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HISTORIA
Tisis: El trmino tisis o consuncin aparece por primera vez en la literatura griega,
alrededor del 460 a. C. Hipcrates (siglo V a. C. - siglo IV a. C.) identifica la tisis como la
causa ms frecuente de enfermedad de su tiempo. La describi entre la poblacin de 18
a 35 aos y casi siempre fatal, llegando incluso a prevenir a los mdicos de visitar a
pacientes con tisis para salvaguardar su reputacin. Aunque Aristteles (384-322 a. C.)
opinaba que la enfermedad era contagiosa, muchos autores griegos la crean
hereditaria. Galeno, el ms eminente mdico griego despus de Hipcrates, define la
tisis como una ulceracin de los pulmones, trax o garganta, acompaada por tos,
fiebre, y consuncin del cuerpo por el pus.
Plaga blanca:La epidemia de tuberculosis en Europa, probablemente iniciada a
comienzos del siglo XVII y que continu durante 200 aos, fue conocida como la Gran
Plaga Blanca. La muerte por tuberculosis era considerada inevitable, siendo en 1650 la
principal causa de muerte.
Las primeras evidencias de la enfermedad en humanos se han encontrado en restos seos del
Neoltico, en un cementerio prximo a Heidelberg, supuestamente pertenecientes a un adulto
joven, y datados en torno a 5000 aos antes de nuestra era. Algn autor atribuye a la
tuberculosis el ttulo de ser la primera enfermedad conocida de la humanidad. Tambin se han
encontrado datos sugestivos sobre la tuberculosis en momias egipcias datadas entre los aos
3000 y 2400 a. C.
Oriente
Las primeras referencias de esta enfermedad en las civilizaciones asiticas las encontramos en
los Vedas. En el ms antiguo a la tuberculosis se la denomina Yaksma. En el Athawa-Veda
aparece con otro nombre: Balasa, y aparece por primera vez una descripcin escrita de la
escrfula (variante de la tuberculosis en la que los ganglios linfticos cargados del
Mycobacterium pueden ulcerarse, dando lugar a unas lesiones caractersticas). Los hindes
recomendaban como tratamiento para este mal la leche de mujer, algunas carnes y vegetales y
reposo fsico, aunque reconocan la dificultad que supona su curacin. Era achacada a la fatiga
excesiva, e incluso a la lectura de determinados libros sagrados.
El texto mdico del emperador chino Shennong (2700 a. C.) menciona esta enfermedad,
detallando los abundantes remedios aconsejados para su tratamiento. Un familiar suyo, el
Emperador Amarillo, Huang Di, es autor del NeiChing, otro texto mdico clsico chino, en el que
se describen algunas patologas pulmonares que apuntan en su origen a la tuberculosis.
Aparecen referencias a la tos persistente, la hemoptisis, las adenopatas cervicales, o las
deformidades seas.
La antigedad clsica
El primer texto clsico en mencionar la enfermedad es de Herdoto. Este autor relata en el libro
VII de su Historiae como uno de los generales de Jerjes abandona la campaa contra Grecia
debido al agravamiento de su tisis.
Hipcrates de Cos describe un cuadro clnico en el libro I de su "Tratado sobre las enfermedades"
que denomina "tisis", caracterizado por la supuracin pulmonar y su posterior ulceracin. La
mayor parte de los casos a los que se atribuye esta enfermedad se corresponden con diferentes
tipos de tuberculosis (pulmonar localizada, miliar...), aunque bajo esa etiqueta tambin incluye
otras patologas de sntomas parecidos (tumores pulmonares, empiemas, abscesos de origen no
tuberculoso...). Observa una relacin estadstica entre padres e hijos con la enfermedad, por lo
que le atribuye un patrn hereditario. Propone una teora etiolgica sobre la base de un exceso
de flema en los pulmones procedente del cerebro. Esta flema se "corrompera" y formara
tumores (abscesos tuberculosos). Dice este autor de esta enfermedad que curiosamente ser
una figura pblica pero con una menor proyeccin como clnico (Aristteles) quien proponga
por primera vez la posibilidad de contagio a travs de la respiracin.
Lucrecio (98 a. C.-55 a. C.), en su De la naturaleza de las cosas propone un axioma cuya
popularidad se extendera hasta el renacimiento: La tisis es difcil de diagnosticar y fcil de tratar
en sus primeras fases, mientras que resulta fcil de diagnosticar y difcil de tratar en su etapa
final. Maquiavelo repetir estas mismas palabras casi diecisis siglos ms tarde. Algunas dcadas
ms tarde. Plinio el Joven redacta un tratado sobre el tratamiento de la tos y la hemoptisis,
recomendando largos viajes por mar, un clima seco y buena dieta como tratamiento. Tambin
Celso se interesa por la enfermedad y describe tres formas de consuncin: atrofia, caquexia y
tisis.
Amrica precolombina
En Amrica del Sur, las primeras evidencias de la enfermedad se remontan a la Cultura Paracas,
aunque el hallazgo ms notable pertenece a la momia de un nio inca, en el que han podido
aislarse muestras del bacilo. Varios estudios sobre esqueletos de Sonoma (California), Nazca
(Per) y Chvez Pass (Arizona) confirman la extensin y abundante difusin de la enfermedad
por todo el continente. Algunos autores an se mantienen en la duda de si la tuberculosis fue
introducida por primera vez en Amrica por los conquistadores, pero la opinin general es que
ya exista antes una forma del Mycobacterium (aunque posiblemente una variante menos
virulenta).
Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553) comete el error de identificar tisis y viruela pero adelanta
por primera vez una versin rudimentaria de la teora microbiana (seminaria contagiorum).
Paracelso (1493 -1541) adopta y propone una actitud indiferente hacia la tisis por ser una
enfermedad incurable.
Hay que destacar en este perodo la figura del anatomista Silvio (1614-1672), quien comenz
a encontrar asociaciones entre las diferentes formas de tuberculosis (pulmonar, ganglionar).
Es el primero en describir el tubrculo con su proceso de reblandecimiento y afirma que "la
tisis es la escrfula del pulmn". Thomas Willis (1621-1675) (el anatomista que describi por
primera vez el polgono vascular cerebral que lleva su nombre) realiza un exhaustivo trabajo
de autopsia sobre pacientes fallecidos por tuberculosis y concluye que no se puede hablar de
tisis si no existe ulceracin pulmonar. Richard Morton (1637-1698) es el autor de Phthisiologia,
la primera obra monogrfica sobre la enfermedad. En 1803 el anatomo patlogo Aloys
Rudolph Vetter hace una relacin de los tres tipos de enfermedad tuberculosa: la inflamatoria
(que ulcera y forma cavernas pulmonares), la tabes pulmonis (que forma tubrculos con un
tipo especial de pus similar al queso) y la tisis (que afectara a los ganglios, equivalente a la
escrfula).
Los estudios de Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682-1771) y Pierre Joseph Desault (1675-1737)
apuntan al esputo del paciente con tuberculosis pulmonar como principal agente infeccioso,
teora que caer en el olvido hasta bastante tiempo despus (Morgagni no obstante, llega a
prohibir a sus alumnos la diseccin de cadveres de tsicos, y convence en 1745 al Magistrado
de Sanidad de Florencia de que publique un bando prohibiendo la exportacin de elementos
pertenecientes a tsicos, no habiendo sido sometidas a las expurgaciones). Faltan 172 aos
para que Robert Koch demuestre esto inequvocamente.
En 1770 el britnico John Fothergill describe la meningitis tuberculosa y Sir Percivall Pott,
cirujano ingls, describe la lesin vertebral que lleva su nombre. Leopold Auenbrugger,
mdico austraco desarrolla en 1761 la percusin como mtodo diagnstico, mtodo
redescubierto algunos aos despus (1797) por Jean Nicolas, Baron de Corvisart des Marets.
William Stark (1741-1770) estructura y publica la primera teora unicista (que atribuye las
diferentes formas de tuberculosis al mismo proceso patognico, siendo cada forma un estadio
evolutivo diferente) tras su estudio del crecimiento y desarrollo de los tubrculos pulmonares.
Esta tesis va cobrando fuerza y recibe apoyo de otros mdicos notables de la poca como
Mathew Baillie (1761-1823). En 1839 Johann Lukas Schnlein, profesor de medicina en Zrich,
propone por primera vez el vocablo "tuberculosis" (por los tubrculos pulmonares asociados
a la enfermedad conocida hasta entonces como tisis).
El siglo XIX
Robert Koch
Cuando inicia su investigacin Koch conoce los trabajos de Villemin y de otros continuadores
de su experimento como Carl Salomosen. Tambin tiene a su disposicin las muestras del
"Pabelln de Tsicos" del Hospital de la Charit de Berln. Antes de enfrentarse al problema de
la tuberculosis haba trabajado con una enfermedad del ganado que en ocasiones se
transmita al hombre denominada carbunco, y de la que tambin descubrira el agente causal:
el "Bacillus anthracis". De esta investigacin saldra su fructfera amistad y colaboracin
permanente con Ferdinand Cohn, director del Instituto de Fisiologa Vegetal. Comienza a
desarrollar mtodos de cultivo de muestras de tejidos, lo que le pone en el camino del
descubrimiento que comenzara con una observacin en su laboratorio el 18 de agosto de
1881: Durante una tincin de material (procedente de tubrculos recin formados) con azul
de metileno descubre unas estructuras de forma alargada, que no poda ver si no aplicaba ese
colorante. Para mejorar el contraste decide aadir marrn de Bismarck, descubriendo que las
estructuras se volvan as brillantes y transparentes. Y an mejora la tcnica empleando lcalis,
hasta determinar su concentracin idnea para la visualizacin de los bastones. Haba dado
con la combinacin que permita teir la peculiar cubierta del bacilo tuberculoso: una mezcla
de fucsina y anilina, cuyas propiedades bsicas permitan visualizar al microorganismo.
Tras varios intentos (no crece bien a temperatura ambiente) es capaz de incubarlo en suero
sanguneo coagulado: otra novedad, ya que la gelatina usada habitualmente para cultivos en
esa poca se licuaba a los 37 grados centgrados necesarios para su crecimiento. La prueba
definitiva la obtiene inoculando cultivos puros de lo que l mismo ya denomina "bacilo
tuberculoso" en conejos, y observando que todos ellos mueren con los mismas sntomas de la
tuberculosis. Y de sus cadveres puede obtener, de nuevo, cultivos del bacilo.
