DESIGN MANUAL

SEM - 3037E
Piping Design Manual

TOWER PIPING

REV. : 3
DATE : 2004. 03. 30

SAMSUNG ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

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CONTENTS

Page

1. GENERAL

1.1 Purpose and Application Scope -------------------------------------------------------- 1

1.2 Relevant Manuals --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

2. LAYOUT

2.1 Typical Arrangement of Tower Surroundings -------------------------------------------- 1

2.2 Consideration in Maintenance --------------------------------------------------------- 1
2.3 Factors Affecting the Installation Height -------------------------------------------- 2

3. ACCESSORY

3.1 Platform ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

3.2 Ladder ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
3.3 Davit -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
3.4 Lifting Lug -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
3.5 Access Hole and Vent ----------------------------------------------------------------- 7
3.6 Name Plate --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
3.7 Earth Lug ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

4. NOZZLE ORIENTATION

4.1 Information Form -------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

4.2 Manhole ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
4.3 Reflux Nozzle ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
4.4 Feed Nozzle ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
4.5 Draw-off Nozzle --------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
4.6 Reboiler Surroundings --------------------------------------------------------------- 25
4.7 Others ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30
4.8 Instrumentation Nozzle -------------------------------------------------------------- 31
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5. TOWER SURROUNDINGS PIPING

5.1 Overhead Piping --------------------------------------------------------------------- 34

5.2 Reflux Piping ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
5.3 Feed Piping ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
5.4 Outlet Piping from Tower Bottom ----------------------------------------------------- 36
5.5 Reboiler Piping --------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
5.6 Safety Valve Outlet Piping ---------------------------------------------------------- 36
5.7 Other Piping ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 37

6. SUPPORT CLIP ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39

7. CALCULATION OF NOZZLE STRENGTH (Refer to SEM-3012) --------------------------------------- 40

8. TOWER DESIGN (for reference)

8.1 Decision on Tower Diameter and Tower Length ----------------------------------------- 46

8.2 Strength Calculation for Towers with Skirt (Selected from JPI-7R-35-78) ------------- 48

9. HISTORY OF THIS MANUAL ------------------------------------------------------------------- 53

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1. GENERAL

1.1 Purpose and Application Scope

This manual provides details of tower piping design, and it shall be applied to all jobs unless
otherwise specially required by owner or licenser.

1.2 Relevant Manuals

(1) SEM-3039 "Piping Design Standard"

(2) SEM-2002 "Plant Layout Standard"
(3) SEM-3012 "Calculation of Nozzle Strength for Tower & Vessel by computer"
(4) SEM-3040 "Pipe Hanging No.1 (Pipe Hanging Manual)"

2. LAYOUT

2.1 Typical Arrangement of Tower Surroundings

2.2 Consideration in Maintenance

(1) Changing the packing.

(2) Take-up and take-down of reboiler and tower parts.
(3) Take-up and take-down of valve and tower parts.
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2.3 Factors affecting the Installation Height

(1) N.P.S.H
(2) Reboiler suction head
(3) Natural gravity flow head
(4) Pressure loss in flow-meter orifice

Static head of fluid close to boiling point is small, and the measurement will be incorrect
due to the flash caused by pressure loss in the orifice.

(5) Temperature of tower bottom

Bad effect on the concrete foundation or steel structure support.

(6) Piping construction shall be standardized and done in good order.

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3. ACCESSORY

3.1 Platform

3.1.1 Installation criteria

(1) Install platform for maintenance and operation of following parts that are 3600mm
and over from the ground or 1800mm and over from other platform.

1) Control valve (all size)

2) Reboiler
3) Manhole
4) Safety valve 4B and over
5) Piping or piping connection parts requiring frequent cleaning
(once a week at least) and transfer
6) Valves 4B and over or motor operated valve
7) Level controller
8) Sampling apparatus
9) Blind flange
10) Flanges to be bolted during operation

(2) Use portable ladder if it is 3600mm and under.

3.1.2 Consideration in arrangement

(1) Standard point shall be 750mm and under from the manhole centerline.
And, clearance shall be 2100mm and over from the upper platform.

(2) If more than two towers are paralleled, consideration shall be given to
allow the platform elevation to be the same.
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(3) If a common platform is to be installed, consider the thermal expansion of platform

between each tower and other movement.
(Provide separable type hinge with slot hole.)

