Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
AS A BIOFUEL
Bautista, Pangasinan
S.Y. 2015-2016
By:
ROSHELL B. RAMOS
Grade10-SSC
APPROVAL SHEET
______________________________________________________________________
OLIVIA P. QUINTO
Chairman
______________________________________________________________________
Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Research II.
EDUARDO B. CASTILLO
Principal IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers wish to extend their profound gratitude to those who in diverse
ways shared in making this thesis work possible.
First and foremost, to the Almighty Father in heaven who is the ultimate source
and fountain of their energy and inspiration giving them an oasis of comfort at all times
amidst desolation.
To their families, for their financial and moral support, prayers and inspirations.
Supportive Titos and Titas for the financial, moral support and love.
Their siblings who understood and guided them throughout the research.
Loving cousins, for the unending love, support and suggestions in making this
thesis possible.
The hardworking adviser, Dr. Ritchie Macalanda and other Science Department
teachers who helped them in their financial needs, who shared their priceless time,
knowledge, suggestions and served as boundless inspiration to them.
Their unforgettable and second family classmates, the PBD 737 Family/ 10-SSC,
thank you for the stomach aching laughter, tears, kindness, lessons and great memories
we have shared despite of the difficulties we are undertaking due to unending
requirements that has been given to us. We love you to infinity plus one.
And last but not the least, to their special someone, their best friends, for the
endless understanding despite of their differences and busy schedule. Thank you and
we love you.
Bautista, Pangasinan
______________________________________________________________________
People depend on our natural resources. The more our population increases the
more resources are needed, and with some of our natural resources being limited we
are to face challenges.
One of the major problems the world is experiencing today is the lack of fuel. It is
because fuels are known to be non-renewable resources, in which it takes time for it to
be replaced and replenished.
And the fact that we are taught with knowledge and skills on how to survive, it is
natural for us to find solutions to our problems, especially if it is a way for us to sustain
our life. That is why researchers have been taking interest on finding an alternative
solution on the lacking of fuel.
This research study was conducted for the reason of aiming to help conserve the
limited supply needed by unending demand of the rising population and to determine
the effectiveness of santol seed oil extract in using it as alternative biofuel.
1.) What are the active contituents of the Santol Seeds Oil Extract that can be used
as biofuel; 2.) Is there a significant difference between the Santol seed oil as a biofuel
and the commercial one in terms of: a.Combustibility; 3.) How effective is the Santol
Seeds Oil Extract as an alternative Biofuel?
The researcher tested the null hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. There was
no significant difference in using the Santol seeds oil extract as an alternative biofuel
and the commercial one.
The laboratory analysis was conducted to identify the property of the Santol
seeds that is responsible for the oil biofuel. It was conducted at Virgen Milagrosa
University.
The researchers used the experimental design in which the procedure and
statistical treatments was derived from scientific experiments
The following are the materials used by the researchers to extract the inner part
of the Santol seed; Santol seeds, knife, scissors and trays. In making the Santol seeds
extract as biofuel the materials used were the Santol Seeds, Beaker, Stirring Rod,
Erlenmeyer Flask, Graduated Cylinder, Spatula, Mortar and Pestle, Water Bath, Test
tube, Sodium hydroxide, Glycerin, Methanol.
The researcher then recommends that further experiment should be conducted
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Dedication iv
Abstract vii
CHAPTER
1. THE PROBLEM
Conceptual Framework 3
Research Paradigm 3
Research Hypothesis 5
Definition of Terms 6
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature 8
Related Studies 11
3. METHODOLOGY
Research Design 13
Flow Chart 15
Findings 25
Conclusion 26
Recommendation 27
BIBLIOGRAPHY 29
APPENDICES 30
CURRICULUM VITAE 47
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
The santol is believed native to former Indochina and Peninsular Malaysia, and
to have been introduced into Sri Lanka, India, Borneo, Indonesia, the Moluccas,
Mauritius, The Seychelles and the Philippines where it has become naturalized. It is
also called Yamapi'. It is commonly cultivated throughout these regions and the fruits
Santol Tree is severely a tropical tree and do not grow over 1000 m. It is usually
cultivated in Asian countries and its fruits are abundant in local markets during the
season.
