McGraw-Hill HANDBOOKS CHAPTER 20 FLOW PAST IMMERSED FLUID — FLOW HANDBOOK #2 20.1.1 Forces on Immersed Objects * Offers practical examples Bie eis TET and tables for step-by- Peet ctor ‘ Presents numerous applications— tribution, erry i eftoner ae z uid having anor velocity vector far aay om animes objet will eet foros Fo he obj (Figure 20.2). Ts force may be dcomped into two omponcnt a componeat Fpl! to Va called dg nd compo hen Formal oV,callad it [43] When 4 -D objet fr example an ai ‘plane asa plane of metal st paral oa plane, iscustonary {bens te fore component eal The symmetry Plane bartey nd emf asthe side fore Every clement sure aoa dof sn nerd bjs subj an ee mentary safe force dP which may be decomposed 10a tangent (hewn) Component df ands oral component dp When divided by the surface are, those force components Bes pts, the wal shee ses y= dF nde wall oral sess =U J0A The ter elt 0 he sae res fine pass onthe epatine ign msesay bc, by convention, presre ‘penne when comprsng he surface, with moral sess isconsieed pos itive whoo sn th digton othe cuted unit normal ver. The tol sae force Fmay be fund by integrating the elementary force dF over the sure of the objet taking ito acount the change of erettion of the ae Fors ly et us considera 2D flow (Figure 2.3) Ther he fre aon the eh Ina are dA = bs ay be damon oo opin pao components ‘Sn ne ay compote he drag nd per uit Span rom he wal shear 8 Se te srface pes as el fe pom ties erin a ed “Ths the dag and it maybe consid as consinting af wo distinc combo tions ne de tote presse dro argon he eject ade et tll shar stress npricua, the conttbuton of esse variation othe drag ne ee Fy FP Nt Fo sess ale the sin tion deg. simply shin ct. Both cobs ‘ae case by fiction (refer to Alem’ para abe) Objet for wich the skin fictions overwcingy larger tian the form ag ae elled rea ined wile those for which th opposite happens ae called bi order tobe presented in mesons forms the gan i are normal tae by the parameter IpV2A (pis the aid density and Aina characterise), which measore of he rei “Yrs” on he i. Ts est nto he fl lowing coeiems decree Co 7 ae itcetcent ¢, = ‘The area Ais a pete rea and ote surface ae ofthe objet. Cation must eke o distinguish hetween the plaform ae, panel he poet aca ofthe object ona suitable plane parle o Vand the fetal rea, sey the rojevedareaof te object on apne perpenduaro Var steamlned objets, {hares wed forthe drag coefficients he plnform ae, wile, for bil abet [|= — eeeticecern:te frontal ae, Refting the fat ht ing abet are sully sen, itis the planfrm are thats sed, smptexcsvely, for tei cokes. Uner cern specific conditions. portns ofthe drag may be atid to specie phenomena snd ae wally atime separately fom he more conc ‘onal prion Tes nee the followin + Diag due toi or indo dag (Seton 20.4 this ccs when aig ‘old sure i triad in he Md. + Acceleration da [3] when an bj accelerates hough Ti he res ‘hres nits trace ated sah no generat Tce cae ft sccelrating the in the viity of he bjs. This georateslarger Us force, compared tht on these object sey ton dou the ‘a, Mslz sna expresses his aoa fee terms of the mass ‘fa cei vole offi aed mas) hat has 0 be aed wo the mas of ‘Be object fran unsteady momentum balan. + Cavitation dag (gue 204 ithe ai ress inthe pear wake of an ‘Sheet immersed nai op to rial pressure, called the ape res She vapor il sity fom supervision) the dag coeticin ‘ivtng Toms lower tan tat i singe phase igi ows, Paste Ske presse cannot drop blow the vapor press eve (6 + ilition dg (Figur 2040) whe bjs are crosing te intra tetcen lig and gas 2a maybe channeled oa ay tha ms in the low grestre wake of he objet ke cavitation, ventilation reduces the fox dag poses omer Hit on the wake pres (] bow wave, hap. ligula BSP ho ‘+ Wave dag (Figure 2040) this the atonal dag onan objet that pene- teats the fe sizeof iui, de hydrostatic pres diferences ‘esyonng tothe elevation ofthe lid near the station pin (6: wave ‘rapa apes objets tha ae fly immersed a oe of he pases of Stal stated vo-pase ye (itera waves: Figure 20) o in ensy-stied single-phase Oa (ermal waves: Fre 204) (7), + Compress drag: or given Reynolds uber, te dag wel frees {asthe Mach ner ices 8th th adonal dap which ares de {0 compression ofthe pa in rot ofthe object an i neque expansion inthe wake 20.1.2 The Equations of Motion ‘Themed fn inompesil s wth constant al popisis dsced by he cninaty and Nair Saks met) eats eget, 238-10, 2) iy 5 te, a ae * yt * Ot wee 14 yan w ate the convent ofthe aw velocity bag the Caesian piste id density bis the Kinematic viscosity ofthe sid Se fy and faethe Caesian componeats ofthe gravisonlaceeration ‘An imponant dynamic parameter for fd motion isthe Reyooks number Re = PDI Aisa characterise velo, is a cares eagth stl = op, eich a measure ofthe relive impoance ofthe nei "Tree the bjt Conte othe viscous (ition ores "The Naver Stakes gunn re ite iia to slveaaltcly and eve numerically a lrge Re, rainy de othe presence of ro-lnee ems, Fo thisreson. numero ppoxinatios and implications have en developed ha tppl wspecific angel Re, When th chars elo. characte gh teil density ae vey smal or whe the scot ery last cus mary to use alow Re pyoniation (2, 9-12} Inte iit of Re» De <1) tsforexamplin th ce of vanishing characterise ect (reping eo ing ows) tr hola terms te Navi