Advance Design of Timber Structures

Timber Project:
Design of a Timber Structure

Submitted by: Uzair Maqbool

European Erasmus Mundus Master Course

Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
Contents
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4
2. Load Combination .................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Serviceability limit states: ................................................................................... 6
2.2 Ultimate Limit States: ......................................................................................... 7
3. Wind loads ............................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Basic Values: ..................................................................................................... 8
3.1.1 Basic Velocity Pressure ............................................................................... 9
3.1.2 Peak Pressure ............................................................................................. 9
3.2 Wind Pressure on Surfaces.............................................................................. 10
3.3 Calculation of Wind Pressure by Wind Interactive ............................................ 12
4. Snow Loads ........................................................................................................... 15
5. Distributed Roof Loads ........................................................................................... 16
6. Design of purlins .................................................................................................... 18
6.1 Serviceability Limit State .................................................................................. 18
6.2 Ultimate Limit State Purlin Design Verification ................................................. 19
6.2.1 Purlin Shear Check (V2) ............................................................................ 19
6.2.2 Purlin Shear Check (V3) ............................................................................ 20
6.2.3 Purlin Bending Check (M3) ........................................................................ 21
6.2.4 Purlin Lateral Torsional Stability (M3)) ....................................................... 22
7. Truss Design Verification ....................................................................................... 24
7.1 Serviceability limit state .................................................................................... 24
7.1.1 Deflection at node 4 ................................................................................... 25
7.1.2 Deflection in middle of element 2 ............................................................... 25
7.2 Ultimate limit state ............................................................................................ 25
7.2.1 Check Compression Parallel to the Grain Element 1, 2, 3, 4 ..................... 25
7.2.2 Check Shear in Element 1, 2, 3, 4 ............................................................. 26
7.2.3 Check Bending in Element 1, 2, 3, 4 ......................................................... 26
7.2.4 Check Combine Bending and Axial Compression in Element 1, 2, 3, 4 .... 27
7.2.5 Check Column stability with Bending in Element 1, 2, 3, 4 ........................ 27
7.2.6 Check Lateral torsional stability of Element 1, 2, 3, 4 ................................ 29
 7.2.7 Check Tension in Tie Element 5, 6 7, 8 ..................................................... 29
7.2.8 Check Shear in Tie Element 5, 6 7, 8 ........................................................ 30
7.2.9 Check Bending in Tie Element 5, 6 7, 8..................................................... 30
7.2.10 Combine bending and axial tension in Tie Element 5, 6 7, 8 .................. 31
7.2.11 Tension Parallel to the Grain Element 9 ................................................. 31
7.2.12 Tension Parallel to the Grain Element 10, 11 ......................................... 32
7.2.13 Compression Parallel to the Grain Element 12, 13................................. 33
7.2.14 Column Stability Element 12, 13 ............................................................ 33
8. Truss connections .................................................................................................. 35
8.1 Ultimate limit state ............................................................................................ 37
8.1.2 Design of bolted connection at node: 2 .................................................... 37
9. Column Design....................................................................................................... 41
9.1 Check Compression parallel to the grain ......................................................... 42
9.2 Check Combine Bending and Axial Compression ............................................ 43
9.3 Check Column stability with Bending ............................................................... 43
10. Drawings ............................................................................................................. 45
1. Introduction

The play area of the school was proposed to be designed for a timber frame structure.

Below is the site plan of the project site along with the boundaries and dimensions are
marked. Total area 68.66 m2 is shown below for the project. All dimensions are in mm.

Existing
Building

Fig 1.1 Plan of Site Area

 The timber frame structure is proposed for the roof shed of the project site area.

The geometry of the frame structure is decide considering the existing building in the
vicinity.
Existing Building Level

Fig 1.2 Truss Frame Structure Geometry

Height of Column = 4 m

Roof Angle = 20o

Width of Truss = 9.3 m

Total Height h = 5.7 m

Truss Spacing = 2.6m and 3.5m

Spacing of purlin s = 0.31m

Corrugated steel sheet used as roof

The model of the truss frame structure is made on structural analysis software is made
in order to calculate the forces and bending moment in the structure due to dead and
external loads. The structure is design as per the Eurocode.

Fig 1.3 Timber Truss Frame Structure

2. Load Combination
The load combinations used for this project are mentioned below.

2.1 Serviceability limit states:

The limit states that concern:

Functioning of the structure or structural members under normal use

Comfort of people
Appearance of the construction works, shall be classified as serviceability limit
states.
Combinations of actions

The combinations of actions given in expressions 6.14a to 6.16b should be used when
verifying serviceability limit states. (EN 1990 A.1.2)

E=Gk + Q1,k + 0,I Q I,k

From table, A1.1 recommended values of factors for buildings. (EN 1990 Tab A.1.1)

Category H : roofs 0 = 0

Wind 0 = 0.6

Snow 0 = 0.5

SLS Combination 1: Ed = Gk + Qi

SLS Combination 2: Ed = Gk + Qi + 0.5*Qs

SLS Combination 3: Ed = Gk + Qs + 0*Qi

SLS Combination 4: Ed = Gk + Qi + 0.6*Qw(-)

SLS Combination 5: Ed = Gk + Qw(-) + 0*Qi

SLS Combination 6: Ed = Gk + Qi + 0.5*Qs+0.6*Qw(-)

SLS Combination 7: Ed = Gk + Qs + 0*Qi+0.6*Qw(-)

SLS Combination 8: Ed = Gk + Qw(-) + 0*Qi+0.5*Qs

2.2 Ultimate Limit States:

The combinations of actions given in expressions 6.9a to 6.l2b should be used when
verifying ultimate limit states. (EN 1990 A.1.2)