Finalmente hace pblicos sus resultados en la Sociedad Fisiolgica de Berln, el 24 de marzo
de 1882, en una ponencia que titula ber Tuberculose. Desde entonces en esa fecha se celebra
cada ao el Da Mundial de la Tuberculosis. En 1908 el mismo Koch desarrolla la tuberculina
en colaboracin con el veterinario Camille Gurin (1872-1961) un derivado proteico purificado
estndar del bacilo (tambin denominado PPD) que crea til como agente inmunizante pero
que Charles Mantoux depurara posteriormente para administrar por va intradrmica como
mtodo diagnstico (su aplicacin intradrmica, habitualmente del antebrazo, genera una
respuesta inmunitaria diferente en el husped si este ha estado en contacto previo con el
bacilo tuberculoso que si no lo ha hecho).
El siglo XX
Por otra parte el tratamiento actual para la tuberculosis consiste en una combinacin de varios
antibiticos especficos (isoniacida, rifampicina, pirazinamida, etambutol...) durante un
perodo que no suele ser inferior a seis meses. Esto ha determinado (por motivos culturales,
sociales, econmicos...) que la adherencia y el cumplimiento del tratamiento haya sido
incompleto o parcial en muchos casos provocando la aparicin de numerosas cepas de
Mycobacterium resistentes a los antibiticos.
En 1985 la OMS comienza una campaa masiva de vacunacin para inmunizar a cada nio en
el mundo contra tos ferina, ttanos, poliomielitis, tuberculosis, sarampin y difteria. En 1998
se publica en la revista Nature el genoma completo de Mycobacterium tuberculosis
El siglo XXI
La tuberculosis en la cultura
Dada su extensin la tuberculosis afect a numerosas figuras del mundo de la cultura, por lo que
se acab convirtiendo en un tpico o subgnero recurrente en el arte, principalmente en la
literatura y la pintura, durante el siglo largo que dur el perodo de mayor extensin y
mortalidad de la enfermedad.
CMO SE CONTAGIA?
Se transmite por el aire a travs de las gotitas de saliva que una persona enferma y sin
tratamiento que eliminan al toser, estornudar, hablar o al escupir. Cuando el microbio (Bacilo
de Koch) ingresa a tu organismo se multiplica con rapidez. Es muy importante detectar la
enfermedad porque una persona con TB puede contagiar a muchas personas. Debemos tener
cuidado porque muchos de estos contagios ocurren entre familiares, amigos, compaeros de
trabajo o de estudios. Las personas con contactos frecuentes, prolongados, o intensos tienen un
riesgo alrededor del 25 % mayor de ser infectados
CMO NO SE CONTAGIA?
SIGNOS Y SNTOMAS
Con respecto a las extrapulmonares, pueden aparecer en el contexto de una tuberculosis miliar,
la reactivacin de un foco pulmonar o en ausencia de enfermedad clnica pulmonar. Incluye:
Tuberculosis menngea: Forma de meningitis bacteriana causada por Mycobacterium
tuberculosis o ms raramente Mycobacterium bovis. El organismo se asienta en las
meninges, predominantemente en la base enceflica, y forma microgranulomas con
posterior rotura. Los sntomas pueden ser: dolor de cabeza, rigidez de nuca, dficits
neurolgicos.
Tuberculosis ocular: Infeccin tuberculosa del ojo, principalmente del iris, cuerpos
ciliares y coroides.
Tuberculosis cardiovascular: Tuberculosis que afecta a corazn, pericardio o vasos
sanguneos. La pericarditis tuberculosa puede evolucionar a pericarditis constrictiva,
hecho que lleva al uso de cortico esteroides en su tratamiento.
Tuberculosis del sistema nervioso central: Tuberculosis del cerebro, mdula espinal o
meninges. Generalmente causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis y ms raramente
por Mycobacterium bovis.
Tuberculosis genitourinaria: Causa habitual de piuria estril (leucocitos en orina sin
germen visible). El acceso de la infeccin al aparato genitourinario suele ser por va
sangunea. Puede ser causa de esterilidad por afectacin de los epiddimos en los
hombres y de la trompas de Falopio en las mujeres.
Tuberculosis ganglionar: Compromete las cadenas ganglionares cervicales y
supraclaviculares. Produce hinchazn de los ganglios linfticos. Puede presentar
escrofulodermia (hinchazn de extensin local del tejido subcutneo por una
reactivacin del bacilo tuberculoso en dichos tejidos). En este caso, se producen fstulas
o lceras drenantes, que presentan fibrosis e induracin adems de un caracterstico
color rojizo oscuro. Es comn en pacientes jvenes y nios.
Tuberculosis osteoarticular: Tras una infeccin pulmonar el bacilo puede circular por el
torrente sanguneo hasta alojarse en algn hueso o articulacin, se tratara as de una
osteoartritis tuberculosa o tuberculosis osteoarticular. Tambin puede aparecer
osteomielitis tuberculosa sin afectacin articular, aunque su frecuencia es baja.
Tericamente, la infeccin puede originarse por una herida producida por un objeto
contaminado con el bacilo.
Tuberculosis miliar: Forma de tuberculosis debida a la diseminacin sangunea del
bacilo, afectando a distintos rganos. Suele ocurrir en personas con grave alteracin del
sistema inmune. Asimismo es ms frecuente en ancianos. La sintomatologa es
dominada por fiebre y otros sntomas constitucionales. Para su diagnstico deben
practicarse alguno o todos los siguientes cultivos: esputo, orina, jugo gstrico o mdula
sea.