Stokes qusions may be melted done may bin et of near equatns, cle the Sake sons, MeL Beg BE 3 era 2 Dy ap ae and siialy in he ther sitions, ‘When Re st sanishing bt il small Re < 1, an imposed approxi tin i provid bythe Oseen equations, for example Bante 1 Ben ooo B Bs) ae * ay * ae isthe far is eacy, ay rom any mere object and sumed Tote unifom, "Two pes boundary condos ave oe aii hy the ston of vs cous flo suatons a} the no penetration condition, which ees th the mx tl componat ofthe relive veo th id mst vanish onthe surface of {aioe ad he mo slp coon, which request he tangential eo fmct of feel velocity mst wait the surface s wel (Exceptions 0 ‘Re tater coin mast bellowed, for example in tbe ease of very ow deo ‘iy gu flows), A significant implication ofthe mathematical lw probes ‘Shided when he fects ito nel, wc ease the Naver Sikes ‘huons te simplified int tof fs orde differenti equations. eed the ub equation a (13,4) 1 ag pa “The soln ofthe Bur equations subj tthe o penetration conn tuccamot sat the no lpcomiton aa us lhogh asf n many respec, ibe eadeto wei esa epecialyconcenig Frcs on immersed (Gg. Alembers prado, se Section 20.11 20.1.3 The Boundary Layer Approximetion “The eet tion on he ow sound a immersed object should be expected ee numbers, he det ffs of ction re confined in rae thin layers i ‘Sette soll walls called the boundary tyes and inthe wake of the bt, ic isthe Now vegiondowrmteam ofthe object tht contains th i ha ‘ignated inthe boundary ler around the eget Fig 205). The fo ot Se te Boundary ayers an the wake called he este, a. for any acca purposes, may be cone as invisid Whee steams ow ele ly compoment increas ipiy sss he bundy ler, starting rom 0 8 {he wall it peers 4 mich slower van acon the seem, Ava sh norte purposes boundary ayer mali one may conser the fc sea ‘eloity Zs independ of dtc rr the walla ost fonction he Steams coordinate «Figure 2150) Within he ound yea ie kind ‘of simplification is possible, known asthe brandy lye apposition wich faces the computation of the Boda ayer hicks, he wal Sear ses ander pastes [2-5, 8-10, 13 Forsinplicty,conie steady, wo-dnenson, args Rey number ow pst an immersed old surface an nel body Toces cha rv, The facet asumed o be early parallel to he axis withthe yas nl 1 “Ten, the mentum equation inthe erection imp fad By ay a ‘res ofthe oundary layer apronaton th he reste sey com stn scrote brary erase sre resem be ken es al © the ee steam pressure atthe same reams loation The presse varaton ste provided and it is asl elle ty prorming computor ‘id ow past the eect by analytical o numerical itn for exp sig th ‘vortex piel method [14 15], The sface velocity compute by ths med is ko considered ob he seas the eesteam flow velo LL) jo ote ‘he boundary yer. C0) srelaeto he sce presse) y Berl sem ion, wich ad to Ae yh ae ae ‘When the fe-stream pressure i constant or decreasing inthe seared tion favorable pressure gradient) boundary layer will cevelop wile reining ‘eltvey thin and close tothe wall. I, however, the pessre increases in the streamwise diction (adverse pressure praie,the presure force would oppose ‘he modion ofthe fui and, when sufficiently larg, it wold reverse the dretion ‘of flow, resting in sparation ofthe boundary layer from the slid surface (Fig re 20.5). Although adverse presse radon may be presea thoughout id steam thir fects are more dramatic inthe wll regia where the moment of frupwe-breysiamy txgoamamraemmagebaabnad aap ania engi tenuaprnsIGURERE thm) enya) ‘Sistecar penn em onthe surface Separation poi, and then it may spread into an extended rion ‘tarth tet futon bt), Te ound er aproximation bes ve tinea separation cers none aot we Boda yer- type analyses Beyond Thescertn pnt eves for rough purposes. Ite pes ri bones a thie asin following span, ow eatachment sy oc in wich case on may reconsider he we of he Boudry ae apposition. 20.2 BOUNDARY LAYERS. er ania ob Like ther tyes flow, today layer may exist in Fe adie“ jr ity-RORL--rpduamt onrretatnsnndinp al tte, or it may start as laminar ad change 1 ardent, though the process ‘own a tans (te 205i), Under special erence, tarbulen ‘ound lier may tra nina, thro he poses led eatin. Tor simple the dacassion below wil rest 02-D bonny layers: siscssion af 3D boundary lye maybe foun a References [8 10,131 The tincusion Will ao be confine to icone flows along the read nos he warmed tt empresa sigfican ane ven drama fc the development and stadiy of Boundary yer [ 10,13, 14] Only general purpose alyical and empl rss wil he reviod, while dacs of uel methods Will be confined oa ew reavely imple prcedaes ‘Complete ajc and numero sl pid th dtl eh ' variaon within the boundary Iyer For many pact pups however, ths inrmatio st necessary or eset, one ty ly he terested naval Boundary ayer elect, ich ax walsh ese and fie steam steamine dive zac. Approximate meh th averse out soc wrt cos the bound ‘3 layer ae widely wed nde th are of imegral methods. Sach meth re thse an solos of average dere eon emenim ig ein) 20.2.1 Boundary Layer Thicknesses and Other Parameters Armesue of the physi tikes of hound ier she "isturbance hick es" 8 defied the tance rom the wal which xp) = 09, Tis ‘sanarhiraily defined parameter ad liable wo elavel lag experimental nr ten Instead, the following "egal ickacses” may be determined y he native