A Theory Of Architecture Book Quiz

50 Questions | By Aenna

FOR BOARD EXAM

Top of Form

Bottom of Form

Questions and Answers

1.

A School of design established in Germany called "Bauhaus" founded by

A.

A. Walter Gropius

B.

B. Peter Behrens

C.

C. Auguste Perret

D.
D. Louis Khan

2.

Art Nouveau is known as International Style, in Germany it is also known as

A.

A . Ecole des Beaux

B.

B. Liberty

C.

C. Chateaux

D.

D. Jugendsstil

3.

Whose famous dictum or axiom is "Less is More"?

A.

A. Louis Khan

B.

B. Mies Van der Rohe

C.

C. Le Corbusier

D.

D. Peter Behrens

4.

It refers to the quality of surface treatment, associated with materials

A.

A. Tone

B.

B. Texture

C.

C. Mass
D.

D. Volume

5.

The Architect who is known to be the "Father of Fantastic Architecture"

A.

A. Adolf Loos

B.

B. Alvar Aalto

C.

C. Antonio Gaudi

D.

D. Louis Khan

6.

One of the Principles of Composition which is also known as "Formal Architecture"

A.

A. Scale

B.

B. Balance

C.

C. Proportion

D.

D. Unity

7.

What do you call this concept in Architecture which is the result of intellectual, Social, Religious &
Political conditions developed at a given place by a given people?

A.

A. Architectural Legacy

B.

B. History of Architecture
C.

C. Historical Style

D.

D. Architectural Character

8.

According to this Architect his philosophy is "Ornament equals Crime"

A.

A. Le Corbusier

B.

B. Victor Horta

C.

C. Eric Mendelsohn

D.

D. Adolf Loos

9.

Symmetry resulting from the arrangement of similar radiating parts about a center point or central axis

A.

A. centralized symmetry

B.

B. formal symmetry

C.

C. radial symmetry

D.

D. bilateral symmetry

10.

An architectural term which is known to be the free from any historical style

A.

A. Futurism

B.
B. Modernism

C.

C. Art Noveau

D.

D. De Stijl Architecture

11.

Architecture that combine new ideas with traditional forms

A.

A. New Modernism

B.

B. Modernism

C.

C. Post-modernism

D.

D. Metabolism

12.

A movement founded by a group of Dutch painters & architects who abolish all styles & liberate art from
representation & individual expression

A.

A. Architectonic

B.

B. CIAM

C.

C. Jugendstijl

D.

D. De Stijl Architecture

13.

Architect of Petronas Towers in Malaysia which is the worlds tallest building in 2001

A.
A. Norman Foster

B.

B. SOM

C.

C. Cesar Pelli

D.

D. KPF

14.

Different historical styles combined and termed as

A.

A. Classicism

B.

B. Realism

C.

C. Eclecticism

D.

D. Romanticism

15.

Who wrote Treatise de Architectura

A.

A. Vitruvius

B.

B. Palladio

C.

C. Calatrava

D.

D. Moneo

16.

He termed the "International Style" as "flat chested," because of lack of depth in their facades
A.

A. LeCorbusier

B.

B. Mies van der Rohe

C.

C. Louis Sullivan

D.

D. Frank Lloyd Wright

17.

Form that is generated using two or more geometric systems

A.

A. Pragmatic designb

B.

B. Pragmatic design

C.

C. Analogical design

D.

D. Canonic design

18.

Who said Beauty grows from necessity, not from repetition of formulas

A.

A. Eero Saarinen

B.

B. Eric Mendelsohn

C.

C. Eliel Saarinen

D.

D. Marcel Breuer

19.
A concept for the form, structure and features of building or other construction, represented graphically
by diagrams plans or other drawings

A.

A. idea

B.

B. concept

C.

C. scheme

D.

D. design concept

20.

What is the psychological significance of color red?

A.

A. richness, splendor

B.

B. stimulation

C.

C. coldness, tranquility

D.

D. relaxation, sheer

21.

The building which was known as "The Falling Water" designed by FL Wright

A.

A. Robie House

B.

B. Guggenheim Museum

C.

C. Kaufman House

D.
D. Johnson Building

22.

Architect of "Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp

A.

A. Mies van der Rohe

B.

B. Le Corbusier

C.

C. Louis Khan

D.

D. Eero Saarinen

23.

Fort Santiago is also known as "Shrine of Freedom" designed by Engr. Diego Jordan &

A.

A. Melchor de Vera

B.

B. Roque Roano

C.

C. Antonio Sedeo

D.

D. Miguel Narro

24.

The Architect who said that "Modern Architecture need not be Western"

A.

A. Minoru Yamasaki

B.

B. Kenzo Tange

C.

C. Toyo Ito
D.

D. Fumihiko Maki

25.

The Architect who designed the World Trade Center, New Yorka) Minoru Yamasaki b) Kenzo Tangec)
Toyo Itod) Fumihiko Maki

A.

A. Minoru Yamasaki

B.

B. Kenzo Tange

C.

C. Toyo Ito

D.

D. Fumihiko Maki

26.

The culmination of all the elements of design which suggests harmony

A.

A. Theory

B.

B. Character

C.

C. Unity

D.

D. Rhythm

27.

Architect of the TWA or the John F Kennedy Airport

A.

A. Eero Saarinen

B.

B. Eric Mendelsohn
C.

C. Eliel Saarinen

D.

D. John Utzon

28.

What is referred to as the origin of architecture?

A.

A. practical usefulness of space

B.

B. system of ornamentation or decoration

C.

C. expression of structural systems

D.

D. protection from inclemency of the seasons

29.

Which of the following indicates the brightness or dullness of a color?

A.

A. chroma

B.

B. hue

C.

C. value

D.

D. intensity

30.

What is the purpose of the disks found on the tree trunks where the Ifugao house stands

A.

A. Weeding out evil spirits

B.
B. Protection against rats

C.

C. Structural purpose

D.

D. Decoration/ornamentation

31.

To whom are coated tension structures attributed as a contribution to architecture

A.

A. Frei Otto

B.

B. Robert Maillart

C.

C. Pier Luigi Nervi

D.

D. Eugene Freyssinet

32.

The merging of juxtaposed dots or strokes of pure colors when seen from a distance to produce a hue
often more luminous than that available from premixed pigment

A.

A. pigment color mixing

B.

B. light color mixing

C.

C. optical color mixing

D.

D. subtractive mixing

33.

In perception of space, which sense affects placement of rooms which could limit unpleasant odors

A.
A. auditory

B.

B. olfactory

C.

C. visual

D.

D. thermal

34.

A royal house used for political & social ceremonies of the Datu

A.

A. Maranao House

B.

B. Badjao House

C.

C. Ancient Tagala

D.

D. Moro House

35.

Whose famous dictum or axiom is "Design as if you were a child"?

A.

A. Alvar Aalto

B.

B. Robert Venturi

C.

C. Renzo Piano

D.

D. Michael Graves

36.

Color harmony that is equidistant to each other on the color wheel

A.

A. Analogous

B.

B. Complementary

C.

C. Split Complementary

D.

D. Triad

37.

What type of architectural elements provide protection for users from inclement of seasons or enemies

A.

A. decorative

B.

B. protective

C.

C. structural

D.

D. need-specific

38.

Whose famous dictum/philosophy is this: A house is a machine for living

A.

A. Robert Venturi

B.

B. Buckminster Fuller

C.

C. Victor Gruen

D.

D. Frank Lloyd Wright

39.
The state or quality of being a whole composed of complicated, intricate or interconnected parts

A.

A. complexity

B.

B. opposition

C.

C. contradiction

D.

D. chaos

40.

With regards to relationships of structure to architecture, which of the following describes adequate
structure

A.

A. exaggerated elements

B.

B. materials used below maximum load bearing capacity

C.

C. uses least amount of material

D.

D. focuses on novelty of form

41.

What type of distance is that which is psychological and is indicated by a hidden band that contains two
or more individuals in a group

A.

A. flight distance

B.

B. social distance

C.

C. critical distance
D.

D. personal distance

42.

What do you call the doctrine that has two extremes: One is that a building can not be beautiful unless it
answers its function in the best simple and direct way -and that, if a building answers its function in the
most simple and direct way, it will automatically be beautiful

A.

A. aesthetics

B.

B. sensitivity

C.

C. functionalism

D.

D. durability

43.

What type of art outlines the crude realities of life, like filthy dustbins, mud, dirty works and vulgar
situations?

A.

A. dirty

B.

B. modern

C.

C. free

D.

D. pop

44.

The state or quality of being combined into one as the ordering of elements in a composition that
constitutes a harmonious whole or promotes a singleness of effect

A.

A. rhythm
B.

B. monotony

C.

C. unity

D.

D. uniformity

45.

What is referred to as a Chinese geomancy originally called "under the canopy of heaven"?

A.

A. Si Chi

B.

B. Ba-Gua

C.

C. Sheng Chi

D.

D. Feng Shui

46.

Which sensual type enables one to identify materials at a distance?

A.

A. thermal

B.

B. kinesthetic

C.

C. visual

D.

D. auditory

47.

Whose famous dictum is this: Unity disguised as chaos -complexity and contradiction are often what
make works of art both exciting and profound
A.

A. Robert Venturi

B.

B. Philip Johnson

C.

C. Michael Graves

D.

D. Kenzo Tange

48.

A relatively dark value of color, produced by adding black to it

A.

A. tint

B.

B. tone

C.

C. shade

D.

D. gray

49.

Which of the following explains the mechanism by which the concept of territoriality operates,
particularly in animals?

A.

A. Prevents communication with each other

B.

B. Coordinates individual activities and separates them (individuals) in groups

C.

