7,2 Hz
0,8 0,6
Factor for beam
13


Deformation
Zeit
period T (in Sekunden)

14

Deformation
w
w0
t

Velocity
Deflection w v
Velocity v
Acceleration a t
v0

Accelerator
a
t
a0

15
Impuls
F(t)
Impuls I
Ti=0
F=infinite
ti
t
Heeldrop
I = F(t) dt = M v = M 2 g h =
55 2 9,81 0,05 = 55 kg m/s = 55 N s

16

Impuls
Velocity v
M
I
I N s m
v= =
M kg s
t= 0

17

Impuls
w(t) =
I
M 1 2
(( )
e t sin 1 2 t )
I
= 1 und = 0,01
M 1 2

18
Impuls I = 1Ns, 7.3.3(5)

f1,n frequency of a plate
n number of waves in
EJ b l 4 4 direction vertical
f1,n = f 0 1+ n4 to the main span
EJ l b 4
0 , 25
40 2 b 4 EJ
Number of frequencies f1,n 40 Hz n 40 = 1 4 l
f 0 l EJ b

4 (0,4 + 0,6 n40 ) 1 1

v= =
m b l + 200 l
m bSI M
2
19

Impuls Heeldrop I = 55 Ns
Experimental solution,
Found by testing
0,6 m
v= 0 , 25 0 , 25
m 0,5 EI l EI b s

20

7.3.3(2)
F0
w=
K bF
uniform load Single load
5q l 4
F l3 l EI
w= wF = bF = 4 b
384 EI 48 EI l b F 1,1 EI l

21

1 2 3 4
Value Limit aim EN 1995-1-1

2004 (E)
1 deflection w < l/X Enough rigidity
w small 7.2
deflection
4 frequency f >8 Hz No resonance 7.3.3(2)
wG,inst (w < 0,5 cm)
quasi stndig,
g+2p f < 8 Hz 7.3.3(1)
(w > 0,5 cm)

22

3 Deflection u <0,5 bis Small deformation 7.3.3(2)

Single load 4 mm Rigidity SIA 265
F=1kN perpendicular
to the main span
5 Impuls v<b(f1-1) Velocity 7.3.3(2)
I=1 Ns SIA 265
50 < b < 150
(up to 40 Hz) = 0,01

23

Information
2 Durchbiegung w < 6 mm Frequenz DIN 1052,

wG,inst keine Resonanz- 2004
quasi stndig, untersuchung 9.3
g+2p w > 6 mm Frequenz
Resonanz-
untersuchung
6 velocity v<6 b(f1-1) velocity Mohr /bmh/

heeldrop
I=55Ns,
ti = 0,05s

24
7.3.3(1) Special Investigation f < 8 Hz
7 Acceleration a<0,1 m/s2 better 7.3.3.(1)
Resonance performance
Walking
8 Acceleration a< 0,35 bis 0,7 poorer 7.3.3 (1)

Resonance m/s2 performance
Walking
Compare:
Kreuzinger, H.; Bla, H.J.; Ehlbeck, J.; Steck, G.:
Erluterungen zu DIN 1052:2004-08
Entwurf, Berechnung und Bemessung von Holzbauwerken.
Hrsg.: DGfH, Bruderverlag, Albert Bruder GmbH, Karlsruhe
25

Damping ratio
D, R/(2 M )
, logarithmic Damping ratio, 2 D, 2
Some values for D:

wi steel 0,005
= ln
w i+1
concret 0,008

D timber 0,010 bis 0,02
2

26

SIA 18th 20th of February 2008, Brussels
Wenn keine genaueren Informationen vorliegen, ist das

Dmpfungsmass (logarithmisches Dekrement geteilt
durch 2) ein Wert von 0,01 anzunehmen. Weitere
Richtwerte sind:
-Holztragwerte ohne mech. Verbindungen 0,010
-Holztragwerte mit mech. Verbindungen 0,015
-Holzdecken ohne schwimmenden Estrich 0,010
-Decken aus Brettschichtholz mit
schwimmenden Estrich 0,020
-Holzbalkendecken aus Brettstapeldecken
mit einem schwimmenden Estrich 0,030

27
Schweizer Norm
Swiss code
SIA 265

28

Example - System
b = 6,3 m pz ,
Fz
y
x
z l=4,2 m

29

BSP
h = am a3 a1
am-2 Nx
x
Qx
Mx
Qy
Ny
y My

30
Self weight 3,23 kN/m2

Trafic load 2,00 kN/m2
Quasi stndige Kombination
nach DIN 1055-100, Gl 24
q s = g + 2 p = 3,23 + 0,3 2,0 = 3,83 kN / m 2

31

Bending Stiffness
Decke: BSP 155 mm 5 Lagen je 31 mm
l b
31 93 155
Biegesteifigkeiten:
EI l = 11000
1
12
( )
0,1553 0,0933 + 0,0313 = 2,70 MNm 2
1
EI b = 11000
12
( )
0,0933 0,0313 = 0,71 MNm 2
1
EI l +b = 11000 0,1553 = 3,41 MNm 2
12

32


l b
31 93 155
Biegesteifigkeiten:
Il =
1
12
( )
0,1553 0,0933 + 0,0313 = 2,46 10 4 m 4 = 24600 cm 4

33
Shear Stiffness
155 al = 155 31 = 124 mm

31 93
ab = 93 31 = 62 mm
l b
al 2 G R 1 0,124 2 75 1
Sl = = = 18,6 MN
n di 2 0,031
ab 2 GR 1 0,062 2 75 1
Sb = = = 9,3 MN
n di 1 0,031

34

Effective Stiffness
155 Nherung:
31 93
1
efEI = EI
EI 2
Wirksame Steifigkeiten: 1+
S l2
1
efEI l = 2,704 = 2,50 MNm 2
2,704 2
1+
18,6 4,2 2
1
efEI b = 0,71 = 0,70 MNm 2
0,71 2
1+
9,3 6,3 2
35