(4) For a heat exchanger attached to tower, allow a proper space for cleaning and
withdraw of pipes.

(5) For a platform on which a lot of weight is loaded due to maintenance or supported
piping, report it to the engineer in charge of T/T (tank and tower).
(Strength of platform is approximately 300kg/.)

3.1.3 Structure

(1) Refer to T/T STD. B1-231 and B1-132.

(2) Standard width of platform shall be 600mm, 1000mm and 1500mm.
(3) Platform for manhole shall be minimum 1000mm.
(4) Type "B" shall be used as a standard.

3.2 Ladder

3.2.1 Installation criteria

Install ladder for maintenance and operation of following parts:

(1) For valves 3.1/2B and under

(2) Gauge glass and sight glass
(3) Handhole (when no changing of filling material)
(4) Pressure gauge and temperature gauge
(5) Tray cocks

3.2.2 Cautions in arrangement

Consideration shall be given so that instrument observation and valve operation

shall be available while going up and going down the ladder.
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3.2.3 Structure

(1) Refer to T/T STD.

(2) For a platform ladder 4000mm and over from the ground, install a safety cage on it
from EL.2200mm and over.
(3) The maximum length of a platform span shall be 10m.

3.3 Davit

3.3.1 Installation criteria

(1) When there is packing.

(2) When there are take-up and take-down internals and parts.

3.3.2 Consideration in arrangement

Leave a sufficient space for work at the lower main walkway.

3.3.3 Structure

(1) Refer to T/T STD. and B2-722.

(2) Standard lifting loads are 500kg and 1000kg.

It can be used for

maintenance of safety valve.
There shall be no fittings for
piping in the lower area.

It can be used for

entrance and exit of internals.

(3) For a packing, permanent trolley beam may be installed.

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(4) Reference figure for operation

Use a rope for davit-

rotation-protection
stay.

When pulling down the rope for

pulley through a guide loop,
it helps prevent the rotation
of davit.
If hole for lub oil
injection is under a platform,
pipe shall be 1/4B, and oil
injection cap shall be
installed above the platform.
For davit rotation, a common pipe
taper thread shall be made at the
end(OAM) of pipe 1B or 1.1/2B, and
the pipe for handling shall be
connected to the holder by means of
screwed connection.

3.4 Lifting Lug

3.4.1 Installation criteria

Lifting lug shall be installed for erection weight from 10 ton and above.
However, all lifting lugs for tower shall be installed even though the load is just
1 ton.

3.4.2 Consideration in arrangement

Refer to T/T STD, A2-781 and B2-281.

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3.5 Access Hole and Vent

3.5.1 Installation criteria shall subject to the following figures:

(1) Access hole

Install it in the easily accessible place.

Inside diameter of tower Number Access Hole

1450mm and under 1 450

1500mm and over & under 3500mm 2 450

3600mm and over 3 500

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(2) Vent hole

SKIRT END

50 (MIN) 50 (MIN) 50 (MIN)

Without insulation
4B SCH 40 STPG 38
HOT INSULATION
Number of skirt vent

Access Hole
Inside diameter of tower Size
Hot-insulation Cold-insulation

1450mm and under 4B 2 2

1500mm and over & under 3500mm 4B 4 2

3000mm and over & under 4500mm 4B 6 4

4500mm and over 4B Vent space 2500mm 4

(Note) : Column (*) is for hot-insulation or non-insulation.

3.6 Name Plate

Name plates shall generally have the standard height of 1500mm from the aboveground and be
installed uniformly at operation and monitoring walkway.
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3.7 Earth Lug

3.7.1 Installation criteria

For objects that are susceptible for making static electricity by the internal fluid
and required for installation of lightning arrestor according to the Building Standards
Act.

3.7.2 Structure (refer to T/T STD.)

Install lugs at two places when objects are located separately.