Santol itself is a very elegant by appearance and fast growing tree which can
attain height up to 50 m. It also makes a good shade tree with large lime to deep green
Leaves are typically trifoliate, but sometimes the number of leaflets may be more
There are two varieties of santol fruit, previously considered two different
species, the yellow variety and the red. The difference is in the color that the older
leaves turn before falling. The red appears to be more common and the reddish leaves
mixed with the green ones add to the distinction and attractiveness of the tree.
The fruits are often the size, shape and slightly fuzzy texture of peaches, with a
reddish tinge. Both types have a skin that may be a thin peel to a thicker rind, according
to the variety. It is often edible and in some cultivars may contain a milky juice. The
central pulp near the seeds may be sweet or sour and contains inedible brown seeds. In
some varieties the outer rind is thicker and is the main edible portion, with a mild peachy
taste combined with some taste and the pulpy texture of apples.
In others the outer rind is thinner and harder and the inner whitish pulp around
the seeds is eaten. This may be rather sour in many cultivars, which has reduced the
Most improved varieties have increased thickness of the edible outer rind, which
can be eaten with a spoon leaving just the outer skin, and should increase the
The fruit grows on a fast-growing tree that may reach 150 feet in height. It bears
that can be practicably released and used for work or as heat energy. The concept
originally applied solely to those materials storing energy in the form of chemical energy
that could be released through combustion, but the concept has since been also applied
to other sources of heat energy such as Nuclear energy (via nuclear fission or nuclear
fusion).
The heat energy released by many fuels is harnessed into mechanical energy via
an engine. Other times the heat itself is valued for warmth, cooking, or industrial
Fuels are also used in the cells of organisms in a process known as cellular
Hydrocarbons are by far the most common source of fuel used by humans, but other
Fuels are contrasted with other methods of storing potential energy, such as
those that directly release electrical energy (such as batteries and capacitors) or
The first known use of fuel was the combustion of wood or sticks by Homo
erectus near 2,000,000 (two million) years ago.[page needed] Throughout most of
human history fuels derived from plants or animal fat were only used by humans .
Charcoal, a wood derivative, has been used since at least 6,000 BCE for melting
metals.
It was only supplanted by coke, derived from coal, as European forests started to
become depleted around the 18th century. Charcoal briquettes are now commonly used
Coal was first used as a fuel around 1000 BCE in China. With the development
of the steam engine in the United Kingdom in 1769, coal came into more common use
as a power source.
Coal was later used to drive ships and locomotives. By the 19th century, gas
extracted from coal was being used for street lighting in London. In the 20th and 21st
centuries, the primary use of coal is to generate electricity, providing 40% of the world's
Fossil fuels were rapidly adopted during the industrial revolution, because they
were more concentrated and flexible than traditional energy sources, such as water
power. They have become a pivotal part of our contemporary society, with most
Currently the trend has been towards renewable fuels, such as biofuels like
alcohols.
Biofuels have become part of daily living. When using the word fuel, the tendency
is to think of a substance that is mainly used in transportation, house chores and many
more.
The truth is biofuels are a major help to us by means of replacing some of the
human energy needed in our home heating to vehicle fuel to electricity generation.
Biofuels can also help our society to lessen the pollution in the air. Since the
country is experiencing a rapid population growth the tendency is that we create more
And with the rapid increase of population which triggers a demand for bigger
supply in our fuels, the world now is facing a problem, due to the fact that fuels are non-
renewable resources. And also, because fuels when transformed to gas is said to harm
the environment. That is why the world needs a fuel which is considered or labeled as
eco-friendly.
Due to the abundance of Santol here in the Philippines and in other tropical
of Santol Seed Oil as biofuel. It has been noted by the researcher that the Santol Seed
Oil have other constituents that can be used on, especially alkaloids. This encouraged
the researcher to find its possibility of the Santol Seed Oil on becoming a biofuel.
