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IS 4558 (1995): Under-drainage of lined canals - Code of

practice [WRD 13: Canals and Cross Drainage Works]

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Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
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 ( Reaffirmed 2001 )

Indian Standard
UNDER-DRAINAGEOFLINEDCANALS-
CODEOFPRACTICE
/Second Revision )

UDC 626%23*91 : 626.34 : 006.76

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHT 110002

August 1995 Price Groop 3

Irrigation Canals and Canal Linings Sectional Committee, RVD 13

FOREWORD

Thus Indian Standard ( Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the
draft finalized by the Irrigation Canals and Canal Linings Sectional Committee had been approved by
the River Valley Division Council.
Where a lined canal crosses areas subject to seasonal high ground water or where the soil is sufficiently
water tight to prevent the free draining of the seepage or leakage from the canal, suitable under
drainage should be provided to protect the lining. Where the sub-grade is free draining but the area is
subject to high ground water, excessive hydrostatic pressure sufficient to damage the lining may
develop when the canal is empty or the water level in the canal is relatively low and ground water
level is high. A similar situation may occur in areas where the canal is lined for reasons other than to
prevent seepage and leakage from the canal. The accumulation of water in the soil surrounding the
canal may result in localised high ground water table, which during a period of rapid drawdown of
water level in canal may produce damaging hydrostatic back pressure. The water accumulated by
means of the under-drainage arrangements used, should be disposed off preferably by means of natural
drainage or if this is not available, by use of pressure release valves, into the canal.
This standard was published in 1968 and revised in 1983. This revision has been prepared in the light
of experience gained during last six years. In this revision the principal modifications made are in
respect of giving specific recommendations for various situations of water table position and type of
subgrade. Details of specification for pressure release valves have also been excluded in this revison.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the
final value, observed or calculated expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in
accordance with IS 2 : 1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ). The number of
significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in
this standard.
 IS 4558 : I995

Indian Standard
UNDER-DRAINAGEOFLINEDCANALS-
CODEOFPRACTICE
(Second Revision )
1 SCOPE 4 NECESSITY
1.1 This standard covers methods for under- 4.-l Drainage arrangements should be such that
drainage of lined canals. the pressure on lining does not increase beyond
1.2 This standard does not cover under- tha safe limit. Recommended provisions for
drainage of canals in expansive soils which is various conditions are given in 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4.
given in IS 9451 : 1994.
4.2 Water Table Below Canal Bed Level
2 REFERENCES
The following Indian Standards are necessasy a) Subgrade free draining--- In this eondi-
adjuncts to this standard: tion there will be no time lag in the
dissipation of drawdown pore pressure in
JS No. Title the backfill and, as such, no drainage
arrangement will be necessary.
4985 : 1988 Specification for UPVC pipes for
potable water supply
b) Subgradepoor draining - In this condition
9451 : 1994 Guidelines for lining of canals in because of poor draining subgrade, the
expansive soils backfill will get saturated in course of
time due to seepage of water through
3 VARIOUS CONDiTlONS OF WATER joints and cracks, and should drawdolvn
TABLE AND TYPES OF SUBGRADE
occur, pressure will build up behind the
3.1 The drainage arrangements to be provided lining. This will necessitate a well
would depend mainly upon the position of the designed drainage arrangement.
water table and the type of subgrade.
Subgrade practically impervious - As
3.2 The water table may have the following in 4.2(b) backfill wi!l get saturated in
positions: course of time and in drawdown coiidi-
tion, excessive pressure will build up
a) Below canal bed level,
behind the lining. In this situation the
b) Between canal bed and full supply level, subgrade should be removed to a depth
and of 600 mm and replaced by sand, murram
c) Above canal full supply level. or suitable pervious material and a well
designed drainage arrangement would be
3.3 The subgrade may be of the following necessary.
types:
Free draining - Soil comprising gravel 4.3 Water Table Between Bed and FSL, and
with sand, or sandy soil having permea- Subgrade Either Free Draining, Poor Draining
bility greater than IO-4 cm/set, that is, or Practically Impervious
K > 10-4 cm/set.
Poor draining - Soil comprising very In this case, the soil behind the lining will
fine sand, admixlure of sand, silt and remain submerged up to the level of the water
clay or soil having permeability between table, and in saturated condition above the
lo-* cm/set and 10-b cm/set, that is, water table as in 4.2(a) or 4.2(b). The lining
10-a cm/set < K < IO-4 cm/set.
will, therefore, be subject to hydrostatic
pressure. Well designed drainage arrangements
Practically impervious - Soil comprising will, therefore, be necessary. However, if
homogeneous clays with permeability subgrade is practically impervious, it should be
less than 10-S cm/set, that is, K < 10-e removed to a depth of 600 mm and replaced by
cm/sac. sand, murram or suitable pervious material.
IS .4558: 1995