Ed=GGk + Q.1 Q1,k + 0,I Q.i,k Q I,k

ULS Combination 1: Ed= 1.35*Gk + 1.5*Qi

ULS Combination 2: Ed= 1.35*Gk + 1.5*Qi +1.5* 0.5*Qs

ULS Combination 3: Ed= 1.35*Gk + 1.5*Qs + 1.5*0*Qi

ULS Combination 4: Ed= 1.35*Gk + 1.5*Qi + 1.5*0.6*Qw(-)

ULS Combination 5: Ed= 1.35*Gk + 1.5*Qw(-) + 1.5*0*Qi

ULS Combination 6: Ed= 1.35*Gk + 1.5*Qi + 1.5*0.5*Qs+1.5*0.6*Qw(-)

ULS Combination 7: Ed= 1.35*Gk + 1.5*Qs + 1.5*0*Qi+1.5*0.6*Qw(-)

ULS Combination 8: Ed= 1.35*Gk + 1.5*Qw(-) + 1.5*0*Qi+1.5*0.5*Qs

3. Wind loads
3.1 Basic Values:
Vb = = Cdir Cseason Vb,0 (EN 1991-1-4 4.2)

Where:

Vb basic wind velocity

Cdir directional factor

Cseason seasonal factor

Vb,0 fundamental value of the basic wind velocity

Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity (see European wind map):

Fig 1.4 Belgian National Annex to EN 1991-1-4 (wind)

Vb,0 = 24 m/s (for Liege - Belgium) (Belgian National Annex to EN 1991-1-4 (wind))

For simplification, the directional factor Cdir and the seasonal factor Cseason are in
general equal to 1.0

Vb = 24 m/s

3.1.1 Basic Velocity Pressure

qb = x pair x Vb2 (EN 1991-1-4 4.5 eq. 4.10)

where:

air = 1.25 kg/m (air density)

qb= 0.5 x 1.25 x 262 = 16.25 N/m2

3.1.2 Peak Pressure

qp(z) = (1 + 7 Iy (z)) x x p x Vm (z)2 (EN 1991-1-4 4.5, eq. 4.8)

Calculation of Vm(z)

Vm(z) mean wind velocity

Vm(z) = Cr(z) x Co(z) x Vb

Where:

Co(z) is the orography factor

Cr(z) is the roughness factor

Information on Co may be given in the National Annex. If the orography is accounted for
in the basic wind velocity, the recommended value is 1.0

Cr(z) = kT x ln(z/z0) for zmin < z < zmax

Cr(z) = Cr ( zmin ) for z < zmin

Where:

kT is the terrain factor, depending on the roughness length z0 calculated using

KT = 0.19 x (z0 / z0,II)0.07

Taking Terrain Category III from EN 1991-1-4:2005 Table 4.1 - Terrain categories and
terrain parameters

Where,
Z0,II = 0.05 (terrain category II) (EN 1991-1-4 4.3.2 Table 4.1)

z0 is the roughness length = 0.3 m

Zmin is the minimum height = 5 m

Zmax is to be taken as 200 m

Here zmin < z < zmax

So, Cr(z) = KT x ln (z/zo)

KT = 0.19 x (z0 / z0, II)0.07 = 0.215

Cr(z) = 0.215 x ln (5.7/0.3) = 0.634

Calculation of Iv(z)

Iv(z) turbulence intensity

Iv = k1/(Co(z) x ln(z/z0)) for zmin < z > zmax (EN 1991-1-4 4.4 eq. 4.7)

Iv = Iv (zmin) for z < zmin

Here zmin < z < zmax

So, Iv = k1/(Co(z) x ln(z/z0))

Where:

K1 is the turbulence factor recommend value for K1 is 1.0

Iv (z) = 1/ (1 x ln (5.7/0.3)) = 0.34

Vm = Cr(z) x Co(z) x Vb = 0.634 x 1 x 24 = 15.22 m/s

qp(z) = (1 + 7 Iv (z)) x x p x Vm (z)2

= (1 + 7x0.34) x 0.5 x 1.25 x 15.222 = 0.489 KN/m2

3.2 Wind Pressure on Surfaces

For duopitch canopies able 7.4b - Recommended values of external pressure
coefficients for duopitch roofs. (From 7.2.5 Duopitch roofs EN 1991-1-4)

For Roof angle 20o

e = b or 2h Whichever is smaller

e = min (8.7, 2 x 5.7 = 11.4) = 8.7 m

 Fig 1.5 Key for Duopitch Roofs

Table 1.1 Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs
By interpolation the coefficients are

F: Cpe = -1.2 qpe = -0.587 KN/m2

G: Cpe = -1.3 qpe = -0.636 KN/m2

H: Cpe = -0.67 qpe = -0.328 KN/m2

I: Cpe = -0.5 qpe = -0.244 KN/m2

3.3 Calculation of Wind Pressure by Wind Interactive

Specification of properties of structure to calculate the wind forces.

Fig 1.6 Wind Interactive Structures Properties

 Fig 1.7 Structure Exposed Surfaces to Wind

For us here surface (3) roof is of concern.

Fig 1.8 Tributary Area of Coefficients on the Roof Top

 Fig 1.10 Pressure coefficient

Here coefficient F, G, H, I are of concern which are for roof surface.

The Manual Calculation and the software (wind Interactive) both gives the same results.