Conceptual Framework
Research Paradigm
Figure 1. Shows the relationship between the input, process and output of the research
study.
Figure 1. Research Paradigm
The concept of this research was presented by research paradigm. This shows the
relationship between the input, process, and output of the research study. The focus of
the study is to determine the potential of santol seed oil extract as a biofuel.
This study aims to test the effectiveness of Santol Seeds Oil as an alternative
1. What are the active contituents of the Santol Seeds Oil Extract that can be used as
biofuel?
Combustibility
research study. It is where the significant contributions of the results of the study is
enumerated.
The researchers conducted this study to know if the Santol seeds oil extract is
effective as an alternative biofuel. The outcome of this study may give significance to all
Students and Teachers. This will give them information about the Effectiveness of
Normal People. It is to notify them about the beneficial uses of Santol Seeds oil
Extract.
The following result will be the basis of the effectiveness of the Santol Seeds Oil
Extract.
Definition of Terms
To make the research more clear and understandable, here are some of the
Biofuel- are energy sources made from living things, or the waste that living things
produce. Supporters of biofuels argue that their use could significantly reduce
greenhouse gas emissions; while burning the fuels produces carbon dioxide, growing
The mixture is brought into contact with a solvent in which the substance of interest is
This chapter presents the related literature and studies that are relevant with the
present study.
Taxonomic Description
Kingdom: Plantae-Plants
Class: Dicotyledonae
Subclass: Rosidae
Order: Sapindales
Family: Meliacea
Genus: Sandoricum
Species: koetjape
Related Studies
The santol is believed native to former Indochina and Peninsular Malaysia, and
to have been introduced into Sri Lanka, India, Borneo, Indonesia, the Moluccas,
Mauritius, The Seychelles and the Philippines where it has become naturalized. It is
also called Yamapi'. It is commonly cultivated throughout these regions and the fruits
45 m) tall, branched close to the ground and buttressed when old. Young branch lets
the base and pointed at the apex. The greenish, yellowish, or pinkish-yellow, 5-petalled
flowers, about 3/8 in (1 cm) long are borne on the young branch lets in loose, stalked
oblate, with wrinkles extending a short distance from the base; 1 1/28 to 3 in (4-7.5 cm)
The downy rind may be thin or thick and contains a thin, milky juice. It is edible,
as is the white, translucent, juicy pulp (aril), sweet, sub-acid or sour, surrounding the 3
to 5 brown, inedible seeds which are up to 3/4 in (2 cm) long, tightly clinging or
conduct researches on the Santol Tree. The following are some researches of santol.
Related Studies
Santol Plant
According to the site of the Philippine Medical Plant Stuart Xchange the
Contituents of Santol are as follow- its bark contains traces of a bitter principle, a toxic
alkaloid. The bark also contains a bitter substance, sandoricum acid, similar to acids
found in Chisocheton, dysoxylum, heynea and carapa. Thai study yielded two new
limonoids from the leaves: sandoripin A and sandoripin B. While, study on leaves have
It is said that the Seeds have yielded andirobin-type limonoids - sandoricin and 6-
Stem bark studies have yielded triterpenoids such as, katonic acid, indicic acid,
Hexane extract of stem bark yielded an oleane-type triterpenoid, briononic acid. (see
study below
Its nutritional background consist of high in carbohydrates, fair in iron, but low in
has Biosorption / Lead and Cadmium, has Briononic Acid and has Bioinsecticide
Effects.