means an provide meses ofthe pasa eff ofthe Boundary ayer, ‘compare to the ceo avis low + incents = [ (1- 72th nmr te ‘sens the deft in mas fw rate eri span in he boundary lye, i invbid Now ake ae reference he “ising” mae everday From the wa, « ‘en's te deficit of mamta flax per ui pan dt con the wall, Compared svi low wth the ane ase owe at nthe bound ty lye In peor, 8. The ati = 60m al the shape facto form parameter. + Momentum thickness: @ = iat Je ‘Te parameter prep + ewer atone = [Et (2) Joe met‘epreseats the deficit of mechani energy Ax pr unit pun, comared Inviscid flow withthe sane nase lw et ett nthe boundary lye. ‘Also shag fats may ao Be defined asthe too Bo 8 an [8 The diferent toundary layer lengths may be used to define the following Reynold nmber, cach with distin signeance: + Re, = Vso wal th distance rom a forward sagaton pin, me ‘recurve alng the wall) wna meno ‘The (hcl shin ction coe is defined as 0? Fal, characteristic velocity of levance inthe boundary ayers the ton veloc Obvious, we. Integration fhe 2D momentum euion in the drstion normale wal (Ge. for'sy resus in te moment integral egation 2. LeomMhed sehddh ir vallé foc antiear 2 well cn tatuient beeniany gen, 12022 Laminar Boundary Layers Analytica slaton fhe unary layer otis vals for eifrm fom esti a pate (Blass solten) ad past cies dileret anges Falkner San soltion (6 8,10 1316), Sich sions ae self sia namely res inunivenaldmensonles veloc vaso when exes ints dine. ‘Sones discs fom he wal Laminar bay ern pal ow over At pate (Basis problem, Figure 20.0: + simesontes casa 9 = 2 VR, ) + ie stown in Fgwe 207 © : Laminar boundary ayers ver wall fring dire angles (ak Skan prem, laure 2008, + wall ang: 2 nel + fhe sueam velocity variation Wt) = Ut Usa 3 z = OAR Pe enaimennevat E207 Vty es amr hry yen nat ie sin nib des orn ng nr Sn + siento coins: €= 2 /® Ee, +E tor tires shown age 207 + forges valves for diferent hicks and se Reference 10 13) Physical igsiscance of diferent ass: + ete ow ipa 2066) 0-1 @emery pera + fr plate ow (Basi problem: B=0 + plane stagnation pin low Figure 20.6 8 <0. favorable pes notice that €= V3) y om + flow around an expansion (Figure 20.6: -2< B< 0-4 0, scdsere presse aca 2 a + fly separated lows + forthe types of Now, comesponding wo vals ff aide the ove ranges, sce Reference i. a prepa ercieeecberegeermeet tiny echo tyra eter tir + momentum ikaes: 0) = iste rats of curvature ofthe objet tthe gation point) aus, “Tats pes pain parater: = shape facto, for. A < 0.25 10) 2 ee 0+ 414025) 83500259) + 85410.25~ a)" 3391025 ay «4514025 - A ‘hin fection coat, or -009 2.6025 10K ¢-= 2+ ow 5 + Sine range 801085 [13] 3 inthe range 8.01085 [131 2023 Boundary Layer Transition At suficemly low Reynolds mbes ll boundary layers lamin aif is ‘ute hey wos tm thoi stat hdc sae ow), Av Fe, increases awe 1st vale Re, dtc do ot ey wih ie ‘ydedyanicalunsabeNow) anew eal otarbeense, gh he pr es caled tanson. Teasiton depends on many factor remain» pole ‘haishado deserts andre. A ammary fh nso proes fr [pessbl,2-D boundary Iyer over smonth apse a the abnce of fee Scum tubules, wbeaons and acoustic trance a flows (10 17, 1 eRe Sable amine boundary ayer + Resor < Re Re, watson boundary ayer the flloing penomens| my be dette, a ore of appearance log the Row eto + ow insulitis a 2D wasveme wanes Tlie Shling wanes)+ afer afew wavelength 2-D waves develop spans undulations, Tending bairpinstape vortices + the vrices hecome usable a reat don smaller-scale, 3D motions + bunts of urtlence (Ezmons spt) cur spontaneously t random Iccatone + the trent spots coalesce + Rey © Re aly tbat boundary ayer. Under the above conitions, sonal value of Re for tanston may be taken es 1? However, when dsturtanes represent eve at asl aout, Rey dese stantial. Furthermore, Res more tana ede of ag ‘ite slr than Re which rans ta tap ofthe was ei a Tow turbance boundary layers my be ch longer this) thas he Temp fe laminar bowndy layer. The, becomes obvious a he re <écnof transition leton woul be bjt to lrg encarta. "When significant dturbacss ae presen iflerent Kind of easton “turd, This is called bypass basin 18] and eoesponds oa det Wek ‘down of the limiar boundary layer, witout the appearance of iermedate aus A reais vale for tans in boundary lajers ove Nt plates With “Spline divtuoances (high terbalence fee rest ot large space oh Bea 8 Rey = 3% 10 ’ inl met fr odting sons Mists criterion (10, 1-15] wich ses tht anton loca wen Recompued using Ties" method) x ‘cos certain tresold, woe value has bee cocelated emily with Re, ‘ht improved veron of Michel's eters i (10) a0) eo tsne et oR c4 100 For acpi boundary Iyer, his citron provides Key, 28% 1 which was the experiment vale observed in erly tansition experiments. ‘fhe rans cra well the effete of fee-trea alae, peste lens srface oghnes, psteadines te dimensionality. dest sai ‘Sion, compres and nowNewtoian behavior have eon discussed by Several ats, 10,13, 19.2 ‘aca he icy in rings cong wasn tis sometines| eal oindice tat oon oeston. aly tasin may alo be desibl fo ‘her purposes, fr example o delay elimi boundary lye separtn. Tram Siton may be induced by the aon of sac oughnes or "ip wir nhe Taina region For eflacve tanston of boundary ayers over smooth val nd ina low trblencs rw steam the dameter D rip wien contact with he all