En un 25 por ciento de los casos activos, la infeccin se traslada de los pulmones, causando otras
formas de tuberculosis. Ello ocurre con ms frecuencia en aquellos pacientes inmunosuprimidos
y en nios. Las infecciones extrapulmonares incluyen la pleura, el sistema nervioso central
causando meningitis, el sistema linftico causando escrfula del cuello, el sistema genitourinario
causando tuberculosis urogenital y los huesos o articulaciones en el caso de la enfermedad de
Pott. A pesar de que la tuberculosis extrapulmonar no es contagiosa, puede coexistir con la
contagiosa tuberculosis pulmonar.
PATOGENIA DE LA TUBERCULOSIS
PROGRESIN
DIAGNSTICO
TRATAMIENTO
Procedimientos:
PREVENCIN
Se previene mediante una vida sana e higinica, identificando oportunamente a los enfermos y
asegurando su curacin para no contagiar a otras personas, principalmente por medio de la
vacunacin con vacuna BCG.
La vacunacin sistemtica con la vacuna de Bacilo de Calmette y Gurin (BCG) en los recin
nacidos se abandon en Espaa en 1980, mantenindose actualmente solo en el Pas Vasco.
Medidas preventivas
La persona infectada debe protegerse siempre que tosa con pauelos desechables.
Lavado de manos despus de toser.
Ventilacin adecuada del lugar de residencia.
Limpiar el domicilio con paos hmedos.
Utilizar mascarilla en zonas comunes.
Restringir visitas a personas no expuestas a la enfermedad.
Garantizar adherencia al tratamiento.
No fumar. El cigarrillo no causa tuberculosis, pero s favorece el desarrollo de la
enfermedad.
VACUNAS
En muchos pases se usa la vacuna BCG como parte de los programas de control de la
tuberculosis, especialmente en nios. Esta vacuna fue desarrollada en el Instituto Pasteur,
Francia entre los aos 1905 y 1921. Sin embargo, las vacunaciones masivas no comenzaron
hasta despus de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La eficacia en la proteccin de la BCG en formas
graves de tuberculosis en nios menores de 4 aos es grande, y est alrededor del 80 %; su
eficacia en adolescentes y adultos es ms variable, estando entre el 0 y el 80 %.
Segn la Organizacin Mundial de la Salud (OMS), cerca de 2000 millones de personas, un tercio
de la poblacin del mundo, han estado expuestas al patgeno de la tuberculosis. Sin embargo,
no todas las infecciones por M. tuberculosis causa la tuberculosis y muchas infecciones son
asintomticas. Cada ao, ocho millones de personas se enferman con la tuberculosis, y dos
millones de personas mueren de la enfermedad a escala mundial. En 2004, alrededor de 14,6
millones de personas tenan la enfermedad activa con 9 millones de nuevos casos. La tasa de
incidencia anual vara de 356 por 100 000 en frica y 41 por 100 000 en Amrica. Provoca
enfermedades infecciosas en las mujeres en edad reproductiva y es la principal causa de muerte
entre las personas con (VIH / sida). En 2005, el pas con la mayor incidencia estimada de
tuberculosis fue de Suazilandia, con 1262 casos por cada 100 000 personas. La India tiene el
mayor nmero de infecciones, con ms de 1,8 millones de casos. En los pases desarrollados, la
tuberculosis es menos comn y es principalmente una enfermedad urbana. En el Reino Unido,
la incidencia de tuberculosis va desde 40 por 100 000 en Londres, a menos de 5 por 100 000 en
zonas rurales del sur oeste de Inglaterra, de la media nacional es de 13 por 100 000. Las tasas
ms altas de Europa occidental se sitan en Portugal (31,1 por 100 000 en 2005) y Espaa (20
por 100 000). Estos rangos comparan con 113 por 100 000 en China y 64 por 100 000 en Brasil.
En los Estados Unidos, la tasa general de casos de tuberculosis fue de 4,9 por 100 000 personas
en 2004. En Espaa la tuberculosis sigue siendo endmica en algunas zonas rurales. La incidencia
de la tuberculosis vara con la edad. En frica, la tuberculosis afecta principalmente a
adolescentes y adultos jvenes. Sin embargo, en pases donde la tuberculosis ha pasado de alta
a baja incidencia, como los Estados Unidos es principalmente una enfermedad de personas
mayores o de los inmunocomprometidos.
Las infecciones, el aumento del VIH y el descuido de control de la tuberculosis por programas
han permitido su resurgimiento. La aparicin de resistencia en unas cepas tambin ha
contribuido a una nueva epidemia, de 2000 a 2004, el 20 % de los casos de tratamientos estndar
eran resistentes a de medicamentos de segunda lnea. El ritmo de los nuevos casos vara
ampliamente, incluso en los pases vecinos, aparentemente debido las filas en los sistemas de
atencin sanitaria.
En 2014, 9,6 millones de personas enfermaron de tuberculosis y 1,5 millones murieron por esta
enfermedad, se estima que un milln de nios enfermaron de tuberculosis y 140 000 nios
murieron de tuberculosis. Se calcula que 480 000 personas desarrollaron tuberculosis
multirresistente a nivel mundial
La tuberculosis es la causa principal de muerte de las personas infectadas por el VIH; en 2015,
fue la causa de una de cada tres defunciones en este grupo.
Acabar para 2030 con la epidemia de tuberculosis es una de las metas relacionadas con la salud
incluida en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible adoptados en fecha reciente.
Puesto 1: johanna
Puesto 2: jose
Puesto 3: yessenia
Puesto 4: aldo
Puesto 5: kassandra
TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial infection that involves primarily the lungs, but can spread
to other organs. The species most important and representative bacteria causing tuberculosis is
Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Koch bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis belongs to. TB is
possibly the most prevalent infectious disease in the world. Other mycobacteria such as
Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium Canetti and Mycobacterium
microti can also cause tuberculosis, but these species are wont to do in the healthy individual.
