Title

Power Electronics

Worksheets
Renewable Energy
Politechnika Wroclawska
SS 2008

Otto-von-Guericke-Universitat Magdeburg, Germany

Fakultat fur Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik
Institut fur elektrische Energiesysteme
Lehrstuhl fur Leistungselektronik/Chair for Power Electronics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Lindemann
www.uni-magdeburg.de/llge

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Renewable Energy Power Electronics 1

 Contents

Overview: power electronics in distributed generation

for
Island systems
Grid connected systems
using
Photovoltaics
Wind energy
Fuel cell
Battery storage
Pump storage
Power electronic circuits and their control
for
DCDC conversion DC-DC converters
DCAC conversion inverters
ACDC conversion rectiers
ACAC conversion
and combinations thereof with AC
Single phase
Three phase
References and links

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Renewable Energy Power Electronics 2

 Overview: examples for island systems

DC Bus

AC Bus

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Renewable Energy Power Electronics 3

 Overview: examples for grid connected photovoltaic systems

central inverter

string or module inverter

inverter with optional

battery storage as uninterruptible power supply
operation as active lter

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Renewable Energy Power Electronics 4

 Overview: examples for connection of wind generators to the grid

variable speed wind generator with full size inverter

variable speed wind generator with doubly fed induction machine

wind park with variable speed generators and common grid coupling through HVDC

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Renewable Energy Power Electronics 5

 Overview: example for grid connected pump storage plant

speed variable turbine connected to electrical machine for motor and generator operation

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Renewable Energy Power Electronics 6

 Topologies of grid connected single phase photovoltaic inverters

inverter with boost converter and 50Hz transformer

block diagram

schematic

inverter with forward converter using an HF transformer

block diagram

schematic

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Renewable Energy Power Electronics 7

 Topologies for variable speed wind generators

full size inverter for synchronous machine

block diagram

schematic

inverter for doubly fed induction machine

block diagram

schematic

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Renewable Energy Power Electronics 8

 Bibliography

References
[1] N. Mohan, T. Undeland, W. Robbins: Power Electronics Converters, Applications and Design;
John Wiley & Sons, 3rd ed. 2003
[2] G. Holmes, T. Lipo: Pulse Width Modulation for Power Converters; IEEE Press, 2003
[3] M. Michel: Leistungselektronik Einfuhrung in Schaltungen und deren Verhalten; Springer-Verlag,
3rd ed. 2003
[4] D. Schroder: Elektrische Antriebe 4 Leistungselektronische Schaltungen; Springer-Verlag, 1st ed.
1998
[5] S. Linder: Power Semiconductors; EPFL Press, Lausanne/CRC Press, 2006
[6] J. Lutz: Halbleiter-Leistungsbauelemente Physik, Eigenschaften, Zuverlassigkeit; Springer-Verlag,
2006
[7] D. Schroder: Elektrische Antriebe 3 Leistungselektronische Bauelemente; Springer-Verlag, 2nd
ed. 2006
[8] U. Nicolai, T. Reimann, J. Petzoldt, J. Lutz, editor P. Martin: Application Manual Power Modules;
Verlag ISLE Steuerungstechnik und Leistungselektronik, 2000
[9] Commission Electrotechnique Internationale: Dispositifs a semiconducteurs Partie 8: Transistors
a eet de champ; IEC60747-8, Geneve, 2nd ed. 2000
[10] Commission Electrotechnique Internationale: Dispositifs a semiconducteurs Dispositifs discrets -
Partie 9: Transistors bipolaires a grille isolee (IGBT); IEC60747-9, Geneve, 1st ed. 2001
[11] Commission Electrotechnique Internationale: Dispositifs a semiconducteurs Dispositifs discrets
et circuits integres - Partie 2: Diodes de redressement; IEC60747-2, Geneve, 2nd ed. 2001
[12] Commission Electrotechnique Internationale: Discrete semiconductor devices Part 15: Isolated
power semiconductor devices; IEC60747-15, Geneve, 1st ed. 2003
[13] K. Heuck, K.-D. Dettmann, D. Schulz: Elektrische Energieversorgung; Vieweg-Verlag, 7th ed. 2007
[14] H. Wenzl, K. Sachs: Planung und Auswahl von USV-Anlagen; Franzis-Verlag, 1998
[15] I. Merfert, A. Lindemann: Additional System Services with Fuel Cell Based Decentralised Energy Gen-
erators; International Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Power Quality (PCIM),
Nurnberg 2008
[16] I. Erlich, M. Wilch C. Feltes: Reactive Power Generation by DFIG Based Wind Farms with AC Grid
Connection; 12th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE), Aalborg, 2007