Beispiel Biege- Schubverformung
Biegung ohne Schub Reine Schubverformung

(EI, GA ) (GA, EI)
w= - w=
F EARiegel F
EADiagonalen
F l3 F l
w = w =
48 EI 4 GA
Im Fachwerkmodell: Im Fachwerkmodell:
Elastische Gurte (EA), Dehnstarre Gurte (EA ),
Dehnstarre Diagonalen (EA ) Elastische Diagonalen (EA)
Abschnitt
Chair of Timber Structures 8.6, Anhang D 36
Deflection, Frequency
Deflection, single span
5 g l4 5 3,83 10 3 4,2 4
w= =
384 efEI l 384 2,50
= 6,21 10 3 m = 6,21 mm
Frequency
5 5
f = = = 7,09 Hz
0,8 w 0,8 0,621

37

Frequency plate
Anisotrope Platte, Trgerrost

m*: Masse (tausend t/m2)
k: Zahl der Wellen in x-Richtung
n: Zahl der Wellen in y-Richtung
n40: Zahl der Eigenfrequenzen unter 40 Hz
k n
k ,n = wk ,n sin x sin y
l b
k 4 4 n 4 4 EJ l
m 2 = EJ l 4
+ EJ b 4
; f0 = 2

l b 2l m
EJ b l 4 4
f m,n = f 0 k 4 + n
EJ l b 4 38

Frequency plate
efEI 2,50
f0 = = = 7,19 Hz
2l 2
m 2 4,2 2
0,383 10 3
EI b l 4 0,7 4,2 4
k4 + n4 = k 4 + n 4 = k 4 + 0,055 n 4
efEI b 4 2,50 6,34
k Wellen in n Wellen senkrecht zur Tragrichtung

Tragrichtung 1 2 3 4 5
1 7,39 8,88 16,8 27,9 42,8
2 28,8 29,5 32,5 39,4
3 66,5

39
Frequencies

40

n=1 n=3
f = 7,39
Eigenform1
Hz
f= 5.9 Hertz
fEigenform
= 16,8 3 f=Hz
8.6 Hertz
k=1
n = 2f= 6.5 Hertz n=4

Eigenform 2 Eigenform 4 f= 12.7 Hertz
f = 8,88 Hz f = 27,9 Hz
41

k=2
Eigenform 2,1
f =28,2 Hz
Eigenform 6 f= 23.3 Hertz

42
deflection
kdef = 0,8, EDIN 1052, Tble 3.2
efEI
efEI (k def ) =
1 + k def

43

Quasi stndige Bemessungssituation nach Gleichung (42)

DIN 1052
0,0112/
(1 + kdef)wG,inst
2(1 + kdef)wQ,inst 4,2 =
1
0,3(1+0,8)3,25= 11,2 mm 1/375
Wfin 1,85,25 =
1,8 mm
9,4 mm
1 deflection w < l/X Enough

w rigidity 7.2
Small
deflection

44

Deflection single load
F = 1kN
F l3 1 10 3 4,2 3
wF = = = 0,22 10 3 m = 0,22 mm
48 EI l bF 48 2,50 2,78
l EI 4,2 0,7
bF = 4 b = 4 = 2,78 m
1,1 EI l 1,1 2,50
0,22< 0,5 bis 4 mm
3 Durchbiegung u <0,5 bis Querverteilung DIN ENV

Einzellast 4 mm geringe 1995-1-1
F=1kN Verformung 7.3.3
SIA 265

45
Frequency
f1,1 = 7,19 Hz < 8 Hz !!
4 frequency f >8 Hz No resonance 7.3.3(2)

wG,inst (w < 0,5 cm)
quasi stndig,
g+2p f < 8 Hz 7.3.3(1)
(w > 0,5 cm)

46

Impuls I=1 Ns
4 (0,4 + 0,6 n40 ) 4 (0,4 + 0,6 5) m

v= = = 0,00132
m b l + 200 383 4,2 6,3 + 200 s
better performance
b ( f 1) = 100 (7,190,011) = 0,014

m
s
5 Impuls v<b(f1-1) Velocity 7.3.3(2)
I=1 Ns SIA 265
50 < b < 150
(up to 40 Hz) = 0,01

47

heeldrop I=55 Ns
0,6
v= =
m 0,5
EI l 0, 25 EI b 0, 25
0,6 m
0,5 0, 25 0, 25
= 0,027
383 2,50 0,70 s
6 velocity v<6 b(f1-1) velocity Mohr /bmh/

heeldrop
I=55Ns,
ti = 0,05s
Limit
6 . 0,014 = 0,084 m/s > 0,027 48
7.3.3 (1) f < 8 Hz: Special investigation
Decke: f = 7,19 Hz
Gehen: Resonanz
fs = 7,19 / 3 = 2,4 Hz
3 F0 0,1 700 m
V (3 f s / f1,1 ) = 33.3 = 0,925 2
M 2520 s
0,4 0,93 = 0,37 m / s 2 > 0,1 m / s 2

7 Beschleunigung a<0,1 m/s2 Beschleunigung
Resonanz- Wohlbefinden
untersuchung

49

Gehen: Resonanz
fs = 7,19 / 3 = 2,4 Hz
3 F0 0,1 700 m
V (3 f s / f1,1 ) = 33.3 = 0,925 2
M 2520 s
0,4 0,93 = 0,37 m / s 2 < 0,7 m / s 2
8 Beschleunigung a< 0,35 bis 0,7 Beschleunigung DIN1052,

Resonanz- m/s2 Sprbar, 9.3(3)
untersuchung nicht strend besondere
Unter-
suchungen

50

F (t) Summary
w (t)
R K
1
w
Deformation Rigidity

51
F (t)
w (t)
R K
Frequency
rigidity
f = f

mass
52

F (t)
I
w (t)
R K
1
Velocity v
mass

53

F (t)
w (t)
R K Acceleration
1 1
a
mass damping
54
Wanted: Timber floors
great stiffness most
high mass no
high frequency not always
high damping yes

55
CONNECTIONS LATERAL LOAD CAPACITY
- WITHDRAWAL CAPACITY -DOWELS
A. Leijten
TU-Eindhoven
EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections EUROCODES
Background and Applications Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1 Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 2
TIMBER CONNECTIONS
by
We can not escape connections
Dr. Ad Leijten
TU-Eindhoven
THE WEAKEST LINK
The Netherlands
Former PT-member
EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections

Villaggio Commerciale Le Acciaierie in

Cortenuova Italy
Holzbau S.P.A

What kind of connections do we use?