mast be seleted ach hat Rey = UDW> 83010) 202.6 Turbulent Boundary Layers aly te lyre stam highly co toed sce cle teneannrneTe tees ek tes Sma beter sein eg ea dare imei foe eal ‘lent by pr may etl Sed i die es ioe enh hse dome ymca es thou eion in whchefow dmnatdy te s eeas ‘sccm an iced" Towa fw a ‘btsarandm poss ont asia eget ane renee (ote dete y onary ce Chap 3 nee eon ver St wl te nese seige vey» ny nn a ‘eccrine date) wt abso of he een dex Soon rand neta od Caper scion 531 eid 1-2 nts oaerie acon oan he ps rant parr (Cer rane) ae Profiles ofthe “stacy eect overscan ugh wall Figure 208 collapse songs vale of eis ‘onstant 8.10, 1]. An approxima expression fer the eter and ve repr "all fr boundary tyre Beth in qatar) sd a Trio, lows 10) (i whee = 04 (von Koa conta, = 5.0 an th Cos wake parameter T tas on related empirically the Clase pare = -04 407611 + 0421 A rlaively simple method [10] 1 comput the arses, and «for bond sy lyers with abitary fie eam presse vans negra niallthe momentum neg oiation Seton 202.1) sapemene by he above ee ‘oni tween and, ewriten in te foe 04 0761+ 04217 a and te aional empieal expresions 2 2esamnensi aw qo ale = a ose Gog Re ‘once the shove sation is ahive he dita thiknes may becom as ars Fo 2. flow over a smth fat pits, the pes praent vanishes f= 0 THe 045) and ne may eset llowingpraccal expressions (apposite (ald iatherange 8% 10" Re <0 provided at he Boundary lye sah Tent fom heat = 0) (2) (not vai very close othe wal, for 9/5 < 01 (2)" oartineemnteraenintea an 6 om a 2086 etsy and Gy ae 00594 Re ‘A peatdcal of esearch has oe dota to he study ofthe srt ‘nce inte boury ayers motivated bythe ned conta efor ews the Mad andthe mend bet. npc, he bk the wal sear ss as for asocied with andor ering Now pers, own as coer! tures [22,23 GUN 208 vee sti alte Clan ponte pen mene mmm re coma 20.25 Boundary Layer Separation ‘As meationed eae (Section 201.3, Figure 20.5), unde the inience of an adverse pressure grain (eceleratngfce sue) foundry ayer may detach {fom the wal Al the pat which hs ft happens speatton pin the wall shears 2, we downass pr he ca al ls eves Be ‘onan the wal arses omen eat, any pong towards psa “Therefore, peton of sation mous opredition fhe aon 3 which jemi It sale chsomary osc separation withthe value fhe stage tote. “A stiguforward approach opel separation Foran oun lye computed folowing Thats” method (Seton 2022), 1 fad the keaton a Which A=-009, hich comespnds to H= 385 10) A sanesat more ccrate Ith is the Stratford eiterion 10,1]. asoning to whch separation ocr at "locaton x (mesure slong the wal) which oweIn the above expression, the lcton of he minimum pes a 0, ule. the mama fce-sream voit Us elle he eat ‘at plate lng nd the presse every cof dened a. Ifthe boundary ayer isin its att under an adverse presse rade o tis preceded hy a constant presse region, = however tere aii vorble pres een, “Tubuen boundary layer sepsntion i fica top. Alhough methods ‘xeon theme negra ton pod the value oa poplar co ‘elation cong the one presente Section 20.23) beeen ea He ot include te near zr craig. One sguested approach isto x the parton pot st alocton a which H 2:4. A moe elaborate method isthe trent Sto’ ‘terion 1,25), ccrding which spar of ney varbelet ound by ‘rover talon at whic ee ee In this oxpesion, 00.35 if dplds? 0th ev alent plate engi is cael Forth predision of separation of boundary Iyer tht dro ton se Ret ‘rence 1 The value of he resoery presse cctiiea t spation smch Inge for buen boundary ayer an fo laminar ones, electing the per. ‘esntane to epration pose by uence, 20.3 DRAG 203.1 Drag at Low Reynolds Numbers ‘The flowing analytical es ae available for Stok ow ps spb (Fig re 2098) (912) + dug foe: Fin= Sub, 24 A + ral voy = Veco + $5 — 4) Ser eae + res: p= po EY cost + shears gratin SH a [As sce shove te drag coffin inves propionate Reypokts umber and Cy a Re > 0, Tis sa consequence ofthe fac th teeta “fore” vanishes ae Re» On, hte, is at pope cl by wich on sli he dap. The prope cle the vcs foc and appropiate Simensinless rag at ow Res the vias en oc [5] Sxeto he shape of the inne objet a la a mension inal ition arecomparable. The sles of Ce Stokes ow pasta fewer ps ote ‘ae given teow 5). * hin crcl disk noma to haw + tin cular dik paral to ow (gue 209%) Ci inaupy+03 + cinder normal ow (Figure 20.8: Ch (acu fre based 0 L)+ ld pall 1 Now (Figure 2098) y= (isco free based on Forcassin whic Re is ot eligi compare of, util ess than the ‘seen approximation provides comectons tothe Saks relationships Foe the dg ‘onaspere and ther sin cbjes, the Ose relatos ae mt subst ‘nro avaiable experimental su tha the Sok relationships, wich may Iheefre be wed inthe range O «fe <1 Os the thr hand th Onen approx maton provides the flowing weal expressions, for which the Soke rays ‘rovides no ress 10} both expression ae vali in the ange Oe | + drag coefficient on oe side af thin Ht plate pallet Now (Re. = Veet ‘here cis the ng of he plate): RADARS + nCTORE + ag coin on a 2-D circa eylnder with it axis noma to Now (Re, = Viv were Dis te dameter of he yin): & Ra = 2, ® Sy z = L © © FIGURE 209 Socholon Rosner ne pie jc: wp re was saeptoca n n eo 203.2 Drag on Streamlined Objects “Theda ona very hi at plate paral an unbound unifrm Now consists otirely of shin icon, For incompressible flows. the