Biofuel
Jatropha curcas is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family,
Euphorbiaceae, that is native to the American tropics, most likely Mexico and Central
America. It is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, becoming
Its seeds contain 27-40% oil (average: 34.4%) that can be processed to produce a high-
quality biodiesel fuel, usable in a standard diesel engine. The seeds are also a source
oil for automotive use, concluding that although jatropha oil as fuel "has not yet reached
When jatropha seeds are crushed, the resulting jatropha oil can be processed to
produce a high-quality biofuel or biodiesel that can be used in a standard diesel car or
further processed into jet fuel, while the residue (press cake) can also be used as
biomass feedstock to power electricity plants, used as fertilizer (it contains nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium), or as animal fodder. The cake can also be used as feed in
digesters and gasifiers to p Seed has a toxic principle, toxalbumin curcin, belonging to
the same group as croton and ricin. Comparatively, curcin causes less gastrointestinal
irritation. 8 drops of this oil has been reported to cause severe vomiting, followed by
diarrhea.
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
In this study, single-group design method of research was used. This design
involved a single treatment with two or more levels. It as highly controlled procedures in
which manipulated treatments or actions from a factor or a condition called the
dependent variable, to determine the effect of the former upon the latter. All the factors
or variable was attributed only to the experimental or independent variable.
Research Subject
The researchers used Santol Seeds as the subject of the experiment. The
researchers also search for the active components of the Santol Seeds Oil Extract at
the College of Pharmacy in Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation.
Research Locale
The Santol Seed Oil Extract that was used by the researcher was collected at
different Brgys. In Bautista, Pangasinan. The researcher will determine the active
components present on the Bougainvillea Leaf Extract by undergoing the phytochemical
analysis that was held at Virgen Milagrosa University Pharmacy Department.
Research Materials
The following materials were used to accomplish successfully this research
study:
Santol Seeds
Erlenmeyer Flask
Graduated Cylinder
Spatula
Water Bath
Test tube
Procedures:
1. Sun dry the collected Santol seeds.
2. Then, peel off the outer cover of the seeds. Use the mortar and pestle to powderize it.
4. After the Phytochemical Screening comes the extraction process. The Extraction is
needed to separate the oil from other components so that the oil needed to make a
biofuel will be identified.
5. When the oil is extracted, it will be mixed with Glycerin and Sodium Hydroxide. Stir
until the Sodium Hydroxide is melted.
6. Then the mixture is poured into a separatory funnel in a ring stand.
7. Let the mixture stable for several minutes. The separation will be noticeable.
8. Carefully open the stopcock and allow the lower layer to drain into the flask. Drain
just to the point that the upper liquid barely reaches the stopcock.
10. Lastly, lit the oil with fire. If it produces fire then it is positive for biofuel.
Flow Chart
The researcher used a rating chart questionnaire which includes the instrument
that would help the respondents in rating the quality of Santol seed biofuel in terms of
Table 1
Rating Scale
Rating Characteristic
Scale
Combustability
4.01-5.00 Excellent
2.01-3.00 Good
1.01-2.00 Fine
0.00-1.00 Poor
effectiveness of the product against a prepared questionnaire. On the other hand, t-test
was used to determine the significance of means for bivariate experimental research,
the characteristics of the biofuel from the Santol seed and the commercial one.
CHAPTER 4
This chapter presents the data that were analyzed and interpreted by the
researcher in accordance with the objectives of the study. The data presented were
based on the experiment presented.
Table 2
A. Screening for
Alkaloids
Screening
of
Unsaturated,
Sterols and
Triterpenes
Lieberman Color change/ blue or green sol. Clear transparent Negative
s Burchard Test solution
Screening
for Flavonoids
Bate-Smith Red violet color Light yellow solution Negative
Metcalf Test
Cyanidin Color change/ green red etc. Colorless Negative
Test
Screening
for Steroid
(Cardio active
glycosides)
Kedde Purple color No development of Negative
Reaction purple color
Table 2 shows that the active constituents present in Santol Seeds Oil are Alkaloids and
Tannins. Alkaloids have pharmacological effects, used as medications, and used as
recreational drugs. Hence, it is little surprising that the alkaloids have been researched
and examined the most by the modern day scientists. The strength or effectiveness of
the alkaloids commonly includes everything or all substances that are poisonous in the
plants.
