Quartile

In descriptive statistics, the quartiles of a set of values are the three points that divide the data set into four equal groups, each
representing a fourth of the population being sampled. A quartile is a type of quantile.
In epidemiology, sociology and finance, the quartiles of a population are the four subpopulations defined by classifying
individuals according to whether the value concerned falls into one of the four ranges defined by the three values discussed
above. Thus an individual item might be described as being "in the upper quartile".

Definitions

first quartile (designated Q1) = lower quartile = splits lowest 25% of data = 25th percentile
second quartile (designated Q2) = median = cuts data set in half = 50th percentile
third quartile (designated Q3) = upper quartile = splits highest 25% of data, or lowest 75% = 75th percentile
The difference between the upper and lower quartiles is called the interquartile range.

If a data set of values is arranged in ascending order of magnitude, then:

Method 1
Use the median to divide the ordered data set into two halves. Do not include the median into the halves, or the minimum and maximum.
The lower quartile value is the median of the lower half of the data. The upper quartile value is the median of the upper half of the data.
This rule is employed by the TI-83 calculator boxplot and "1-Var Stats" functions.

Method 2
Use the median to divide the ordered data set into two halves. If the median is a datum (as opposed to being the average of the middle two
data), include the median in both halves.
The lower quartile value is the median of the lower half of the data. The upper quartile value is the median of the upper half of the data

Percentiles

In statistics, a percentile (or centile) is the value of a variable below which a certain percent of observations fall. For example, the
20th percentile is the value (or score) below which 20 percent of the observations may be found. The term percentile and the
related term percentile rank are often used in the reporting of scores from norm-referenced tests.
The 25th percentile is also known as the first quartile (Q1), the 50th percentile as the median or second quartile (Q2), and the
75th percentile as the third quartile (Q3).
There is no universally accepted definition of a percentile. Using the 65th percentile as an example, the 65th percentile can be
defined as the lowest score that is greater than 65% of the scores. This is the way we defined it above and we will call this
"Definition 1". The 65th percentile can also be defined as the smallest score that is greater than or equal to 65% of the scores.
This we will call "Definition 2". Unfortunately, these two definitions can lead to dramatically different results, especially when
there is relatively little data. Moreover, neither of these definitions is explicit about how to handle rounding. For instance, what
score is required to be higher than 65% of the scores when the total number of scores is 50? This is tricky because 65% of 50 is
32.5. How do we find the lowest number that is higher than 32.5 of the scores? A third way to compute percentiles (presented
below), is a weighted average of the percentiles computed according to the first two definitions. This third definition handles
rounding more gracefully than the other two and has the advantage that it allows the median (discussed later) to be defined
conveniently as the 50th percentile.

Decile

Decile refers to one of ten equal groups which are divided a large group of values or statistics.

It is any one of the numbers or values in a series dividing the distribution of the individuals in the series into ten
groups of equal frequency.
The deciles are the nine values of the variable that divide an ordered data set into ten equal parts.
The deciles determine the values for 10%, 20%... and 90% of the data.
D5 coincides with the median.
The Decile function computes the specified decile of the specified random variable or data set.
The first parameter can be a data set (represented as an Array), a distribution, a random variable, or an algebraic
expression involving random variables.

The second parameter d is a decile or list of deciles.