C. Provides a frame in which things are done -places to learn, play or hide

D.

D. insures propagation of species by controlling density

50.

The measurement and study of the size and proportion of the human body

A.

A. ergonomics

B.

B. human scale

C.

C. anthropometry

D.

D. proxemics
First topic message reminder :

Mga sir share ko lang ung mga reviewer na ito....share nyo din kung mayron din kayo...thnx!

ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS
compiled & edited by Arch. Jenaro A. Villamor, uap
Definitions of ACOUSTICS:
1. branch of physics concerned with sound
2. deals with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of sound
Almost all acoustical situations are described in 3 parts (elements):
1. Sound Source ( e.g. human speech, HVAC equipment)
2. Transmission Path (e.g. air, earth, building materials)
3. Receiver (e.g. humans, animals, sensitive medical equipment)
ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS
1. technology of designing spaces, structures and mechanical systems to meet hearing needs
2. effect of building design on the control of sound in buildings
3 Aspects of Acoustical Design in Buildings
1. Planning to keep noise sources as far as possible from quiet area
2. Internal acoustics of rooms
3. Structural precautions to reduce noise penetrations
Essential Elements of Architectural Acoustics:
1. Room Acoustics the qualities or characteristics of a room, auditorium, or concert hall that determine
the audibility of speech or fidelity of musical sound in it
Cubic volume (and coupled spaces)
Shape and proportion (length-to-width, height-to-width)
Finishes (selection and placement)
Audience layout ( floor slope, speaker-to-listener distances)
Special treatment ( suspended reflectors, resonant absorbers, quadratic-residue diffusers)
2. Sound Isolation the use of building materials and construction assemblies designed to reduce the
transmission of airborne and structure-borne sound from one room to another or from the exterior to
the interior of a building (Sound Insulation)
Site noise characteristics (sound level, character, duration)
Outdoor barriers, nearby buildings, vegetation, and earth berms
Location of activities within buildings (zoning, buffer spaces)
Background noise criteria (HVAC system, electronic)
3. Mechanical system noise and vibrations
Equipment noise characteristics
Location of mechanical equipment
Vibration isolation ( springs, pads)
Air duct and pipe treatment ( linings, mufflers, laggings)
Background noise from air outlets (coordination with sound isolation)
4. Electronic sound systems
System compatibility with room acoustics
Loudspeaker selection, placement and orientation
 System components and controls
Background masking (loudspeaker layout, sound spectra)

Definitions of SOUND 2
1. physical wave in an elastic medium, usually air
2. the sensation stimulated in the organs of hearing by mechanical radiant energy transmitted as
longitudinal pressure waves through the air or other medium
3. a vibration in an elastic medium such as air, water, most building materials, and the earth
4. physically, sound is a rapid fluctuation of air pressure
Types of Sound
1. Wanted Sound (speech, music) heard properly
o considered desirable
o heard properly
2. Unwanted Sound (noise) annoyance
o annoyance
o not desired or objectionable
Characteristics of Sound
1. Audible
2. Inaudible
Basic Principles of Sound - understanding the characteristics of sound is essential in designing for good
acoustics)
1. Generation
o sound is generated when an object vibrates, causing the adjacent air to move, resulting in a series of
pressure waves radiating out from the moving object
o Wave a disturbance or oscillation that transfers energy progressively from point to point in a
medium or space without advance by the points themselves, as in the transmission of sound or light
o Sound Wave a longitudinal pressure wave in air or an elastic medium esp. one producing an audible
sensation
2. Frequency
o the no. of times the cycle of compression and rarefaction of air occurs in a given unit of time (e.g. 1000
cycles in the period of 1 second = 1000 cps = 1000 Hertz)
o the no. of cycles per unit time of a wave or oscillation
o the no. of complete cycles per second (frequency of vibration)
o the rate of oscillation of molecules by sound (frequency of vibration) measured in cycles per second
(Hertz)
o Pitch frequency of sound vibration; the predominant frequency of a sound as perceived by the
human ear
o Vibration the back and forth motion of a complete cycle
o Cycle full circuit by a displaced particle
o Period the time required for one complete cycle
o 20 20,000 Hz approx. audio frequency range of human hearing;
o 600 40,000 Hz critical frequency for speech communication
o Tone composed of a fundamental frequency with multiples of the fundamental, called Harmonics
o Pure Tone sound composed only of 1 frequency
o Musical sounds are combination of many pure tones
o Frequency bands used to express division of sounds into sections (Octave bands are the most
common)
o 9 Octave Bands 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 Hz
3
3. Velocity
o varies according to the medium of transmission; approx. 1100 fps in air at normal temperature and
pressure
4. Wavelength
o Distance between similar points on successive waves; the distance the sound travels in one cycle
o Relationship between wavelength, frequency, and velocity:
= c/f
= wavelength, ft.2
c = velocity of sound, fps
f = frequency of sound, Hz (cps)
o Low frequency sounds: characterized by long wavelengths
o High frequency sounds: characterized by short wavelengths
o Sounds with wavelengths ranging from 50 can be heard by humans
5. Magnitude
o Sound power (watts) amount of energy produced by a source
o Intensity describes the energy level; unit is watts/cm2
o Loudness (what is perceived) related to the Intensity Level (IL) or Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
o The Sound Pressure Level (SPL) is equivalent to the Sound Intensity Level (IL)
o Intensity Level is expressed in decibels
o Decibel dimensionless unit used to express the ratio of two numerical values of a logarithmic scale
Comparison of decimal, exponential, and logarithmic statements of various acoustic intensities
Intensity (watts/cm2) Intensity Level
Decimal Notation Exponential Notation Logarithmic Notation Examples
0.001 10-3 130 dB Painful
0.0001 10-4 120 dB
0.00001 10-5 110 dB 75-piece orchestra
0.000001 10-6 100 dB
0.0000001 10-7 90 dB Shouting at 5 ft.
0.000000001 10-9 70 dB Speech at 3ft.
0.00000000001 10-11 50 dB Average office
0.0000000000001 10-13 30 dB Quiet unoccupied office
0.00000000000001 10-14 20 dB Rural ambient
0.000000000000001 10-15 10 dB
0.0000000000000001 10-16 0 dB Threshold of hearing

o The fundamental relationship that determines the decibel level is ten times the logarithm to the base
10 of the numerical ratio of the two intensities. For example:
IL = 10 log I
I0
IL = intensity level
I = intensity, watts/cm2
I0 = reference intensity, 10-16 watts/cm2
4
6. Time Characteristics of Sound
o Some sounds remain constant with time (e.g. fan may produce a sound with constant frequency and
intensity characteristics a steady state sound)
o Sounds (traffic, voices, musical instruments) vary as a function of time
o Vehicular traffic sounds: maximum levels/levels exceeded for 90% of the time
o Speech sounds: 1% peaks
o Orchestras sound: long-term average levels
Behavior of Sound in a Free Field
Sound intensity is reduced to one-quarter each time the distance doubles:

I1 and I2 are the intensities at distances d1 and d2 from the source

The intensity of a sound at a distance from the source is expressed as the power (P) of the source
divided by the area over which it has spread (A)
I = P/A
If the sound radiates freely in all directions from a source the area is a sphere. The intensity is
represented as:
I=P
4 r2
P = power in watts
r = distance from source in cm
In English units, the conversion factor is 930 cm2/ft4 r2Using this, the equation for spherical direction
is:
I = P/930 x 4 r2
As the intensity is reduced to one-quarter with each doubling of distance, the sound pressure level (IL) is
reduced by 6 dB. Quartering the intensity reduced the intensity level by 6 dB
Sound attenuation is due to distance, absorption, or barriers
Barriers, to be effective must be solid, quite large as compared to the wavelength of sound and near to
the source or receiver
Shrubs, hedges, small groves: visual barriers only; no value acoustically
Sound Combining. Sounds from separate sources may combine. Two violins produce a louder sound
than 1 instrument; 3 violins are louder still. Decibels are not added directly to make the perceived level
twice as loud for 2 sources or 3 times as loud for 3. The level for combined sources is determined by
adding powers, intensities or pressures; and subsequently converting to decibels. Doubling of intensities
results in a 3 dB increase (e.g. 50 dB plus 50 dB is 53 dB, not 100 dB)

5
ROOM ACOUSTICS
Sound Indoors Acoustics of Room
Sound in an enclosure radiates out from the source until it hits a surface that reflects or absorbs it
If the source is continuous, a state of equilibrium will be reached
 Levels are constant throughout most spaces except at points very near the source (for a given source,
the built-up or reverberant levels will be highest in a space with a few absorptive surfaces lobby with
marble walls/floors; in a space with large areas of sound absorbing materials, the levels will be lowest
1. Sound Absorption
Materials varying sound absorption characteristics
Some absorb low frequency energy
Some absorb high frequency energy
Others absorb energy equally over a broad spectrum
Mechanism of Absorption: 3 families of devices for sound absorption; all types absorb sound by
changing sound energy to heat energy
Fibrous materials (Porous materials): absorption provided by a specific material depends on thickness,
density, porosity, resistance to air flow (e.g. materials must be thick to absorb low frequency sounds
effectively; suspending an acoustical ceiling tile a foot below the structure results in better broad band
absorption than cementing the tile directly to the structure; acoustic paints with sand or walnut shells
are useless as sound absorbers
Panel resonators: built with a membrane (thin plywood, linoleum in front of a sealed airspace); panel
is set in motion by the alternating pressure of the impinging sound wave; sound energy is converted into
heat through internal viscous damping; used where efficient low frequency absorption is required/ mid
and high frequency absorption is unwanted; used in recording studios
Volume resonators
Coefficient of Absorption (): Knowing the amount of absorption at different frequencies for each
material in a room is essential in designing the room acoustics
The absorption coefficient is the fraction of incident energy that is absorbed by a surface expressed as
= Ia
Ii
Ii = incident energy, watts/cm2
Ia= absorbed energy, watts/cm2
= absorption coefficient (no units)
Total absorption (A) provided by a surface (S) is expressed in sabins
A = S
A = Total absorption, sabins
S = Surface area, sq ft
= Coefficient of absorption