Although tuberculosis is predominantly a disease of the lungs, it can also affect the central
nervous system, lymphatic system, circulatory system, the genitourinary system, digestive
system, bones, joints and even the skin.
HISTORY
Different names
Tisis: The consumption or consumption term first appears in Greek literature, about 460.
C. Hippocrates (V century BC -.. C. IV century) identifies tuberculosis as the most
frequent cause of his long illness. He described the population of 18-35 years and almost
always fatal, even to prevent doctors to visit patients with tuberculosis to safeguard his
reputation. Although Aristotle (384-322 BC.) Believed that the disease was contagious,
many authors believed Greek hereditary. Galen, the most eminent Greek physician
Hippocrates after defines consumption as ulceration of the lungs, chest or throat,
accompanied by cough, fever and wasting of the body by the pus.
White Plague: The TB epidemic in Europe, probably initiated in the early seventeenth
century and continued for 200 years was known as the Great White Plague. Death from
tuberculosis was considered inevitable in 1650 being the leading cause of death.
One of the most widespread hypothesis about the emergence of the genus Mycobacterium is
offered by Mirko Grmeck in 1983. According to his model, the common ancestor called
Mycobacterium archaicum, germ free, have given rise to modern Mycobacterium (including
saprophytic species). During the Neolithic period, and in relation to the domestication of wild
cattle in Europe, it would have produced the mutation to M. tuberculosis. According to this
theory it would be a young species, but rather before the appearance of the other major
pathogenic group: M. leprae (leprosy-causing). This theory is completed with the proposal that
the epidemic of leprosy in medieval Europe would decline spontaneously by a mechanism of
immunological competition between the two species (M. tuberculosis would "occupy" niche
progressively immune M. leprae).
The first evidence of the disease in humans have been found in Neolithic human remains in a
cemetery near Heidelberg, supposedly belonging to a young adult, and dated around 5000 years
before our era. Some authors attributed to tuberculosis the title of being the first disease known
to mankind. also we found suggestive data on tuberculosis in Egyptian mummies dating between
3000 and 2400. C.
The most obvious case that offers less doubt is the mummy of Nesperehn, priest of Amun,
discovered by Grebart in 1881, which has a characteristic angle of the last dorsal and first lumbar
vertebrae, caused by the destruction of the vertebral body as well as an abscess in the psoas
muscle, very suggestive combination of tuberculosis. There are reports of similar findings in
other mummies like Philoc (another priest of Amun), or those found in the cemetery of Thebes,
the first century BC.
It seems quite likely the hypothesis that the same Amenophis IV and his wife Nefertiti died of
this disease, and even points to the existence of a tuberculosis hospital in Egypt 1000 BC. C.
(forerunner of the nineteenth century sanatoriums).
East
The first references of this disease in Asian civilizations are found in the Vedas. In the oldest
tuberculosis it is called Yaksma. In the Athawa-Veda it appears with another name: Balasa, and
first appears a written description of scrofula (tuberculosis variant in which the lymph nodes
may ulcerate Mycobacterium loaded, resulting in a characteristic lesions). Hindus recommended
as a treatment for this evil woman's milk, some meats and vegetables and physical rest, while
recognizing the difficulty involved healing. It was ascribed to excessive fatigue, and even the
reading of certain sacred books.
In Ayurveda, dated in 800 a. C., manual medicine known as Sushruta Samhita is included.
Sushruta is the supposed author (although nothing is known of this individual or collective) and
dating of this compilation is unclear, the authors ranging between 800 a. C. and 400 d. C. In this
treatise describes some treatments, mainly surgical, but also a recommendation to treat "slow
fever consuming" as an ointment derived from pine, balsamic properties and climates of high
territories and horseback riding. This is, therefore, the first reference to climate treatment of
tuberculosis. Also included under this treaty a statement ahead diagnostic methods percussion-
auscultation: "... to know lung disease should listen carefully to hear rumors of breathing and
speech disorders ... "in the Laws of Manu (1100 BC.) is declared unclean tuberculosis patients
and prohibits the Brahmins marry any woman in your family has a sick with the disease.
The medical text Chinese emperor Shennong (2700 BC.) Mentions this disease, detailing the
abundant remedies advised for treatment. A family member, the Yellow Emperor, Huang Di, is
the author of NeiChing, another Chinese classic medical text, in which some lung diseases
originally aimed to tuberculosis are described. references to persistent cough, hemoptysis,
cervical lymphadenopathy, or bone deformities appear.
Classical antiquity
The first classic text to mention the disease is Herodotus. This author recounts in the book VII of
his Historiae as one of the generals of Jerjes leaves the campaign against Greece due to
worsening of their consumption.
Hippocrates of Cos describes a clinical picture in Book I of his "Treatise on diseases" which he
calls "consumption", characterized by pulmonary suppuration and subsequent ulceration. Most
of the cases attributed this disease correspond to different types of tuberculosis (pulmonary
located, miliary ...), although under that label also includes other pathologies like symptoms
(lung tumors, empyema, abscesses of origin nontuberculous ...). Observed a statistical
relationship between parents and children with the disease, which attributed a hereditary
pattern. It proposes an etiological theory based on excess mucus in the lungs from the brain.