(for example, legs or saddles)
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Section "X" - "X"

Maximum Thickness Width Length Diameter Width Height Radius

Erection of Plate of Hole of Notch of Notch of Notch
Weight of Side Weld
Vessel
Tons T W L D G H R

25 25 230 460+E 80 80 130 40

50 40 300 560+E 80 100 150 50
100 50 400 710+E 100 150 200 75
150 65 500 800+E 130 180 250 90
200 80 600 960+E 150 200 300 100

Weld Leg Bottom Bottom T.L. of Top Lug

Size of Brace of Brace Vessel to center
to Top to T.L. to end of Holl
of Lug of Head of Lug
M F E B C J K

16 230 230 40 90 40
22 280 280 50 115 50
32 355 355 65 150 65
38 400 400 90 180 75
45 480 480 100 230 100

Note

1. The valve of "E" shall be computed according to "K".

"K" is constant regardless of the type such as dished, ellipsoidal, or any other type.
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General Notes

1. The outlet letters and stamping squares in the name plate shall be embossed and their faces glazed
enough by buffing. The other parts shall be corroder 0.5mm of depth, and the printed 0.1mm of
thickness black enamel. Letters to be the roundgothic type

2. Before the vessel name, Item No. shall be written.

(Example) AE-113 Fuel Oil Cooler

3. Letters A.B.C etc. shall be followed to Item No. for more than tow vessels.

4. The name, if long, may be simplified.

5. Date shall be as following.

(Example) JULY - 1967

6. The boxed line of fabricator's name indicators dimension and only the name embossed.

7. Wood insulator shall be prepared when the design temperature is 15 - 20 or under.

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4. NOZZLE ORIENTATION

4.1 Information Form

(1) Attached drawing papers.

(2) Including the following items:

1) Nozzle orientation
2) Platform elevation and width
3) Platform entrance and exit, and loading point
4) Ladder location
5) Davit location
6) Lifting lug location
7) Location of access hole and vent hole
8) Location of name plate
9) Opening/closing direction of manhole cover
10) Other special remarks

4.2 Manhole

(1) Manhole shall be generally located in the main walkway.

(2) Check the interference with opening/closing direction.
(3) Following figure-1 shows the standard direction for opening/closing.

Manhole of platform with two ladders shall be opened without any trouble.
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4.3.2 Top circulation reflux

Do as same form as pump return reflux.

4.3.3 Middle reflux

Middle reflux return generally has inlet flow in the down-comer.

The orientation shall not be contacted with down-comer.
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4.4 Feed Nozzle

(1) Feed nozzle is oriented in the same way as reflux nozzle, but platform shall be considered
as block valves are usually installed .

(2) Feed at side stream strippers

1) It shall be installed as same form as top reflux inlet.

2) Seal is not necessary in the fluid as seal loop is installed on the piping.

(3) Return of side stream stripper

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(4) Stripping stream inlets for tower and stripper

Make stripping stream inlet 300450mm lower than the bottom tray.

(5) Liquid feed

Do as same form as pump return reflux.

(6) Mixture vapor and fluid

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Bigger than inlet diameter

DOUBLE FLOW

4.5 Draw-off Nozzle

(1) As there are many cases that the pockets are made and drawn off from the tray, the area
where installation of pocket is convenient is preferable. (Refer to paragraph 4.3.3.)

(2) It is recommended to avoid the area straight down from the tray down-commer above one
stage.
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4.6 Reboiler Surroundings

(1) One-through reboilers

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(2) Circulating reboilers

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(3) The following shows a special case where tower bottom is used for hold-up.

(When product is returned to tower.)

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(4) Kettle reboiler

This type of reboiler is so different from other types of reboilers that only vapor goes
into the tower and product comes out of the reboiler. And, it is recommended that
orientation shall be determined according to the reboiler piping.
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(5) Preferential flow reboilers

For this type of reboiler, all fluid from down-comer is gathered into the reboiler, and the
part of full-volume fluid in the tower bottom is circulated through the reboiler. And, for
this type of rebolier, fluid level of tower bottom is affected by the reboiler elevation.
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4.7 Others

(1) Tray direction shall be crossed at 90if upper part of tray is single cross flow and the
lower part of tray is double cross flow.
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4.8 Instrumentation Nozzle

(1) It is recommended not to install instruments around manhole.

(As it is susceptible for damage.)

(2) TI nozzle shall be generally installed at the vapor area.

(But TI on inercooler discharge shall be installed at liquid area.)

(3) Special caution is required for internal insertion spacing.

(4) As nozzle for TI or PI can be moved up and down by one tray, it is necessary to discuss the
nozzle arrangement with the engineer in charge of T/T when it is not suitable.

(5) Field indicators such as TG, PG and LG shall be observed at the location where handle of
relevant valve can be operated.