dag coefficient eal Spends onthe Reyools numer R= Voce the eth ofthe plat) and ot the surface roughest maybe sued tht the Kouta ae i ine oughout he lat oe sot plates ms pact erent wil happen ene <8 % 10% or rgh pss, toe mi ccar at aomer Re) the ea colin ono sd oe ate ane compa om he Blasi 0 on, th a coeton em forthe om: Re range a [10 1B 6 32 fort che. HO Vie Be Gye 8 for 100 < Re <5 XIE Vie For trblent flows, he effet of surface roughness maybe infeed rom the average height ofthe roughess cement (6) Whene< 100th plateis elled Iytaniclly smth and ps independen of roghoes. When e> 10100. the plead uly raph and depen the Reto nub Inmet case 100. << 1000, one ms take nto acount bot the Reynols aber ante rughes ees the foundry layer my be ed tote tubule rom the a (eds to hnes oa randy layer eip nest the eating eg) the drag cootint y he comput as 6,8, 10) Ss Wor Re * pasos wer” Ge foe 5% 10°< Re < 10 and hyde smo plies 1G for 1? < Re and ly rough pte. I the boundary ayer tarts lamina and undergoes tnsion a soe ee Sonne pls, at wich he Reyes uber yt dg ot may te estate as (4) ae Ea here Ga ad Chan 8 pct he dag colic oly abun and Tully amie wa Re, Fars st pte with Re, = 5% 10" the rl Re“The ane-sid dg covet for unbounded flow parallel to soo plate, foravwiderange of Re and assuming wasiion occurs Rey =8 10 shown in Figure 20.10, “To comput thesia ition dragon la pes witha presse variation o 00 | sealed 2D or oct coe mat interat the wl bear ses log the Ssrface ofthe eet king int account th relive orientation of the nan k= ‘met with respect ohe fe stream. Approximate analytical and america meth- ‘shave ben developed ward th purpose ce sections 2022 and 202.4) 203.3 Drag on Bluff Objects Bla ojes are msn subj fm deg, oc ress rag generat by he ict ‘hatte stat ress in th po the object acing upseam generally higher ‘tanh ese inthe pat aig ose, his lly in cont with trated ow The als deg cece presenta his scion [36,10] Uh frm dag nds cont isundertood however, hal he contribution of shin fection sal er nelle, excep at very low Reynolds nombre Fer Re <1 Gon bets is proportional o Re with he proportional ‘ycoeticent Sopendingon the shape of te obo (Soto 20.3.1, Soh aia ] ] | +} | ed ae | el | w whbe — a Re FIGURE 10 Dg coc reno ea mh, pie ships may be used, wit ceasing uncertain, for Re upto sbat 1, beyond which the decrease ato with incresing Re roressivly minis. Inthe pox ima range 10" Ree IC, sect const. Wht hppens as Re eres father depends on the shape othe aja, prclryon wheter the edges of the object facing the ow are sar rounded. Shar ge (eg tha of Angular or rectangular cylinder) Ri he searon pots a the with of he Tow preseire wake, otha objects i shapes have ely const {por Re > 10 Rowe peso th ter hand pei he Separation Ps {move slong th bjt’ conoa, ths fing the wih the wake ad he ‘rg; snacrowe wake woud gener pode ower ap compare oa wie ‘wake at th sume Re, The Gy vs Recuves of objets wth founded edges sea ‘characters sharp decree ("aa cial Reyes tbe Rn wich, Fer smooth surface, occu inthe ange Between 10 an 1 The enon frit ‘Spat siting ofthe separation pons towards Jovasrean andthe saben parton ofthe wake wih Sepa dla ste rou transition ob Tene which increases the momenta of th nearly mixing it Wit igh ‘momentum fresteam fi. Aiton of oupess on he surace of rounded tote duces he vale of Rey for ranson to tabulene ia the Douay layer and tere, aso te value of Re i genera, 2D object aves subsariallarger Cp than -D objects with the same rss sco shape fo example, he Cfra eeu xine nthe recialRerange early Twice as lng as tha foe sphere, Fo objets with ‘one longed dens, ead he pa (es euncsedcMinder) one may die {he aspest ratios he rai Between th pun Bal he fal belt Coy Increases with inressing aspect ratio and approaches 2-D vale oa at val ‘ir of hi rato ashigh ss few unde. For jects wh ocular crs ‘ons, lo depends on the ocean ofthe Now wi espe 1 the bjs ‘Sau. Aveo hb, oe ay compare the ented wid of he coe ‘Spondng wakes snd infer at C, wil be higher Fr theese with he Wier wake. Forexampl, a emiapere ered with ss converse facing psa Will ave higher Co thn the same emigre rotted by 180 "The dag coefeient for 2D el eyliner td pres have ben pt ‘Rein Figures 20.11 and 20.12, espestvly.Forcomenience, oe a wee Tolloving ited expressions, valid the corresponding resales (10), 14 1008, Le Re 2 x 10° ae : sphere: Cy = 2 404,062 210 Re" Te Vie iru yn “The deg conticents for several objets with sharp edges ave rn ted {nthe following table. These vale regenera al for Re ® 104010" and subject toa typical uncertainty of 10%.000 be se ie Pi ein { cone we a) = el re) ce S 0 a > 1 mn DD 10? 