This phlegm is "corrupt" and form tumors (tubercular abscesses). Says the author of this disease
which curiously is a public figure but with a lower projection as clinical (Aristotle) who first
proposed the possibility of transmission through breathing.
Lucretius (.. 98 BC-55 BC), in his "From the nature of things" proposes an axiom whose popularity
lasted until the Renaissance: The tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose and easy to treat in its early
stages while it is easy to diagnose and difficult to treat in its final stage. Machiavelli repeat these
same words almost sixteen centuries later. Some decades later. Pliny the Younger writes a
treatise on the treatment of cough and hemoptysis, recommending long sea voyages, a dry
climate and good diet as treatment. Celso also is interested in the disease and describes three
forms of consumption: atrophy, cachexia and tuberculosis.
Galen of Pergamum the ranks within communicable diseases such as plague or scabies, and
therapeutic proposals will remain for many centuries: rest, antitussives (opium), gargle of tannic
acid mixed with honey as an astringent for hemoptysis, and diet.
Marco Vitruvius, during the reign of Augustus (61 BC-14 AD.) Advises on the most suitable
location of the houses to prevent the onset of disease and improve patients of tuberculosis.
Pre-Columbian America
In South America, the first evidence of the disease date back to the Paracas culture, but the most
remarkable finding belongs to the mummy of an Inca child, which could be isolated samples of
the bacillus. Several studies skeletons Sonoma (California), Nazca (Peru) and Chavez Pass
(Arizona) confirm the extent and abundant spread of the disease across the continent. Some
authors still remain in doubt whether tuberculosis was first introduced in America by the
conquistadors, but the general opinion is that already existed a form of Mycobacterium
(although possibly a less virulent variant).
During the Middle Ages there was no advance in knowledge of tuberculosis. Arab medicine was
considering widespread, contagious and difficult to treat disease. Hispanic physician
Maimonides attributed the first description of this disease in animals. Arnau de Vilanova
describes a etiopathogenic theory that connects directly with Hippocrates, namely the presence
of a cold humor that falls drop by drop from the head to the lungs.
Within the own theocentric conception of this period they are introduced alternative therapies
of supernatural character. From the seventh and eighth centuries, with the spread of Christianity
are incorporated into the coronation ceremonies the rites of royal anointing, which give a sacred
character to the monarchy. These anointed kings are attributed magical healing properties. The
most popular is the "Touch King" Philip the Fair, Robert II the Pious, St. Louis of France or Henry
IV of France played ulcers (scrofula) of the patients pronouncing the ritual words "The king
touches you, God cure". The French kings used to Soissons pilgrimage to celebrate the ceremony
and that Felipe de Valois (1328-1350) came to play to 1500 people in one day.
Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553) makes the mistake of identifying tuberculosis and smallpox
but ahead for the first time a rudimentary version of the germ theory (seminaria contagiorum).
Paracelsus (1493 -1541) and proposes adopting an indifferent attitude towards consumption to
be an incurable disease.
It is noteworthy in this period the figure of Silvio anatomist (1614-1672), who began to find
associations between different forms of tuberculosis (lung, lymph nodes). It is the first to
describe the tuber softening process and states that "consumption is scrofula lung". Thomas
Willis (1621-1675) (the anatomist who first described cerebral vascular polygon that bears his
name) performs an exhaustive autopsy on patients who died of tuberculosis and concludes that
one can not speak of pulmonary tuberculosis if there is no ulceration. Richard Morton (1637-
1698) is the author of Phthisiologia, the first monograph on the disease. In 1803 the anatomical
pathologist Aloys Rudolph Vetter makes a relation of the three types of TB disease: inflammatory
(which ulcer and forms pulmonary caverns), the pulmonis tabes (forming tubers with a special
type of cheese-like pus) and tisis (affecting the lymph nodes, equivalent to scrofula).
Studies of Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682-1771) and Pierre Joseph Desault (1675-1737) point
to the sputum of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis as a primary infectious agent theory fall
into oblivion until long afterwards (Morgagni however, reaches prohibit students dissecting
cadavers consumptive, and convinces in 1745 the Magistrate of Health of Florence publish a
proclamation prohibiting the export of items belonging to consumptive, not having been subject
to the redactions). Missing 172 years for Robert Koch demonstrates this unequivocally.
In 1770 the British John Fothergill describes tuberculous meningitis and Sir Percivall Pott, an
English surgeon, describes the spinal injury that bears his name. Leopold Auenbrugger, Austrian
doctor develops in 1761 percussion as a diagnostic method, method rediscovered some years
later (1797) by Jean Nicolas Corvisart des Marets Baron.
William Stark (1741-1770) published the first structure and unicist theory (which attributes the
different forms of tuberculosis at the same pathogenic process, each form a different
developmental stage) after its study of growth and development of pulmonary tubercles. This
thesis is gaining strength and is supported by other notable doctors of the time like Mathew
Baillie (1761-1823). In 1839 Johann Lukas Schnlein, professor of medicine in Zurich, proposes
for the first time the word "tuberculosis" (for pulmonary tubercles associated with the disease
known hitherto as tuberculosis).
The incidence of TB is increasing gradually during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance,
displacing leprosy, reaching its maximum extent well into the eighteenth century until the late
nineteenth century.