(6) The length of min. 600mm is required to draw-out TI nozzle in front side of it.

(7) LG for low temperature shall be done as follows:

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Dimension "D" is fixed in consideration of insulation thickness.

Level gauge of large chamber type.
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(8) Do not install level gauge in direction of 60angle from fluid inlet nozzle so that
the effect of liquid surface fluctuation may be reduced. Special caution is required for
installation of level controller.
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5. TOWER SURROUNDINGS PIPING

5.1 Overhead Piping

(1) There is no limitations on the direction of overhead piping. But, this piping route shall
be decided in advance as the big bore pipes have a major role.

(2) Compressor suction piping shall be installed without any pocket.

(3) Thorough consideration is required for thermal stress calculation (If temperature
difference between piping and tower) and support (If piping is heavy).

(4) Where two or more condensers are arranged parallel, the inlet piping shall have routed
symmetrically.

(5) If a platform is installed on tower top, length of nozzle neck mounted with a valve is
preferable if done as follows:
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(6) Types of nozzle on tower top are as follows:

5.2 Reflux Piping

(1) Platform is not necessary if valve is not operated or internal piping is disconnected
from inside of tower.
(2) Special caution is required for flexibility as the piping size is small, in low
temperature and installed in upper side of tower.

5.3 Feed Piping

Allow flexibility considering the difference of thermal expansion.

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5.4 Outlet Piping from Tower Bottom

(1) Arrange the piping smoothly without pocket.

(2) Special caution is required to avoid a heavy load on the pump suction nozzle.
(3) If possible, take the same elevation with proper form.
(4) Special caution is required to prevent pockets due to temperature increase during
operation, and allow some slope depending on the situation.

5.5 Reboiler Piping

(1) Special caution is required for flexibility as this piping size is large and in high
temperature.
(2) If possible, minimize the number of bend since the pressure drop is critical.

5.6 Safety Valve Outlet Piping

(1) For open type, discharge pipe shall be extended at least 3m above any platform within a 8m
radius of the point of discharge.
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(2) Outlet piping of relief valve shall be preferably slopped to avoid drain collection.
And, it shall be routed to minimize the back-pressure.

(3) Maintenance for safety valve shall be available on the platform.

(4) A 9mm weep-hole shall be provide at the low point of discharge piping.
When the fluid is toxic or in high temperature, drain piping shall be provided.

(5) Provide sufficient support to reaction force of discharge.

(6) Flexibility shall be given in order to avoid excessive heavy load on the safety valve.

5.7 Other Piping

(1) Valve shall be generally connected directly to the nozzle. (To prevent drain pocket.)

(2) Big bore piping or piping in the upper side of tower shall be installed first, and
bottom nozzle piping or small-size nozzle piping shall be installed afterward.

(3) Flexibility shall be given to the piping that are connected to the tower erected
parallel or fixed equipment considering sway of tower.

(4) Check hose station thoroughly and install it at the desired location.

(5) If vertical pipe moves to horizontal line, its elevation shall be as same as that of yard
piping.
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(6) When the orifice flange is installed on the vertical pipe around tower, refer to the
followings and consult with instrumentation & system control engineer.

1) Clean liquid, dry gas, air ----- Vertical installation is available.

And, any flow direction is permissible.

2) Steam, damp gas, damp air ------ Vertical installation is available.

And, down-flow direction is preferable.

3) Mixture of vapor and liquid ---- Vertical installation is available

when it is up-flow direction.
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(7) For cold-insulated tower, allow sufficient clearance between piping and the ring binding
the insulation material.

6. SUPPORT CLIP

(1) For heavy weight piping, consult with mechanical engineer about the strength of tower wall to
decentralize the load by reinforcing pad or spring hanger.

(2) If possible, standardize the clip type. Use the clip drawing format in SEM-3041 "Standard
Attachment".

(3) If necessary to route pipeline circuitously, turn it as close to the nozzle as possible,
and support the vertical line.
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7. CALCULATION OF NOZZLE STRENGTH (Refer to SEM-3012)

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CLIP t f k m m P BOLT
MARK HOLE

107D 12 100 90 60 65 60 28

107E 12 100 90 60 75 75 28

107A 12 75 70 40 40 35 21

CLIP#101 A,B,C CLIP#101 A,B,C CLIP#101 A,B,C

CLIP BOLT CLIP BOLT CLIP

MARK a b HOLE a b MARK H
MARK HOLE

101A 30 20 18 102A 30 20 1.8 103A 100

101B 35 30 21 102B 35 30 103B 125

101C 40 35 21 102C 40 35 103C

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CLIP H
MARK

104A 100

104B 125

104C 150

Rev. Mark Pipe Clip Orient Clip F B C Loap Remarked

No. No. Size Mark Mat'l W() Line No.