6
Coefficients of General Building Materials and Furnishings
Coefficients for absorption in auditorium is shown for both empty and occupied seating conditions

Many products are prefabricated for sound absorbing treatment (suspended ceilings/wall mounted
treatments
3 kinds of custom-designed treatments that are often used in auditoriums/churches (the deep air
space insures adequate low frequency performance
2. Noise Reduction by Absorption
Noise levels in a room are highest for a given source if the rooms surfaces are primarily sound
reflecting; lowest if there are large areas of sound absorbing materials (e.g. sound absorbing ceilings
3. Reflections
4. Reverberation

Re: Architectural Board Exam Reviewer

by jenaro on Tue Jun 02, 2009 7:08 am

THEORY OF DESIGN

Research of Architecture
- Research contributes to Design Theory
Nature of Design Theory
- Design Theory states facts
- Design Theory aids design
Scope of Architecture Theory
- Includes all that is presented in the handbooks of architects
- Includes legislation, norms and standards, rules and methods
- Includes miscellaneous and unscientific elements
Why Design Theory?
- To aid the work of the architect and improve its product
- Proven theory helps designers do work better and more efficiently
- Skill without knowledge is nothing
(architect Jean Mignot, 1400 AD)
Understanding Design Theory
- Theory does NOT necessarily mean PRECCED design
- PARADISM : every new or established theory applied
: STYLE

THEMATIC THEORIES
CLASSICAL
- Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
MIDDLE AGES
- Medieval (read: Dark Age) anonymous tradition of trade guilds
RENAISSANCE
- Alberti, Vignola, Palladio, etc.
STRUCTURALIST
- Galileo Galilei, Robert Hooke, etc.
ART NOUVEAU (Personal Style)
- Eugene Emmanuelle Violett-le-Due, Le Corbusier, etc.
FUNCTIONALISM
- Walter Gropius, Louis Sullivan, etc.
- modern architecture
POSTMODERNISM
- Robert Venturi
SYMBOLIC ARCHITECTURE
ECOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE

CLASSICAL THEORIES
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
- Author of the oldest research on architecture
- Wrote an extensive summary of all the theory on construction
- Had a thorough knowledge of earlier Greek and Roman writings
Ten Books on Architecture
- De architectura libri decem
- Consists mostly of normative theory of design (based on practice)
- A collection of thematic theories of design with no method of combining them into a synthesis
- Presents a classification of requirements set for buildings:
: DURABILTIY (firmitas)
: PRACTICALITY or convenience
(utilitas)
: PLEASANTNESS (venustas)
Vitruvian Rules of Aesthetic Form
- Based on Greek traditions of architecture
- Teachings of Pythagoras : applying proportions of numbers
- Observations of tuned string of instruments
- Proportions of human body
- PLEASANTNESS : in accordance of good taste
: parts follow proportions
: symmetry of measures

THEORIES in the MIDDLE AGES

- no documents
- no person can be attributed for theories

Monastery Institutions
- Most documents retrieved from the Middle Ages
- However, archives contain only few descriptions of buildings
- Described only as according to the traditional model
- Theres no accounting for tastes was the rule of thumb
Development of Building Style
- With hardly or no literary research present
- Villard de Hannecourts sketchbook in 1235
- Rotzers Booklet on the right way of making pinnacles
- Only through guidance of old masters
- Tradition binding and precise in close guilds of builders

RENNAISANCE THEORIES

1948 a copy of Virtue manuscript found at St. Gallen Monastery

Leon Bautista Alberti (1404-72)
- Person in charge of constructions commanded by Pope
- On Building : De re aedifficatoria
: one of the greatest works of the theory of
architecture
: completed in 1452, published in 1485
: more emphasis on decoration of building
exteriors
Sebastino Serlio
- Regole generall di architectura
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola
- Regola delle cinque ordini
- Concise, facts and easily applicable rules of the five column systems
- Based his design instructions on four things:
: idea of Pythagoras
: proportions of small number
: properties and other instruments
: good taste
Andrea Palladio (1508-80)
- I Quattro libri dellarchitectura
- The father of modern picture books of architecture
Philibert de Lorme
- One of French theorist who are critical of italians
- Prove that Pantheons Corinthian columns had 3 different proportions
- Rejected the doctrine of absolute beauty of measures

CONSTRUCTION THEORY

Building Material Architectural Form

Amorphic material:
Soft stone; snow Spherical vaulted construction
Sheets of skin or textile Cone-shaped tent construction
Logs of wood Box-shaped construction

Before Written Construction Theory

- Architecture created without the help of architects or theory
- Builders used a model instead of mathematical algorithms now used in modern construction
- Inverted catenary model
Semi-Circular Vault : Theory by Virtue
 When there are arches the outermost piers must be made broader than the others so that they may
have the strength to resist when the wedges under the pressure of the load of the walls, begins to thrust
to the abutments.
During Middle Ages
- No written documents survived about theories or models to describe the magnificent vaults of
medieval cathedrals
During Renaissance
- From Alberti onwards, architects began specializing
- Mathematical models by Francis Bacon and Galileo Galilei
: considers load and scientific studies
contributed to constructions
- 1675 : Marquis de Vauban founded a building depatment in the French army called Corps des
Ingenieurs
- 1747 : Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees, special school founded in Paris where new profession specializing
in construction was organized.
--- first engineering school
- Other figures of mathematical construction theory
: Robert Hooke
: Jakob Bernoulli
: Leonard Euier

PERSONAL STYLE

Copying from Antiquity

- Architecture form antiquity came to a print of perfection
- Eugene Viollet-le-Duc (1863)
: the first theorist who set out to create a totally new system of architectural forms independent of
antiquity

What we call taste is but an involuntary process of reasoning whose steps elude our observation.
Authority has no value if its grounds are not explained.
: the foundation of modern
architecture
: did not create a timeless architectural style himself, he showed others the philosophical foundation
and method that they could use to develop even radically new form language
- Owen Jones : used forms inspired from nature, especially plants

ART NOUVEAU

- The first architectural style independent of the tradition of antiquity after the Gothic style
- The example set by Art Nouveau encourage some of the most skillful architects of the 20th century to
create their private form language

THEORETICAL TREATISES
- Five points of Architecture (1926, Le Corbusier)
a. pilotis
b. free plan
c. free faade
d. the long horizontal sliding window
e. the roof garden
- Architecture as Space (Bruno Zeri)
The crux of architecture is not the sculptural pattern, but instead the building interiors. These can be
seen as negative solids, as voids which the artist divides, combines, repeats and emphasizes in the
same way as the sculptor treats his positive lumps of substance.
- The personal style of architects are not necessarily based on laws of nature or on logical reasoning.
More important is that they exhibit a coherent application of an idea which also must be clear that the
public can find it out. An advantage is also if the style includes symbolical undertones.

MODERN ARCHITECTURE
Industrial Revolution (1768)
- Arts and Crafts Movement
a. conservative
b. William Morris
c. John Rustrin
- Electicism
a. architecture of borrowing
Fruits of Industrial Revolution
Joseph Paxton Crystal Palace, 1851
Elisha Graves Otis Elevator, 1857
Manufacturing of Rolled Steel

1870s
The Great Fire of Chicago, 1871
- downtown in Chicago was burned and in needs of construction of new buildings
- place where first tallest building was constructed
William Le Baron Jenney
- made the first skyscraper
Daniel Burnham
- make no little plans, they have no magic to stir mans blood
Louis Sullivan
- form follows function

1880s
- Chicago School became the concentration of architectural development
- introduce Chicago Window
1890s
The World Columbian Exposition
- built in 1863
- chief architect: Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmsted

1900s
- European architecture was notified
- Person to notify:
a. Otto Wagner
b. Adolf Loops ornament is a crime
c. H.P. Berlage
d. Frank Llyod Wright
1910s
- Office of Peter Behrens
a. Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe less in more
b. Walter Gropius
c. Le Corbusier
- 2 Art movements that influenced
1. Futurism simultaneity of movement
2. Cubism interpretation of space
1920s
The Bauhaus
- Art and Technology, the new unity
Established architects
a. Frank Llyod Wright organic architecture
b. Le Corbusier
c. Mies Van Der Rohe / Gropius
1930s
International Style

1950s
The period of Reassessment
- Universalism
- Personalism

POSTMODERNISM
The center of Postmodernism:
Robert Venturi less is bore
Philip Johnson
- say that a portion of Chippendale building in New York has no function
Introduce the element of Discovery

SYMBOLIC ARHITECTURE
- Building as a message

1. Mathematical Analogy
2. Biological Analogy
- use of plants and ornaments
3. Romantic Architecture
- uses exotic language of form
- vastness; trying to surprise; huge
4. Linguistic Analogies
- grammar; uses words with proper grammar
5. Mechanical Analogies
- Buckminter Fuller
6. Ad Hoc Analogy
- any materials that you can get or available in your environment such as wood in forest
7. Stage Analogy

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

COURSE OUTILE:
A. Administering the regular services of architecture
1. Definition of the architects role in the building industry
2. Liabilities and responsibilities
3. Methods of selecting the architect
4. The architectural projects
5. The professional fees
6. Inter-professional relationships

