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SOME PROBLEMS ON LILAVATI GANITHAM

Conference Paper February 2015

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Paper presentation SOME PROBLEMS - LILAVATI GANITAM 12TH CENTURY
(by SATYA GNYANA SRI BHAVANARI) MERISTELLA COLLEGE, VIJAYAWADA ON 2015-02-21
NBHM SPONSORED NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOMEN IN MATHEMATICS WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO LILAVATI, FEB. 20-21, 2015. 1

SOME PROBLEMS ON LILAVATI GANITHAM

By
Bhavanari Satya Gnyana Sri
IIyr B.Tech., (Comp. Science)
Vignans Nirula of Science and Technology for Women
Palakaluru, Guntur DT, Andhra Pradesh
and
Prof. Bhavanari Satyanarayana
AP scientist Awardee, 2009
Acharya Nagarjuna University
Andhra Pradesh
Bhavanari2002@yahoo.co.in

Introduction:

Lilavati is the daughter of Bhaskara II, a famous mathematician of

ancient India during 12th Century.

He is not only a famous Mathematician, but also an excellent Astronomer,

and a Scientist (1114-1185 A.D.).

Bhaskara II is also called as Bhaskaracharya or Bhaskara.

Bhaskara was the leading mathematician of 12th century, who wrote the
first work with full and systematic use of the decimal number system.

Bhaskara - II became head of the astronomical observatory at Ujjain,

which was the leading mathematical centre of ancient India of that time.

As an astronomer Bhaskara wrote about planetary positions and eclipses.

In his mathematical works, particularly, Lilavati (The Beautifiul)

(arithmetic) and Bijaganita (seed counting) (algebra), he not only used
Paper presentation SOME PROBLEMS - LILAVATI GANITAM 12TH CENTURY
(by SATYA GNYANA SRI BHAVANARI) MERISTELLA COLLEGE, VIJAYAWADA ON 2015-02-21
NBHM SPONSORED NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOMEN IN MATHEMATICS WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO LILAVATI, FEB. 20-21, 2015. 2

the decimal system but also compiled earlier problems from Brahmagupta
and others.

Bhaskara - II anticipated the modern convention of signs
,   and

evidently was the first to gain some understanding of the meaning of
division by zero.

Bhaskara - II mentioned in his Beejaganitha that,

  .

Bhaskaras notable work is Siddhantasiromani (Head Jewel of

Accuracy)

He wrote siddhanta Shiromani at the age of 36 in 1150 A.D., and this work
(consisting of about 1450 verses) has divided into four parts:

1) Lilatvati (ARITHMETIC) has 278 verses.

2) Bijaganit (ALGEBRA) has 213 verses.
3) Goladhyaya (sphere/celestial globe) has 451 verses, and
4) Grahaganit (mathematics of the planets) has 501 verses.

The first part Lilavati contains simple problems of Arithmetic. In this

conference, we wish to discuss two simple problems of Arithmetic from
Siddanta Siromani. One problem related to quadratic equation and
another problem related to cubic equation.

THE PROBLEMS:

Problem-1(SOLVING A QUADRATIC EQUATION IN ONE VARIABLE)

The eighth part of a group of monkeys, squared was skipping in the forest.
Another 12 were on the hill, screaming. How many monkeys were
there in that group?
Paper presentation SOME PROBLEMS - LILAVATI GANITAM 12TH CENTURY
(by SATYA GNYANA SRI BHAVANARI) MERISTELLA COLLEGE, VIJAYAWADA ON 2015-02-21
NBHM SPONSORED NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOMEN IN MATHEMATICS WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO LILAVATI, FEB. 20-21, 2015. 3

Solution: Let be the number of monkeys in the group.

Then,

    

Multiplying by 64, we get     
Adding (32)2 on both sides, we get
            
     
So,   
 .
Here ||  ||
Hence both negative and positive signs have to be taken.
So,         
Thus,   ! .

The ancient Indian Mathematicians were not very successful in

solving cubic and quadratic equations. Bhaskara-II has provided the
following example related to a cubic equation.

Problem-2 (An EQUATIONS OF THIRD DEGREE).

Can you give me the number, Oh learned man, which when
multiplied by 12 and increased by the cube of the number is equal
to the sum of 35 and six times the square of the number?

Solution: Let be the number.

Then, we have
       
Paper presentation SOME PROBLEMS - LILAVATI GANITAM 12TH CENTURY
(by SATYA GNYANA SRI BHAVANARI) MERISTELLA COLLEGE, VIJAYAWADA ON 2015-02-21
NBHM SPONSORED NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOMEN IN MATHEMATICS WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO LILAVATI, FEB. 20-21, 2015. 4

        .
Subtracting 8 from both sides, we get
             
That is,
      
Hence,

 

Acknoledgements:
The authors thank the Organizers of the National Conference for giving us
the opportunity of presenting this paper in the Conference on 2015.02.21.

References:
[1] http:// ww. Britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64067/Bhaskara- II
[2] http://www.studyhelpline.net/Biography/Bhaskara- II - biography.aspx
[3] http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/BHaskara_ II.html
[4] Book: Mathematical Achievements of pre-modern Indian
Mathematicians, Elsevier, 2012 (by T K Puttaswamy).
[5] Bhavanari Satyanarayana and K. Satyanarayana Number and Infinity
Concepts in Vedas (Survey Article), Proceedings of the National
Seminar on Present Trends in Mathematics and its Applications
(Sponsered by UGC), November 11th and 12th, 2010 SGS College,
Jaggaiahpet, Krishna Dt, A.P, Pages 172-173.

[6] K. Satyanarayana and Bhavanari Satyanarayana A Prospective

Theme of Mathematics (Survey Article), Proceedings of the One day
National Seminar on Algebra, 25 Oct. 2011 (200th Birth Anniversary of
Evariste Galois), KBN College, Vijayawada, Andhra Predesh, Pages 50-
53.
 Paper presentation SOME PROBLEMS - LILAVATI GANITAM 12TH CENTURY
(by SATYA GNYANA SRI BHAVANARI) MERISTELLA COLLEGE, VIJAYAWADA ON 2015-02-21
NBHM SPONSORED NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOMEN IN MATHEMATICS WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO LILAVATI, FEB. 20-21, 2015. 5

[7] Bhavanari Satyanarayana Some Mathematical Concepts in Ancient

Sanskrit Works (An invited talk), National Work Shop on Mathematics
Flavour in Vedas and Shastras (On the Occasion of 125th Birth
Anniversary of Srinivasa Ramanujam), Sri Venkateswara Vedic
University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India, December 21-22, 2012.

[8] Bhavanari Satyanarayana On Geometrical Concepts in Ancient

Sanskrit Works (An invited talk),National Seminar on GEOMETRICAL
CONCEPTS IN SULVA SUTRAS, Sri Venkateswara Vedic University,
Tirupathi. A.P., December 27-28, 2013.

[9] Bhavanari Satyanarayana Some Problems from Bijaganitha of

Bhaskara-II (An invited talk), National Conference on Mathematics
and Astronomy of Bhaskara-II, Sri Venkateswara Vedic University,
Tirupathi. A.P., December 18-19, 2014.

[10] Bhavanari Satyanarayana Some Problems from Algebra of

Bhaskaracharya (An invited talk), NBHM Sponsored National
Conference on WOMEN IN MATHEMATICS WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO LILAVATI, Maris Stella College, Vijayawada. A.P.,
February 20-21, 2015.

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