102 -EB

1 S-1 30B 107B 180 SM41B 33400 1525 650 1526 7000 30CO3B A25A

102 -EB

1 S-2 14B 107D 155 SM50B 22150 1385 470 1625 5500 14CAR2B A13K

102 -EB

1 RS-3 18B 107D 205 SM41B 31550 1185 250 1276 4300 18CAR5B A24A

102 -EA

1 S-11 30B 107D 180 SM41B 33400 1525 650 1526 7000 30CO3A A25A

102 -EA

1 S-22 14B 107D 205 SM50B 22150 1585 470 1625 5500 14CAR5A A13K

102 -EA

1 RS-33 18B 107D 155 SM41B 31550 1185 250 1276 4300 18CAR5A A24A

102 -EB

1 RS-7 8B 107A 125 SM50B 12300 1600 200 1820 800 8PW25B A11K

102 -EA

1 KS-77 8B 107A 235 SM50B 12300 1600 200 1820 800 8PW25A A11K
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(Notes) 1) Welding without special notes shall be continuous fillet welding on both sides with
9mm thick.
However, if welding length goes over 200mm, take the intermittent fillet welding on both
sides in a row, and with interval of 150mm pitch.
In this case, weld smoothly on both ends.

2) Check with the tower vendor as the strength of tower wall thickness is not calculated
for the installation the clip.
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8. TOWER DESIGN (reference)

8.1 Decision on Tower Diameter and Tower Length

Calculate incoming and outgoing of materials and heat corresponding to tower pressure and
temperature, and calculate the volume of gas ascending and the volume of liquid through every
section of tower, and then decide diameter and length of tower.

(1) Tower length

1) Find it from the volume velocity of gas.

2) Find it from the material velocity of gas.

(2) Determination of tower length

1) Tower length is determined on the basis of tray spacing multiplied by the numbers of
tray.

2) Add the dimensions of tower top, tower bottom (depending on liquid holding time),
manhole, etc.

(3) Tower diameter deterines the increased temperature of gas, and it shall be according to the
following formula.

V = VD D : Tower inside diameter (m)
4
V: Ascending gas volume (/sec)
(Value corresponding to gas volume)

4 V
D = V: Allowable ascending gas velocity
V (Value corresponding to internal
temperature and pressure of tower)

When tower diameter is subject to the weight velocity of gas (Souders & Droun formula),
it shall be determined according to the following formula:

G = DW
4
4 G 4 G
D = = m
W C d(d- d)
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Where,

G : Ascending gas volume (kg/hr)

W : Weight velocity of Ascending gas (kg/m/hr)
d: Liquid density depending on tower temperature (kg/m)
d: Vapor density depending on tower temperature (kg/m)
C : Constant regarding tray spacing & liquid surface tension (m/hr)

(4) Tower length , if tower is a tray type as the below, shall be indicated as the following
formula:
L = N + h1 + h2

Where,

L : Tower length (m)

N : Number of tray
: tray spacing (m)

h1 and h2 shall be properly decided

according to tower type.

For distillation of tower, tray spacing is generally used as the following considering
how much length is preferable as an empirical value.

Petroleum distillation ----- 0.3 0.6m

Petroleum vacuum distillation ----- 0.5 0.8m
Alcohol distillation ----- 0.15m

As the number of tray "N" and tray spacing " " are the important factors to control the
tower performance, there is standardized decision method for tower length
according to the purpose of tower function.

Number of tray "N" is subject to the following formula:

Nth
N =
G

Where,
N : Actual number of tray stage
Nth : Theoretical number of tray stage
G : Tray efficiency = 0.45 0.7
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8.2 Strength Calculation for Tower with Skirt (excerpt from JPI-7B-35-78)

8.2.1 Application scope

This standard is the basis of strength calculation for towers with skirt (hereinafter
refered as tower) mainly used in petroleum industry (including petroleum distillation,
natural gas and petrochemical industry).