B. The spectrum of the architects services

1. The pre-design services
2. The regular design services
3. Specialized allied services
4. Construction services
5. Post-construction services
6. Comprehensive architectural services
7. Design-build services

C. Building Laws
1. The laws regulating the practice of architecture
2. The laws affecting housing, real estate, design, general construction, etc.
3. The general conditions of a contract

ARCHITECT
- legally and technically qualified to practice architecture.
Legally
1. 21 years old
2. Pass the board exam with an average of 70% and with no day falling below 50%
Day 1 30% history of architecture
professional practice
building tech.
Day 2 30% utilities
structural
Day 3 40% architectural design
3. Registered
a. PRC renewable every 3 years during your birth month
b. BIR
RC residence certificate
PTR professional tax receipt
OR official receipt
c. SEC security exchange committee
d. LGU local government unit
e. DTI department of trade and industry
4. Filipino

Technically
1. Graduate of BS Architecture
2. 2 years diversified training experience

architect
1. Concept 5Ms
2. Document Resources in
-reports; pictures; Construction
graphics; draw 1. materials
3. Implement 2. money
4. Post Implementation 3. manpower
4. machines
5. minutes
CODES OF ETHICS
1. General objectives
2. Ideals
3. Success
4. Remuneration
5. Interest of the clients
6. Professional prerogatives
7. Business venture
8. Behavior
9. Criticism
10. Creative endeavor

METHODS OF SELECTION OF ARCHITECT

1. Direct Selection
2. Indirect Selection
a. Referral from another architect
b. Recommendation from a satisfied client
c. Comparative Selection
3. Design Competition

CLASSIFICATION OF ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS

1. NBC use and occupancy
(National Building Code)
2. FCP risk of the occurrence of fire
(Fire Code of the Philippines)
3. UAP degree of difficulty in design
(United Architects of the Philippines)

LIST OF ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS

1. Simple projects
2. Moderate structures
3. Exceptional structures
4. Residential
5. Monumental structures
6. Repetitive construction
7. Housing projects
8. Extensive detailing
9. Alterations and renovations
10. Consultations and arbitration

Group 1. Simple Projects

- requires no interior partitions
a. Armories
b. Bakery
c. Hangar

Minimum basic fee: 6% of the cost

50M or less: 6%=A
50M to 100M: A+5%=B
100M to 200M: B+4%

example:
55M project
50M 3M
5M 0.25M
55M 3.25M

Group 2. Moderate Structures

- have interior partitions
a. Art galleries
b. City halls
c. Libraries
d. Supermarkets
e. Banks

Minimum basic fee: 7% of the cost

Group 3. Exceptional Structures

- with consultants
a. Atomic facilities (physicist)
b. Aquarium (marine biologist)
c. Mortuary
d. Medical facilities / hospital
(electrical engineer)

Minimum basic fee: 8%

Group 4. Residential
Minimum basic fee: 10%

Notes:
** Condominium
- Considered as high-rise residential building.
- According to FCP:
a. considered as exceptional
b. 15m above is considered a high-rise building that requires consultants for:
- elevator
- sprinklers
- structural engineer

Dominant Use
- Basis for classification of groupings
- Example is Mix-Use building

Group 5. Monumental Structures

- it requires concept
a. expositions
b. mausoleums
c. museums
d. gateways
Minimum basic fee: 12%

Group 6. Repetitive Construction

- using one and the same plan without any minute difference
- used several times
- includes group 1,2,3,&5
1st unit : MBF of Grp. 1,2,3 or 5
2nd unit : 80% of MBF
3rd unit : 60% of MBF
4th to infinity : 40% of MBF

Group 7. Housing Projects

- includes only houses
1st unit : MBF
2nd 10th unit : (60% of MBF x N) = B
11th infinity : B+(30% of MBF x N)

where: N = no. of units

Group 8. Extensive Detailing

- includes detailing of furniture, cabinets, landscapes and interior

Minimum basic fee: 15%

Group 9. Alterations and Renovations

- includes groups 1.2.3.4&5

Minimum basic fee: MBF + 50% of MBF

Group 10. Consultation and Arbitration

- architect is entitled to receive payment on clients when giving an opinion regarding architectural terms
- as of 1979: P200.00 per hour rate

METHODS OF COMPENSATION

1. Percentage of construction cost

- based on minimum basic fee
2. Multiple of Direct Personnel Expense (MDPE)
- none creative no-construction projects.
- ex. feasibility studies
Architect: NRTMf
Consultants: NRTMf
Staff: NRTMf
Professional Fee: Direct Cost + MP + RE

where:
T : time spend on the project
N : number of person
R : rate
Mf: multiplying factor (2.0-2.5)
RE: reimbursable expenses
MP: margin of profit
-not more than or equal
to 30%

- reimbursable expenses
a. mutual agreement
b. pertinent to the project
c. occur outside of the 100Km radius from the base of operation or office

3. Lump Sum + Fixed Fee

- convert the cost to the nearest whole number
4. Professional Fee + Costs
5. Combination Method
- combination of 1,2,3&4
6. Per Diem
7. Turn Key
- payments received after all the works has been done

Note:
** 15 days receive payment after all the working drawings have been submitted.

SCHEDULE OF PAYMENT

Contractor
1. downpayment: 20% - 50%
2. progressive payment: based on partial complition
3. guaranteed bond:
punch listing inspect the building upon completion
Specialized Allied Services
1. proposal phase: 5%
2. submission and acceptance
of preliminary drawings: 25%
3. submission and acceptance
of final drawings: 50%
4. retention fee: 20%
total 100%

Architect
1. proposal phase 5%
2. schematic design phase 15%
3. submittance of design
development phase 15%
4. contract document phase 50%
5. construction phase or
retention fee 15%
total 100%

Notes:
** To get the proposal phase of the architect

from the lot area, determine the buildable area

buildable area = lot area open spaces

** rule of thumb: 30% open area

ex. buildable area: 100sqm 30sqm
: 70sqm
: P20,000 x 70
: P1,400,000.00

AE (architectural/engineering fee): 10%

: 140,000.00

proposal phase of 5% = P7,000.00

THE SPECTRUM OF THE ARCHITECTS SERVICES

UAP Doc. 201

The pre-Design Services
- non-creative projects (MDPE)

Economic feasibility studies

Physical planning services
Architectural programming services
Site selection and analysis
Site utilization and land-use
Space management
Promotional services

UAP Doc. 202

Regular Design Services
- sequential process

Schematic design phase

-integrated regular engineering services
Design development phase
Contract document phase
General conditions
Agreement
Specifications
Special Provisions
Drawings
Construction phase
Milestones of Construction
1. Establishment of References
a. horizontal references
- lot plan, benchmark
b. vertical references
- positioning of elevations
staking plan positioning of wood as marks for the start of digging and excavation.

2. Excavation
- supervised by the architect and the structural engineer
3. Reinforcements
- check size of bars, spacing, splicing and number of bars.

Support bars for installation of slab reinforcement: sapatos or spacer

4. Concreting
5. Finishing

UAP Doc. 203

Specialized Allied Services
- requires consultants, having specified licenses

Physical planning services

Interior design
Landscape architecture
Acoustics, communications and electronics
Comprehensive planning services
Note:
Estimate
** structural: P50.00 P80.00 per sqm

A. Physical Planning Services

3 types:
1. Site Development Planning
- as of 1979: P5,000.00/has

2. Subdivision Planning in the Urban Area

- as of 1979: P3,000.00/has

Subdivision planning subdividing or parceling of large lots into smaller lots.

3. Subdivision Planning in the Rural Area

- as of 1979: P2,000.00/has
civil works
- get paid 4% of the cost of the work
- additional 30% if the terrain is rugged
B. Interior Design
2 types:
1. Interior Decoration
- mainly furniture
2. Interior Design/Architecture
- combination or integration of furniture to its location
minimum basic fee:
- 12% - 20% of the cost of the work
- 15% is mostly used

C. Landscape Architecture
Minimum basic fee: 10% - 15%

D. Acoustics, Communications and Electronics

Minimum basic fee: 10% - 15%

E. Comprehensive Planning
1. Physical planning services
2. Economic planning services
3. Socio-cultural planning services
4. Transportation and utilities planning services
- roads and bridges
5. Legal and administrative
- includes form of government

UAP Doc. 204

Construction Services

F full-time supervision: 1% - 1-1/2%

- supervision of the architect on site or its representative from 8am 5pm
Cm construction management:
1-1/2% - 3%
Pm project management:
2% - 5%

UAP Doc. 205

Post-Construction Services
- making the structure habitable and has occupancy permit

Be Bldg. and equipment maintenance

Bg Bldg. and grounds administration

PAYMENT SCHEMES
1. Salary method
2. 45 to 6% of the gross monthly rentals

UAP Doc. 206

Comprehensive Architectural Services
- inclusion of UAP Doc. 201 - 205
- package services

UAP Doc. 207

Design-Build Services
- guaranteed maximum cost 10%

a. Design-build administration
b. Design-build guaranteed maximum cost

Contractor
- holds the money
- purchase the materials
- payment for laborers

Builder
- compute the payroll
- submit computed payroll to the owner
- canvass and identify suppliers
- no responsibilities in holding the money

UAP Doc. 301: GENERAL CONDITIONS OF A CONTRACT

It establishes the relationship between: Owner-Architect, Owner-Contractor(s), and Contractor-

Architect. It stipulates the norms by which the contractor shall perform his work in accordance with the
current trends in the practice of Architecture.