Table 3 shows the respondents rating on the combustability of the biofuel from
Santol seeds. It is noted that the respondents rating on the smell of the Santol seed oil
as biofuel had mean of 4.65 and was rated excellent in terms of the combustibility of the
biofuel.
Table 3
Table 4 indicates that the difference between Santol seed biofuel and the
-4.0 is lesser than the tabular t-value 2.093 for the degrees of freedom 19. It shows
therefore that the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference
between the characteristics of Santol seed biofuel and commercial product in terms of
combustibility is rejected.
Table 4
Summary of the Analysis of Variance of the combustibility of the Santol seed oil
a. Combustibility
Findings
Based on the data gathered, the following findings are hereby presented.
As to the result of the phytochemical analysis, it was found out that the
Santol Seeds Oil Extract contains alkaloids (which have pharmacological effects,
used as biofuel), and tannins (that carries properties of making a biofuel).
Based on the experiment conducted the Santol Seeds Oil Extract was
found out to be effective, it is much precise to be called a Methanol based
biofuel.
Conclusions
That the most active constituents that present on the Santol Seeds Oil
Extract are the alkaloids and tannins. Mainly, the alkaloids are the one
responsible for its biofuel property.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusion, the researchers then recommend that;
further experiment shall be conducted to test the potential of Santol Seeds to create
other studies regarding the other possible uses of
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Websites
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandoricum_koetjape
http://www.fruitsinfo.com/Santol-Exotic-fruits.php
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandoricum_koetjape
http://santolvinegar.blogspot.com/
https://prezi.com/8itwrfwyqjd3/the-feasibility-of-santol-seed-sandoricum-koetjape-as-a-
in/
http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=pjbs.2009.852.858
http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=10179
APPENDIX A
Operation X1 X2
1 5 0.7 0.49 5 0.5 0.25
2 4 -0.3 0.09 5 0.5 0.25
3 4 -0.3 0.09 5 0.5 0.25
4 4 -0.3 0.09 5 0.5 0.25
5 4 -0.3 0.09 5 0.5 0.25
6 4 -0.3 0.09 4 -0.5 0.25
7 5 0.7 0.49 4 -0.5 0.25
8 4 -0.3 0.09 4 -0.5 0.25
9 4 -0.3 0.09 4 -0.5 0.25
10 5 0.7 0.49 5 0.5 0.25
11 4 -0.3 0.09 4 -0.5 0.25
12 4 -0.3 0.09 4 -0.5 0.25
13 4 -0.3 0.09 5 0.5 0.25
14 5 0.7 0.49 5 0.5 0.25
15 4 -0.3 0.09 4 -0.5 0.25
16 5 0.7 0.49 4 -0.5 0.25
17 4 -0.3 0.09 4 -0.5 0.25
18 5 0.7 0.49 5 0.5 0.25
19 4 -0.3 0.09 5 0.5 0.25
20 4 -0.3 0.09 4 -0.5 0.25
Total 86 8 90 5
Mean Computation
Given:= 86
= 90
N1= 20
N2= 20
First Variable
Second Variable
=
=
Computation of t-test
Given: df = N-1
=20-1
df =19
df.05(20)= 2.093
N1= 19
N2= 19
=-4.0
Interpretation:
The computed t-value is -4.0 with 19 degrees of freedom (df). This value is significant at
0.05 level of confidence due to lesser than -2.093, tabular value, of 0.05 levels at df
19(t0.05(19)=2.093). This means that the mean weight of biofuel from Santol seeds differ from
the commercial product. Therefore, the null hypothesis had been rejected.
APPENDIX B
THE PRODUCT
CURRICULUM VITAE
Parents
Father: Mr. Rolando P. Ramos
Nationality: Filipino
Educational Background:
Elementary:
Secondary:
Organizations:
SSG Secretary
Seminar Attended:
Age: 15
Parents
Nationality: Filipino
Educational Background
Elementary:
Secondary:
Organizations:
Seminar Attended:
CURRICULUM VITAE
Age: 15
Parents
Nationality: Filipino
Educational Background
Elementary:
Secondary:
Seminar Attended: