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EMFT-EC Postal Correspondence Course 2
CONTENT
2. ELECTROSTATICS . 18-51
ELECTRIC FIELDS IN MATERIAL SPACE
ELECTROSTATIC BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
7. WAVEGUIDES . 106-122
Postal Course ( GATE & PSUs) 2015 ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA . All Rights Reserved
28-B/7, Jia Sarai, Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com
EMFT-EC Postal Correspondence Course 3
CHAPTER-1
COORDINATE SYSTEM
The physical quantity we dealing in electromagnetic are function of space and time, to describe the spatial
variations of these quantities we have to define all points uniquely in space in a suitable manner, and this
We deal with orthogonal system. The orthogonal system is one in which the coordinates are mutually
perpendicular.
A point P in Cartesian co-ordinate system is represented as, P (X, Y, Z) and ranges of the coordinate
< X <
< Y <
< Z <
A vector A in Cartesian coordinate system, can be written as, unit vector is also re
A Ax a x Ay a y Az az
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EMFT-EC Postal Correspondence Course 4
1. Differential length : dl
2. Differential Area: ds
ds is a vector quantity.
3. Differential volume: dv
dv dxdydz
dv is a vector quantity.
This coordinate system is used when we have problem having cylindrical symmetry.
A point P in this coordinate system is represented as, P ( , , Z), and range of values of coordinate
variable , , Z are
the XY plane
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EMFT-EC Postal Correspondence Course 5
A vector A in cylindrical co ordinates is written as,
A A a A a Az a z
a .a a .a a z .a z 1 a .a a .a z a z .a 0
a .a a z a .a z a a z .a a
Relation between Cartesian coordinate System Variable and Cylindrical Coordinate System Variable
Postal Course ( GATE & PSUs) 2015 ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA . All Rights Reserved
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EMFT-EC Postal Correspondence Course 6
x y
cos ; sin
x cos ; y sin
x2 y 2 2 x2 y2
y y
tan ; tan 1
x x
A Ax cos Ay sin
A Ax sin Ay cos
Az Az
A cos sin 0 Ax
sin cos 0
A Ay
A 0 0 1 A
z z
Ax cos sin 0 A
Ay sin cos 0 A
A 0 0 1 A
z z
a. Differential displacement:
dl d a d a dz a z
ds d dz a d dz a d d az
c. Differential volume:
dv d d dz
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EMFT-EC Postal Correspondence Course 7
3. SPHERICAL CO-ORDINATES:
This co ordinate system is used when we have problem having spherical symmetry.
A point P in this co ordinate system is represented as, P (r, , ), and range of values of co ordinate
variable r, , are
0 r 0 0 2
ar , a and a are unit vector, and ar directed along the radius or in the direction of increasing r , a in the
ar . ar a . a a . a 1
ar .a a . a a . ar 0
ar a a ; a a ar ; a ar a
Postal Course ( GATE & PSUs) 2015 ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA . All Rights Reserved
28-B/7, Jia Sarai, Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com
EMFT-EC Postal Correspondence Course 8
z
sin ; cos
r r
r sin ; z r cos
r 2 2 z2 x2 y2 z2 r x2 y 2 z 2
sin x2 y 2
tan tan 1
cos z x z
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EMFT-EC Postal Correspondence Course 9
y
tan 1 ; y sin r sin sin
x
; z r cos
1. Differential displacement:
dl drar rd a r sin d a
3. Differential volume:
dv r 2 sin dr d d
d 2 x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1 ; cartesian
2 2 2
d 2 2 2 12 2 1 2 cos 2 1 z2 z1 ; cylindrical
2
1. Line integral:
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EMFT-EC Postal Correspondence Course 10
It is integral of the tangential component of vector A along curve L. and defined as
A. dl
L
A dl cos
a
If path of integration is closed curve then it becomes a closed contour integral, which is called the
A.dl
L
A. ds A. an ds
S S
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EMFT-EC Postal Correspondence Course 11
Where,
a n = unit normal to S.
If surface is closed, then closed surface defines a volume, which is referred as the net outward flux of A
3. Volume integral:
Del operator:
Usefulness of :
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EMFT-EC Postal Correspondence Course 12
a x a y a z
x y z
1
a a a z
z
1 1
ar a a
r r r sin
1. Gradient of a scalar: G
The gradient of a scalar field V, is a vector that represents both the magnitude and the direction of the maximum
V V V
dV dx dy dz
x y z
V V V
a x a y a z . a x dx a y dy a z dz
x y z
dV G. dl G dl cos
dV V V V
G cos ; where G a x a y a z
dl x y z
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EMFT-EC Postal Correspondence Course 13
dV
G grad V
dl max
V V V
V ax ay a z ; In Cartesian coordinate
x y z
V 1 V .
V
V a a az ; In cylindrical coordinates.
z
V 1 V 1 V
V ar a a ; In spherical coordinate.
r r r sin
1. V U V U
2. VU V U U V
V U V V U
3.
U U2
(a) The magnitude of V equals the maximum rates of change in V per unit distance.
(c) V At any point is perpendicular to the constant V surface that passes through that point.
(d) The component (projection ) of V in the direction of a unit vector a is V . a and is called
Postal Course ( GATE & PSUs) 2015 ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA . All Rights Reserved
28-B/7, Jia Sarai, Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com
EMFT-EC Postal Correspondence Course 14
Postal Course ( GATE & PSUs) 2015 ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA . All Rights Reserved
28-B/7, Jia Sarai, Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016. Ph. 011-26514888. www.engineersinstitute.com