Section 1. Definition and Documents

Article 1. Definitions
Article 2. Execution, Correlation and Intent of
Document
Article 3. Drawings and Specifications
b. As-built
c. Detailed Drawings
d. Shop Drawings
e. Working Drawing
Notes:
Construction
** 6 to 8 - distances of nails
** Every 4 - distances of rivet at ridge roll for roofing
5 Sets of Blue Prints
1 office of the building official
1 contractor
1 owner
1 fire department
1 site:
Only the architect can use the copy at the site.
May cause termination of the contractor in case of lost or mishandled.
Well-kept at the site.
Protected by electrical tape, binded by wood and screw and supported by acetate cover.

Additional 4 copies of blue prints

1- homeowner association
1- security of homeowner association
ex: town house, condominium, subdivision, etc.
2 lending institution
a. file
b. appraiser

** 9 copies are free of charge and the succeeding copies are payable.
Conflicts on drawings and specifications or text
specifications or text will prevail
if not stated on drawings and specification,
the contractor has the right to do it in the most expensive manner, still the materials have to be
approved by the architect.

Section 2
1. Laws
2. Regulations
3. Site Conditions
- the architect should do ocular inspection of the site
4. Permits
- responsibility of the contractor to provide permit on his own expense
5. Taxes
- whoever gains pays tax
6. Insurance
a. life insurance
b. property insurance
7. Survey
- actual verification of size of the lots at the cost of the owner
- re-survey when problem occur but at his own expense

Section 3. Equipment and Materials

o Equipments written on quotation submitted by the contractor must comply with actual usage.
o Materials should follow what is written on specifications.

Section 4. Premises and Temporary Facilities

o Define by property line
o Consideration of safety of adjacent lots and users.
Temporary Facilities
1. warehouse
2. bankhouse or barracks
- for stay-in workers
3. office
- for architects negotiations
4. utilities
- water, electrical sources, etc.
5. access
- road, pathways, etc.
6. trial usage
7. enclosures
8. signage
- falling debris
- park at your own risk
Section 5. Protection of Work and Property

Section 6
1. Labor
a. Quantity: no. of worker, lesser the worker when construction is almost finish
b. Quality: proper work designation such as painter, carpenter, steel man, etc.
2. Work
- based on specifications and plans

duration include liquidated damages which means delayed construction to be deducted to the fee.
a. working days Monday to Friday
b. calendar days number of days including Saturday, Sunday and holidays
3. Payment
- no payment shall be made without the approval of the architect.
Notes:
** duration starts counting 7 days after the acceptance of NTP notice to proceed.
** within 7 days: mobilization and materials were prepared.
** immediately means 5 days
** s-curve allowable deficiency is 10%

Contractor
1. Certificate of completion (partial)
2. Request for Inspection
3. Billing
4. Certificate of Non-Financial

When accepted
- the architect furnish certificates to the owner:
1. Certificate of acceptance
2. Certificate of payment

Notes:
** the contractor may not be paid till 90 days before he go to court.
** substantial completion (98%): the contractor may e paid 100%

Section 7. Contractor-Separate;
Contractors-Subcontractors relations

Section 8. Suspension of Work

People who can suspend work: owner and contractor
1. Owner
a. Bankruptcy declared by BIR
b. Insubordination not following orders
c. Non payment
2. Contractor
a. Government stoppage of work
b. Non action of request
- drawings
- materials
- inspection
c. Non payment of workers or materials

Notes:
Involving numbers
** 5 days means immediately
** 7 days NTP notice to proceed
** 10 days request for materials and drawings
notice (stop, begin or resume)
** 15 days money matters (request for inspection, payments, salary and wages)
** 30 days arbitration
** 90 days government stoppage
** 120 days Building Permit (stoppage)
** 365 days Building Permit (without construction)
3 consecutive board examination failures
guaranteed bond
reinstatement
** 3 years renewal of license
** 15 years liability of architect to his project

BUILDING LAWS

Practice of Architecture
1. RA 545 The Architectural Law
2. PD 49 Intellectual Property Law
3. PD 223 The Law that created the PRC
** Hon. Antonieta Fortuna-Ibe (head)
4. LOI 1000 The letter of Inspection Mandating Government support only to the A.P.O.
5. EO 164 The Executive order regulating the hiring of foreign consultants
Article 1. Organization
Article 2. Registration and Exam
** Qualifications
a. 21 years old
b. Filipino
c. Graduate of BS Architecture
d. 2 years diversified experience
e. High-School Graduate
Article 3. Sundry Provision
a. Foreigners cannot practice if there is no reciprocity
b. Corporation cannot practice architecture
c. Architect whos employed by the government cannot practice architecture privately

Termination of License
1. Fraudulent Acts
2. Scandalous Acts
3. Criminal Acts
a. Life
b. Property
4. Unsound mind
5. Violation of Code of Ethics

Note:
Designers
** ADB Building Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM)
** Bureau of Soil Japanese architect
** Lung Center and Health Center George Ramos
** World Trade Center Minoro Yamasaki
** Only the architect may sign the Architectural Plans

LAWS THAT AFFECTS HOUSING, GEN. CONSTRUCTION, DESIGN, REAL ESTATE, ETC.

1. PD 1096 The National Building Code

2. PD 957 The Condominium and Subdivision Buyers Protective Law
3. BP 220 The Socialized Housing Law
4. BP 344 The Law Enhancing the Mobility of the Disabled (The Accessibility Law)
5. PD 1185 The Fire Code of the Philippines

Notes:
** former president Ferdinand Marcos signed most of these laws
** Architect Roberto Pentong Gaite architect to juries
** Building Permit issued to buildings having a cost of P15,000.00 of indigenous materials
** Hon. Florante Soriquez secretary of DPWH

PRIORITY CHAPTERS TO STUDY

NBC:
1. Chapter 1 General Provision
2. Chapter 2 Adm. and Enforcement
3. Chapter 3 Permits and Inspection
4. Chapter 7- Classification and Use
5. Chapter 8 Light and Ventilation
6. Chapter 12 Gen. Design and Construction

OTHER INFO
Apprentice Designer Draftsman
- signed by Filipino architect
- current and valid ITR
- under minimum of 6 months work with architect
- maximum of four architects to sign the logbook
- 3840 hours
- while studying, 4 hours a day may count
- 8 hours a day when working
- overtime, Saturday and Sundays are not included
- submission of logbook is 30 days before the board exam

MASTER PLANNERS

Tomas Mapua
- his most enduring contribution is the Mapua institute of Technology, which is the oldest architectural
school in the country

- the first registered architect in the Philippines and worked with the Bureau of Public Works

- best works:
1. De La Salle University classical revivalist influences
2. Nurses Home at the Philippine General Hospital compound Italian renaissance

Andres Luna de San Pedro

- the son of the great Filipino painter Juan Luna

- best works:
1. Legarda Elementary School French renaissance
2. Rafael Fernandez House French renaissance and official residence of Corazon Aquino during her
presidency
3. Perez-Samanillo Building art deco and modern style
4. Crystal Arcade art deco and modern style, precursor of the modern-day shopping mall
5. Perkins House also known as El Nido (The Nest), awarded first prize in Manilas 1925 House
Beautiful Contest

Juan Nakpil
- the first architect to be conferred the National Artist award in 1973 for his outstanding talents and
services in creating edifices, both private and public, that are conceptually well designed and
conscientiously executed
- dictum less in more

- best works:
1. Quezon Institute superimposed a native touch on the art deco faade through the high-pitch roof in
the central building
2. The Ever Theater the first to use glass as prominent architectural material

Pablo Antonio
- best works:
1. Philippine National Bank
2. Manila Railroad Company
3. Far Eastern University

Leandro Locsin
- the poet of space, known for his lyrical articulation of space as defined by stark modernity, spatial
purity, expansive strength, distinct outlines and straightforward geometry

- he produced 71 residences, 81 buildings and sultanate palace

- best works:
1. University of the Philippines Catholic Chapel
2. St. Andrew Church in Bel-Air, Makati
3. Cultural Center of the Philippines
4. Philippines International Convention Center
5. Folk Arts Theater
6. National Arts Center on Mt. Makiling
7. Ninoy Aquino International Airport terminal Tower One in Ayala
8. Mandarin Hotel

- most impressive work:

1. Istana Nurul Iman (Palace of Religious Light) the palace of the Sultan of Brunei, which reinterprets
traditional Islamic Southeast Asian motifs based on a modernist idiom

Francisco Maosa
- best work:
1. Tahanang Filipino (Coconut Palace) a luxurious guesthouse at the CCP Complex. It showcased a
double roof reminiscent of the salakot (a wide brimmed hat) and swing-out (naka-tukod) window
borrowed from the bahay kubo

Juan Arellano
- best works:
1. Legislative Building (now the National Museum) on Agrifina Circle neoclassicism
2. Post Office Building at Liwasang Bonifacio
3. Metropolitan Theater colorist art deco, considered as the zenith of Art Deco aesthetics in the
Philippines, exterior and interior exhibit locally mediated approaches such as detailing : tropical fruits
and flora motifs, bamboo banister railings, carved banana and mango ceiling relief, and Batik mosaic
patterns

SPANISH ARCHITECTURE

BAHAY NA BATO
- brought about 19th century by the changes in society and economy
- 3 possible origins
1. BAHAY KUBO pointed roof, concept of space (space surrounded by space) and ventilation (wide
window), silong, open plan
2. TRIBAL LEADERS HOUSE strong construction; spacious with many furniture and rooms; elaborate
decoration; best materials
3. CONVENTOS adjacent to the church, permanence spaciousness; may have been the local models of
luxury and prestige
- earthquake proof : resting on wooden posts mortised on stone, buried on the ground to dance with
the earthquake
- the PEAK of native Philippine architecture : made the bahay kubo bigger and more extravagant but
retained its character