Carpenter connections (not in Eurocode 5)
National regulations apply Carpenter connections compression forces

Glued connections (not in Eurocode 5)

What do we find in Eurocode 5
Section 8: Connections with metal fasteners
-Mechanical connections with
- Dowel type fasteners

- Nails, staples, screws, dowels and bolts
- Punched metal plate fasteners
- Shear plates
- Split-rings
Structural Finger joints Glued in steel rods
National regulations apply

Punched metal plate fasteners
Nails < 8 mm (EN14592)

definition profiled nails Bolts > 8 mm Split-ring connectors
64- 104 mm diameter
Bolts M12 to M20

Dowels > 6 mm
Screws

Steel to timber Steelplate in timber

Design by calculation - covers

Eurocode 5 allows:
Design by testing:
-EN 1075, EN 1380, EN 1381, EN 26891, EN 28970
Design by calculation
- Model provided in EN1995-1-1
single shear
Laterally loaded axially loaded fasteners
The design model for laterally loaded dowel-type-

fasteners
(based on Johansen (1949)
Background:
-Structural Education Timber Program (STEP 1)(1994) double shear
-Timber Engineering; Thelandersson & Larsen (2003) ISBN 0-470-84469-8

Double shear
Spacing requirements determine timber dimensions
ka1a1
ka1a1 a2
ka2a2
ka2a2
Forces in dowel type fastener
Only for connectors
Split-rings and 0 k a1 1
( k a1 ) 2 + ( k a 2 ) 2 1 with
shear plates 0 ka 2 1

Starting point for strength model - Embedment strength Determination of embedment strength EN 383
Embedment = femb femb
displacemen
t
Splitting
force
Eurocode 5 Design clause embedment strength
Idealised
embedment Nails (not pre-drilled) f h,k = 0,082 k d -0,3 N/mm 2
fstuik= f v
Nails pre-drilled
f h,k = 0,082 (1- 0,01 d ) k N/mm 2
Bolts/dowels
Embedment test - parallel to grain

Parallel Perpendicular
Dowels Parallel All wood species
120,0
100,0 5mm data

7mm data
80,0
Embedment
8mm data
60,0 12mm data
16mm data
40,0
20mm data
20,0 30mm data
Taken from Sawata and Yasumura (2002). 0,0

200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Background: Whale L. and Smith, I. The derivation of design clauses for nailed and bolted joint in Eurocode
Density
5, In Proceedings of paper CIB-W18 paper 19-7-6/ Florenze 1986
Yasumura, M. and Sawata, K., Determination of embedment strength of wood for dowel-type-fasteners. In: Background: Leijten, A.J.M. & Khler, J.& A Jorissen, Review of Probability Data for Timber Connections
Journal of Wood Science, nr. 48, 2002, Japan Wood Research Society, Inst. Of Wood Techn, Akita, Japan with Dowel-Type Fasteners; In Proceedings of CIB-W18, paper 37-7-12, Edinburgh, UK, September 2004

Re-evaluation parallel to grain embedment results Mode I Mode II Mode III
for future consideration in EC5?

Some failure modes of
Nails (pre-drilled) f h;0 = 0, 0104 1,35 d 0,27 single shear fasteners
f h;90 = 0, 046 1,48
d 0,42
Coniferous
Bolts and dowels f h;0 = 0, 097 1,07 d 0,25

f h;90 = ? Some failure modes of
Coniferous double shear fasteners
f h;0 = 0, 087 1,09 d 0,25
Decideous f h;90 = 0,106 1,13 d 0,46

Equations for every failure mode Equations for every failure mode
Fasteners in single shear Fasteners in double shear
f h,1,k t1 d (a)
f h,1,k t1d (g)
f h,2,k t2 d (b)

0,5 f h,2,k t2 d (h)
f h,1,k t1 d t t

2 2
t t
+ 22 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 2 1 + 2 (c) f td 4 (2 + ) M y,Rk F
1 + t1 t1 t1 t1

Fv,Rk = min 1,05 h,1,k 1 2 (1 + ) + + ax,Rk (j)
2+ f h,1,k d t12 4

Fv,Rk = min 1, 05 f h,1,k t1 d 2(1 + ) + 4(2 + ) M y,Rk + Fax,Rk (d) 1,15 2 Fax,Rk
2 + f h,1,k d t12 2 M y,Rk f h,1,k d + (k)
4
1+ 4
f h,1,k t2 d 4(1 + 2) M y,Rk Fax,Rk
1, 05 2 (1 + ) +
2
+ (e)
1 + 2 f h,1,k d t22 4

2 Fax,Rk
1,15 2 M y,Rk f h,1,k d + (f)
1+ 4
EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections EUROCODES
Test results still higher than Johansen equations
Some failure modes of Cord effect:

single shear fasteners
steel to wood Only valid for
connections Mode II and III
thick t > d = fastener diameter Requires knowledge about withdrawal

thin steel plate t < 0,5d Theory for nails 15% extra
Background: Kuipers, J. Van der Put, T.A.C.M., Betrachtungen zum Bruchmechanismus von Nagel verbindungen,
In: Ingenieuholzbau in Forschung und Praxis, J. Ehlebeck and G. Steck, editors, Bruderverlag Karlsruhe 1982
EUROCODES EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections

Test results still higher than Johansen equations Fasteners in double shear
f h,1,k t1d (g)

% are estimates 0,5 f h,2,k t2 d (h)
Maximum F
f td 4 (2 + ) M y,Rk
Nails 15% Fv,Rk = min 1,05 h,1,k 1 2 (1 + ) + + ax,Rk (j)
2+ f h,1,k d t12 4
Grooved nails 50%
1,15 2 2 M y,Rk f h,1,k d +
Fax,Rk
(k)
Screws 100% 1+ 4

Bolts 25%
Dowels 0%
Test results still higher than Johansen equations
Cord effect:
Fax/4 = withdrawal capacity/4 = estimated effect