To apply the Coficcient distribution to the pressure of wind iver the roof surface Mean
Pressure coefficient is also calculated by the the software (Wind Interactive)

Cpe, 10 mean = -0.64

Determination of CsCd (1) cscd may be determined as follows: (EN 1991-1-4 6.2)

a) For buildings with a height less than 15 m the value of CsCd may be taken as 1.

b) For facade and roof elements having a natural frequency greater than 5 Hz, the value
of CsCd may be taken as 1.

c) For framed buildings, which have structural walls and which are less than 100 m high
and whose height is less than 4 times the in-wind depth, the value of CsCd may be
taken as 1.

d) For chimneys with circular cross-sections whose height is less than 60 m and 6,5
times the diameter, the value of CsCd may be taken as 1.
Fw = Cs x Cd x Cpe x qpe = 1 x (-0.64) x 0.489 = 0.313 KN/m2 (EN 1991-1-4 5.3 eq. 5.3)

This wind load is applied on the Model of structure in SAP2000.

4. Snow Loads
General Snow loads on the roof should be determined as follows:

s = i ce cz sk (EN 1991-1-3 5.2.2 eq.5.1)

where:

i is the roof shape coefficient

ce is the exposure coefficient, usually taken as 1.0

ct is the thermal coefficient, set to 1.0 for normal situations

sk is the characteristic value of ground snow load for the relevant altitude.

Roof shape coefficient EN 1991-1-3 5.3 Table 5.1

Shape coefficients are needed for an adjustment of the ground snow load to a snow
load on the roof taking into account effects caused by non-drifted and drifted snow load
arrangements. The roof shape coefficient depends on the roof angle.

0 30 1 = 0,8

Snow Load on the Ground

The characteristic value depends on the climatic region. For a site in Belgium (Liege)
the following expression is relevant:

Sk = 0.164(z)-0.082 + (A/966) (EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E) Table C.1. Altitude - Snow

Load Relationships)

The zone as per the EN 1991-1-3:2003 (E) it lies in Central West Region with Z = 3

A is the Altitude from the Sea level its A= 175 m

Sk = 0.164(3) -0.082 + (175/966) = 0.59 KN/m2

Snow load on the roof

S = i ce cz sk = 0.8 x 1 x 1x 0.59 = 0.48 KN/m2

5. Distributed Roof Loads

Permanent load of roof covering Ge= 0.100 kN/m (Corrugated metal)

Purlins, finishing, insulation Gt= 0.100 kN/m Ge+Gt= 0.200 kN/m

Snow load on the ground Sk= 0.48 kN/m

Wind pressure on vertical surface Qw= -0.313 kN/m

Imposed load (category H) Qi= 0.400 kN/m

Material Properties (Truss, Purlins) (EN1995-1-1:2009, 3)

Wood Type Solid Timber

Timber Class = C24

Service Class = Class 1,

Moisture Content <=12% (EN1995 2.3.1.3)

Material factor M=1.30 (EN1995 Table. 2.3)

Properties for Timber

fmk = 24.0 MPa

ft0k = 14.0 Mpa

ft90k = 0.4 MPa

fc0k = 21.0 Mpa

fc90k = 5.3 Mpa

fvk = 2.5 MPa

E0m =11000 Mpa ; E005 = 7400 Mpa ; E90m = 370 MPa

Gm = 690 MPa, k = 350 Kg/m

 Table 1.2 of Timber Class Properties

Geometry of Truss Frame

Fig 1.11 Truss Frame Geometry

All the distributed loads are applied as line loads on the Purlins

Purlin spacing provided S = 0.31m or 310mm

Loads Internal Purlin (KN/m) End Purlin (KN/m)

Gk 0.062 0.031

Qi 0.124 0.062

Qs 0.149 0.0744

Qw 0.097 0.049

Table 1.3 Purlin Line Load

6. Design of purlins
Dimensions of purlins

Cross Section of purlins BxH:60x80mm

Spacing of purlins L= 0.310m,

roof pitch = 20,

Spacing of trusses L= 3.50m

6.1 Serviceability Limit State (EN1995 EN1995-1-1:2009, 2.2.3, 7)

Deflection Check

The maximum deflection takes place in 3.5m span purlin.

Deflection = = 0.013 m or 13 mm (Calculated from the SAP2000 Model)

Final deflections

final= 13 mm < L/250=3500/250= 14 mm

Check Satisfied.
6.2 Ultimate Limit State Purlin Design Verification
6.2.1 Purlin Shear Check (V2)
Shear, Fv=0.67 kN (EN1995 6.1.7)

Value from the model of SAP 2000

Fig 1.12 Shear Force V2 of Member Under Envelope

For Rectangular cross section, bef=0.67x60=40 mm, h=80 mm

A= 3200 mm

Modification factor Kmod=1.10 (EN1995-Table.3.1)

Material factor M=1.30 (EN1995-Table. 2.3)

fvk = 2.50 N/mm, fvd = Kmodfvk/M =1.10x2.50/1.30=2.12N/mm2 (EN1995 Eq.2.14)

Fv2 = 0.67 kN, (Shear Force Calculated from SAP2000 Model)

Tv0d=1.50xFv0d/A=1000x1.50x0.67/3200 =0.31N/mm

0.31N/mm < 2.12N/mm = fv0d (EN1995Eq.6.13)

Check Satisfied.
 Fig 1.3 Shear Force V3 of Member Under Envelope

6.2.2 Purlin Shear Check (V3)

Shear, Fv3=0.037 kN (EN1995 6.1.7)

Rectangular cross section, bef = 0.67x80=54 mm, h=60 mm

A= 3240 mm

Modification factor Kmod=1.10 (EN1995 -Table.3.1)

Material factor M=1.30 (EN1995-Table. 2.3)

fvk=2.50 N/mm, fvd = Kmodfvk/M=1.10x2.50/1.30 = 2.12N/mm (EN1995 Eq.2.14)