- 10 areas
1. GROUND FLOOR made of coral stones, adobe or rubble; with small windows; area include:
a. zaguan for caruajes, grains
b. quadra stables
c. bodega old carozas, grains
d. entrasuelo mezzanine where the valuables are kept, may also house offices or additional dwelling
units
e. patio enclosed courtyard
2. CEREMONIAL STAIRWAY first three step (descanzo) made of marble tiles; landing with bastonera;
remaining steps are made of narra
3. LIVING SPACES wide double doors may be opened to connect the spaces and create a large hall
a. antesala or caida for acquaintances; spacious hall separated by callado
b. sala for friends and intimates; divided by movable screens or biombo
c. bedrooms (quarto or silid) usually three; contains four-posted beds, armories, chests; SANTOS with
ivory heads and hands are placed at the master bedroom
d. comedor dining area; plateria and long table
4. COCINA kitchen; contains the paminggalan (food cabinet) and dispensa (rice storage)
5. COMON or LATRINA toilet, sometimes with two-passenger water closet
6. BAO or PALIGUAN bathroom
7. ALCOVA additional quartos
8. VOLADA flying gallery over the zaguan; protects the interior from heat and rain
9. AZOTEA open terrace of stone and ceramic placed near the kitchen; with a cistern for gathering rain
water
10. BALCON terrace in the living room, jutting out of the house

- distinctive features
1. PERSIANA large windows with slats covered with capiz to filter light; unique in Southeast Asia
2. VENTANILLA small windows usually at lower portion of the wall
3. CALLADO open woodwork or tracery; fixed over a window or placed as space dividers
4. BARANDILLAS wrought iron traceries on the wall
5. BANGGERA where the dishes are kept

- regional differences
Examples:
1. ILOCOS sober architecture; Vigan houses are entirely made of bricks, pilasters embedded on sides,
dignified without too much decoration
2. CEBU expansive, ground floor made of huge coral stones
3. SOUTHERN TAGALOG airy. Second flanges over the walls of the ground

MILITARY ARCHITECTURE
- forts and fortresses constructed by Spanish friars as a defense against Moro pirates
1. REAL FUERZA DE SANTIAGO (Fort Santiago) shrine of freedom, designed by Father Antonio
Cedeno, with Diego Jordan as engineer
2. INTRAMUROS famous walled city within a city; seven gates; completed 1872; made of bricks and
hard adobe from the Pasig River quarries; wall are 45 ft thick and rise 25 ft above the moat; structures
inside the city include:
a. Fort Santiago
b. San Agustin Church
c. Convent

LATE SPANISH PERIOD

- architectural development
1. roofs at 45 degrees gradient or less
2. use of bricks, limestone, hardwood, capiz shells (G.I. sheets and clay tiles or tisa were imported)
3. elaborate lace-like grillwork (1870s)
4. transoms with floral and foliate scroll work (1890s)
5. 1890s Art Nouveau brought swirling vines and flowers for staircase balustrades, etched or colored
glass panels replaced capiz
6. emergence of Filipino and foreign architects working in the Philippines
a. FELIX ROXAS first Filipino architect; served as architect to the Manila government; studied in
England and Spain
b. JUAN HERVAS a Catalan who was one of the Spanish architects invited to reconstruct Manila after
the earthquake of 1863 and 1880
7. churches
a. Sto. Domingo Church, Intramuros
b. San Ignacio, Intramuros first church designed by a Filipino architect
c. San Sebastian Church, Manila only Gothic church in the Philippines
8. brides
a. Fuente de Espana first bridge to span the Pasig River linking Intramuros and Binondo
b. Colgante Bridge suspension bridge; only for pedestrians; framework of iron imported from England

AMERICA PERIOD
- architectural development
1. a regime of reinforced concrete and galvanized iron
2. Neo-Classical styles
3. DANIEL BURNHAM commissioned by Gov. General W.H. Taft to draft the Master Plan for Manila and
government buildings (Agri-Finance Building, Senate Building, among others)
4. MASTER BUILDERS (maestro de obras) acquired title either from practical experience or completed
academic training of Master Builders course
5. LICEO DE MANILA first school to open three year course in architecture
6. TOMAS MAPUA first licensed architect; established the second school (followed by UST and
Adamson)
7. MASONIC TEMPLE, Escolta first multi-storey reinforced concrete building in the Philippines
8. CHALET suburban house; simple design with verandah in front or around the house; middle-class
9. 1930s continued urban development; emergence of multi-storey, multi-family dwellings and
commercial structures; distinct simplification of lines, emphasis on verticality; other architects
contradicted the trend by putting horizontal strips of glass window

POST-WAR ARCHITECTURE
- mediocre design, uncontrolled and hasty rebuilding only resurrected old designs
- commercial building drew inspiration from contemporary architecture in the West
- development of community planning
- BUNGALOW introduced in 1948; one-storey house with wide picture windows, a lanai and a carport
for up to three cars
- modern architecture with a renewed interest in Filipino motifs
a. use of pointed roofs, lattices, screens, wood carvings
b. architecture of LEANDRO LOCSIN and FRANCISCO MANOSA

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

COURSE OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Architectural Design Theory
3. Esquisse
4. Building Economics
5. Building Utilities
6. Approaches and Strategies
7. Simulated Board Exam
 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
- it is the translation of an abstract solution to a real, tangible and concrete solution
- it is the optimum and better solution which must approximate the pre-set solution of the examiner
- it must involve the judicious use of design tools in developing the solution within:
a. parameters / constraints
b. circumstances
c. environmental conditions
: must be conserve
: must be protected
: must be included in the design solution

- set by the examiner. The solution must be: SAFE

Simple provide what is needed or simply follow instruction

Appropriate must fit on concept
Functional look-out for specific use of the building
Economical

FORMAT OF DESIGN EXAM

1. 20x30 tracing paper provided by PRC
2. Black ink final drawings is in black ink
3. Pencil for enhancing and construction line (staedler pencils)
4. College major plate type drawings
- schematic
- no dimensions
- no call-outs such as specifications
- fully rendered in the used pencil shadows but not colored
- material must be drawn in full
- no columns unless it is part of design
- furniture layouts defending on layout and instructions
- entourage and landscape are allowed but not colored

RULES
1. Individual drawing implements and drawing boards
- triangles
- compass
- pencils
- magic, masking, scotch tapes
- rubber band
- drawing board with straight edge
- erasing shield
- scissors
- protractors
- french curve
- 2 sets of sign pens varying in points
- circular template
- optional coloring materials
- cutters
- ballpens
- erasers (different types)
- liquid paper
- scale
- watch
2. PRC will provide tracing paper with official seal
3. Drawing Grids
- preset grids, but to be shown to the proctor
4. Not allowed!
- no color
- no people or human figures
- no vehicles even triangle representation on plans
- no electronic equipment
- no scientific or programmable calculators, only simple scientific calculator is allowed
- no references

TOOLS
1. Drawing implements
2. Codes Building Codes
3. Building Standards
4. Vocabulary

ARCHITECTURAL CONVENTION
1. Lettering
-simple gothic, upright and all caps
-text : 4mm in height
-title : 8-10mm
-sub-titles : 6-8mm
2. Lines
-construction lines or guide lines
-final lines
-dimension lines
-masculine/feminine lines
3. Each drawing must have title and scale and north orientation
-orientation must always upward! on site development plan
-on plans refer to main entrance of structures

Notes:
Acconometric Drawing
- another type of aerial perspective
Berthing
- term for parking at water

FORMAT OF THE QUESTIONAIRE

1. Title
2. Background or description of the problem
3. Requirements
a. Plate requirements specify needed rooms or spaces
b. Drawing requirements specify scale, needed drawings, etc
Notes:
Marina
- luxurious facilities for water vessels
- yatch
- fine dining : luxurious eating place
Condominium
- high-rise residential buildings
- luxurious
- with elevators to make it more luxurious than townhouse
- can be bought but original lot remains to the owner
Townhouse
- can be bought
- horizontal residential structures
- can be leased (long term)
Apartment
- not more than 10 units
- rented (short term payment)
- usually two storey and for rent
Rowhouse
- can accommodate a full length of block
Tenements
- an apartment that is not more than 4 storeys
Apartelle
- fully furnish with equipments (such as food, beds) while apartment will be provided by the tenants
Condotelle
- rented by other person to the owner of the room wherein the owner of the room rented it to the
owner of building
Hotel
- rented area provided with room and comfort room and other facilities will be common areas
Motel
- rented area with room, comfort room and garage (motorist hotel)
Garage
- enclosed with walls, roof and door and facilities for repairs
Carport
- with roof and columns
Parking Slot
- compose of lines and has no enclosure at all

EXAMPLES OF TITLES ANALYSIS

The OASIS a resort
- a mirage : an illusion of water in the desert
- located in the desert; a body of water located in the desert
- leisure activities
- having a main focus of water element it can be water fountain
The HAMLET a townhouse
- hamlet : a small French village
- having no huge elements such as columns
- compose of common center area such as plaza
The TIANGGE a flea market
- flea : surot
- baratillo
- huge number of stalls that is detachable

Notes:
Assume 1-1/2 hours to finish every sheet
Consider facing

a. reading and understanding (3 hours)

b. preliminary drawings (2hours)
c. final drawings

THINGS TO BE AWARE IN DESIGNING

1. vocabulary
2. building code
3. presentation
4. requirements
5. common sense

Notes:
Stairs cutting line
-7th and 8th steps

THINGS TO DO IN PREPARATION FOR DESIGN EXAM

1. practice drafting technique
2. multiple deadline time management
3. composition
- sheets must be clean
- clear, use acceptable architectural symbols and architectural conventions
- respect margins

PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION

Dimension Contrast Variety

Proportion Measurements
Scale Fixed Proportions
Equilibrium Balance
a. Formal balance
b. Informal balance Gravitation
Physical Manifestation Rhythm Movement
Unity Order / Harmony
Character Expression

CONTRAST OF LINES
Masculine Lines bold, dark, straight, strong lines
Feminine Lines soft, fragile, thin, curve lines

1. Residential : feminine; informal

2. Institutional
a. government buildings : masculine; formal
b. health care : masculine; formal
3. Industrial : masculine; formal
4. Commercial : feminine; informal
5. Recreational
a. active : masculine; formal
b. passive : feminine: informal
6. Religious : masculine; formal
7. Education : masculine; formal

UNITY
- creating unified site development plan
1. Central Theme
- creating a motif
2. Major component of buildings must dominate
- exceptional size
- strategic location
- unique shape
3. compact and coherent unit
- orientation marker, ex. sculpture
- inward orientation
4. Harmony in materials, styles, design, etc.

