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ABSTRACT
The experiment aimed to investigate the solubility equilibrium of Ca(OH). The molar
solubility (s), the solubilility product constant (Ksp) , the enthalpy change (H), and entropy change
(S) of the reaction was determined using titration with 0.1 M HCl . It is observed that there is a
direct relationship between Ksp and s. By linear regression of the plot based on vant Hoff equation,
we obtained the equation y=____________ and r = 0.0254 . The enthalpy and entropy changes (H
and S ) were then calculated which resulted in values ____ and ____ respectively . The said values
yielded a ___ and ___ error respectively when compared to their theoretical values at standard
temperature. The Ksp output of the experiment at 298K was _______ which resulted in ____ error
from the theoretical Ksp value of . Hence ,
The objective of the experiment was to determine the solubility product constant of the reaction forming calcium hydroxide
through the use of Titration. The preparation of calcium hydroxide was done by mixing calcium nitrate and sodium hydroxide. The
calcium hydroxide obtained was then mixed with eight different media, and then titrated with hydrochloric acid to determine their
equilibrium hydroxide concentration, which were then used to calculate the solubility product constant and the solubility of calcium
hydroxide. The ionic strength of seven of the eight solutions was then calculated and plotted versus the values of the solubility of
calcium hydroxide. A solubility product constant of 1.52x10 -5 was found. Compared to the literature value of 5.5x10-6, there was a
93.72% difference.
A direct relationship between Ksp and s was observed. By linear regression between the natural
logarithm of calculated Ksp and the inverse of the temperature, the equation y = -797.31x 9.5138
and r = 0.0254 were obtained. The changes in enthalpy and entropy were also calculated, having
values of and , and percent errors of 60.31% and 50.0%, respectively. The Ksp calculated at 298 K
was and comparing it to the theoretical Ksp which is , a 7.6 % error was obtained hence it is
concluded that the experiment was successful.
The solubility equilibrium of Ca(OH)2 was investigated. The molar solubility value, s, the solubility
product constant, Ksp, and accordingly the enthalpy and entropy changes of the reaction was
determined using titration. A direct relationship between Ksp and s was observed. By linear
regression between the natural logarithm of calculated Ksp and the inverse of the temperature, the
equation y = -797.31x 9.5138 and r = 0.0254 were obtained. The changes in enthalpy and
entropy were also calculated, having values of and , and percent errors of 60.31% and 50.0%,
respectively. The Ksp calculated at 298 K was and comparing it to the theoretical Ksp which is , a
7.6 % error was obtained hence it is concluded that the experiment was successful.
to determine the equilibrium constant, Keq , of the formation of FeSCN2+ through the use of
spectrophotometry and application of Beer-Lamberts law. Through spectrophotometry, unknown
substances can be identified and observed without actually touching them. Acidified [using HCl]
standard and unknown solutions of FeCl3 and KSCN were analyzed. The absorbance of the formed
[Fe(SCN)2+] from the said solution was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The absorbance
and initial concentrations of FeCl3 and KSCN was then used to determine the equilibrium constant,
Keq ,of FeSCN2+ formation as well as its percent deviation from the standard literature value. The
experiment exhibited a 50.27% error from the theoretical Keq (890) of the reaction. From the said
error, it can be concluded that the experiment is not entirely accurate and thus failed in
determining the equilibrium constant for the formation of FeSCN2+ which may have arisen from
experimental inaccuracies. Therefore, it is advised to use higher purity reagents and careful,
proper use of spectrophotometer in order to yield a more ideal result.
INTRODUCTION
This study particularly uses a device called
spectrophotometer which measures the
Spectrophotometry is a method of determining
absorbance of a solution by quantifying the
concentration of a chemical substance by
light that passes through the solution placed in
quantifying its electromagnetic spectra
a specialized tube called cuvette [2]. This device
absorption ,specifically those radiations in the
has two main parts ; the spectrometer which
ultraviolet (UV, 200-380 nm), visible (VIS,
emits a specific wavelength of light and the
380-780 nm), and near infrared region [1].
photometer which measure the light intensity the best fit line to the said plot. The said
the sample has transmitted [2]. equation is:
where A = absorbance
In spectroscopy , it is important to understand m = slope of the line which is equal to
the Beer-Lamberts Law which directly relates the product of and b (see equation
the concentration of a colored substance in a 1)
solution to the amount of light it absorbs . The
x = solution concentration
said law is represented by the equation [3].
d = y-intercept/error
where A = absorbance
=molar The Keq of the reaction was then calculated
absorptivity (M-1 cm-1) using the unknown
A = mx + d (3)
solutions. Through
C = analyte Beer-Lamberts Law,
molar concentration the equilibrium concentration of [Fe(SCN)]2+
was obtained. Then, the equilibrium
concentrations of Fe3+ and SCN- was
This equation, however, is only applicable to obtained using equations derived from the
highly diluted solution, solutions with high ICE table:
purity reagents and that of constant
temperature [3].
METHODOLOGY