Mode III
Mode III
Taking both m - seperately
2
theory F= 2 M s f h ,1 d schroef 4 M e,k f
1+ Fd = d schroef h ,1,k k mod
1+ ym , s ym,h
k 0,9
Design value Fd = Fk mod = Fk = 0,69 Fk 4 M e,k f
ym 1,3 Fd = d schroef h ,1,k 0,9
1+ 1,1 1,3
4
Ms = yield bending moment steel fastener Fd = 0,79 M e,k d schroef f h ,1,k
1+
Partial material factor of timber m Fd = 0,79 Fk
applied to yield bending moment of steel
fastener!! 0,79 Fk
factor = = 1,15
0,69 Fk
Better seperate:
For Mode II factor is 1,05
Yield moment of dowel type fasteners

Fasteners in double shear
Large diameter bolts and dowels
f h,1,k t1d (g)
Small rotation at failure No full plastic yielding
0,5 f h,2,k t2 d (h)
F
f td 4 (2 + ) M y,Rk 2,6
Fv,Rk = min 1,05 h,1,k 1 2 (1 + ) + + ax,Rk (j) M y,Rk = 0,3 f u,k d
2+ f h,1,k d t12 4
20.0
1,15 2 2 M y,Rk f h,1,k d +

Fax,Rk
(k)
18.0
16.0
1+ 4
14.0
12.0
10.0
R
8.0
6.0
Eurocode 5 equations 4.0
2.0
Rotation
0.0
angle 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
diameter
d
Background: Jorissen, A.J.M. Blass, H.J., the fastener

yield strength in bending, In: Proceedings of CIB-W18
paper 31-7-6, 1998

Failure of multiple of fasteners in a row

Failure of multiple of fasteners in a row Caused by group effect
Only for load component in grain direction
Splitting Stress 13d
Shear
Cumulatieve
stress
Tensile

Failure of multiple of fasteners in one row Be careful with cheese connecions

effective number
Caused by group effect
Spacinga kef
Nails: nef = n k ef Not

predrilled
Predrilled
a1 14d 1,0 1,0

a1 = 10d 0,85 0,85
Bolts & dowels: a1 = 7d 0,7 0,7

a1 = 4d - 0,5
a0
nef = n 0 ,9 4
a
For intermediate spacings, linear
interpolation of kef is permitted
13d
Background:
Double shear timber connections with dowel type fasteners, A.J.M. Jorissen, ISBN 90-407-1783-4, DUP Delft,
1998
Failure at fastener perimeter (Prof.Racher, Fr.) 1,5 Anet,t f t,o,k Tensile failure
Fbs,Rk = max
0,7 Anet,v f v,k Shear fracture
Block shear: "v,1 "v,2 "v,3 "v,4 1
Full penetration Correlation

"t,1
parameters 2
"t,2
Plug shear "v,5 "v,6 "v,7 "v,8
Partial penetration Fasteners keep
tef
straight
Tensile or shear failure, which happens first? Not correct in
Literature: Johnson, H, Stehn, L, A Linear Fracture Mecanics Evaluation of Plug Shear Failure,In Proc of 8th
EC5
world conf on Timber Engineering WCTE 2004, Finland
see previous
sheet

Amendment A1 Amendment A1
Addition
Axially loaded screws
New design rules for:
compressive strength perpendiculer to grain Traditonal screws
Present rules unsafe Diameter thread=smooth shank
Not very effective
1 l not hardened
3 low bending moment
>8mm requires predrilled holes
lef

Amendment A1
Addition
Axially loaded screws
Very effective
hardened
self tapping
high axial stiffness
Background:
Bla, HJ; Bejtka, I: Self-tapping screws as reinforcements in connections with dowel-type fasteners. In:
Proceedings. CIB-W18 Meeting, Karlsruhe, Germany 2005. Paper 38-7-4
Blass H.J. Joints with dowel-type-fasteners, In: Timber Engineering Thelanderson and Larsen, editors, Wiley &
Sons (2003):
Some examples Some examples

Spax-S
Leg or coach screw
Heco Topix/Fix
Rapid Komprex

Check:
- Withdrawal failure
Tecfi Woodpecker
- Tear-off failure of the head
- Pull through of the head
BMF Torx
- Tensile failure of the screw
SFS WT
- Torsional capacity
- Group effect (neff number of effective fasteners)

-Withdrawal: Code proposals in EU countries Model uncertainty

Eurocode 5 :
3,6 10 3 k
1, 5
Rax ,a ,k = ( d lef )
0 ,8 25
Eurocode 5
sin 2 a + 1,5 cos 2 a
20
60 10 6 k
2
Rax;k = d lef
Frequentie..
15
sin 2 a + 43 cos 2 a
10
Rax ,k = (1,5 + 0,6 d nom ) (lhec d nom ) 5
3,0 103 k
Rax ,k = 1,7 ( d1 lef )
-1 -0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
0 ,8 ln(model/meetpunt)
sin 2 a + 1,5 cos 2 a

Current EC5 design rule unsafe
New proposal in Amendment A1: - Head tear off

- Axial screw strength:
Screws as defined in EN 14592 Determine by tests:
0,52 d .l ef0 ,9 k
0 ,8
EN 14592 Rax = A f ax
6 mm d 12 mm Rax ,a ,k = nef
sin a + 1,2 cos 2 a
2
All others: - Torsional capacity

Parameters determined by tests EN EN 14592
14592 (EN 1382) 0 ,8
f ax .d .l ef k
Rax ,a ,k = nef
sin 2 a + 1,2 cos 2 a a

Head pull through

EN 14592 short elastisch behaviour
Test standard EN 1383 Large non-elastic traject
Rax = A f ax
Eurocode 5:
Rk = (( 1
2
2 2
)
d k ) - ( 12 d s ) 3,0 f c ,90,k
Zulassung Germany 9.1-235:

N k = 16,0 d k
2
In the absents of information Clause 8.5.2. bolt washers

- Group (tear out) effect:

Model uncertainty design rule 9.1-235andn Eurocode 5 for screws
Due to a lack of background information
with washers
9
Based on test by Gehri:
8
Eurocode 5
Zulassung 7 nef = n0,9
6
Frequentie
0
-1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5
ln (model/meetwaarde)
Splitting by perpendicular to grain forces Related failure?