Fv3=0.037 KN,

Tv0d =1.50Fv0d/A = 1000x1.50x0.252/3240 = 0.018N/mm

0.018N/mm < 2.12N/mm = fv0d (EN1995-Eq.6.13)

Check Satisfied.
6.2.3 Purlin Bending Check (M3)
Myd = 0.38 kNm, Considering Mz =0 (Moment Calculated from SAP2000 Model)

Fig 1.14 Moment M3 of Member Under Envelope

Rectangular cross section, b = 60mm, h = 80mm,

A = 4.80 x103 mm

Wy = 6.40 x104 mm

Wz = 4.80 x104 mm

fmyk = 24.00 N/mm

fmyd = Kmodfmyk/M = 1.10x24.00/1.30 = 20.31N/mm

fmzk = 24.00 N/mm

fmzd = Kmodfmzk/M = 1.10x24.00/1.30 = 20.31N/mm

Rectangular cross section Km = 0.70 (EN1995 6.1.6.(2))

myd = Myd/Wmy =106 x 0.38/6.40 x104 = 5.9 N/mm

mzd = Mzd/Wmz =106 x 0/4.80 x104= 0

myd / fmyd + Km.mzd / fmzd = 0.291= 0.291 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.11)

Km.myd / fmyd+mzd / fmzd=0.20+0.000= 0.20 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.12)

Check Satisfied.

6.2.4 Purlin Lateral Torsional Stability (M3))

Myd=0.38 kNm, Mzd=0.000 kNm (Moment Calculated from SAP2000 Model)

Its going to be checked according to EN1995 (EN1995 6.3.3)

Rectangular cross section, b = 60mm, h = 80mm

A = 4.80 x103 mm

Wy = 6.40 x104 mm

Wz = 4.80 x104 mm

fmyk = 24.00 N/mm

fc0k = 21.00 N/mm

fc0d = Kmod x fc0k / M =1.10 x 21.0 / 1.30 = 17.77N/mm

fmyk = 24.00 N/mm

fmyd = Kmod x fmyk / M = 1.10 x 24.0 / 1.30 = 20.31N/mm

fmzk = 24.0 N/mm

fmzd=Kmod x fmzk / M =1.10x24.0 / 1.30 = 20.31N/mm

Rectangular Cross Section Km = 0.70 (EN1995 6.1.6.(2))

myd = Myd / Wmy = 106 x 0.38 / 6.4 x104 = 5.9 N/mm

mzd = Mzd / Wmz = 0

Buckling length

Sy = 1.00 x 3.500=3.500 m= 3500 mm

Sz = 0
Slenderness

L = 3500 mm

iy =(Iy/A) = 0.289 x 80 = 23 mm

y = L / iy = 3500 / 23 =152.17

iz = (Iz/A) = 0.289 x 60= 17 mm

z= 3500/ 17 = 202.00

m,criy = 0.78.bE005 / (hLef)

0.78x60x 7400 / (80x3150) = 82.46 N/mm (EN1995 Eq.6.32)

m,criy = 0.78.bE005 / (hLef) =195.5 N/mm (EN1995 Eq.6.32)

Critical Stresses

m,crity = 82.46 N/mm,

rel,my = (fmyk / m,crity) = (24 / 82.5) = 0.54 (EN1995 Eq.6.30)

m,critz = 195.5.00 N/mm,

rel,mz = (fmzk / m,criz) = (24/195.5) = 0.35 (EN1995 Eq.6.30)

rel,my = 0.54

(rel <= 0.75), Kcriy = 1.0 (EN1995 Eq.6.34)

rel,mz =0, (rel <= 0.75), Kcriz=1.0 (EN1995 Eq.6.34)

myd / (Kcriyfmyd) + Km.mzd / (Kcrizfmzd) = 0.29+0.000= 0.29 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.33)

Km.myd / (Kcriyfmyd) + mzd / (Kcritzfmzd) = 0.20+0.000= 0.20 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.33)

Check Satisfied.
7. Truss Design Verification

1.7m
9.3m
Fig 1.15 Truss Elements and Geometry

Length L=9.300 m, height H=2.160 m, truss spacing d=3.500 m

angle =20

Number of nodes = 8, number of elements =13. supports 2

7.1 Serviceability limit state

Serviceability limit state (EN1995 EN1995-1-1:2009, 2.2.3, 7)

Fig 1.16 Deflected Shape of the Truss at Node 4 and Elements

7.1.1 Deflection at node 4
Maximum deflection at node 4

Deflection = = 6.5 mm (Deflection Calculated from SAP2000 Model)

Check according to EN1995 (EN1995-1-1:2009 7.2, Table.7.2)

Final deflections at node 4

= 6.5 mm < L/250= 9300 / 250 = 37.200 mm

Check Satisfied

7.1.2 Deflection in middle of element 2

Maximum deflection in middle of element 2

Deflection = = 8.6 mm (Deflection Calculated from SAP2000 Model)

Check according to EN1995 (EN1995-1-1:2009 7.2, Tab.7.2)

Final deflections in middle of element 2

= 8.6 mm < L/250 = 2.49 / 250 = 9.96 mm

Check Satisfied

7.2 Ultimate limit state

Ultimate limit state (EN1995-1-1:2009, 6)

Elements: 1, 2, 3, 4

Cross Section Check of elements: 1, 2, 3, 4

7.2.1 Check Compression Parallel to the Grain Element 1, 2, 3, 4

Compression parallel to the grain, Fc0d = - 29 kN (Force Calculated from SAP2000 Model)

Rectangular cross section b =80 mm, h=200 mm

A= 16 000 mm

Modification factor Kmod=0.90 (EN1995-Table. 3.1)

fc0k = 21.00 N/mm

fc0d=Kmod x fc0k/M = 0.90 x 21.00 / 1.30= 14.54N/mm (EN1995 Eq.2.14)