CHARACTER
- manifested external expression of internal qualities

a. function use of the building

b. association influence of traditional types
c. personality character of occupants or human quality

ANALYZING THE DESIGN PROBLEM

read understand
a. title
b. description or background
c. requirements
- plate
- drawing
familiarize with the site
a. simply given
b. derivation / computation
- closing the traverse (protractor and calculator)
- textual

determine the area of the lot

a. formula
- regular shapes
- irregular shapes
b. dot-grid method
- approximate area all dots included in the site will be multiplied to the reference area of the square
c. planimeter
- use in computing the lot

d. road runner
- used in computing the length of the road
determine the buildable area (BA)

buildable area = lot area open space

70% 30%
open spaces
1. set backs type of lots page 231
2. private yards (front, side, rear) page 227
3. road abutments page 228
4. height of buildings page 234
5. private open space page 226
6. natural open spaces
a. rivers 5.00m
b. creek 3.00m
c. sea/beach front 50.00m
d. pasig river 10.00m
determine the floor area (FA)

FA = BA x No. of storeys
saleable area (SA)

SA = FA - common area (35%)

plate requirements / components
code requirements
- BP 344 (accessibility law)
a. site development
- parking allocation (for disabled
- curb-cut-outs
- ramps (1:12)

b. structure
- comfort room
- corridor (1.50 meters)
- stairs
- fire exits
- ventilation
heights
a. naturally ventilated
b. artificially ventilated
- 1 storey
- 2 to 4 storeys
- 5 to infinity storeys (high-rise)
structure
a. superstructure
b. substructure
- in every five floors correspond to one basement

COST ESTIMATE BULDING ECONOMICS

levels
S budgetary estimate
(floor area x cost parameter)
D detailed estimate
(floor area: specific x cost parameter)
C bill of materials
(materials x cost)
C bid estimate
(bill of materials x margin of profit)
cost parameter/ sqm
1 storey: low cost P1.00 P5,000.00
2-4 storeys: mid cost P5,001.00 P12,000.00
5-infinity: high-rise P12,001.00 infinity
basement (1.2%) = next level

components of the estimate

a. land development cost 25% (P500/sqm)
1. earth development
2. roads and access ways
3. utilities (civil works)
4. landscaping
5. furnishings
b. structure 75%
1. structural 25% of the cost
2. utilities 15-30% of the cost
3. architectural 45-60% of the cost

BILL OF MATERIALS
1. materials x
2. labor 35-40% of x
direct cost = A
3. equipment 20% of A
4. margin of profit 30% of A
5. overhead 15% of A
(ballpen, bond papers, gas, secretary, etc.)
6. contingency 10-15% of A
(allowance, wastage) : paid by contractor

7. bonds and insurances 10-30% of A

8. miscellaneous 15-20% of A
construction cost + AE = project cost

UTILITIES
1. water supply
2. waste water
3. sewage
4. electricity
5. lighting
6. mechanical
7. intelligent system
locations of utilities is outside
a. utility company
b. users
c. intermediary treatment
 horizontal

Note:
Utilities
step-down transformer : 220V to 110V
step-up transformer : 110V to 220V
water tanks

RESIDENTIALS
- (informal) feminine
1. multi-storey : 4 storey and below
2. multi-family
3. utilities are shared or common areas
4. orientation:
work west
rest east

5. clusters

45 meters: maximum length of corridor

GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS
- basically linear and rectangular in plan
1. formal (masculine)
2. multi-storey
3. linear development
4. flag pole / assembly area

HOSPITAL
1. users
a. patients
b. medical practioner
c. visitors
2. activities

3. high rise

4. separate out-patient

5. philippine heart center, example

RECREATIONAL
gyms
1. users
a. players playcourts
b. officials rooms
c. spectators bleachers
2. playcourts

3. unobstructed view
- less column with the gym

track oval
1. track and field
2. track and soccer

swimming pool and diving pool

bowling
- usually synthetic wood was used nowadays

golf
1. 18 holes done by landscape architect
2. clubhouse usually two storeys and placed on the middle
a. first floor
- dirty area
- caddy
- clean-up
b. second floor
- function room
- fine dining
- boutiques
- pro-shop

resort
1. feature
2. amenities
3. operation system

COMMERCIAL
1. one-stop-shop
- all ages accommodated
2. flagship store
- usually department store
- concessions : barbershop, boutiques, etc
3. magnet nodes
4. parking
5. theme activities

ECUMENICAL
1. all religion
- no symbols of particular religion
2. celebrants place (altar)
- congregation

EDUCATION
1. classroom
2. 1 teacher = 40-50 students
(1 sqm/person + circulation)
3. standard module 7m x 9m
4. flagpole / quadrangle
5. laboratories / libraries / admin / pe
6. parking
7. canteen

TERMINALS

international domestic
Sea Ok : cargo Ok
Land X Ok
Air Ok Ok

domestic
a. lounge, passenger
b. offices
c. reception
d. hygiene facilities
international
a. lounge, passenger
b. offices
c. reception
d. hygiene facilities
e. customs
f. immigration
separate people and good
separate in and out

EXAMPLE DESIGN PROBLEM

- government building
-formal / male
-rectangular / linear (45 meter)
-multi-storey
-flagpole / assembly
3 branches of government
-executive : major
-legislative : vice major
-judiciary : judge
north (type of government)
1. ilocos : bahay na bato
2. mountain province : ifugao house
3. batanes : ibatan house

BEHAVIOR SETTING STUDIES

ENVIRONMENT
- behavior studies in architecture include the systematic examination of relationship between the
environment and human behavior and their application in the design process. The term has a number of
partial equivalent.
- it can be (1) human environment studies
(2) social ecology
(3) human factors
(4) behavioral architecture
(5) programming

the research aspect is often called:

(1) environmental psychology
(2) user needs study
(3) social and behavioral factors
environment behavior study contain more than function:
(1) circulation flow
(2) proximities
(3) dimensional concerns
behavioral factor go deeper to the psychology of the user, how he perceives:
(1) building form
(2) social interaction needs
(3) sub cultural differences in lifestyle
(4) meaning and symbolism of building
(5) technology

SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENT STUDIES

1. user groups
- different user groups have different need and use patterns, they are affected in different ways by the
quality of the environment, user group maybe socially differentiated into:
income, ethnicity, age, special interest group, urban/rural, informal dwellers, squatters/slam dwellers
2. environmental behavior phenomena
- this is looking at the aspect of human behavior in relation to everyday physical environments.
Proxemics are the different distances between people that we considered comfortable for social
interaction. This shows distinct distances: intimate, personal, social and public
Privacy, density and crowding
a. privacy is an inter personal control mechanism that faces and regulates interactions with others. It is
the chain of individuals, groups or institutions to control access to themselves and what information
about them may be allowed to be communicated.
b. density is a measure of number of people per unit of space
c. crowding is psychological or an environment behavior concept which refers to the experience of
being hemmed in, locked, or frustrated by the presence of too many people.

PERSONAL SPACE
- it is a specific environment behavior concept. It is a small invisible, protective sphere or bubble that an
organism carries about
- the individual personal space is dynamite, it changes its dimension, stress and anxiety can result from
intrusion

TERRITORIALITY
- refer to a group of behavior that a person will personalized, marked, owned, defend, unlike personal
space, territories do not move, they have five defining characteristics:
(1) people will defended if violated by intruders
(2) they are marked in either a concrete or symbolic ways
(3) they satisfy some needs or motives
(4) they are owned control or processed by an individual or group
(5) they contain spatial area

DEFENSIVE SPACE
- it is an extension of the concept of territoriality, characteristics of space not make it more defensible.

