1.

biodiesel from jatropha

2. activated carbon from scrap tires

scrap tire rubber consists of about 60 wt.% volatile organics, 30 wt.% fixed carbon and
10 wt.% ash. Elemental analysis shows that tire rubber contains approximately 80 wt.% of C, 7
wt. of H, 0.4 wt.% of N, 1.5 wt.% of S, 3 wt.% of O and 8 wt.% of ash. Thermogravimetry analysis
reveals that the pyrolysis of tire rubber at atmospheric pressure starts at a temperature around
250o C and finishes at a temperature of about 550o C. Generally, more than one degradation
temperature region during rubber pyrolysis is recorded. In general, by pyrolysing waste tire
three fractions are obtained: solid residue (around 40 wt.%), liquid fraction (around 50 wt.%)
and gas fraction (around 10 wt.%). The influence of the process conditions on the amount and
characteristics of individual fractions was studied by the authors only partially. The general
trend is an increase in yields of liquid and gas fractions as the temperature increases. From the
works devoted to tire pyrolysis, which are focussed on the generation of liquid fuel results that
derived liquids are a complex mixture of organic compounds containing a lot of aromatics. This
liquid can be separated into light and higher fractions. The main components of pyrolysis gases
reported by various authors are as: H2, H2S, CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4, C3H6 and other light
hydrocarbons. The solid residue contains carbon black, and inorganic matter. The results of
kinetic modelling of scrap tire pyrolysis and combustion show large differences in the values of
kinetic parameters obtained by different authors. As main pollutants from the combustion of
waste tires are reported: SO2, NOx, CO and PAHs. Key words: pyrolysis, combustion, waste ti

3. production of cardboard from rice husk

4. production of wood adhesive.
5. production of polyethylene fabric from plastic bottles
6. production of alkali from palm
7. production of batteries.
8. Production of liquid fuel from PE Waste
9. Production of biologically Activated Carbon from Pineapple Peels
raw material, and zinc chloride as activator, and the adsorption characteristics of
orange peel active carbon is studied by static adsorption method

10. Production of vinegar from pineapple peel

The process was carried out in two-stage fermentation with baker yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) and
other reagents. Pineapple peel was allowed to ferment for 48hrs for conversion of sugar to ethanol.
Then a chanced approach was applied for the conversion of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria (Acetobacter
aceti) to vinegar with continuous aeration for nine days. The results indicated that vinegar yield
increased with an increasing acidity. The results also revealed that pineapple peel produced the desired
and optimum yield of vinegar. Hence, the following parameters; pH, density, refractive index, viscosity,
% acetic acid and acid value were evaluated and recorded as; 2.80, 1.08 g/ml, 1.390, 0.94cp, 4.77 and
0.0477 respectively, these values compare well with the standard values. The conversion of pineapple
peels (waste) to vinegar (useful product) will reduce environmental pollution and in addition yield value
added product.
Production of vinegar from pineapple peel (PDF Download Available). Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266058928_Production_of_vinegar_from_pineapple_peel
[accessed Jun 12, 2017].

11. Monoethylene Glycol

12. Pineapple peel waste activated carbon as an adsorbent for the effective removal of methylene
blue dye from aqueous solution
In present study, the use of low-cost, locally available, highly efficient, and ecofriendly
adsorbent pineapple peel has been investigated as an ideal alternative to the current expensive
methods of removing Methylene Blue from aqueous solution. Chemical modification of the
adsorbent was done for enhancing its sorption capacity by increasing its chelating power using
sulphuric acid. Various factors which control the rate of sorption process like; initial dye
concentration, adsorbent dose, contact time, agitation time and pH have been studied. The
results showed that as the amount of the adsorbent increased, the degree of adsorption
increased accordingly and equilibrium adsorption was attained in 30mins. Desorption studies
were carried out using HCl for regenerating adsorbent. The results revealed that pineapple peel
waste activated carbon (PPWAC ) is an effective sorbent and can be used for removing cationic
dyes like Methylene Blue from waste water.

13. Wood gasification plant for electricity and heat production

14. Ammonia from wastes
15. Synthesis Gas from wastes
16. Citric Acid

Citrus Waste Biorefinery

production of ethanol and other sustainable products including methane, limonene and
pectin from citrus wastes (CWs) using dilute-acid hydrolysis of CWs

One ton of CWs with 20% dry weight resulted in 39.64 l ethanol, 45 m 3 methane, 8.9 l
limonene, and 38.8 kg pectin. The feasibility of the process depends on the
transportation cost and the capacity of CW. For example, the total cost of ethanol with a
capacity of 100,000 tons CW/year was 0.91 USD/L, assuming 10 USD/ton handling and
transportation cost of CW to the plant. Changing the plant capacity from 25,000 to
400,000 tons CW per year results in reducing ethanol costs from 2.55 to 0.46 USD/L in
an economically feasible process.

17. Fertilizer from Fish bone wastes

18. Formulation And Production Of Alcohol From Palm Wine
This research work was arrived as the formulation and production of ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
from the fermentation of palm wine. A fresh palm wine was ated which was obtained from
Emene in Enugu State. The characteristics that was tested before and after fermentation
 were; specific gravity, refractive index and PH value of the fermentated palm wine was first
determined, after which samples were formulated for fermentation. The yeast that was used
in the course of fermentation process was the bakers yeast (sacchromycess Cerevisae). 10
samples of 400ml each of the palm wine were used for the fermentation process, with
variations in their yeast content and days of fermentation. These were done under aerobic
condition. After fermentation, the samples were respectively distilled after fermentation with
their corresponding values of; specific gravity, % by volume % by weight concentration and
density of the distillates determined and recorded respectively. Further more, the distillates
obtained were separated and added together accordingly to be re distilled. Thus, their
corresponding values of % by volume, % by weight, specific gravity of the re distilled
products were determine3de and recorded accordingly. From the result obtained, it shows
that the minimum volume of alcohol obtained is 27.52% while the standard volume of alcohol
required is 37% minimum. This standard volume of alcohol was gotten from standard
organisation of Nigeria (SON). - See more at: https://afribary.com/read/5403/formulation-and-
productioin-of-alcohol-from-palm-wine-4170#sthash.qxhQMKWS.xcuWjZRR.dpuf

19. Succinic Acid

Applications[edit]
In 2004, succinate was placed on the US Department of Energy's list of top 12
platform chemicals from biomass.[15]
Precursor to polymers, resins, and solvents[edit]
Succinic acid is a precursor to some polyesters and a component of some alkyd
resins.[12] 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be synthesized using succinic as a
precursor.[16] The automotive and electronics industries heavily rely on BDO to
produce connectors, insulators, wheel covers, gearshift knobs and reinforcing
beams.[17] Succinic acid also serves as the bases of certain biodegradable
polymers, which are of interest in tissue engineering applications.[18]
Food and dietary supplement[edit]
As a food additive and dietary supplement, succinic acid is generally recognized
as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.[19]Succinic acid is used
primarily as an acidity regulator[20] in the food and beverage industry. It is also
available as a flavoring agent, contributing a somewhat sour and astringent
component to umami taste.[11] As an excipient in pharmaceutical products, it is
also used to control acidity[21] or as a counter ion.[11] Drugs involving succinate
include metoprolol succinate, sumatriptan succinate, Doxylamine
succinate or solifenacin succinate.

20. Itaconic acid

https://www.slideshare.net/alliedmarketresearch/global-bio-succinic-acid-market-applications-
and-geography-size-share-trends-analysis-research-future-demand-scope-and-forecast-2013-
2020?next_slideshow=1