4.4 Water Table Above Canal FSL and Subgrade ( see 7 ) with pressure relief valves
Either Free Draining, Poor Draining or ( see 8 ) should be provided.
Practically Impervious
Sides - Pressure relief valves in pockets
In this case, pressures on canal lining will be ( see 8 ) filled with filter material
larger. Therefore, elaborate drainage arrange- should be provided.
ments will be required. However, inth;as;a;E
practically impervious subgrade, 5.2.3 Water Table Below Canal Bed and Subgrade
should be removed to a depth of 600 mm and Practically Impervious
replaced by sand, murram or suitable pervious Provisions similar to 5.2.2 should be provided.
material.
5 METHODS OP UNDER-DRAINAGE 5.2.4 Water Table Between Canal Bed and FSL,
and Subgrade Free Draining, Poor Draining or
5.1 Filter Below Lining Practically Impervious
5.1.1 Water Table Below Canal Bed and Subgrade Provisions similar to 5.2.2 should be provided.
Free Draining
5.2.5 Water Table Above Canal FSL and Subgrade
As mentioned in 4.2(a) no drainage arrangement Free Drainhg, Poor Draining or Practically
is required. Impervious
5.1.2 Water Table Below Canal Bed and Subgrade Bed - Longitudinal and transverse drains
Poor Draining ( see 7 ) with pressure relief valves
In this case 150 to 200 mm thick layer of well ( see 8 ) should be provided.
designed filter should be provided. Sides - Transverse drains ( see 7 ) with
5.1.3 Water Table Below Canal Bed and Subgrade pressure relief valves ( see 8 ) should
Practically Impervious be provided.
After removal of subgrade and its replacement 7 LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE
by suitable pervious material, as mentioned DRAINS
in 4.2(c), no additional filter need be provided.
7.1 Longitudinal Drains
5.1.4 Water Table Between Canal Bed and FSL
and Subgrade Free Draining, Poor Draining or
The section of the drain should be trapezoidal
Practically Impervious with bottom width 500 mm, depth 525 mm and
sides as steep as practicable. The drain should
In free draining, as also in poor draining sub- be carefully filled up to the bottom of the
grade, 150 mm to 200 mm thick layer of well lining with graded filter with pipe as shown
designed filter as in 4.3 should be provided. in Fig. 1 and properly compacted so as to form
However, in case of practically impervious sub- an even bedding for lining. The pipe may be
grade provisions similar to 5.1.3 should be asbestos cement pipe or PVC pipe. It should
made. be perforated. Usually 150 mm dia pipes are
used. The perforations/holes should be 12 mm
5.1.5 Water Table Above Canal FSL and in diameter and should be done by drilling. On
Subgrade Free Draining, Poor Draining or an average there should be a minimum of
Practically Impervious 100 perforations/holes per metre length of pipe
111free draining subgrade, 150 mm to 200 mm and the perforations/holes in adjacent rows
thick, while in poor draining subgrade, 200 mm should be staggered. The pipe should be
to 300 mm thick, layer of well designed filter properly shrouded with suitable filter.
should be provided.
The number of longitudinal drains should
However, in case of practically impervious depend on the bed width of canal. In the bed
subgrade provisions similar to 5.1.3 should be of canal, at least one drain for every 10 m
made. width should be provided. The drains should be
placed symmetrically with reference to the
5.2 Pressure Relief Arrangements centre line of canal.
5.2.1 Water Table Below Canal Bed and Subgrade
Free Drarning Care should be taken that the filter does not
get clogged during lining.
No pressure relief arrangement is required.
7.2 Transverse Drains
5.2.2 Water Table Below Canal Bed and Subgrade
Poor Draining
Transverse drains, where necessary, should be
provided in the bed and on the side slopes up
Bed - Longitudinal and transverse drains to free board level. Section of transverse drains

3
 IS 4558 : 1995

TOP OF LINING 7

TAR PAPER TO PREVFNT CLOGGING FILTER MATERIAL t5Q TO 300

OF FILTER DURiNG LINING
BOTTOM OF LININ,,, /

LINING
HFORATED AC /PVC PIP

FILTER 150 TO 30

.GHADED GRAVEL

GRADED GRAVEL 5 TO 20 mm SUBGRADE

COARSE SAND OF FM I-5 OR ABO

OR SrEEPER

All dimensionsin millimetres.

