Tar (tobacco residue)

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Tar is the common name for the resinous, partially combusted particulate matter produced by the
burning of tobacco and other plant material in the act of smoking. Tar is toxic and damages the
smoker's lungs over time through various biochemical and mechanical processes.[1] Tar also
damages the mouth by rotting and blackening teeth, damaging gums, and desensitizing taste
buds. Tar includes the majority of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents in tobacco
smoke. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), for example, are genotoxic via epoxidation.[2]
There is a common misconception that the tar in cigarettes is equivalent to the tar used on
roads.[citation needed] As a result of this, cigarette companies in the United States, when prompted to
give tar/nicotine ratings for cigarettes, usually use "tar," in quotation marks, to indicate that it is
not the road surface component. Tar is occasionally referred to as an acronym for total aerosol
residue,[3] a backronym coined in the mid-1960s.[4]
Tar, when in the lungs, coats the cilia causing them to stop working and eventually die, causing
such conditions as lung cancer as the toxic particles in tobacco smoke are no longer trapped by
the cilia but enter the alveoli directly. Thus, the alveoli cannot come through with the process that
is called gas exchange which is the cause of rough breathing.
The tar from cigarette smoke is similar to that of marijuana smoke.[5]

Contents
[hide]

1Long Term Effects

o 1.1Lung cancer
o 1.2Third-hand smoking and its effects
o 1.3Dangers of third-hand smoking
o 1.4Second-hand smoking vs third-hand smoking
2References

Long Term Effects[edit]

Lung cancer[edit]
One of the most known diseases caused by smoking is lung cancer. A
few carcinogens commonly found in tar include benzene, acrylamide and acrylonitrile. Smoking
exposes delicate cells inside the lungs directly to these compounds. This causes mutations in the
DNA of the cells, which leads to cancer. According to the World Health Organization's report,
"Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking," 90 percent of all cases of lung cancer are
attributable to smoking.[6]
Third-hand smoking and its effects[edit]
Third-hand smoke is residual nicotine and other chemicals left on a variety of indoor surfaces by
tobacco smoke. This residue reacts with indoor pollutants to create a toxic mix. Containing
cancer-causing substances, this third-hand smoke poses a potential health hazard to
nonsmokers who are exposed to it, especially children.
Studies have shown that third-hand smoke clings to many things such as hair, skin, clothes,
furniture, drapes, walls, bedding, carpets, dust, vehicles and other surfaces, even long after
smoking has stopped. Individuals at risk such as infants, children and nonsmoking adults may
suffer tobacco-related health problems when they inhale, ingest or touch substances containing
third-hand smoke. Third-hand smoke is a relatively new concept, and researchers are still
studying its possible dangers.
Dangers of third-hand smoking[edit]
Third-hand smoking can be a serious concern, as it affects other people's health. In a house, the
tobacco residue of the smoke can build up on surfaces over time. Unfortunately, excess smoke
can not be removed just by airing out rooms and opening windows.[7] Scientists have reported
that third-hand smoke may cause up to 60 percent of the harm caused by regular exposure to
smoke.[8]
The only solution to protect nearby non-smokers, especially young children, is for the smoker to
either quit or institute a smoke-free area.[citation needed]
Second-hand smoking vs third-hand smoking[edit]
Second-hand smoking (SHS) is a combination of sidestream smoke (i.e., smoke emitted from the
burning cigarette, pipe, or cigar) and the mainstream smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers.
It contains more than 4,000 chemicals, many of which are known to have affect health. These
may include ammonia, acrolein, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, nicotine, nitrogen oxides,
and sulfur dioxide, many of which contain irritants and toxicants to the eye and respiratory tract.
Third-hand smoking (THS) consists of residual tobacco smoke pollutants that remain on surfaces
and in dust after tobacco has been smoked, are re-emitted into the gas phase, or react with
oxidants and other compounds in the environment to yield secondary pollutants. Chemicals of
tobacco smoking include nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP), phenol, cresols, naphthalene,
formaldehyde, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (including some not found in freshly-emitted
tobacco smoke).[9]