8.2.2 Applicable regulations & laws and codes

Regulations & Laws and codes to be applied to strength calculation for towers are
subject to the following:

Japan Industry Standard JIS B 8243 (Structure of Pressure Vessels)

Related to Department Labor Sanitation Safety Law, Boiler and Pressure Vessel
of Labor Safety Regulation, Pressure Vessel Structure Standard

Instruction Law for High Pressure Gas, General High Pressure

Related to Department
Preservation Regulation, Inspection Regulation for Special
of Commerce
Installation

Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section , Pressure Vessels

ASME
Division

8.2.3 Types of load to be considered

(1) Permanent load

1) Internal pressure or external pressure

2) Self-weight (including contents weight and parts weight)
3) Eccentric weight

(2) Temporary load

1) Wind load
2) Seismic load (earthquake)

(Remarks) : 1) Special checking is necessary for designing under the condition of impact
load by instant changes of temperature and pressure.
2) The bigger load between wind load and seismic load shall be the maximum
temporary load.
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8.2.4 Wind load

(1) Wind load shall be calculated by multiplying velocity pressure by shape factor
and effective area.

Fw = qcA

Where, Fw : Wind load (kgf) (N)

q : Velocity pressure (kgf/) (Pa)
c : Sape coefficient (0.7 for short piece pipe)
A : Effective area

Remark : ( ) is for international unit (same after this item)

(2) Calculation for velocity pressure is as follows:

For a part where tower height is 16m and under : q = 60h

For a part where tower height is over 16m : q = 120h
Where, h : Height from the ground surface (m)

8.2.5 Seismic load

(1) Seismic load shall be calculated by multiplying each component weight by seismic
coefficient.

Fe = KiWi

Where, Fe : Seismic load (kgf) (N)

Ki : Seismic coefficient
Wi : Each component weight (kgf) (N)

(2) Seismic coefficient shall be 0.2 for the part where tower height is 16m and under.
For the part where tower height is over 16mm, the coefficient shall be calculate by
adding 0.01 for each additional height of 4m to the above value 0.2.
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8.2.6 Load conditions

(1) Tower shall be safe in any conditions. Kinds of load to be considered

for each conditions shall be according to the following table.

Hydro-test
Condition Instal- and water Normal Shut-
Load lation oper. down
filling

Self-weight (including parts and (1) (2)

insulation)

Eccentric load

Internal or external pressure (3) (4)

Test pressure (For hydro- test or

water filling)

Liquid weight during operation (5)

Water weight during test

Wind load or seismic load

Notes : 1) Do not include parts and insulation materials.

2) Do not include insulation materials.
3) If pressure changes during operation, check the low operation pressure
also.
4) External pressure shall be considered when temporary vacuum occurs.
5) Weight of residual liquid shall be considered if any.

(2) Of the above load conditions, strength calculation for normal operation condition
and shut-down shall be done basically. If there is more severe load condition for
each condition, strength calculation for that condition shall be done.

8.2.7 Strength calculation for body plate and head plate where only pressure is effected.

Strength calculation for body plate and head plate that are placed in internal and
external pressure shall be done according to the applicable standards and regulations
& laws.
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8.2.8 Strength calculation body plate and head plate to be placed under multiple loads.

(1) Stress under multiple loads for tower body plate is calculated on the basis of main
stress calculation according to paragraph 7.
(2) Direction of load is according to the following table 3.

Table 3. Direction of load

Type of load Direction of load

Pressure Internal pressure is tension(+),
external pressure is compression(-)

Self-weight Compression(-)

Load Tension(+) for one side of body, and
compression(-) for other side

Remark : Load of moment is refered to as the load caused by the load,
seismic load and eccentric load.

(3) Multiple tensile and compressive stress

Where, a : Maximum multiple tensile and compressive stress

occurring at body plate (kgf/)(N/)

And for each case, following conditions shall be satisfied.

a a ----- When wind load and seismic load are considered,

or the smaller value of either y or .
a a ----- When wind load and seismic load are considered.

a : Allowable stress (kgf/)(N/)

(according to the applicable regulations & laws referred on paragraph 7.)
P : Design pressure (kgf/)(Mpa)
t : Thickness of body plate
Dm : Average diameter of body plate except corrosion (mm)
M : Bending moment in section where strength is considered (kgfm)(Nm)
W : Total weight in section where strength is considered (kgf)(N)
a : Corrosion value of body plate (mm)
: Weld efficiency designated on regulations & laws
(But, it shall be 1.0 for compressive stress.)
y : Yield strength or 0.2% tensile stress of material under design or
ambient temperature (kgf/)(N/)
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(4) Multiple shearing stress

Check it only if symbols of main direction stress and axial stress occurring in
body plate differ each other.