FIG. 1 TYPICAL SECTIONOF LONGITUDANA-L/TRANSVERSE
DRAIN
( PRESSURERELIEFVALVE NOT SHOWN )

should be same as that of longitudinal drains Spacing of transverse drains should depend on
shown in Fig. 1. The drain should be carefully the size, location and efficiency of pressure
filled up to the bottom of the lining with graded relief valves. However, in general, transverse
filter as shown in Fig. 1 and properly compact- drains should be provided at 10 m interval.
ed so as to form an even bedding for lining.
The pipe may be asbestos cement pipe or PVC Care should be taken that filter does not get
pipe. It should be perforated. Usually 150 mm clogged during lining.
dia pipes are used. The perforations/holes 8 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES (PRV)
should be 12 mm in diameter and should be
done by drilling. On an average there should 8.1 Pressure relief valves should be provided on
be a minimum of 100 perforation/holes per the longitudinal/transverse drains, if such
metre length of pipe and the perforations/holes drains are provided ( see Fig. 2 ), and on
in adjacent rows should be staggered. The slopes, if there are no transverse drains, the
pipe should be properly shrouded with suitable PRV may be provided in pockets filled with
filter. graded filter underneath the lining. Pockets
500 TO 1000 mm
r

PRV LOCATIONS
(IN CASE NO TRANSVERSE
RSE DRAIN IN
DRAIN ON SLOPE 1 PRV LOCATION ( IN CASE
SVERSE DRAINS ON SLOPESI

LONGITUDINAL DRAI

TRANSVERSE DRAIN ON SLOPE

FIG. 2 ARRANGEMENTSHOWING DRAINS AND PRV LOCATIONS

3
IS 4558 .: 1995

may be square with sides of 600 mm or cylin- provided on the sides. The first row should be
drical with diameter 600 mm. about 50 cm above curve line and top row
Pockets on slopes should be excavated with at 50 cm to 100 cm below full supply level. If
their sides at right angles to the slope. The the water depth is less than l-5 m, one row
perforated PVC housing pipe for the PRV should be adequate. Valves in adjacent rows
should be 750 mm long for sides and 430 mm should be staggered.
long for bed and should conform to class-2 of
IS 4985 : 1988. It should be placed in the
centre of the pocket. Graded filter as shown 8.2.2 Spacing
in Fig. 3 should then be carefully placed in the
pocket and compacted to form an even bedding In general, one pressure relief valve for every
for canal lining. Perforations in the housing 100 ma should be provided in the canal bed;
pipe should be as shown in Fig. 4. while on the sides, one pressure relief valve for
8.2 Placing of PRVs every 40 rns should be provided. However, the
spacing should be decided on this general
8.2.1 Rows consideration, keeping in view the site
In general, one row at every 4 m should be conditions.

PRVSOmmQ-7;

TOP OF LINING
GRADiD GRAVEL \20 TO 40

GRADED GRAVEL 5 TO 20
50TTOM OF LINING

COARSE SAND OF F M
l-5 OR ABOVE

160 mm 0 D PVC HOUSING

PIPE (PERFORATED) _/

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG* 3 PRV POCKETON SLOPS
 IS 4558 : 1995

LANGE OF PRV
FLANGE OF HOUSING PI
I- -!x OD

8 ROWS ALONG PERIPHERY

EQUIDISTANT \
P
R Y HOUSING PIP

12 ROWS ALONG PERIPHE

PERFORATED CAP
EQUIDISTANT _-~-

/I- END CAP

DETAIL A

_ All dimensioix in millimetres.

FIG. 4 ~IBTAIL OF PERFORATIONS IN PRV HOUSING PIPE ( DETAIL OF PRV NOT SHOWN )

5
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This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot No: RVD 13 (63).

Amendments lssaed Since PUbliCatiOD

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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