XIX century
The romantic disease: tuberculosis was baptized during this period as the white plague
or "bad living". The romantic ideal of beauty leads many women nineteenth century to
follow strict diets of vinegar and water, in order to be caused hemolytic anemias that
empalidezcan his face. the disease mystifies and even the belief that their condition
causes more intense as "raptures" of creativity or euphoria, the disease progresses to
the point of a final phase of creativity and supreme beauty occur just before death
spreads .The romanticism, emerged in part of disenchantment with the new bourgeois
society that has not fulfilled the promises of the French Revolution, he proposes an inner
refuge and championed an attitude of indifference to the underworld. The ethereal,
pale, almost ghostly appearance of tuberculosis patient perfectly represents that
resignation of the mundane. It marginalizes tuberculosis as contagious character
evidence and anticipates the phenomenon that occurs on a larger scale a century after
AIDS.
Scientific advances: Regardless of cultural movements scientific advances make the
difference. We must wait for the end of the century, but progress occur explosively in
just two or three decades: In 1866 Jean Antoine Villemin demonstrates that can spread
the disease, after inoculating purulent material from infected humans to laboratory
rabbits; and soon after, in 1882, the infectious agent that causes it is discovered. In 1895
Wilhelm Rntgen discovers X-rays, allowing diagnose and follow the progression of the
disease, and although missing almost fifty years for finding an effective drug treatment,
the incidence and mortality begin to fall. In 1810, Gaspard Laurent Bayle published
Recherches sur la Phthisie Pulmonaire, work which ranks the tisis into six types
(tubercular, granular, with melanosis, ulcerous, calculous and cancer) after detailed
analysis of more than nine hundred pathological anatomical studies. Rudolf Virchow
(1821- 1902), considered the father of pathology, is opposed in principle to the unicist
theory, but eventually surrenders to the evidence offered by Koch in 1882. However the
common treatments for TB at the end of the century XIX remain many-colored and
generally low efficacy. phlebotomy (bloodletting) method advocated anti-inflammatory,
and used purgatives, as well as the more varied diets. They begin to proliferate the
specialized sanatoriums, located in high and sunny regions, representing the first time
an obstacle to the chain of transmission of the organism. This, along with the gradual
improvement of living conditions, finds that the cases started to decrease, many years
before the first effective drugs appear.
Robert Koch
The experiments of Villemin confirming the contagiousness of the disease (after inoculating
subcutaneously purulent rabbits materials) require the medical community to consider the fact
that tuberculosis is a specific infection and its causative agent is transmissible, opening the ban
for his capture. In 1882 a Prussian physician, Robert Koch, uses a novel method of staining and
applies it to sputum samples from patients with tuberculosis, revealing for the first time the
causative agent of the disease: Koch bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or, honor.
When you start your investigation Koch knows the works Villemin and other continuators of its
experiment as Carl Salomosen. Also available samples of "consumptive Pavilion" Hospital of the
Charit Berlin. Before facing the problem of tuberculosis he had worked with a livestock disease
that sometimes transmitting man named Anthrax, and also discovered the causative agent: the
"Bacillus anthracis". This research would fruitful friendship and permanent collaboration with
Ferdinand Cohn, director of the Institute of Plant Physiology. Begins to develop methods of
culturing tissue samples, which puts him on the path of discovery that would begin with an
observation in his laboratory on August 18, 1881: During a staining material (from newly formed
tubers) with blue methylene discovers structures elongated shape, I could not see if it did not
apply the dye. To improve the contrast decides to add brown Bismarck, discovering that the
structures became so bright and transparent. And even improves technique using alkali to
determine the suitable concentration for displaying canes. He had found the combination that
allowed to dye the peculiar cover tubercle bacillus: a mixture of fuchsin and aniline, whose basic
properties allowed visualize the organism.
After several attempts (not grow well at room temperature) it is able to incubate it in coagulated
blood serum: another novelty, since the gelatin commonly used for crops that time was liquefied
at 37 degrees Celsius needed for growth. The final test obtained by inoculating pure cultures
and what he called "tubercle bacillus" in rabbits, and noting that all of them die with the same
symptoms of tuberculosis. And their dead bodies you can get, again, bacillus cultures.
Finally publishes its results in the Physiological Society of Berlin on March 24, 1882, in a paper
entitled ber Tuberculose. Since on that date is celebrated World Tuberculosis Day each year.
In 1908 the same Koch develops tuberculin in collaboration with the veterinarian Camille Gurin
(1872-1961) a purified protein derivative standard of the bacillus (also called PPD) who believed
useful as immunizing agent but later Charles Mantoux depurara to manage intradermally as
diagnostic method (intradermal application, usually the forearm, generates a different immune
response in the host if it has been in previous contact with the tubercle bacillus that if you have
not already).
tuberculous Pneumonia: It may be due to reactivation, although the primary infection usually
causes few symptoms. The primary infection is characterized by the formation of the primary
complex Ghon (parahiliar regional adenitis, lymphangitis and pneumonitis). Often night sweats
and weight loss. As for lung semiotics, there is usually persistent cough that may be
accompanied by bloody sputum (bloody). Tuberculous pneumonia is very contagious, why
patients should be isolated for two weeks from the start of treatment.
tuberculous pleurisy: It usually appears in young people and often do acute and unilaterally.
The main sign is an exudate in the pleural space. Characteristically in this exudate you can detect
adenosine deaminase high enzyme (ADA). Also the predominant cell type in the exudate are
lymphocytes and mesothelial cells are scarce.