Learn from failures
FEd
b During festival
he h
stairs fully occupied
Fv,Ed,1
with people
Fv,Ed,2 b/2 b/2
b fell down
a) b) I person didnt survive
Design clause 8.1.4 (3) is formulated as a maximum

shear force criterion on either side of the connection
Background: Leijten A.J.M. & Vander Put T.A.C.M, Evaluation of Perpendicular to Grain Failure of Beams
caused by Concentrated Loads of Joints, In: Proceedings of CIB-W18, paper 33-7-7, Delft, 2000.

Cause of failure
Effective cross-section?
Splitting?
Shear off wooden pins?

Splitting by perpendicular to grain forces Splitting by perpendicular to grain forces
Design clause 8.1.4 (3) is Some empirical models consider

formulated as a maximum shear
Fastener spacing
force criterion on either side of
the connection
he 18a 2
F90,Rk = 14 b w F90,k = ks k r 6.5 + 2 ( tef h )0.8 f t,90,k
Fracture mechanics background he h
1 1
14 is calibration parameter h

k s = max 1.4 a
wpl 0,35 0.7 + h
w = (political factor)
max 100 for punched metal plate fasteners n
w= kr =
1 n
h1
2
1
for all other fasteners h
i =1 i
Splitting by perpendicular to grain forces Splitting by perpendicular to grain forces

UK-Test results versus design proposals
Fracture mechanical
50000
model 45000
40000
Consider energy 35000
Strength [N]
30000
balance after crack 25000
appears 20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1
he/h
Test Results Eurocode 5 design
Punched metal plate fasteners

Comparison between models Splitting by perpendicular to grain forces
Assumed governing failure mechanism is shear

Not by tensile stresses perpendicular to grain
For loaded edges

0,7 h no splitting he h
Simply supported F
Eurocode 5 max F
Cantilever beam h he
max F/2
F/2
EUROCODES EN1995-1-1: Section 8 - Connections

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 71
Thank you for your

attention
COMPONENTS AND ASSEMBLIES AND
STRUCTURAL DETAILING AND CONTROL
H. Hartl
University of Innsbruck
Your
EUROCODES
logo
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Components
Components
EUROCODE 5, part 1-1
Glued thin-webbed beams
Components and assemblies
Glued thin-flanged beams
Structural detailing and control
Mechanically jonited beams
Hans Hartl Mechanically jointed and glued columns
University Innsbruck / Austria

Hans.Hartl@uibk.ac.at
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Components Glued thin-webbed beams EUROCODES
Background and Applications Components Glued thin-webbed beams
Axial stresses in the flanges: Buckling analysis:
Design stresses of extreme fibres: Design shear force acting on each web:
Design stresses of the mean flange:
For webs of wood-based panels, should be verified for secction 1-1 that:
Design shear stress at section 1-1:
Axial stresses in the webs:

where:
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.1.1 Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.1.1
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Components Glued thin-flanged beams EUROCODES
Background and Applications Components Glued thin-flanged beams
Effective flange widths bef: The axial stresses in the flanges, based on the relevant effective
I-beams: flange width, should satisfy the following expressions:
U-beams:
For webs of wood-based panels, it should , for sections 1-1 of an

I-shaped cross-section be verified that:
Maximum effective flange widths due to the effects of shear lag and Design shear stress at the section 1-1:
plate buckling:
For U-shaped cross-section:

EUROCODES
Background and Applications Components Mechanically jointed beams EUROCODES
Background and Applications Components Mechanically jointed beams
If the spacing of the fasteners varies in the longitudinal direction, an Annex B, EN 1995-1-1:2004
effective spacing may be used: Normal stresses
A method for the calculation of the load-carrying capacity of

mechanically jointed beams is given in Annex B:
Effective bending stiffness
Maximum shear stress

and:
Fastener load
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.1.3 Annex B Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.1.3 Annex B
Components Mechanically jointed beams and

EUROCODES
glued columns
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies
A method for the calculation of the load-carrying capacity of I- and box-

columns, spaced columns and lattice columns is given in Annex C:
Assemblies
Mechanically jointed columns
Effective slenderness ratio
Trusses
where (EI)ef is determined in accordance with
Annex B
Trusses with punched metal plate fasteners
Load on fasteners
Roof and floor diaphragms
Wall diaphragms
Bracing
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.1.4 Annex C Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 9.2
Assemblies Trusses with punched metal

EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies Trusses EUROCODES
plate fasteners
All joints should be capable of transferring a force Fr,d acting in any

direction within the plane of the truss.
For fully triangulated trusses where a small concentrated force has a
component perpendicular to the member of < 1,5kN, and where c,d < 0,4
fc,d, and t,d < 0,4 ft,d, then the requirements of EN 1995 6.2.3 and 6.2.4
may be replaced by
L is the overall length of the truss

Punched metal plate fasteners used in chord splices should cover at least
2/3 of the required member height.
Moment diagrams and
effective lengths in Trusses made with punched metal plate fasteners shall conform to the
compression (a) No significant requirements of EN 14250
end moments (b) Significant
end moments
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies Roof and floor diaphragms EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies Wall diaphrams
Simplified analysis of roof and floor diaphragms Simplified analysis of wall diaphragms Method A
Design racking load-carrying capacity
is the lateral design capacity of an individual fastener
External forces
For diaphragms with a uniformly distributed load the simplified method of

analysis should be used provided that:
the span l lies between 2b and 6b, where b is the diaphragm width
the critical ultimate design condition is failure in the fasteners (and not in the panels);
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies Wall diaphrams EUROCODES
Simplified analysis of wall diaphragms Method A Simplified analysis of wall diaphragms Method B
The external forces which arise in wall panels containing door or window openings and in Construction of walls and panels to meet the requirements of the simplified analysis
wall panels of smaller width, can similarly be transmitted to the construction
situated above or below.
Shear buckling of the sheet may be disregarded, provided that
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies Wall diaphrams EUROCODES
Simplified analysis of wall diaphragms Method B

