THE GLOBE

May June 2017

Student Writings from IEI

WRITING TWO

My Favorite Holiday
Wafa (Saudi Arabia)
My favorite
holiday is Eid. It is a
beautiful day because we
get up in the morning and
wear new clothes. We get
ready for Eid and buy all
of this new. We also buy
candy and gifts, and on
Eid we visit family and friends. We give children
many gifts, and after that we cook lunch and eat with
friends and family. At 12 noon, everyone goes to
sleep because they are very tired, but this is my
favorite day.
Living in the City
Yazeed (Saudi Arabia)
I agree that living in the city is better because
I can find anything I want in the city. For example, if I
want to go to the gym, stores, or restaurant I can. If I
want to talk with people or see people, I can. I am
sure to find anything and everything in the city.
People may have a different idea or feel differently
about living in the city or the country, but I like the
city. In the country, I cant find stores or restaurants
or gyms or many people because everything is very
far away. I cant walk, only take a car, but in the city I
can walk or use a car without a problem. This is why
living in the city is my favorite.
Why We Fast for Ramadan
Khalid (Saudi Arabia)
We fast during Ramadan so all Muslims feel
the same. When a rich man is hungry he understands
his hungry Muslim brother and everyone is the same.
This is how fasting for Ramadan makes every Muslim
feel the same. Now the rich man will help.
If I Had $1,000,000
Ibrahim (Saudi Arabia)
If I had $1,000,000 I
would buy a home for sleeping,
watching TV, and for eating in
the morning, afternoon, and
evening. I would buy a car to
go to school, a job, downtown,
and to play soccer with my friends and my brother. I
would spend $10,000 at parks, picnicking, and going
to Ohio, Riyadh, and China. I would build a hotel to
get extra money. It would cost $2,000,000 to get
married because we would have children. I would
open a supermarket to get extra money. I would buy
a phone, watch, and shoes. I would buy the phone to
talk to my family and friends, the watch to tell time,
and shoes to go to the park and play soccer. I would
go to class to study books, read, and write. I would
give my wife a phone. Thank you.
 WRITING THREE
My Sociable Mother
Mihrab (Sudan)
My mother is called Badria. She is in
her mid-fifties, and she is working as a
teacher. She has an oval face, beautiful lips,
and big round black eyes. She is very
fashionable. I think she is really a good-
looking woman.
I admire her for her personality. She
has a mix of honesty and strong faith in
herself. She is kind, but strict. She is hard-
working and very sociable. She has a lot of
friends, and she is especially friendly to me.
She is very patient with her students. She is
simple, not complicated. For example, she is
grateful for little things in life. She is
generous, not stingy. For example, she
usually gives money to poor people. She is
always funny and makes me laugh when we
talk together.
I really love her. She is my eyes in the
world.
Week One at I.E.I
Sahjenan (Iraq)
When I came
to I.E.I. on my first
day, I was happy,
and Im still happy. I
am happy that I
began to fulfill my
dream of continuing
my studies step by
step. I wish success to all students.
On my first day at school, my mind and
my body felt tired because it started receiving
new information. Yesterday, a funny thing
happened when I went to sleep. In my
dreams, I saw that I was in school and letters
spoke to me!
When I awoke from sleep, I laughed at
myself. It was really a funny dream!
My Mother
Elder (Guatemala)
My mother is a beautiful woman of
average height with curly hair, and her skin is
white. As every human being goes through
any stages of their life, my mother, too, had
to go through all those stages.
Since childhood, she had to go through
very hard things. Her mom did not want her,
so she gave her to her grandmother. She did
not see her mother until age five.
Her childhood was hard. When she got
to be a teenager, her grandmother died. After
that, she moved to her mothers house. Now
things started to change. Her mother started
to love her, and from there everything was
different between them.
A few years later, she met my dad.
They started dating, and she got pregnant
with my first brother. When my dad found
out, he got so mad! He told her that he did
not want children yet, and he left her. It was
so hard for her, but she never abandoned her
son because she knew what it was to be
abandoned.
Time passed. Six years later, she saw
my dad again. He met his son for the first
time, and he fell in love with him. So he
asked my mom if she still loved him and if
she wanted to live with him. My mom said,
Of course I love you! Ive been waiting all
these years for you. Then they got married
and had eight more children.
What I like the most about my mom is
that she never gives up. I admire her a lot,
and I love her with all my heart.
 WRITING FOUR
Optimism
Ali Alayuni (Saudi Arabia)
The best attribute is being optimistic because that capacity keeps human alive. What is
optimism? Without it you will live a hard life, but with it you can taste life. There are three kinds of
optimism: being optimist to yourself, your people, and to your community.
At the outset, being an optimist toward yourself is important because you will get many
troubles and have to solve with optimism. For example when you fail in school, don't give up and
say it is over and stop studying. Instead say, it is better for me. I have to study again and again
until I get my goal. Another example might be if your boss fires you from your job, It may be better
for you due to the fact that you can find a more comfortable job and higher salary.
Second, optimism is being hopeful to your people, such as with your family, friends, and
people you are in touch with. When they get in trouble, you have to stand with them. It doesn't
matter if it is about money they just need your word of encouragement. An optimistic word. When
your friend has a lot of doubt and you told him they will take him to prison, then he will give up and
it will be realthey will take him to prison. However, if you told him, it is easy; you can work more
and get moneyyou can do it, then he will do it.
Third, optimism is illustrated in your community. It is important to publish the positive in
your neighborhood. You have many ways to show it, like just smiling or
good ethics. For instance, if you are on a subway or bus, you let older and
weaker sit, even if you came before.
Finally, it is important to be optimistic, whatever happens to you.
Keep yourself optimistic to help yourself, your people, and community. My
advice is to be an optimist and don't give upthere is always way. (o_=)