Fc0d= - 29 kN
c0d = Fc0d / A=1000 x 29 /16000 =1.81 N/mm

1.81 N/mm < 14.54N/mm= fc0d (EN1995-Eq.6.2)

Check Satisfied

7.2.2 Check Shear in Element 1, 2, 3, 4

Shear, Fv=4.6 kN (Force Calculated from SAP2000 Model)

Rectangular cross section, bef=0.67x80=54 mm, h=200 mm

A= 10 800 mm

fvk=2.50 N/mm

fvd=Kmodfvk/M = 0.90x2.50/1.30 = 1.73N/mm (EN1995 Eq.2.14)

Fv=4.6 kN

Tv0d=1.50Fv0d / A=1000x1.50x4.6/10800 = 0.64 N/mm

0.64 N/mm < 1.73N/mm=fv0d (EN1995 Eq.6.13)

Check Satisfied.

7.2.3 Check Bending in Element 1, 2, 3, 4

Bending, Myd =2.01 kNm, Mzd=0 (Bending Moment Calculated from SAP2000 Model)

Rectangular cross section, b=80mm, h=200mm

A=1.60 x104mm

Wy=5.33 x105mm

Wz=2.13 x 105mm

fmyk=24.00 N/mm

fmyd=Kmodfmyk/M =0.90x24.00/1.30 =16.62N/mm

fmzk=24.00 N/mm

fmzd=Kmodfmzk/M=0.90x24.00/1.30 =16.62N/mm

Rectangular cross section Km=0.70 (EN1995 6.1.6.(2))

myd=Myd / Wmy = 3.80 N/mm

mzd= 0

myd / fmyd+Km = 0.228 = 0.228< 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.11)

Km.myd/fmyd = 0.70 x 0.228 = 0.16 = 0.16 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.12)

Check Satisfied.

7.2.4 Check Combine Bending and Axial Compression in Element 1, 2, 3, 4

Combined bending and axial compression,

Fc0d=-29 kN, Myd=2.01kNm (Bending Moment and Force Calculated from SAP2000 Model)

fc0k=21.00 N/mm

fc0d=Kmodfc0k/M = 0.90x21.00/1.30 =14.54N/mm

fmyd=Kmodfmyk/M = 0.90x24.00/1.30 =16.62N/mm

fmzd = Kmodfmzk/M=0.90x24.00/1.30=16.62N/mm

c0d = Fc0d / A =1000x29/16000= 1.81 N/mm

myd = Myd / Wmy = 3.8 N/mm

mzd=Mzd/W mz = 0

(c0d/fc0d)+myd / fmyd + Km.mzd/fmzd = 0.015+0.22+0 = 0.24< 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.19)

(c0d / fc0d)+Km.myd / fmyd+mzd / fmzd = 0.015+0.16+0 = 0.175 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.20)

Check Satisfied.

7.2.5 Check Column stability with Bending in Element 1, 2, 3, 4

Column stability with bending

Fc0d=-29 KN, Myd=2.01kNm, Mzd=0 (Bending Moment and Force Calculated from SAP2000
Model)

fmyk=24.00 N/mm

fmyd=Kmodfmyk/M = 0.90x24.00/1.30 =16.62N/mm

fmzk= 24.00 N/mm

fmzd = Kmodfmzk/M = 0.90x24.00/1.30=16.62N/mm

c0d = Fc0d / A=1000x29/16000= 1.81 N/mm

myd= Myd / Wmy =3.8 N/mm

mzd= Mzd / Wmz =0

Buckling length

Sy= 1.00x2.49 =2.49 m= 2490 mm (Most Conservative)

Sz= 0.124 x 2.490= 0.31 m= 310 mm

Slenderness

iy=(Iy/A) =0.289x 200= 58 mm, y= 2490/ 58= 42.93

iz=(Iz/A) =0.289x 80= 23 mm, z= 310/ 23= 13.5

Critical stresses

c,criy = E005/y= 39.63 N/mm

rel,y = (fc0k/c,criy)= 0.73 (EN1995 Eq.6.21)

c,criz = E005/z = 400.7 N/mm

rel,z =(fc0k/c,criz)= 0.22 (EN1995 Eq.6.22)

c=0.20 (solid timber)

ky =0.5[1+c(rely-0.3)+rely] = 0.81

Kcy=1/(ky+(ky-rely)) = 0.86 (Eq.6.27 6.25)

kz = 0.5[1+c(relz-0.3)+relz] = 0.50

Kcz =1/(kz+(kz-relz))=1.000 (Eq.6.28 6.26)

c0d / (Kcyfc0d)+myd / fmyd+Km.mzd / fmzd= 0.1+0.158+0.000= 0.258 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.23)

c0d/(Kczfc0d)+Km.myd / fmyd + mzd / fmzd =0.09+0.11+0.000= 0.2 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.24)

Check Satisfied.
7.2.6 Check Lateral torsional stability of Element 1, 2, 3, 4

Lateral torsional stability of beams, Myd =2.01 kNm, Mzd=0 (Bending Moment and Force
Calculated from SAP2000 Model)

Slenderness

m,crit=0.78.bE005/(hLef) = 0.78x80x 7400/(200x2241)= 82.4 N/mm (EN1995 Eq.6.32)

m,crit=0.78.bE005/(hLef) = 0.78x200x 7400/(80x310)= 9309.67 N/mm (EN1995

Eq.6.32)

Critical stresses

m,criy = 82.4 N/mm

rel,my = (fmyk / m,crity) = 0.54 (EN1995 Eq.6.30)

m,criz = 9309.67 N/mm

rel,mz=(fmzk/m,criz)= 0.05 (EN1995 Eq.6.30)

rel,my= 0.54, (rel <= 0.75)

Kcriy=1.00 (EN1995 Eq.6.34)

rel,mz=0.05, (rel<=0.75)

Kcriz=1.00 (EN1995 Eq.6.34)

myd/(Kcriyfmyd)+Km.mzd/(Kcritzfmzd) = 0.333+0.000= 0.33 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.33)

Km.myd/(Kcrityfmyd)+mzd/(Kcritzfmzd) =0.233+0.000= 0.23 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.33)

Check Satisfied.

