Beruflich Dokumente
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org
Published in IET Networks
Received on 7th June 2012
Revised on 30th August 2013
Accepted on 1st September 2013
doi: 10.1049/iet-net.2012.0115
ISSN 2047-4954
Abstract: A technique is developed for ad hoc on-demand routing protocol. The protocol is based on the conventional on-
demand ad hoc routing protocols with the addition of power model. The algorithm design and development is aimed to
incorporate the transmitted power consumption function in such a manner that mobile nodes are able to evaluate their power
status to decide if they are t for packet forwarding and reception. This is illustrated through analytical approach supported by
computer simulations over mobile ad hoc wireless network containing 80 mobile nodes. The results showed that power
savings of 50% were achieved with no delay in the network and increased throughput performance by 60%, as compared to a
network with conventional ad hoc on-demand distance vector and dynamic source routing protocols.
where Pd[W] is the path loss in a free space, Pt[W] are the
transmitted signal power, GTx and GRx are the transmitter Table 3 Simulation parameters
and receiver antenna gains and is the carrier wavelength. Parameters Values
From [37], the received signal power, PRx, can be written as
channel type wireless channel
PRx = Ptx GTx GRx Pd (2) physical characteristics 802.11 g
data rate 2.0 Mbs
topology 700 m 500 m
where Ptx is the transmitted signal power. However, owing to routing protocols AODV, DSR
frequent topology changes associated with movements of number of nodes 80
mobile nodes in the network, the transmit power level for transmit power 0.1 W
each mobile node is not the same. The minimum transmit packet size 4096 bits
and receive power, Mintx and Minrx, must be greater than or mobility model random way point
simulator OPNET 17.1 version
equal to the expression in (4) and (5) for successful simulation time 3600 s
transmission and reception of data/control packets. The traffic source CBR
power loss during the routing operation is computed as the speed 020 m/s
difference between the transmitted signal power Ptx and the ambient noise level 1.0 1026
number of trial six (6)
received signal power PRx as shown in (3). The total power packet inter-arrival time 0.5 s
consumption and the received signal power strength depend
Fig. 1 Throughput comparison with and without the power model for the two networks congured with AODV and DSR protocols
(1) Throughput of AODV-network congured with power model
(2) Throughput of AODV-network congured without power model
(3) Throughput of DSR-network congured with power model
(4) Throughput of DSR-network congured without power model
Power loss (watt): this measures how much power is lost The signicant difference between the traditional and
during network routing operation over each period of time. modied DSR protocol is that the delivery of the packets
depends on the stated power condition. If the condition
becomes true, then the packets will be delivered. However,
7 Results and discussion the conventional DSR will continue to operate whether the
condition is met or not. Therefore, packets will be dropped
The goal of the evaluation is to show the effectiveness of the due to the inefciency of the power resource of the mobile
proposed technique. The performance evaluation was studied node to convey the packets to the desired destination.
at every 500 real seconds of time for the entire network, not Also, Fig. 1 shows the performance of a network
on an individual mobile node basis. The power model is congured with AODV protocol with and without the
incorporated into the RREQ packet for the two protocols power model. The network with power model delivered an
that is, AODV and DSR protocols. average throughput of 20 000 bits for the entire simulation
In Fig. 1, the throughput performance with and without the time, compared to the traditional network which delivered
APRP power model with DSR protocol was compared. At the an average of about 5000 bits for the entire simulation time
beginning of the simulation, the network with power model as well. As described earlier, the margin of difference is
delivered up to 1550 bits of packets successfully, compared attributed to the work of the power model employed to the
to the conventional network which delivered on average routing protocol. However, compared to the network with
500 bits of packets. The initial rise of throughput by the DSR protocols performance, network with AODV protocol
network is due to a route discovery process initiated by the outperformed the network with DSR and this is due to the
DSR protocol. But when the network stabilised, the fact that only the stable route(s) are used by the AODV
throughput performance dropped to an average of 1000 bits, forwarding algorithm for routing the packets.
compared to the conventional network of 200 bits, and Fig. 2 shows the power saved in the network at every 500 s.
remains stable for the entire simulation time. It can be seen that the proposed power model reduces power
Fig. 2 Power loss comparison with and without the power model Fig. 3 Power loss comparison with and without the power model
for DSR protocol performance measure for AODV protocol performance measure
(1) Power loss DSR-network congured with power model (1) Power loss AODV-network congured with power model
(2) Power loss DSR-network congured without power model (2) Power loss AODV-network congured without power model
Fig. 4 Delay comparison with and without the power model for DSR protocol performance measure
(1) Delay DSR-network congured without power model
(2) Delay DSR-network congured with power model
Fig. 5 Delay comparison with and without the power model for AODV protocol performance measure
(1) Delay AODV-network congured without power model
(2) Delay AODV-network congured with power model
consumption by almost 50% for the entire simulation time, that there was frequent link failure in the network which
compared to the network with the traditional DSR protocol. causes the protocol to initiate fresh route request operation
The reason for this saving is that the best routes with and leads to high delay in the network. Also in Fig. 5, less
enough power are computed adaptively and selected for delay was observed in the network using AODV protocol.
transmission and reception. From the delay curves, the network with the power model
As compared to the normal operation of the network with recorded less delay as compared to the network without the
the conventional DSR protocol whereby mobile nodes power model. In comparison with the network with DSR
participate in the routing operations whether they are protocol, the network with AODV protocol recorded a
capable or not. Therefore, the ones that are not capable will delay almost two and a half (2 1/2) times less than the
eventually drop the packet and power is wasted in the network with DSR protocol. In general, based on the
course of transmitting the packets. However, Fig. 3 simulation results, the proposed model has no effect on
compared the performance of the network congured with quality of service looking at the less delay recorded for
AODV protocol with and without the power model. The different network scenarios as well as performance
simulation results showed that network with power model throughput of the network.
reduces power consumption by 48% for the entire
simulation time as well. As described earlier, the margin of
difference is attributed to the work of the power model 8 Conclusion and future work
employed to the protocol. Generally, the network
congured with AODV protocol outperformed the network In this paper, an adaptive approach was used to develop
with DSR protocol and this is because only the stable route model for calculating power metrics in MANETs. It has
(s) is used by the AODV forwarding algorithm for routing been shown that the network congured with the proposed
the packets. However, compared to the DSR protocols power model conserved more power than the conventional
performance, AODV outperformed the DSR and this network with no delay effect in the network. The technique
because only the stable route(s) is used by the AODV is based on the modication of the conventional on-demand
forwarding algorithm for routing the packets. Fig. 4 shows routing protocols with the addition of power model in the
the delay for the network with DSR protocol with and routing protocol. The most important part of this paper is
without the power model. At the start of the simulation, the that the mobile node(s) conserves power adaptively and
network experienced a huge delay of an average of about enhances throughput whereby mobile nodes send out a
70 s for the two networks, and this is due to the initial stage route request, as well as data packets, if they have enough
of route discovery processes of the routing protocol. power to carry out the routing operations. This is achieved
However, as the network stabilised, the delay dropped to by comparing the proposed model with the conventional
50 s for the network with the power model and remained model via computer simulations. The proposed model is
stable for the entire simulation time, compared to 55 s delay incorporated into the AODV and DSR protocols. The
with the conventional network. The results further show results showed that power savings of 50% were achieved