[17] E. Lerch: Storage of Fluctuating Wind Energy; 12th European Conference on Power Electronics and
Applications (EPE), Aalborg, 2007

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Renewable Energy Power Electronics 9

 Bibliography

Links
1. J. Kolar, U. Drofenik: Interactive Power Electronics Seminar (iPES); ETH Zurich,
20.12.2002; www.ipes.ethz.ch
2. PSIM Standard/Student Version; Powersim Inc.; www.powersys.fr

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Renewable Energy Power Electronics 10

 Title

Self Commutated Bridges

Worksheets
Power Electronics
SS 2008

Otto-von-Guericke-Universitat Magdeburg, Germany

Fakultat fur Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik
Institut fur elektrische Energiesysteme
Lehrstuhl fur Leistungselektronik/Chair for Power Electronics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Lindemann
www.uni-magdeburg.de/llge

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Power Electronics Self Commutated Bridges 1

 Schematics of self commutated bridges

single phase H bridge

three phase bridge

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Power Electronics Self Commutated Bridges 2

 H bridge with square wave control

T1,T4

0
t
T2, T3

0
t
uL12,u12

t
iL1

idealised waveforms of square wave control of an H bridge: switching states of T1 -T4

(0=off, 1=on), output voltage uL12 (solid red) to achieve inverter operation with output
current iL1 against output voltage u12 (dotted black)

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Power Electronics Self Commutated Bridges 3

 Pulse width modulated H bridge in inverter operation

1
uT,uSt

0
2
-1
t
T1,T4

0
2
t

UL12,
230
T2,T3

0 0
2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
t =2f/
uL12,uL12,1,u12

230
230
U12,

0
-230 2
0
t 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
=2f/

10
10
IL1,
iL1

0
2
-10
t 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
=2f/

pulse width modulation of an H bridge: idealised waveforms (left) control voltage uSt
(dotted blue) and triangular carrier uT (solid red) with fT = 21 f , switching states of
T1 -T4 (0=off, 1=on), output voltage uL12 (solid red) with fundamental (dotted blue) to
achieve inverter operation with output current iL1 against output voltage u12 (dashed
black); respective spectra of uL12 , u12 and iL1 (bottom right); vectors for consideration
of fundamentals (top right)

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Power Electronics Self Commutated Bridges 4

 Pulse width modulated H bridge in rectifier operation

1
uT,uSt

0
2
-1
t
T1,T4

0
2
t

UL12,
230
T2,T3

0 0
2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
t =2f/
uL12,uL12,1,u12

230
230
U12,

0
-230 2
0
t 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
=2f/

10
10
IL1,
iL1

0
2
-10
t 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
=2f/

pulse width modulation of an H bridge: idealised waveforms (left) control voltage uSt
(dotted blue) and triangular carrier uT (solid red) with fT = 21 f , switching states of
T1 -T4 (0=off, 1=on), output voltage uL12 (solid red) with fundamental (dotted blue) to
achieve rectifier operation with output current iL1 against output voltage u12 (dashed
black); respective spectra of uL12 , u12 and iL1 (bottom right); vectors for consideration
of fundamentals (top right)

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Power Electronics Self Commutated Bridges 5

 Pulse width modulated H bridge in inverter operation

1
uT,uSt

0
2
-1
t
T1,T4

0
2
t
UL12,
230
T2,T3

0 0
2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
t =2f/
uL12,uL12,1,u12

230
230
U12,

0
-230 2

t 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
=2f/

10
10
IL1,
iL1

0
2
-10
0
t 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
=2f/

pulse width modulation of an H bridge: idealised waveforms (left) control voltage uSt
(dotted blue) and triangular carrier uT (solid red) with fT = 39 f , switching states of
T1 -T4 (0=off, 1=on), output voltage uL12 (solid red) with fundamental (dotted blue) to
achieve inverter operation with output current iL1 against output voltage u12 (dashed
black); respective spectra of uL12 , u12 and iL1 (right)

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Power Electronics Self Commutated Bridges 6