10" a 10) oP a tot oh oT Routereng FIGURE 211 De xs ee 20 caren: the ie cred 8 OQ os ‘ne se a ee none sa gh are +0 D ‘em oeae20 0) ; e se of — 10 D FIGURES Crmrcion! tpe o 2D Ha ob os 001 Wo? 10 0h toh ao ao ot 0 0h 0? Re FIGURE 212 Ds me nl a corpo eth fe ‘FIGURE 2013, Deng ovelicient for operon solid anoTABLED DC 3.0 Bal age eae — ar conta 7 Loo, = — nes Ascxamplesof the ses ratio ee te als of Gora ite ciel eran a thin lat pits, bs perpen flow a abot Re = 10° a ie alow 6). eaten aie 203.4 Drag Due to Lift ‘The reader saved io read Section 2043 before the poset oe. The term dea ei ao commonly refered nduod dan oso or {ex dap is anced withthe voices tht ll sound the wo tp 4 wig, acto the postive pressure difereace betwee he ower ad upper wing ara dare convecedJowasrem bythe low Those vrs inde velo eld ‘which immerses the wing ina normal velosty Fels (dows) im addon othe festa easy el. Asa eal the wing eeely immed in ow a am angle of atch that is smaller than the atl oe. Te efetve i Seston Also change, sch that tas component nthe drcton of he ow, which ‘addtional cotsbaton tothe rag (5, The wal dg cette non presi ow ps wing maybe expressed a Gn 2G here Cis th ea colicin fan fie wing wi the same profs, sme ime led prs drag cotta Cy ith nde en oie. Is wally evlted from wind-tunnel sts sig wig with «ur cos scion and panning teenie wind tunnel width. hein vale of Ci ‘cco when the angle of atk eat the sgl oro it for wel ‘Signed, smooth aol, the minimum Cy nay Bem low a 0015 to OD, ‘comparable too eves lower tan fora two-sided thi lt plat paral th Mow! Ia any eine, Cp i ater nent ote angle of tacky a long ‘emai well low the sal angle Ge Seton 204.2, ‘On the othr and, Cn, which vans whe c= ines demas wih nein Fertil cruising conto of cman sal enced ag isabout 4% of the ttl rag the wing but st asumes mach ager sip rifeace daring ake, when the coffin inca. A sgl elton ‘hip forthe computtion of Cy (4-16, 2527) a Oo Fae where the actual coefficient (8 Section 2042 (AR) isthe apex tin ‘of he wing andes a orecton facto, calle the Munk fn ficiency fxr ‘whi should ally be unity. bu for peat! wings its loser to 09. Twisted ‘wings may havea on-zt duced drag even under covcitons of zr Wl i “The total dag coefiient of wings Weakly semsiiveto the Reyookls amber nthe fee steam turbulence level. gener decreases wth increasing Reyooks ‘umber but very slg foe Re > 10 (Re based onthe hor length). Foe Mach umber geste than about 05 0 06, an aditonal eampressibliy corecton ‘must be applic wich ecomes uit ignfcat inthe tonic rege [27,28],2035 Drag Reduction ra impedes motion nd witha few exceptions eg. parachutes and drags), it isan aad fore Dap reduction wll esa nicest pe, lower exergy lasses hgh eens adam conta opeson assem, Asam ber of stegies have been developed overthe eas fo dag eduction, a pret 400, $020 = ‘002. The vcs Sin the eral and wpe opines (Re > 200,000) is significant. As ale of thm, the Soul amber ves invert the dh of the wake and, thay, the vale of he dea cote), Tay th i [Re Swoutal umber fo eae cylinder is lower tha tht fora cul yl der. Vox shedding from object with fee separation pons is seve 10 ‘race mgs nd fee ea trbulnce, When the objet ee ool, itemoion tract with at ofthe fi, evaing Incomplete sch ' pas locking (38) Powinduedwibaton ay ao he the ea of tie dependent ling of jet nerd in silty er igh eel! Now. Fay it could be et jo lane isa, for example inthe cae oft evidrs paall 0cch she od arma flow stream, n which cave the wibraton exited hy the ese fre genrated in he ow pressure eon bewecn he eines 5, 8). 204 UFT 20.4.1 Land Circulation Ai force on an immerse bjt pened any ime tee sow sym ty abouts ple pal othe flow sretion 7] Examples of if generation ‘mechan aca he folowing configuration «+ asymmeuic objet with ts ais inne with espet oe lw dieton (gue 20.53) ‘any asymmetric objet at an rbizaryerettion Figure 20.158) ‘+ any abot in sear ow (Figure 2.152) ‘+ any object in density sated ow Figure 20.184) + a rotting object Figure 20.15) itis ay one wth te we of spec Sxgned streamlined objets, called wings ox lads, depending on he application. A wing scared by Se croe-sconal shape, called an sian ts pojoed surface, called the Planform. An unerstaniing of it ehractrsis may be it based othe tay [Sf 2-D wings feed oa fo tory (Secon 204.2) The importa effects ‘of ite wing span (Seton 204.3, pe, twist and sweep may then be ex ‘ined separately.ua {Ir jf. {Is — » » > => wo —pP > - 2 He 2 “The lit may be viewed theresa of surface pressure variation, ml the -outbaton of wal shear sess sl epi Gee Section 2011) For ay racial aplication, the computation of it based on ns Now toy i of ein accuracy (tis remind hat sach appre ected or the computation of dng), A pricy sutble method for erdyam sp ‘tons thevortex panel mets [14 13). "The ow ase shut an objet i cheated bythe cto, fia ‘whe the interac acd hud curve Csucunding he et. 14-16) Theft peruse span bon 2D objects la the cela by he ‘KutuJoakowsh theorem, whic states hat he pur 20.462 Airtits ‘Atypical, low sped (Lent intended fer supersonic Hows), seroma Isskeched a Figure 20 16; The enters fall ier cetera line elle the camber in, mie. The end ofthe ie acing te flow rune nd called he leading edge, wile the rear nd forming snd ange al the trling edge. The stig line connecting he leading ee and the talng ge iscaled he chord line aa lengh she shad. The dace between the ‘aber Tin andthe chord calle he camber. Ai hat have or ater ‘eywhet ae calla sync wie thse Wi a-erocamber recalled tre The distance between the ose th sin the decom noma ‘othe chords clled the teks. The ange between the ow dition rt the chord ines ale th angle of tac, or icone, dt icons oe vei the flow points towards tbe concave side of he camer ine. Te oe ‘sings between he ype (or ston) surface and he het ese) = face othe sir A large varity of srs have ben desig ested and optimized orp ‘cular spliations, including aa wings, propeller, ain an compreace camber ine UPPEE (sion) (ide) Surfaceds, yrs and rts 28, 39. characte fo iieet series ‘ail nobly sever serio of NACA profi. re aval, oth need or ‘signing now ail ony aries under exceptional ckcumstances Typical varios of thei coefcon of sym a ae if ated va th anil of atc ae shown in Figure 2017, For = Othe sy fc i a , =O, wl the cambere aio as > 0. The vee, =O ‘Satine bythe stmt il tan ale <0, called he angle of i ‘Arvin, cy lo cress, esetly incr apt eran ale of ‘ppl around 10-15" In dat range of one may approxi 35 etka ag) ek the slope ofthe tine athe saber "indices tat tise ‘on apis toot irs, Av intestines lower than nesry upto amas veloc, xen aoand a= 15-207-Fer fa ther increases fee dogs eis. wile the drag cece ao ncees ‘rama nhs ange Ts penomenon called al ant seased by mas ‘iv lw seperation onthe upper src fhe ao 4-6) "Af acurt resto orth ao povided bythe tin i thoy [14,15] whch sts on the espinal salar an sal angle of tac, ‘he rem a of which ae sisi in lamas aplcations. here itisasumed tht the angles ad are expressed in rains Empire Toca fits experimental ree moderate Reyooks number ive [25 basa withthe hope increasing slowly toward the el value 2a the Reynosa Ferinceases. Slightly more acante expression othe variation fy i aes imo account the weak onary of the i ie (25) ein hein) ‘The hove exression are val for angle of tack welflow the all angle Ill hese expression, the ale of 2 (radians) may be roughly com posdes hr eis the maximum camber ofthe si andes cd Ing [S.A "ype ange or ameredstonatial ios "S°< <2” More aecarate Ith fo comping reso avaible (15) "Nnumescal meth or th compton fit or aii fairy hick nessun ear iste vrx pel maa [15] Th a vc om md, by wich the surface ofthe sri i approimated bya st of plane cles ‘alld pel. Each pine is assumed to be a vores shet consisting of a in Ie number of sinried, poral vores lumens ech with taints Song. To obtain a soliton, one mus sty the n-peetation cond st ‘elected points o the surface a walla the Kuta condo, wich esenially ‘asus tat the wling edge is a tapoton pon. The ve pel metho am) Similar peaches mye acy wed for wings wih pe saraces (et mia wing with Map efor airy, ee dmensiona iting sacs, 2043 Wings ‘few pial planfons of scat wings ae sketch in gue 20.17. One may ‘emity te following gemetical charac 40, 1 1 te plano ares aa =+ teagan = + etn gs gnech + the oot Ge the crs seton on the plane of symmetry) sn te 190s, {he crt sections tthe wo ene of he pa) + he local chad the ret chor hep chord and he average had, + the tape ato © + the swoep angle, which she angle between he quarter hor ine athe oral the rot plane: depedingon wether ths angle sr, pose Unsweptwings "Swept Wings = — = beckswept we x (wapezoidl) Aa 4 “ornate, the wing i termed respectively, uasep, orwa-wept or teckamept + the twist ithe chord ines itleeat eos section nt al eo the sme plane nation tthe main wing. irra ray ie er fing devices cad ing the ftlowing + erica and riot ie + sariows lap ani slats, se or dona i, maneveing a tb + cans ed or evactable: hese ate sell wigs nthe ase region, ‘pea ofthe nin des wing figs + rakes o ding edge exten these ae highly sme, very low aspect ao sues positon js upstream ofthe min da ing f cea Ther aca forthe purpone of proving lt mrt a ae anges ‘atch + winglets nd ter devices mount a the tps of he wing + the fselage andthe frbody, wich mays prove ome it expecially at lage angles of sack, ‘The expressions for = ven in Seton 20.42 were ihr devived under the assumption of two-dimensional Nw (aamely ofa ite wing with constant Grose) oc measure ening Waperdalwing spanning theatre wih he ‘wsunael When a wing operates with isp fh low ower, th igh Preseli rm depress side tnd 9 low aon the ip owas he tion sd, hs creating vrs mation A the aeraftmoves though te it eaves behind two comer rating Vries eignng at the wing ps and ‘ith aces nary pal othe diction of mote. Tes vores recalled wing- Uiprorces. An aerate elation orthese veces with ewe oft So ‘ond Helbol here [3,14] fr invicta vortex ay ot ‘emia ina id. Avaliing wing may be appoint by vote (un Vr {ex.s fllows that his vertex mn end athe two ip a form che op: the earth segment ofthis opis te Stating vr, whch nas parle 0 the wing andi et behind the ara wheat st Begins its oto ‘The wingtip vores inuce a velocity Held Gowaah) hat approaches he vwingina dreton normal the flow. Thiseffeively duc the angle of tack {nd eee 1 it ati eine with respect wo the smal wo the actual Ts ‘rst. The ea hin reduction he conventional it cee sd the generation of an atonal dag component, alld he indo drag (Seton 20.48) 45,1416, 40-43) The Lanchester hoy for eli wings [ovies an expression forthe it oeflent ofa ne wing with an aspect ao Gamas awhere ke oe man “Tha forthe ie vale ke = 2m, oe qn Mana) an ‘Tis expression applies reasonably well o wings wih rectangular o he ‘unset plano a aspect ratio a fw ak 2A more accurate expen for Hatha 3] tea, 14 Hee ‘where he conston +i ypc betwen 0.5 and 0.25, depending onthe plan fom shape ofthe wing. When cinpesiy becomes inca, the above it ‘fin expesons nest aldiorl comets. Aspe conection mod i the rand Slaven conection, valid inthe range of suboni Mach urn 03 < Me 08, which gies 43) 20.64 Magnus Effect Lif is produced on rang immersed jets de othe asymmety ofthe fw around ther. This phenomenon generally know asthe Magaus ff has inthe ‘as teen