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networks. (Pi /Ti q) to in step (b) due to the fact that all interferers
equivalent received power should be positive and not greater
Theorem 1: The coverage probability of a typical randomly than q, i.e. Pi v /Ti q, thus giving v [(Pi /Ti q)1/ , ).
located mobile user in the general heterogeneous cellular By denoting the pdf of g as fg (g) and using the definition
network model provided in Section II is of incomplete and standard gamma functions, step (c) can be
derived just like the similar deduction in [7]. Plugging in s = 1t
2 2 2 1
Z
pc ({i }, {Pi }, {Ti }) = exp t and applying the condition of q = t now give
0 t
2/
1
X h i Pi (Ti , ) i LIq (
2
| q = t) = exp(t )
exp 2/ 2/
dt, (10) t
t iK Ti 2/
X h i Pi (Ti , ) i
where (Ti , ) can be expressed as exp 2/ 2/
, (14)
t iK T i
2/ h
2T i
(Ti , ) = i E g 2/ (2/, gTi ) (2/) . (11) where (Ti , ) has already been given in (11).
Substituting (14) into (12), we can have as,
2/
i Pi
2 1
Z P
pc = exp( )fq (t)LIq ( | q = t)dt iK 2/
Ti
t>0 t t pc ({i }, {Pi }, {Ti }) = P h 2/ i . (20)
i Pi
2
Z
2 2 iK 2/ 1 + (Ti , )
Ti
= exp( ) t 1
0 t Remark: In this corollary, a remarkably simple and tractable
2/
X h i Pi (Ti , ) i expression for coverage probability is given, and can be
exp 2/ dt, (15)
t Ti
2/ viewed as the extension from the single layer case, where
iK
the coverage probability can be provided by pc (, T ) =
which completes the proof. 1/[1 + (T, )].
C. Rayleigh Fading for Interference Corollary 2: Exponential Fading, No Noise, > 2 and
Ti = T, i K: the probability of coverage pc ({i }, {Pi }, T )
Simplification can be introduced when the interference can be expressed as,
power also follows the exponential distribution, which results
1
the fact that shadowing is neglected and interfering signals pc ({i }, {Pi }, T ) = . (21)
experience Rayleigh fading. The probability of coverage for 1 + (T, )
this special case is given as Theorem 2. Remark: This is an interesting result since it is exactly
the same as that of the single-tier case in [7]. Furthermore,
Theorem 2: The coverage probability of a typical randomly although a different connectivity model employed (equivalent
located mobile user experiencing exponential interference is received power connectivity model in this paper compared
with maximum SIR connectivity model in [13][15]), we still
2 2
Z
2
pc ({i }, {Pi }, {Ti }) = exp( ) t 1 reach the same result that the coverage probability is not
0 t affected by the number of tiers when the SINR thresholds
2/
X h i Pi i across tiers are chosen as the same value and the effect of
exp 2/ 2/
1 + (Ti , ) dt, (16)
t Ti thermal noise is neglected.
iK
IV. E XTENSION FOR F REQUENCY R EUSE S CENARIO
where (Ti , ) can be expressed as
Z As mentioned before, our proposed model employing equiv-
2/ 1 alent received power connectivity principle, can be easily
(Ti , ) = Ti du. (17)
2/ 1 + u/2
Ti extended for the frequency reuse scenario. In frequency reuse,
the reuse factor i 1 determines the number of different
Proof: This result can be regarded as a special case of frequency bands used by the i-th tier network, where just one
Theorem 1. The proof tracks the deduction of Theorem 1 band is used per cell.
up until step (a) of (13). Due to the exponential interference
assumption (i.e. gx exp(1)), we can have Theorem 3: If BSs in the i-th tier are randomly allocated
one of i frequency bands, then the coverage probability with
1
Y Z
exponentially distributed interference power is
LIq (s|q) = exp 2i 1 vdv ,
P 1
( T iq ) 1 + sPi v
iK
2 2
i
Z
2
(18) p c ({ i }, {Pi }, {T i }, { i }) = exp( ) t 1
0 t
1 2/
where the integration limits are still from (Pi /Ti q) to X h i Pi (Ti , ) i
exp 1 + dt. (22)
like in the deduction of (13). Plugging in s = 1t and applying t2/ iK T 2/ i
i
the condition of q = t now give
Proof: Since the typical mobile user at the origin o can
2/
still select the BS with maximum equivalent received power
i
1 X h i Pi
LIq ( | q = t) = exp 2/ 2/
(Ti , ) , from the complete set of PPP {i }, then the pdf of random
t t Ti
iK
variable q remains the same as (8). Meanwhile, the interfering
(19)
BSs which transmit in the same frequency band construct a
where (Ti , ) can be expressed as equation (17). Substituting thinned version of the original PPP, which have a density of
(19) and unchanged pdf fq (t) into (12) completes the proof. i /i for the i-th tier. Thus, we can easily obtain
2/ i
1 X h i Pi
We now consider the special case of zero noise and further- LIq ( | q = t) = exp 2/ 2/ (Ti , ) .
t t i T
more the case of zero noise with same SINR thresholds for iK i
all tiers. (23)
Corollary 1: Exponential Fading, No Noise, > 2: the Then substituting (23) and unchanged pdf fq (t) into equation
probability of coverage pc ({i }, {Pi }, {Ti }) can be expressed (12), we can reach the result.
Coverage Probability for = 3
1
Simulation: PPP w noise
0.9 Simulation: PPP w/o noise
Analysis: PPP w noise
0.8 Analysis: PPP w/o noise
V. N UMERICAL R ESULTS 0.7
Probability of Coverage
In this section, we will present the numerical results com- 0.6
pared with the ones achieved from our analytical models for 0.5
the second tier can alter the resultant SINR distribution to be 0.3
of BSs while we fixed the ratio of the second tiers density 0.6
over the first one as 2 = 41 and utilize the noise-limited
0.5
scenario of = 4. It can be observed that the cap between the
0.4
result with and without the thermal noise is more significant
when the BSs density is relatively low, i.e. 2 = 41 = 0.24, 0.3
0.9
Simulation: PPP w noise
Simulation: PPP w/o noise
H. Wang is with the Australian National University and
Analysis: PPP w noise NICTA. M. C. Reed is with with the Australian National
0.8 Analysis: PPP w/o noise
University. NICTA is funded by the Australian Government
0.7
as represented by the Department of Broadband, Communi-
Probability of Coverage
0.6 cations and the Digital Economy and the Australian Research
0.5 Council through the ICT Centre of Excellence program.
0.4
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This paper has proposed the equivalent received power Applications, 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1995.
connectivity model and accordingly a tractable model for
downlink heterogeneous cellular network. Based on these, the
SINR distribution and accordingly the coverage (or equiva-
lently outage) probability for a randomly located mobile user
in this network can be derived. Compared with numerical
results, the analytical model provides precise results for the
coverage probability and gives insight into heterogeneous
cellular networks performance analysis under different param-
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