With regard to extrapulmonary, they can appear in the context of miliary tuberculosis,
reactivation of a pulmonary focus or absence of clinical lung disease. It includes:
CLINICAL OF TUBERCULOSIS
At the onset of the disease, people with tuberculosis can have common symptoms to other
diseases, such as fever, fatigue, lack of appetite, weight loss, depression, night sweats and
dyspnea in advanced cases; more when the afflictions of cough and purulent expectoration are
added for more than fifteen days must be studied, it is considered a respiratory symptom.
25 percent of active cases, the infection moves from the lungs, causing other forms of
tuberculosis. This occurs more frequently in those immunosuppressed patients and children.
Extrapulmonary infections include the pleura, central nervous system causing meningitis, the
lymphatic system causing scrofula of the neck, the genitourinary system causing urogenital
tuberculosis and bones or joints in the case of Pott's disease. Although extrapulmonary
tuberculosis is not contagious, it can coexist with infectious pulmonary tuberculosis.
PATHOGENESIS OF TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis is a paradigm of the interaction of an exogenous agent and the host immune
response. The World Health Organization estimated 2000 million infected with M. tuberculosis
and 8 million new infections each year, winning the battle in most cases. However, they killed
nearly two million people a year because of this disease.
PROGRESSION
You will progress from TB infection to TB disease. It can occur early (primary tuberculosis, about
1-5%) or more years after infection (post-primary tuberculosis, secondary, tuberculosis
reactivation in about 5 to 9%). The risk of reactivation is increased with changes in the immune,
such as those caused by HIV system. In patients co-infected with HIV and TB, the risk of
reactivation increases by 10% per year, while in an immunocompetent person's risk is 5 to 10%
over a lifetime. Some drugs, including currently used in rheumatoid arthritis that act by blocking
tumor necrosis factor treatments increase the risk of activating a latent TB due to this cytokine
important in the immune response against TB.
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
TB is curable, but require early diagnosis (see a doctor immediately) because it is a serious
disease if proper treatment is not followed. Then, it is essential not to abandon the treatment
given by the doctor because after stopping treatment, the disease gets worse quickly and spread
of drug-resistant bacilli is favored.
procedures:
PREVENTION
It is prevented by a healthy and hygienic life, timely identifying the sick and cure for ensuring
not infect other people, mainly through vaccination with BCG vaccine.
Routine vaccination with the vaccine Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in newborns abandoned in
Spain in 1980, currently staying alone in the Basque Country.
Precautionary measures
VACCINES
In many countries, the BCG vaccine is used as part of control programs for tuberculosis,
especially in children. This vaccine was developed at the Pasteur Institute, France between 1905
and 1921. However, mass vaccinations did not begin until after World War II. Effectiveness in
the protection of BCG in severe forms of tuberculosis in children under four years is great, and
is about 80%; effective in adolescents and adults is variable, being between 0 and 80%.
RUTI is a therapeutic vaccine that is currently being developed in the Experimental Tuberculosis
Unit of Badalona (Spain) to decrease the treatment of latent TB infection from 9 to 1 month of
administration of isoniazid.
EPIDEMIOLOGY WORLDWIDE
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 2 billion people, a third of the world's
population, have been exposed to the tuberculosis pathogen. However, not all infections with
M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and many infections are asymptomatic. Every year, eight
million people become ill with tuberculosis and two million people die from the disease
worldwide. In 2004, about 14.6 million people had active TB disease with 9 million new cases.
The annual incidence rate varies from 356 per 100,000 in Africa and 41 per 100,000 in America.
It causes infectious disease in women of reproductive age and is the leading cause of death
among people with (HIV / AIDS). In 2005, the country with the highest estimated TB incidence
was Swaziland, with 1262 cases per 100,000 people. India has the largest number of infections,
with over 1.8 million cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is mainly
an urban disease. In the UK, the incidence of tuberculosis ranges from 40 per 100,000 in London,
less than 5 per 100,000 in rural south west of England, the national average is 13 per 100 000.
The highest rates Western Europe are in Portugal (31.1 per 100 000 in 2005) and Spain (20 per
100,000). These ranges compared with 113 per 100,000 in China and 64 per 100,000 in Brazil. In
the United States, the overall tuberculosis case rate was 4.9 per 100,000 people in 2004. In Spain
tuberculosis remains endemic in some rural areas. The incidence of TB varies with age. In Africa,
TB primarily affects adolescents and young adults. However, in countries where TB has gone
from high to low incidence, such as the United States it is primarily a disease of elderly or
immunocompromised.
Infections, increased HIV and neglect of TB control programs have enabled by its resurgence.
The emergence of resistance in some strains has also contributed to a new epidemic, from 2000
to 2004, 20% of cases were resistant to standard treatment of second-line drugs. The rate of
new cases varies widely, even in neighboring countries, apparently because the ranks in health
care systems.
According to data published in 2014 by WHO, approximately 9 million people sick with
tuberculosis and 1.5 million died from this cause in 2013, of which 510,000 were women. WHO
estimates that early diagnosis and effective treatment achieved that 37 million people between
2000 and 2013 were saved, but considers the number of deaths "still unacceptably high"
because their deaths are preventable.
In 2014, 9.6 million people became ill with tuberculosis and 1.5 million died from the disease,
an estimated one million children ill with tuberculosis and 140,000 children died of tuberculosis.
It is estimated that 480,000 people developed MDR-TB worldwide
TB is the leading killer of people living with HIV; in 2015, it was the cause of one in three deaths
in this group.
The tuberculosis mortality rate decreased by 47% between 1990 and 2015.
Ending 2030 with the TB epidemic is one of the health-related goals contained in the Sustainable
Development Goals adopted recently.