Name: _________________________

Topic 6.3 & 11.1 Questions (Pathogens and Defense Against Disease)
Period: ________________________

1. Define pathogen.

2. Outline one example of an infection by each of the following types of pathogens:

Type of pathogen BACTERIA VIRUS FUNGI PROTOZOA

Example disease

Pathogen

Method of
transmission

Symptoms

Treatment

Dangers

3. Explain why antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections but not viruses.

Link thought: how does overuse of antibiotics lead to antibiotic resistance?

4. Outline the role of skin and mucous membranes in primary defense (acting as barriers against
pathogens):

Skin is a tough barrier

Mucous, such as in
nose, airways
Acidic conditions (e.g.
stomach and vagina)
Lysozymes

5. State the functions of the following types of leukocytes:

 Name: _________________________
Topic 6.3 & 11.1 Questions (Pathogens and Defense Against Disease)
Period: ________________________

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Phagocytes Lymphocytes

B-Cells
Macrophages
T-Cells

6. Outline how phagocytic leukocytes ingest pathogens in the blood and body tissues.

Method of membrane
transport:
How does it work?

7. Distinguish between antibodies and antigens.

Link thought:
how is this
important in ABO
blood typing and
how is that an
example of
codominance?

8. Explain clonal selection as a basis for immunity.

There are many different types of lymphocytes in the

immune system.
 Name: _________________________
Topic 6.3 & 11.1 Questions (Pathogens and Defense Against Disease)
Period: ________________________

9. Briefly describe the principle of polyclonal selection.

10. State the role of memory cells following an infection.

11. Explain how antibodies are produced.

Use the following terms: pathogen, phagocyte, epitope (antigen), helper T-cell, B-cell, clone,
plasma cell, antibody.
Pathogen is ingested by a macrophage.

12. Define the terms HIV and AIDS

HIV =
AIDS =

13. Outline the effects of HIV on the immune system.

Effect on lymphocytes
 Name: _________________________
Topic 6.3 & 11.1 Questions (Pathogens and Defense Against Disease)
Period: ________________________

Effect on antibody production

Effect on health

14. Discuss the cause, transmission and social implications of HIV/AIDS.

Cause

Methods of transmission

Social implications

15. Outline some of the economic impacts of HIV in the developing world.

16. The graph below shows the progression of a typical case of HIV. CD4 cells are those attacked by
the HIV virus. Once levels of these lymphocytes drop below a critical value, the immune system
is no longer able to fight infection and AIDS is diagnosed.
 Name: _________________________
Topic 6.3 & 11.1 Questions (Pathogens and Defense Against Disease)
Period: ________________________

a. State the CD4 cell count at which AIDS is likely to be diagnosed.

b. Deduce, with a reason, the period in which a person infected with HIV is most likely to pass it
on to someone else.

c. Describe the effects of HIV on the immune system over time.

d. Identify the period in which other illnesses are most likely to result in death.

Link thought: review how cancer develops, as well as biotechnology and gene therapy
 Name: _________________________
Topic 6.3 & 11.1 Questions (Pathogens and Defense Against Disease)
Period: ________________________

17. Blood clotting is an example of a metabolic pathway.

Describe the process of blood clotting.

18. Define active and passive immunity.

Active:
Passive:

19. State examples of the following types of immunity.

Active Passive
Natural Artificial Natural Artificial

20. Monoclonal antibodies are produced industrially for use in medicine. State three uses of
monoclonal antibodies

Diagnosis of condition
Diagnosis of infection
Treatment

21. Explain the principles of vaccination.

Antigen is introduced to the body

22. Discuss the benefits and potential dangers of

vaccinations.

Benefits Potential Dangers

 Name: _________________________
Topic 6.3 & 11.1 Questions (Pathogens and Defense Against Disease)
Period: ________________________

Eradication of diseases, such as smallpox.

Ethical discussion: What are the ethical considerations of enforced vaccination programs?