 Pulse width modulated three phase bridge

1 uZ
uT,uSt1/2/3

uL12
0 0

-1 -uZ
t t

uZ
2

1
-
T1,T

uL23
0 0
t
-uZ
t
4

1
-
T3,T

0 uZ
t

uL31
0
6

1
-
T5,T

-uZ
t
0
t

uZ
uZ
uNM

0
uL1M

0
-uZ
t
-uZ
t

uZ
uZ
uL1N

0
uL2M

0
-uZ
t
-uZ
t

uZ
uZ
uL1N

0
uL3M

0
-uZ
t
-uZ
t

uZ
uL3N

-uZ
t

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Power Electronics Self Commutated Bridges 7

 Space vector control of three phase self-commutated bridge

page 7:
idealised waveforms of pulse-width modulated operation of a three phase self-
commutated bridge: carrier based modulation with triangular carrier uT and control
voltages uSt1 uSt2 uSt3 , switching states (0=off, 1=on) of transistors T1 = T2
T3 = T4 T5 = T6 , output voltages referenced to center tap of DC link uL1M uL2M
uL2M , resulting line-to-line voltages uL12 uL23 uL31 , voltage between neutral
conductor and center tap in case of symmetrical load uN M , resulting star voltages uL1N
uL2N uL3N ; waveforms in the sequence of phases dotted blue dashed black
narrowly dashed green

space vector representation of U in three coordinate systems turned by 2

3 a, b, c
(left); space vectors of the switching states of a three phase self-commutated bridge and
circle for sinewave modulation (right)

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Power Electronics Self Commutated Bridges 8

 Title

Three Phase Three Level Converter

Worksheets
Power Electronics
SS 2008

Otto-von-Guericke-Universitat Magdeburg, Germany

Fakultat fur Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik
Institut fur elektrische Energiesysteme
Lehrstuhl fur Leistungselektronik/Chair for Power Electronics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Lindemann
www.uni-magdeburg.de/llge

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Power Electronics Three Level Converter 1

 Schematic

three phase three level converter with constant voltage DC link

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Power Electronics Three Level Converter 2

 Idealised waveforms

uT1/T2,uSt1/St2
1

-1
t
T11,T12

0
t
T13,T14

0
t

uZ/2
uL1M

-uZ/2
t

uZ/2
uL2M

-uZ/2
t

uZ
uL12

-uZ
t

pulse width modulation with triangular carriers uT 1 , uT 2 (solid) and control voltages uSt1
(dotted), uSt2 (dashed) switching states (0=off, 1=on) of the transistors T11 (solid),
T12 (dotted) or T13 (dotted), T14 (solid) respectively output voltages referenced to
center tap of DC link uL1M , uL2M and resulting line-to-line voltage uL12

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Power Electronics Three Level Converter 3

 Title

Forward Converter

Worksheets
Power Electronics
SS 2008

Otto-von-Guericke-Universitat Magdeburg, Germany

Fakultat fur Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik
Institut fur elektrische Energiesysteme
Lehrstuhl fur Leistungselektronik/Chair for Power Electronics
Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Lindemann
www.uni-magdeburg.de/llge

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Power Electronics Forward Converter 1

 Schematic

forward converter
w2 w3
with turns ratio of the transformer w1 = w1

following waveforms given for constant input and output voltages

u2 = U2 = a ww21 uZ = a ww12 UZ with a = 2(tT1Pt0 ) = 21

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Power Electronics Forward Converter 2

 Idealised waveforms
T1=T4
T2=T3

0
t0 t0+TP/2 t0+TP
t1 t1+TP/2
t
uZ
switching states (0=off, 1=on) of
uw1

0 the transistors T1 = T4 (dotted blue),

t0 t0+TP/2 t0+TP
t1 t1+TP/2 T2 = T3 (dashed black)
-uZ
transformer primary voltage uw1
t
w2/w1uZ transformer secondary voltage uw2
(solid red) and output voltage u2
uw2

(dashed green)
u2

0
t0 t0+TP/2 t0+TP
t1 t1+TP/2
-w2/w1uZ current iD1 through T1 (dotted blue),
current iD3 through T3 (dashed
t
black), primary current iw1 of the
w1/w2IL
transformer (solid red)
iD1
iD3
iw1

0 current iw2 in the first secondary

t0 t0+TP/2 t0+TP
-w1/w2IL t1 t1+TP/2 winding (dotted blue), current iw3 in
the second secondary winding (dashed
t black), output current iL (solid red)
IL
iw2
iw3
iL

0
t0 t0+TP/2 t0+TP
-IL t1 t1+TP/2

Uni Magdeburg (D) IESY Power Electronics Forward Converter 3