explored for propulsion (Fete rar) and power generation (3 ad FE widely lio in spor eg, curve tll nba [4 gue 2019 ss ‘ete spc varaons of te it and dace for smooth sees [445], ndeylns 445,46] ting with am angular vent, plod x the pina (Ge. thai ofthe surace velit andthe fared wloct) DPV. Al coet Fins ecm to ppoach ype the pn ri incre vals ne 5. “The rene shown fn Figur 20.18 for spheres eorespond to preceical basic ‘ows: orp ratio tower than cera al abot Ot Tor Re 107.000) ofy do al /S ‘ « RoUNE1 in nots naigps nd inen nepaive i, with eeenc othe peste diction shown in Figur 2015, ‘rv This cased hy a day of sprain on the avancing side, doe ‘ly tansion to tulece, while the reteting side renains peril. For hip values of the pin ea, or when he Blow realy postr, ose i produced dco dca of seperation on he reeatng sie [4] NOMENCLATURE A aca 2) AR) aspect aio coef inthe turbulent Stn stein constant forthe Hogarth law ofthe wall span, 8) or eng gh fa plate, sverage chord ent, (m) indeed da cettears drag coefficient vinous dag eoficiene ‘hin ction coxcet it octet nas coef it coef of two-imensins ai pressure reaver colicin! ing rot cor ent, 1) ing tp chor et, 1) ameter, ronal bight, (m) veage roughness bight (mao Munk elfen acter for finite wines total foc, 1 (8) ap. 1H 09) i, EN) oral, ese force, BN) sea, tangent force, I) ‘mtx sheng roquency, He) vation acceleration component along the x. 805, owe) shape fast ‘maximum camber fa if slope ofthe i coetcet ie slope ofthe i coeficiet ie foe two-imensonl iis length of xine, (m) Mach amber ‘exponen in the Falk Stan type of flow it oral vet.) static presse, pi Pa) atc peste fr aay fom an mmersed objets (N) ati, 1) ‘ais of curate at he tagnatin poi fm) Reynoks umber Reynokls umber ase o cord eagth Reynols amber based os diameter fot bight Reynoks nme based o teamvise distance along he wal Ree Res Rey ke ttal Reynolds amber for basa yr instaility Reyoolls number fo tation to lens Reyols number based the dtr thickness Reynolds number based on the displacement hikes Reyoks mmr based o the momenta thickness Reynolds sumer bas on the ney tikes radi ont m) ‘Sol amber curvlne coordinate along sfc, (a) ime, 56) fe-tream velocity, Us is) maximum fee-tweam velocity is mi) seloity component slong thes yz axe, (a) rail velocity, fs) inurl velocity, f(a) fon vet, (vs) average vel, 8 avs) Almensioatess average veloc fr tule bouary layers ‘characteris ow velo, vs) ifm flow velocity avay fom an nme objet, (ms) steamvisecoetnte, £m) locaton of isin presse (1) uve Mla plate gh) ‘rane ovo (aol wal), spite connate, GREEK SYMBOLS aPuee nal of atack, (rd) ange of oir (ad) anale parameter inthe Flier Skan problem Cause rere grate prameter Siculain, 7 (6) nut thicknes, (a) rey tikes9 placement chess) 11 imensionles dsc from he wall forthe Blass poten angle; ao momentum hicknes, f(a) ‘von Kn const fo trl boundary layers A Thvates pres pain paraeter dynamic abot) vcs, -sf!(N- mn?) 1 ineatic vison, 1 2) dimensionless dtc rom th wl fr he Falkner Shan problem Coles wake parameter om 3Kis9, (deny a (kgm co, all cal ess, (Pa) 7 coetion em forthe rte wing it coeticent seal ar srs on the sac fa sphere ps (PO) Te wal ea es psi P) 1 Kara 965, Pine fe Fl ryan fbn Wie Sons, 2. Rack, GK. 1967 A econ Fa Dace Came Unive Prom Cantege 3, Pane 198 compen Fw bn Wie Sens, New Yr Se Wey & Sons Rew Yor 5 Gat PM, Gr an chin 192 Fanaa of ld Mean 6 Blevins, RD. 1984. pte Fed Dynamics Hondbak. Van Nostrand Reid py New Yo: 17, Gain IT, Neto Fa Mechanic, Depa of Mi Slee ant ‘Sic, Te ts Hie Very 1 Seng, 179 Bray Saye Thy. ie. Mera New York 9 Ronen) 196 Lon Bana ayers Oxf University Ps 10, es FM, 191 ous hid Flow. al Mil, New or Mae an nS Low Rl Ne Hans Pee 12, Langlois, WE. 1964, Sow Vises Flow. Marian, New York. fm agregar anasararapoen. mesh ng 1 atl den. 18min fri Sh 1S. Mar 198 An leds Tho and Campton Acronis sb iy Som New Yk 16. Thats, E19 neoprene Aen, Ox ives Pres ‘ane a Put ch eti3 1, Read 16," Saiyan Am Re Fad 20, Rl LS, WS. Sie Dies ty Ly 2, Pope S200 Tarte Flows Cambie Unriy res Cambie (0. 2 hou, SK (Cth on Tb Bandy Ln Am 28 Van Dyke M1982 4 Ala of Fad ation Pri Po, Sto 2% Sed 9S. 185 etn Sein ft Tae By 25. Vom Mies, 1989 Theory of Flight Dover ato I. New Yak 26, Kn 280, “Do Ds i Cop Pond Resin" 27 Ger, 126. he Enon fri and Als They Cai Ui ‘Sesto, Conti 2% Ni, LH and von Dre AE 1959, Tero in Sets, cai | ‘Stay ofA! ate Dover aeons now Yo 29. Gower FE nl Fein EW. 1982 "Dag fC Cainer oa Wide Rane eos Ran wl Mach Naser" AACA RM AGA 50. Hore, SF. 1968 Fad Dy Drag Hoses Fi Dynan, Biko, 31, sell BAL an Moe, 1 191 "Deg Reda Nate” Ao Rey, Fad ‘at Astopace Scenes Mating. Ree, Neva Jay TRS, ATA 207 53, Gada, M1989. "Fow Corl Apl Mack Rar 2261-29 3M. Cnt 175 CaF Satin Fang Wk 36. Reiko, 1984 -0n te Depa Sing Fite of Two Dimensional Bit ‘i carina ge Tec" Py Fe 3. Beaman, PV. 1984, “ones Steg oy Osi Bt Bales” A Re. 29, Epler R199. Aire Design an Dt. Sige Veg, Bein 40. Bot LL and Sth AL 1 era for gers: no Pee4, Aad. 1D 20 doen frais, be Mc ‘2 Giner 196 The loans of ef an Aircrew Theory. Came Ui- ‘ent Press Londo. ©, Shel RS. 199, Fnmenl of Fgh. 2nd remieHal, ngewe Gia 44. Meth R198. “Asmis of Ss Bl” A Fd Meck Gola et 1955 Maton Demet i Fd ums Dove “6 Mower, Sand Bo HL. 195. mami i Hoe Pi Dyas, ‘rakoonFLUID FLOW HANDBOOK Jamal M. Saleh, Ph.D., PE Editor