7.2.7 Check Tension in Tie Element 5, 6 7, 8

Tension parallel to the grain, Ft0d = 43.9 KN (EN1995 6.1.2)

Rectangular cross section, b=60 mm, h=160 mm

A= 9 600 mm

ft0k=14.00 N/mm
ft0d=Kmodft0k/M= 0.90x14.00/1.30= 9.69N/mm (EN1995 Eq.2.14)

Ft0d=43.9 KN

t0d = Ft0d/A = 4.57 N/mm < 9.69N/mm=ft0d (EN1995 Eq.6.1)

Check Satisfied.

7.2.8 Check Shear in Tie Element 5, 6 7, 8

Shear, Fv=0.5 KN (Force Calculated from SAP2000 Model)

Rectangular cross section, bef=0.67x60=40 mm, h=160 mm, A= 6400 mm

fvk=2.50 N/mm

fvd=Kmodfvk/M = 0.60x2.50/1.30 =1.15N/mm (EN1995 Eq.2.14)

Fv=1.922 kN

Tv0d=1.50Fv0d/A =1000x0.5x1.922/6400 = 0.15N/mm < 1.15N/mm=fv0d (Eq.6.13)

Check Satisfied.

7.2.9 Check Bending in Tie Element 5, 6 7, 8

Bending, Myd = 0.75 kNm, Mzd=0kNm (Bending Moment Calculated from SAP2000 Model)

Rectangular cross section, b=60mm, h=160mm

A=9.60 x 103mm

Wy=2.560 x105 mm

Wz=9.60 x 104mm

fmyk=24.00 N/mm

fmyd=Kmodfmyk/M=0.60x24.00/1.30 =11.08N/mm

fmzk=24.00 N/mm

fmzd=Kmodfmzk/M= 0.60x24.00/1.30 = 11.08N/mm

Rectangular cross section Km=0.70 (EN1995 6.1.6.(2))

myd=Myd/W my =2.34 N/mm

mzd=0
myd/fmyd+Km.mzd/fmzd=0.240+0.000= 0.211 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.11)

Km.myd/fmyd+mzd/fmzd=0.1477+0.000= 0.15 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.12)

Check Satisfied.

7.2.10 Combine bending and axial tension in Tie Element 5, 6 7, 8

Combined bending and axial tension, Ft0d=43.9kN

Myd=0.75kNm Mzd=0 Rectangular cross section, b=60mm, h=160mm

A=9.60 x 103mm

ft0k=14.00 N/mm, ft0d=Kmodft0k/M=0.90x14.00/1.30=9.69N/mm

fmyk=24.00 N/mm, fmyd=Kmodfmyk/M=0.90x24.00/1.30=16.62N/mm

fmzk=24.00 N/mm, fmzd=Kmodfmzk/M=0.90x24.00/1.30=16.62N/mm

Rectangular cross section Km=0.70 (EN1995 6.1.6.(2))

t0d=Ft0d/A =1000x43.9/9600= 4.57 N/mm

myd=Myd/W my =106x0.75/2.560x105= 2.93 N/mm

mzd=Mzd/W mz =0

t0d/ft0d+myd/fmyd+Km.mzd/fmzd=0.470 +0.176+0.000= 0.646 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.17)

t0d/ft0d+Km.myd/fmyd+mzd/fmzd=0.470+0.123+0.000= 0.593 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.18)

Check Satisfied.

7.2.11 Tension Parallel to the Grain Element 9

Ft0d=10.2 kN (Value take from the model)

Rectangular cross section, b=50 mm, h=120 mm, A= 6 000 mm

ft0k=14.00 N/mm

ft0d=Kmodft0k/M=0.90x14.00/1.30=9.69N/mm (EN1995 Eq.2.14)

Ft0d=10.2 kN, t0d=Ft0d/Anetto=1000x10.2/6000=1.7 N/mm < 9.69N/mm=ft0d (Eq.6.1)

Check Satisfied
7.2.12 Tension Parallel to the Grain Element 10, 11

Fig 1.17 Axial Force of Member Under Envelope

Tension parallel to the grain, Ft0d=0.404 kN

Rectangular cross section, b=50 mm, h=120 mm, A= 6 000 mm

Modification factor Kmod=0.60 (Tab.3.1), Material factor M=1.30 (Tab. 2.3)

ft0k=14.00 N/mm

ft0d=Kmodft0k/M=0.60x14.00/1.30 = 6.46N/mm (EN1995 Eq.2.14)

Ft0d=0.404 kN, t0d=Ft0d/Anetto=1000x 0.404/6000=0.060N/mm < 6.46N/mm=ft0d

(Eq.6.1)

Check Satisfied.
7.2.13 Compression Parallel to the Grain Element 12, 13

Fig 1.18 Axial Force of Member Under Envelope

Compression parallel to the grain, Fc0d=-17.390 kN (EN1995 6.1.4)

Rectangular cross section, b=80 mm, h=180 mm, A= 14400 mm

Modification factor Kmod=0.90 (Tab.3.1), Material factor M=1.30 (EN1995Tab. 2.3)

fc0k=21.00 N/mm, fc0d=Kmodfc0k/M=0.90x21.00/1.30=14.54N/mm (EN1995 Eq.2.14)

Fc0d=-17.39 kN

c0d=Fc0d/A=1000x17.39/14400=1.21N/mm < 14.54N/mm=fc0d (EN1995Eq.6.2)

Check Satisfied.