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

FLOOR PLAN
a drawing of the outline and partitions of a building as you would see them at the building were cut
horizontally at about 4 feet or 1.20m
the plan is the beginning of the building. It is the foundation upon which the scheme of the structure
rests. It relates the various units to each other
the design process should always proceed from within to without
2 THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN DESIGNING A PLAN
1. the arrangement of the units according to practical requirements
2. the arrangement according to the rule of abstract design

FLOOR PLAN SKETCHING

1. Preliminary sketching
shows desirable size proportion and relationship of each room to the entire plan
offsets and indentations are smoothed by increasing the dimensions of some rooms and changing
slightly the arrangement of the others
modular sizes are established
exact positions and sizes of doors and windows are determined
2. Final sketching
single line sketches are change to define wall thickness and include property features
location of shrubbery, trees, patios, driveways, gardens, etc. are included

STEPS IN DRAWING FLOOR PLANS

1. block the overall dimensions of the house and add the thickness of the outside walls with a hard
pencil
2. layout the position of interior partitions
3. locate the position of doors and windows by center line and by their widths
4. darken the object lines with an F pencil
5. add doors and window symbols with a 2H pencil
6. add symbols for stairwells
7. erase extraneous lines if they are too heavy. If they are extremely light, they can remain
8. draw the outlines of the furniture and fixtures
9. add the symbols and sections for any masonry work such as planters
10. dimension the drawing

DOORS AND WINDOWS IN PLAN

1. show normally swinging doors at 90 opening
2. doors swings are shown with light lines and quarter symbols
3. door type is not illustrated in plan, only in elevational views
4. window type cannot be explained in plan except for width and location : window type and height are
shown in elevational views
5. show sill lines with a lighter line weight than wals, jambs and glass, since sills are not in fact cut
through

WALL INDIATIONS
- note that what is cut through in plan (walls, columns, etc.) takes precedence and should be dominating
value; what is seen within plan (flooring, counters, furniture, etc.) should be lighter in value

RULES FOR DIMENSIONING FLOOR PLANS

1. architectural dimension lines are unbroken lines with dimensions placed above the lines. Arrowheads,
dots, small circles and diagonal lines are used to denote the termination of the dimension line. Dots are
used when the area to be dimensioned is too small for arrowheads. Arrowheads may also be placed
outside the extension lines when the area is too small
2. dimensions should be placed to read from the right or from the bottom of the drawing. The numerals
should always be written above the lines
3. dimension lines are placed about 3/8 apart. To avoid crossing extension and dimension lines, place
the longer dimensions farther away from the plan. Overall building dimensions are placed outside all
other dimensions
4. when the area to be dimensioned is too small for the numerals, they are placed outside the
dimension lines. Do not try to fancy up dimensions with artistic numerals, legibility is the only concern
5. rooms are dimensioned form the center line of partitions. In some cases, they may be dimensioned
from wall to wall, exclusive of wall thickness
6. in dimensioning stairs, the number of risers is placed on a line with an arrow indicating the direction
(up or down)
7. architectural dimensions always refer to the actual size of the building regardless of the scale of the
drawing
8. never crowd dimensions. To free the plan of excessive dimensions, the sizes of doors and windows
are given in the door and window schedule. All obvious dimensions are also omitted

SECTIONS
architectural sections are drawings that show a building cut in half by an imaginary plane called a
cutting plane. All the material on one side of the cut is removed so that the interior can be studied
the position of the cutting plane is shown by the cutting plane line. A cutting plane line is a long heavy
line followed by two dashes. It is placed in the part to be sectioned, and the arrows at its ends show the
direction from which the section is to be viewed
the cutting plane line often interferes with dimensions, notes and details. In this case, an alternative
method wherein only the extremes of the cutting plane line are used. The cutting plane line is then
assumed to be straight

KINDS OF SECTIONS
FULL SECTION
- a section cut through the entire building or component
a. cross section a section showing a crosswise cut through the building
b. longitudinal section a section showing a transverse or lengthwise cut through building
OFFSET SECTION
- a section with a cutting plane line offset to permit it to cut through necessary features
HALF SECTION
- a cut to remove only one quarter of a symmetrical component. Thus both exterior and interior can be
shown in one view

POINTS TO REMEMBER IN DRAWING SECTIONS

1. a building material is only sectioned when the cutting plane line passes through it. The outline of all
other materials visible behind the plane of projection must also be drawn in their proper position and
scale
2. as with floor plans, whatever is cut through in taking a section (floor, walls, roof structure, etc.) is
profiled with a heavy line
3. cut sections through major elements in a building (major window openings, doorways, changes in roof
and floor levels, roof opening, etc.). never cut through columns
4. it is good practice to include people in building design section to give a scale to the spaces
5. the physical context of the building should always be shown buy indicating the earth upon which it
sits, which is also cut through
6. construction details and foundations need not be indicated in design sections

RULES FOR DIMENSIONING SECTIONS

1. vertical dimensions should be read from the right of the drawing
2. levels to be dimensions should be labeled with a note, term or abbreviation
3. room heights are shown by dimensioning from the floor line to the ceiling line
4. the height of windows and doors are dimensioned from the floor line to the top of windows and
doors. Windows and doors may be indexed to a door and window schedule, or the style of the windows
and doors may be shown on the sectional drawing.
5. sectional dimensions show only vertical distances. horizontal distances are shown in the floor plan
6. dimensions for small, complex, or obscure areas should be indicated to a separate detail
7. overall height dimensions are placed on the outside of subdimensions

ELEVATIONS
- the main feature of the outside of a building are shown on the elevation drawings. Elevation drawings
are orthographic drawings of the exterior of a building. They are prepared to show the design, materials,
dimensions, and final appearance of the exterior of a building
- only horizontal distances can be established in the floor plan. Thus, the vertical height such as the
height of windows and doors must be shown on the elevations
4 TYPES OF ELEVATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONAL ORIENTATION
front elevation
- the view projected from the front of a building
rear elevation
- the view projected from the rear of a building
right side elevation
- the view projected from the right side of a building

left side elevation

- the view projected form the left side of a building

ELEVATIONS ACCORDING TO COMPASS ORIENTAITON

- a method of projecting the elevations of a building with no so-called front or rear view

STEPS IN PROJECTING ELEVATIONS

The major lines of an elevation are derived by projecting vertical lines from the floor plan, and
measuring the position of the horizontal lines from the ground line
 vertical line projection
- vertical lines represents the main lines of a building should first be projected. These lines show the
overall length or width of the building. They also show the major parts or offsets of the building. The
position of the doors and windows are also projected from the floor plan
horizontal line projection
- horizontal lines that represents the height of the eave line and ridge line above the ground are
measured, then drawn to intersect with the vertical lines drawn from the floor plan. The intersection of
these lines provide the overall outline for the elevation

KITCHENS
A well planned kitchen is efficient, attractive and easy to maintain. In designing an efficient kitchen, the
following must be considered:

a. function
b. basic shape
c. dcor
d. size
e. location of equipment

FUNCTION OF A KITCHEN
The basic function of a kitchen is food preparation. In some cases, the kitchen is also used as an informal
dining area and as a laundry area

THREE AREAS OF THE KITCHEN

storage center
- the focal point of the storage center is the refrigerator, although many cabinets for non-refrigerated
food, dishes and utensils must be provided. The refrigerator may be free-standing, built-in or suspended
from a wall
- to save steps, the refrigerator may be located near the delivery door, or nearest the door to the
living/dining area
preparation and cleaning center
- this center is built around the sink and its adjoining counter space
- the preparation and cleaning center may also include a waste-disposal unit, an automatic dishwasher,
and cabinets for storing brushes, towels and cleaning supplies
cooking center
- the cooking center is grouped around the range/stove. Range-oven combinations are often 36 inches
or 0.90 meter high, so counters should be designed at the same height
- the cooking center should also include countertop workspaces, as well as storage for small appliances
and cooking utensils that will be used in the area. The cooking center must have an adequate supply of
electrical outlets for the minor appliances used in cooking

WORK TRIANGLE
If you draw a line connecting the three centers of the kitchen, a triangle is formed. This is called a work
triangle. The perimeter of an efficient work triangle should be between 12 and 22 feet or 3.7 and 6.7
meters

BASIC SHPAES OF THE KITCHEN

1. PULLMAN
- this shape of kitchen, consisting of a long corridor with utilities on either side, is often used when space
is at a premium. Doors may be at either end or one end only.
- this shape of kitchen is unsatisfactory if a considerable traffic passes through the work triangle
- a Pullman kitchen produces one of the most efficient work triangles of all the arrangement

2. U-SHAPED
- this type of kitchen has cabinets on three walls, the sink usually in the middle, and the refrigerator and
stoves on opposite sides. This plan is adaptable for both small and large rooms
- in this arrangement, traffic passing through the kitchen is completely separated from the work triangle
- the open space between the sides may be 4 or 5 (1.2 or 1.5m)

3. L-SHAPED
- probably the most commonly used arrangement, the L-shaped kitchen is efficient because it allows for
two doors without any interruption of countertop area
- this type of plan has continuous counters and appliances and equipment on two adjoining walls. The
work triangle is not often used for other kitchen facilities, such as dining and laundry
- if the walls of an L-shaped kitchen are too long, the efficiency is destroyed

4. PENINSULA
- the peninsula kitchen is similar to the U kitchen. However, one end of the U is not enclosed with a wall.
The peninsula is often used to adjoin the kitchen to the dining or family rooms
- this kind of layout may be used only with large rooms. It is called peninsula when the bar runs
perpendicular to a wall, and an island when it is freestanding

5. ONE-WALL
- this layout is used when a kitchen must be fitted in a long, narrow space such as in small apartments,
cabins or houses where little space is available
- the work centers are located in an efficient although not ideal arrangement. In planning the one-wall
kitchen, the designer must be very careful to avoid having the wall too long, and must provide adequate
storage facilities

LOCATION OF THE KITCHEN

The kitchen must be located near the service entrance and near the waste disposal area. If possible, the
childrens play area should also be visible from the kitchen. The kitchen must always be adjacent to the
dining area or when provided, outdoor dining areas.

GUIDES IN PLANNING A KITCHEN

1. the traffic lane is clear of the work triangle
2. the work areas include all necessary appliances and facilities. Electrical outlets must be provided for
the appliances. There must be adequate storage centers for all work areas
3. the kitchen is located adjacent to the dining area and near the childrens area
4. the work triangle measures less than 22 or 6.7m
5. shadowless and glareless light is provided and is concentrated on each work center
6. adequate counter space is provided for meal preparation
7. ventilation is adequate
8. the oven/range/stove is separated from the refrigerator by at least one cabinet
9. working height for counter is 36 or 0.90m
10. the combination of base cabinets, wall cabinets, and appliances provides a consistent standard unit
without gaps or awkward extension or depressions