Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Laboratoire de Botanique, Biotechnologie et Protection des Plantes, Dpartement de Biologie, Universit Ibn Tofail, Facult
des Sciences, BP. 133, Knitra, Maroc (Morocco).
Abstract The objective of this work is to prepare an is best grown in Asia and Malaysia especially tropical and
Inventory about the viral and bacterial diseases of the temperate regions of Asia (Perez et al., 2005). The genus
olive tree (Olea europaea L.) and to study their Olea got its name from the Greek elaia and the Latin
Geographical distribution in the world. Fifteen viruses oleum, but it is known by nearly 80 different names
were considered as pathogens on the olive tree, these (Medai et al., 2001). The Olea genus comprises 30
viruses were reported in 22 countries in five continents species (Bracci et al., 2011) but Olea europaea L. is the
showing different symptoms on different olive tree most popular member of the Olea genus (Kaniewski et
varieties. All viruses were reported in Italy, some of these al., 2012). It is the only species of this genus which is
viruses were found only in the Eurepean continent, such used as food (Sarwar, 2013) and is found in the
as Olive vein yellows associated virus (OVYaV), Olive Mediterranean region (Zohary et al., 2012).
yellow mottling and decline associated virus (OYMDaV), The Olive is an important crop in terms of both its
Olive mild mosaic virus (OMMV) and Olive semilatent commercial value and the role it plays in the rural
virus (OSLV). Two bacteria were reported as pathogen on economy of the Mediterranean region, with its millions of
the olive tree; Pseudomonas savastanoi. pv. savastanoi producers (Gonzalez-Andujar, 2009). Olive tree and its
responsible bacteria of thr olive knot; a serious disease of fruit are also important in context of religion. Olives are
olive (Olea europaea L.) in the Mediterranean region. narrated several times in the Bible, both in the New and
This bacteria was detected in 22 countries in five Old Testaments (Ryan and Robard, 1998). Olive has also
continents, the majority of these countries exist in the been praised as a blessed tree and fruit in the Holy Quran
Mediterranean Basin. Another bacteria was Xylella (Quran, Chapter 24 Al-Noor, Verse 35). Olives are not
fastidiosa responsible of the quick decline syndrome of used as a natural fruit because of their extremely bitter
olive (OQDS), was deteted in Europe in four countries taste but are rather consumed either as olive oil or table
(Italy, Spain, Portugal and Slovenia) and in America in olives (Kanakis et al., 2013). Olive oil market is very
three countries (USA, Argentina and Brazil). significant in the olive industry as approximately 90% of
Phtoplasmas was reported in 5 countries in three annually produced olives go for oil processing (Sibbett et
continents (Europe, Asia and Australia). al., 2005).
Keywords viruses, bacteria, phytoplasma, olive tree. The olive tree is one of the oldest cultivated trees on the
planet earth (Liphschitz et al., 1991). The cultivation of
I. INTRODUCTION olive started in ancient times and it dates back more than
Oleaceae family or the family of dicotyledons includes 30 7000 years. According to archaeological reports olives
genera (Grohmann, 1981; Cronquist, 1981) of deciduous were cultivated for commercial purposes in Crete in 3000
trees and shrubs including olive tree and its relatives BC by the Minoan civilization. The use of olive oil for
numbering about 600 species (Bianco, 1990). The family body health can be found in ancient Greek literature
is divided into several tribes, that is, Fontanesieae, (Gooch, 2005).
Forsythieae, Jasmineae, Myxopyreae, and Oleeae (USDA, The therapeutic utilities of O. europaea have been
2003; Bartolini and Petruccelli, 2002). These are mostly indicated in traditional medicine. It has been known to
native of all continents except the Antarctic, including reduce blood sugar, cholesterol, and uric acid. It has also
tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of the world been used to treat diabetes, hypertension, inflammation,
(Grohmann, 1981; Wallander and Albert, 2000). Oleaceae diarrhea, respiratory and urinary tract infections, stomach