Where, : Main direction stress occurring in body plate (kgf/)(N/)

a : Axial stress occurring in body plate (kgf/)(N/)

And, the following conditions shall be satisfied.

- 1/2 y -------- When wind load and seismic load are not considered.
- 1.5 1/2 y --------- When wind load and seismic load considered.

PH : Hydraulic pressure head (kgf/)(MPa)

(5) Multiple compressive stress against buckling

Where, b : Compressive stress against buckling occurring in body plate

(kgf/)(N/)

And, the following conditions shall be satisfied.

b a' ------------- When wind load and seismic load are not considered.
b 1.5 a' --------- When wind load and seismic load are considered.

a : Allowable buckling stress (kgf/)(N/)

0.03E (t - a)
a =
Dm (1 + 0.004E/Y)

E : Longitudinal elastic coefficient of material in design or ambient temperature

(6) Stress at cylinder part of head plate which receives multiple loads due to the
structural condition is according to the body plate.
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8.2.9 Strength calculation for skirt, foundation bolt and base plate

(1) Stress occurring in skirt

When tower is under multiple loads, strength calculation for skirt shall be
according to the followings.

1) Multiple compressive stress

Where, s : Multiple stress occurring in skirt (kgf/)(N/)

And, the following conditions shall be satisfied.

sa' ------------ When wind load and seismic load are not considered.
s1.5 a' -------- When wind load and seismic load are considered.

a : Allowable stress for main body, designated on applicable

regulations & laws (kgf/)(N/)

Y : Yield strength of material at temperature of section where strength

check is required
ts : Thickness of skirt
M : Bending moment at section where strength check is required (kgf)(N.m)
W : Total weight at section where strength check is required (kgf)(N.m)
Dm : Average weight of skirt at section where strength check is required (mm)
Y : Maximum circumferential length at horizontal section of skirt opening(mm)

2) Multiple compressive stress against buckling

Where, sb : Compressive stress against buckling occurring in skirt

(kgf/)(N/)

And, the following conditions shall be satisfied.

sb a' ------------- When wind load and seismic load are not considered.
sb 1.5 a' --------- When wind load and seismic load are considered.

a : Allowable buckling stress (kgf/)(N/)

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0.3 Ets
a =
Dm (1 + 0.004E/Y)

E : Longitudinal elastic coefficient of material at temperature of section

where strength check is required (kgf)(N.m)

(2) Tensile stress occurring in foundation bolt

Where, b : Tensile stress occurring in foundation bolt (kgf/)(N/)

shall be below 1/4 1.5 of the material tensile strength.
As : Effective sectional area per one foundation bolt ()
N : Numbers of foundation bolt
D : Bolt cycle diameter (mm)

(3) Bending stress occurring in base plate

Where, s : Bending stress occurring in base plate (kgf/)(N/)

shall be less than the material yield strength.
B : Compressive stress occurring in base plate (kgf/)(N/)
shall be allowable tensile stress of foundation concrete.
Z : Section coefficient of base plate shall be according to the following
equation.

Dis the outside diameter(mm) of base plate, and Dis the inside diameter(mm).

A : Sectional area of base plate () shall be according to the following equation.

tb : Thickness of base plate (mm)
a : Bigger value between the length from outside diameter of skirt to outside
diameter of base plate or the length from skirt to base plate (mm)
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9. HISTORY OF THIS MANUAL

No. Date Revised page Description

2 1996. 11. 15 - - This manual is enacted in accordance with

Engineering Division Strategic Plan, regarding
the work of tower piping.

- Team : Piping engineering team

Originator : Koh Bong Hwan
Checked :
Approved : Jeong Kyung Hwa
3 2004. 03. 30 - - This manual is updated regarding the work of tower
piping.

- Team : Piping engineering team

Originator : Kim Seong Min
Checked : Y . H . Koo
Approved : S . K . Kim