External forces
Design ranking strength of the wall assembly:
and:
Shear buckling of the sheet may be disregarded, provided that
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies Bracing EUROCODES
Background and Applications Assemblies Bracing
Single members in compression Bracing of beam or truss systems

Load per unit length:
Spring stiffness:
where:
Mean design compressive force:
Design stabilizing force
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural detailing and control EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural detailing and control - Materials
Preliminary remark:
Structural detailing and control according to the relevant material standards; grading and
classification.
Materials
Glued joints Straightness
Connections with machanical fasteners Climatic conditions
Assembly Moisture content
Transportation and erection
Control
Special rules for diaphragms
Special rules for trusses with punched metal plate
fasteners
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10 Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10.2
EUROCODES
Structural detailing and control - Glued joints / EUROCODES
Structural detailing and control -
connections with mechanical fasteners Background and Applications
Connections with mechanical fasteners
General
Glued joints
Wane, splits, knots or other defects shall be limited in the
Reliability and quality of joint region of the connection
Adhesive manufactoring Nails
Nails should be driven in at right angles to the grain
Conditioning period Slant nailing should be carried out
The diameter of pre-drilled holes should not exceed 0,8d
Bolts and washers

Connections with mechanical fasteners Requirements for diameters of bolts used with timber
Nails connectors
Bolts and washers

Dowels
Screws
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10.3 / 10.4 Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10.4
EUROCODES
Structural detailing and control - EUROCODES
Structural detailing and control Assembly /
Connections with mechanical fasteners Background and Applications
Transportation and erection
Dowels
Assembly
The minimum dowel diameter should be 6 mm. The tolerances on the
The structure should be assembled in such a way that over-stressing of its
dowel diameter should be - 0/+0,1 mm. Pre-bored holes in the timber
members or connections is avoided. Members which are warped, split or
members should have a diameter not greater than the dowel.
badly fitting at the joints should be replaced.
Screws
Softwoods, smooth shank diameter d 6 mm, pre-drilling is not required. Transportation and erection
The over-stressing of members during storage, transportation or erection
Hardwoods and for screws in softwoods with a diameter d > 6 mm, pre- should be avoided.
drilling is required, with the following requirements: If the structure is loaded or supported in a different manner during
The lead hole for the shank should have the same diameter as the construction than in the finished building the temporary condition should be
shank and the same depth as the length of the shank considered as a relevant load case including any possible dynamic
The lead hole for the threaded portion should have a diameter of actions.
approximately 70 % of the shank diameter. In the case of structural framework, e.g. framed arches, portal frames,
special care should be taken to avoid distortion during hoisting from the
For timber densities greater than 500 kg/m3, the pre-drilling diameter horizontal to the vertical position.
should be determined by tests.
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10.4 Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10.5 / 10.6
Structural detailing and control - Special

EUROCODES
Background and Applications Structural detailing and control Control EUROCODES
rules for diaphragm structures
It is assumed that a control plan comprises: Floor and roof diaphragms

production and workmanship control off and on site;
control after completion of the structure
The control of the construction is assumed to include:

preliminary tests
checking of materials and their identification
transport, site storage and handling of materials;
checking of correct dimensions and geometry;
checking of assembly and erection;
Wall diaphragms
checking of structural details
final checking of the result of the production process, e.g. by visual
inspection or proof loading.
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10.7 Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10.8
EUROCODES
Structural detailing and control - Special rules EUROCODES
for trusses with punched metal plate fasteners Background and Applications
Fabrication
Requirements for the fabrication of trusses are given in EN 14250
Erection
Trusses should be checked for straightness and vertical
alignment prior to fixing the permanent bracing Thank you for
When trusses are fabricated, the members should be free
from distortion within the limits given in EN 14250 your attention
The maximum bow in any truss member after erection
should be limited. (10 to 50 mm)
The maximum deviation of a truss from true vertical

alignment after erection should be limited. (10 to 50 mm) Hans Hartl
University Innsbruck / Austria
Hans.Hartl@uibk.ac.at
Eurocode 5 part 1-1 Section 10.9

BRIDGES
H. Kreuzinger
EN 1995-2 Timber Structures Bridges Eurocodes - Background & Applications


Flisa, Norwegen
2

Bridge over river Saalach Bavaria - Salzburg, 70m span

3
1
Rules given in EC5 part 2 are supplements and should be added

to the rules given in EC5 part 1

4

Section 1 General
2 3
1 Timber 1
2 Concrete
3 Fastener
Example of grooved connection

5

Section 1 General 2
a) b)
2 3 4 4 2 3
1 Nail or screw c) d)
2 Pre-stressing bar or tendon
3 Glue-line between glued laminated members
4 Glue-line between laminations in glued laminated members
Figure 1.2 Examples of deck plates made of laminations

6
2
Section 1 General
Rectangular prestressed deck

7

Section 1 General
Example of cross-laminated deck plate, X-lam

8

Section 1 General
Ruderting

9
3
Section 2 Basis of design
k mod R k
Rd
M

10

Section 2 Basis of design
1. Timber and wood-based materials
normal verification
solid timber M = 1,3
glued laminated timber M = 1,25
LVL, plywood, OSB M = 1,2
fatigue verification M = 1,0
2. Connections
- normal verification M = 1,3
fatigue verification
M = 1,0
3. Steel used in composite members M = 1,15
4. Concrete used in composite members M = 1,5
5. Shear connectors between composite members
normal verification
fatigue verification M = 1,25
M = 1,0
6.Pre-stressing steel elements M = 1,15

11

Section 3 Material properties

12
4
Section 4 Durability
4.1 Timber
(1)The effect of precipitation,

wind and solar should be taken into account
4.2 Resistance to corrosion
4.3 Protection of timber decks from water by sealing

13

Alternatives?
Chemical treatment
Roof = constructive protection

14

Constructive protection
Bridge in Eching

15
5
Constructive
protection

16

South-west-side, roof to small?

17

Chemical treatment
18
6
Theoretical costs for bridges (Ablserichtlinien):

Timber bridges: theoretical time of duration 50 years
cost per year

actual : 2%
New proposal:
protected bridges 1,0 %
unprotected bridges 1,8 %
To compare:
Steel bridges: Theoretical time of duration 100 years

costs per year 0,8 %

19

Timber protection:
Essential task
Documentation in drawings and documents
Part of structural calculation!!

20


21
7
Section 4 Durability DN 1074 Dauerhaftigkeit
Anhang A (informativ)
Empfehlungen zur Dauerhaftigkeit von Holz und Holzwerkstoffen

22

Sonne,thRegen
18 20 th
of February 2008, Brussels
Section 4 Durability DIN 1074

23

Section 4 Durability Dauerhaftigkeit
Architekt: Dietrich, Tragwerksplanung: Sues, Staller, Schmitt

Prfung: Albrecht/Kreuzinger
24
8
Section 5 Basis of structural analysis

5.1 Laminated deck plates
5.1.1 General
(1) The analysis of timber deck plates should

be based upon:
- the orthotropic plate theory;
- modelling the deck plate by a grid
- a simplified method according to 5.1.3
C

25

90

26

Table 5.1 System properties of laminated deck plates
Type of deck E90,mean/E0, mean G0,mean/E0,mean G90,mean/G0,mean

plate
Nail-laminated 0 0,06 0,05
Stress-laminated
sawn sawn
planed planed 0,015 0,06 0,08
Glued-laminated 0,020 0,06 0,10
0,030 0,06 0,15

27
9

28


29

5.1.2 Concentrated vertical loads
1900

30
10
5.1.3 Simplified analysis
bef = bw,middle + a
bef

31

Radlast 120 kN
Brcke Ruderting, Grossmann

32

Section 6 Ultimate limit states

Eurocode 5.1, EN 1995-1-1 !
6.1 Deck plates
6.1.1 System strength

33
11
Eurocode 5-1-1, System factor

34

Railings Bridge in Besensandbach

35

Section 6 Ultimate
limit states
F F
Mmax,beam
b ef = Mbeam
mmax,plate mplate
mmax, plate
x
Mmax,beam
y
2
1
b ef
a) b) n=
2 3 4 4 2 3 blam
c) d)

36
12
6.1.2 Stress-laminated deck plates

F v ,Ed d p ,min h
N
p,min = 0,35
mm 2

37

d
3 1
2d

t
l 1 = min30t
1,2m
2

?l1 1
Joints of lamellas 1 lamella

2 joint
3 prestress element

38


39
13
Bridge across railway, Oslo

40

Rectangular
prestressed deck plate
Oslo

41

Section 8 Connections
Not for bridges: Nails (withdrawal)

staples
1
Nail plates
2 Timber-concrete composites
1 concrete
3
2 Additional layer
3 timber
FEd = 0,1 Fv,ED

42
14
Section 8 Connections
Timber concrete - composite
2 3
1 FEd = 0,1 Fv,ED

43

Annex A (informative) Fatigue verification
(3) A fatigue verification is required if the ratio given by expression (A.1) is greater than:
For members in compression perpendicular or parallel to grain: 0,6
For members in bending or tension: 0,2
For members in shear: 0,15
For joints with dowels: 0,4
d,max d,min
For joints with nails: 0,1
=
Other joints: 0,15
where:
fk
=
d,max d,min
fk
M,fat (A.1)
M,fat
d,max is the numerically largest design stress from the fatigue loading;
d,min is the numerically smallest design stress from the fatigue loading;
fk is the relevant characteristic strength;
M,fat is the material partial factor.

44

(1) A simplified fatigue load model is built up of reduced loads (effects of actions) compared to the static
loading models. The load model should give the maximum and minimum stresses in the actual structural
members.
(2) The fatigue loading from traffic should be obtained from the project specification in conjunction with
EN 1991-2.
(3) The number of constant amplitude stress cycles per year, Nobs, should either be taken from table 4.5 of
EN 1991-2 or, if more detailed information about the actual traffic is available, be taken as:
Nobs = 365 nADT tL Nobs = 365 n ADT t L (A.2)
where:
Nobs is the number of constant amplitude stress cycles per year;
nADT is the expected annual average daily traffic over the lifetime of the structure; the value of nADT
should not be taken less than 1000;
is the expected fraction of observed heavy lorries passing over the bridge, see EN 1991-2 clause
4.6 (e.g. = 0,1);
tL is the design service life of the structure expressed in years according to EN 1990:2002 (e.g. 100
years).
A.2 Fatigue loading

45
15
fk
d,max f fat,d = k fat
M,fat
(4) The value of kfat should be taken as:
1 R
log ( N obs ) 0 1R
log( NOBS )
kfat = 1 (A.5)
a (b R )
k fat = 1
where: a (b R )
R = d,min d,max with 1 = R = 1; (A.6)
d,min is the numerically smallest design stress from the fatigue loading;
d,max is the numerically largest design stress from the fatigue loading;
Nobs is the number of constant amplitude stress cycles as defined above;
is a factor based on the damage consequence for the actual structural component;
a, b are coefficients representing the type of fatigue action according to table A.1.
The factor should be taken as:

Substantial consequences: = 3 A.3 Fatigue verification
Without substantial consequences: = 1

46

Table A.1 Values of coefficients a and b
a b
Timber members in
- compression, perpendicular or parallel to grain 2,0 9,0
- bending and tension 9,5 1,1
- shear 6,7 1,3
connections with
a
- dowels with d = 12 mm 6,0 2,0
- nails 6,9 1,2
a
The values for dowels are mainly based on tests on 12 mm tight-fitting dowels.
Significantly larger diameter dowels or non-fitting bolts may have less favourable fatigue
properties.
1R
k fat = 1 log( NOBS )
a (b R )

47

f
fk d k mod f k
d ,max k fat d k mod Mk
M , fat M
Dauerfestigkeit Dauerstandfestigkeit

48
16
Fatigue ULS
Lastmodell Ermdung, =1 Lastmodell Tragsicherheit,
fk fk
d ,max k fat d k mod
M , fat M
Art der Beanspruchung:
Biegung, Schub, Verbindungsmittel
Schwellen, Wechsel R
Anzahl Nobs

49

Timber members shear Schub
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
R=0,5
0,6
R=0
kfat
0,5
R=-0,5
0,4
R=-1
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
logN

50

Radlast k mod f v, k
k , L1 1,5
1,3
= +.. = -..
k , L1 f v ,k
k , fat = = k fat f v ,k
2 2 2,17
1
k fat = 0,23
2 2,17

51
17
Section 7 Serviceability limit states
Deflections
Vibrations

52

Beams, plates
Construction part Action
and trusses
Main system Characteristic

traffic load l/400 to l/500
Pedestrian load
and l/200 to l/400
Low traffic load

53


54
18
Deflections / Vibrations
F (t) System values
Systemwerte:
MM mass
Masse[t] t
KK stiffness
Steifigkeit[kN/m]
kN/m
RR attenuation
Dmpfung [kN/(m/s)]
kN/(m/s)
M
K
= = 2 f
w (t) M
R K G Mg g g
wg = = = =
K K 2 (2 f )2
5
f=
wg

55

frequency
5 5 1
f= =
0,8 l / X 0,8 / X l
10
f X = 300
Span

56

w (x, t ) = w 0 (x ) sin t w (t ) = w 0 sin t

57
19
m = 1780 kg/m; l = 67,7 m; wg = 8,8 cm

5 5
f= = = 1,9 Hz
0,8 w g (in cm ) 0,8 8,8

58


59

F(t ) = G sin 2 f s t
M
z
K an
D
s on
Re a = G 1
1
M 2
K
= fE
M

60
20
1 Person
G 1 200
avert ,1 = =
M 2 M B

61

Section 7 Schrittfrequenz fS
Frequency of steps
5
4
Laufen L
3
2,5
2
Gehen 1 Gehen 2
1
Frequency of bridge
1 2 3 4 5 Brckenfrequenz fE
0,2
Gehen 2 ; fS = fE/2
0,4
Gehen 1 ; fS = fE
1,3
Laufen L ; fL = fE

62


Annex B (informative) Vibrations caused by pedestrians

B.1 General
(1) The rules given in this annex apply to timber bridges with
simply supported beams or truss
systems excited by pedestrians.
NOTE: Corresponding rules will be found in future versions of
EN 1991-2.

63
21

64


65


66
22

67

Schwingung
F (t) F = F0 sin t
M = 60 t
M kN
R = 16,7
ms
w (t) D = 0,01
R K
K = 12530 kN m

68

M = 120.000 kg
Damping: D=0,01
a<0,7 m/s2
200 m
a vert,1 = = 0,17 2
120000 0,01 s
m
a vert,13 = 0,23 0,17 13 = 0,51 2
s
a vert,voll = 0,23 0,17 l b 0,6
m
= 0,23 0,17 67,7 3,24 0,6 = 5,14
s2
69
23
F
MD
KD RD
M M
w
K R K R
(D) (D)
F = F0 sin t
M = 60 t MD = 3,4 t
kN
R = 16,7 R = 12,5
ms
D = 0,13
D = 0,01
K = 12530 kN m K = 636

70

1 1
= = 50
60 deflection
2 D 2 0,01
50
40
Effect of damper
30
20
10
0
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5
Frequency of impact

71

Dmpferprotokoll, Gerb

72
24
Connection:
a 1 2
FD = GD 1 1 + (2DD )
g 2DD
The calculation:
GD = MD x g = 3,2 t x 9,81 m/s2 = 32 kN
a = 0,7 m/s2 limit of acceleration of the bridge movement
DD = 0,1 value of damping
0,7 1 2
FD = 34 1 1 + (2 0,1) = 34 (1 0,07 4,81) = 34 (1 0,34 ) kN
9,81 2 0,1

73

Bridge: 120 t Damper: 3,2 t

74

Pedestrian bridge: f < 5 Hz
Design of damper! MD = 0,05 Mbridge, vibrating
Design the place for the damper!

Fixing: 2 x GD
Use Bridge
Measure
Observe
Decide

75
25
Bridge in Karlsfeld near Munich Damper was designed

76

Horizontal vibrations!
Milleniums bridge - London

77

Einmassenschwinger

78
26
Zweimassenschwinger

79
27

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EUROCODES

Background and Applications

Dissemination of information for training workshop

18-20 February 2008

with the support of

EN 1995 - Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures

All workshop material will be available at

EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures

EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures

Faculty of architecture (Lyon)

Section 1: General definitions, terminology

EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures

EN 1992 EN 1993 EN 1994 Design and

EN1995 EN 1995 EN 1996 EN 1999

EN 1997 EN 1998 Geotechnical

EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures

National Annex National choices overview

How to spot NDPs!

EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures

Semi-probalistic safety concept

Effect of action 95% quantile 5% quantile Load carrying

Design situations Design situations

temporary situation Accidential situation

EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures

Limit state design

For all design situations the limit states shall

Comfort of building user

EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures

EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures

Coefficient for represantative values of actions

Use of 0 from the second variable action/load.

Combination factors Partial safety factors for actions

EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures

III.1 Eurocode 5 in basic; loads/actions on structures

Increase the actions/load by partial safety factors (gamma factors)

less safety risks

Comparison of safety concepts Comparison of safety concepts

Load duration - and Load duration - and

Safety factor Safety factor

EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures

Load duration - and

Comparison of safety concepts Comparison of safety concepts

Comparison of safety concepts Comparison of safety concepts

Identify material strength and

Materials and service classes Establish modification factors

EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures

Design value of material properties

Partial safety factor M

Recommended material safety factor M = 1,3

7000 11000 11 00 370

Mechanical properties are related to the density

Moisture dependend strength properties are leading to

EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures

Actions on a floor Load duration classes

EC 5-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EC 5-1-1 Design of Timber Structures

limit state: wel (1+ kdef)

Strength properties for glulam (Tab. F. 9 DIN 1052)

kmod- values kdef-values

EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures

kh is a variable factor in correlation with the reference

Solid timber Glulam LVL

EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures EN 1995-1-1 Design of Timber Structures

Criteria: Knots, cracks, discoloration, bark etc. Reliability ??