7.2.14 Column Stability Element 12, 13

Column Stability Elements 12, 13

Column stability, Fc0d=-17.390 KN

Rectangular cross section, b=80mm, h=180mm, A=1.440E+004mm,

Wy=4.320 x 105mm

Wz=1.920 x 105mm
fc0k=21.00 N/mm

fc0d=Kmodfc0k/M=0.90x21.00/1.30=14.54N/mm

fmyk=24.00 N/mm

fmyd=Kmodfmyk/M=0.90x24.00/1.30=16.62N/mm

fmzk=24.00 N/mm

fmzd=Kmodfmzk/M=0.90x24.00/1.30=16.62N/mm

Rectangular cross section Km=0.70 (EN1995 6.1.6.(2))

c0d=Fc0d/A=1000x23.554/14400= 1.64 N/mm

Buckling length

Sy= 1.00x2.49=2.49 m= 2490 mm

Sz= 1.00x2.564=2.49 m= 2490 mm

Slenderness

iy=(Iy/A)=0.289x 180= 52 mm

y= 2490/ 52= 47.88

iz=(Iz/A)=0.289x 80= 23 mm

z= 2490/ 23=108.26

Critical stresses

c,criy=E005/y= 31.85 N/mm, rel,y=(fc0k/c,crity) = 0.81 (EN1995 Eq.6.21)

c,criz=E005/z= 6.23 N/mm, rel,z=(fc0k/c,critz) = 1.84 (EN1995 Eq.6.22)

c=0.20 (solid timber)

ky=0.5[1+c(rely-0.3)+rely]= 0.87

Kcy=1/(ky+(ky-rely))=0.84 (Eq.6.27 6.25)

kz=0.5[1+c(relz-0.3)+relz]= 2.45

Kcz=1/(kz+(kz-relz))=0.250 (Eq.6.28 6.26)

c0d/(Kcyfc0d)= 0.134 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.23)

c0d/(Kczfc0d)= 0.44 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.24)

Check Satisfied.

Fig 1.19 Final Design dimension of members

8. Truss connections
Lateral Load-carrying capacity of connections (EN1995 EN1995-1-1:2009, 8)

Connection bolts and Connection plates

Selected bolts of diameter d =6.0 mm.

Metal plates of thickness t =2.5 mm.

Yield strength for plate steel fy =240 N/mm.

Net plate area (minus holes) Anet =(0.75)bt

Unit Weight k=350kg/m,

Cross section properties

Thickness of timber d=50.0 mm

Thickness of steel plate t=2.5 mm

Bolt properties (EN1995 8.5.1)

Bolt diameter d=6.0mm

Washer with diameter >= 18.0mm and thickness >=1.8mm.

Distance between bolts (EN1995 Table 8.4)

Most Conservative is chosen a1=7d=7x6=42 mm, a2=4d=24 mm

Characteristic value for yield moment (EN1995 8.5.1.1)

fuk=400N/mm

Myrk = 0.30fukd2.6 = 0.30 x 400 x 6.02.6 = 12658 Nmm (EN1995-1-1 Eq.8.30)

Characteristic value of embedment strength (EN1995 8.3.1.1)

fhk=0.082.(1-0.01.(d)).k=26.98N/mm, (EN1995-1-1 Eq.8.32)

Short-term action

Capacity of laterally loaded bolts-Double shear connection (EN1995 8.2.3)

t2=50.0 mm, thickness of steel plate t=2.5<0.5 d=.3 mm

Fvrk=the minimum of the values (EN1995 EN1995-1-1:2009 Eq.8.13(l), 8.13(m))

0.50.fhkt2d = 4.047 Kn

1.15. (2Myrkfhkd) = 2.328 KN

Fvrk1=2.328 kN

Lateral load-carrying capacity of bolt Rd=KmodFvrk/M=0.90x0.867/1.30=1.61 KN

For Double Shear Connection, Lateral Load Capacity Rd = 2 x 1.61 = 3.22 KN

The metal plate capacity is based on plastic section modulus. The compressive design
force is reduced to 0.50xFd
8.1 Ultimate limit state
8.1.2 Design of bolted connection at node: 2

Connection with double metal plates on the two faces of the truss. (EN1995 EN1995-1-
1:2009, 8.5)

Connection check of element 2, with elements 4 and 9, at node 2

Fastener Properties

Two metal 2.5 mm plates with dimensions

B x H=140mm x 340mm, and thickness 2.5mm

Bolts with diameter d=6.0mm,

7 bolts on each of the connected elements

Distance between bolts a1=42 mm, a2=24mm

Yield strength for plate steel fy=240 N/mm

Net plate area (minus holes) Anet=(0.75)bt

n = number of bolts

a= bolt section area

A=n x a = total area of bolts

r = distance of corner bolt from connection center

Wp = section modulus of connection

n=7

A=198mm

r=64mm

Wp=7249mm

Fa = -27.44 KN (Bending Moment and Force Calculated from SAP2000 Model)

Ma= 0.05 KNm

Maximum force at corner bolt Fn = 1.986 < Rd = 3.22 KN

Check Satisfied.

Connection check of element 9, with elements 2 and 4, at node 2

Bolts with diameter d=6.0mm,

n=9 bolts

A= 254mm

r= 48mm

Wp=8206 mm

Fa = 10.2 KN

Ma = 0

Maximum force at corner bolt Fn = 1.112 < Rd = 3.22 KN

Check Satisfied.

Fig 1.20 Node 2 Connection Bolts Configuration

Design of bolted connections at nodes 1, 3 (EC5 EN1995-1-1:2009, 8.5)

Connection with double metal plates on the two faces of the truss.

Connection check between elements 5 and 1, at node 1

Fastener Properties

Two metal 2.5 mm plates with dimensions

BxH= 455mmx140mm, and thickness 2.5mm

Bolts with diameter d=6.0mm,

20 bolts on each of the connected elements

Distance between bolts a1=24 mm, a2=42 mm

Yield strength for plate steel fy=240 N/mm

n=20

A=565mm

r=79mm

Wp=23968mm

Fa = 20.9 KN

Ma= 0.06

Maximum force at corner bolt Fn= 1.062 KN < Rd = 3.22KN

Check Satisfied.
 Fig 1.21 Node 1,3 Connection Bolts Configuration

Design of bolted connections at nodes 7, 8 (EC5 EN1995-1-1:2009, 8.5)

Connection with double metal plates on the two faces of the truss.

Connection check of element 10, with elements 5 and 6, at node 7

Fastener Properties

Two metal 2.5 mm plates with dimensions

BxH = 70mmx185mm, and thickness 2.5mm

Bolts with diameter d=6.0mm,

4 bolts on each of the connected elements

n=4

A=113mm

r=24mm

Wp=2735mm
Fa = 3.5 KN

Ma = 0

Maximum force at corner bolt Fn =0.8 KN< Rd

Check Satisfied.

Fig 1.22 Node 7,8 Connection Bolts Configuration

9. Column Design
Post that are included in the truss frame are designed and verified in this section.

Circular Section of Column is Used.

Dia = 0.3 m

Material C24
9.1 Check Compression parallel to the grain
Fc0d=-20.25 kN (Bending Moment and Force Calculated from SAP2000 Model)

Fig 1.23 Axial Force of Member Under Envelope

A= 70685mm

Modification factor Kmod=0.90 (Tab.3.1)

Material factor M=1.30 (Tab. 2.3)

fc0k=21.00 N/mm

fc0d=Kmodfc0k/M =0.90x21.00/1.30 =14.54N/mm (EN1995 Eq.2.14)

Fc0d = -20.25 kN

c0d=Fc0d/A =1000x20.25 / 70685 =0.3N/mm < 14.54N/mm=fc0d (Eq.6.2)

Check Satisfied.
9.2 Check Combine Bending and Axial Compression

Combined bending and axial compression,

Fc0d= -20.25kN, Myd=2.01kNm (Bending Moment and Force Calculated from SAP2000
Model)

fc0k=21.00 N/mm

fc0d=Kmodfc0k/M = 0.90x21.00/1.30 =14.54N/mm

fmyd=Kmodfmyk/M = 0.90x24.00/1.30 =16.62N/mm

fmzd = Kmodfmzk/M=0.90x24.00/1.30=16.62N/mm

c0d = Fc0d / A =1000x20.2/70685= 0.286 N/mm

Wy=W z= d3/32 = 2.65 x 106 mm3

myd = Myd / Wmy = 0.75 N/mm

mzd=Mzd/W mz = 0

(c0d/fc0d)+myd / fmyd + Km.mzd/fmzd = 0.02+0.045+0 = 0.065< 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.19)

(c0d / fc0d)+Km.myd / fmyd+mzd / fmzd = 0.02+0.0315 +0 = 0.0515 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.20)

9.3 Check Column stability with Bending

Column stability with bending

Fc0d=-20.2 KN, Myd=2.01kNm, Mzd=0 (Bending Moment and Force Calculated from
SAP2000 Model)

fmyk=24.00 N/mm

fmyd=Kmodfmyk/M = 0.90x24.00/1.30 =16.62N/mm

fmzk= 24.00 N/mm

fmzd = Kmodfmzk/M = 0.90x24.00/1.30=16.62N/mm

c0d = Fc0d / A = 0.286 N/mm

myd= Myd / Wmy 0.75 N/mm

mzd= Mzd / Wmz =0

Length of column = 4 m

Consider 150 mm of steel support from the bottom of the ground.

Changed Length of column = 3.85 m

Buckling length

Sy= 1.0x3.85 = 3.85 m

Sz= 3.85 m

Slenderness

Iy= Iz= d4/64=397.6 x 106 mm4

A= 70685mm

iy=(Iy/A) =75 mm

y= 3850/ 75= 51.33

iz=(Iz/A) = 75mm

z= 51.3

Critical stresses

c,criy = E005/y= 27.75 N/mm

rel,y = (fc0k/c,criy)= 0.86 (EN1995 Eq.6.21)

c,criz = E005/z = 27.75 N/mm

rel,z =(fc0k/c,criz)= 0.86 (EN1995 Eq.6.22)

ky =0.5[1+c(rely-0.3)+rely] = 0.80

Kcy=1/(ky+(ky-rely)) = 0.90 (Eq.6.27 6.25)

kz = 0.5[1+c(relz-0.3)+relz] = 0.80

Kcz =1/(kz+(kz-relz))=0.9 (Eq.6.28 6.26)

c0d / (Kcyfc0d)+myd / fmyd+Km.mzd / fmzd= 0.02+0.05+0.0= 0. 07 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.23)

c0d/(Kczfc0d)+Km.myd / fmyd + mzd / fmzd =0.02+0.035+0.000= 0.055 < 1 (EN1995 Eq.6.24)

Check Satisfied.
10. Drawings
All Dimensions are in meters.
3D Model of Timber Structure