Satisfaction
Natnael (Ethiopia)
What is satisfaction? Generally, satisfaction has been defined in
many different ways. It can be learning, a job, and also it can be success.
Satisfaction is the major key of what we do. If you are satisfied in one thing
you like to do, you will get your goal.
First, satisfaction is learning; it is what you like to study. For
instance, you may choose to become doctor; after that, you may be
satisfied to become a doctor and start finding out about doctors. You may
read books, and watch movies, and start going to college. You are satisfied already about the
major because you love to study.
Satisfaction is also working at your job. At work you will be satisfied to work because you
love to do that major. Because of that you will work without tired of it. And also get paid at your
work! How much the company pays you does not matter because you work hard. You work hard
and your paycheck is good because you love it. Another example is my teacher Gena, who is
teaching at IEI. Gena is happy about her work. She likes to teach because her satisfaction is
teaching people English. At work you will be satisfied to work because you love to apply that major.
Finally, satisfaction is being successful when you are working at something you love. For
example to become successful you have to choose what you really like to do.
Thus, you will become successful. That is the major keys of working hard and getting a good
income. That will make you successful; that is satisfaction.
Satisfaction is defined in many ways. It's being in contact with what you like to do.
Satisfaction is the characteristic that you have to have, whether in learning, at work, or being
successful.
 Prayer
Sulma (El Salvador)
Prayer is to speak to a God especially in order to give thanks or to ask for
something. Prayer is believing that God can hear people at any time. It is a spiritual
communion with God, as in adoration, thanksgiving, supplication or confession. The
base of prayer is speaking sincerely and with confidence with God, the same as talking
to a friend. People can speak at any time and in any place or only with their mind,
because God listens to everything and listens to our thoughts, For example we can
pray for health, for economic situation, or for prosperity.
The first is the adoration, because God is the only one who deserves all glory
and honor. The adoration is a form of admiration to his supernatural power to help and
change any situation. For example, adoration is shown by singing praises to God speaking words that show
the greatness of God including Omnipotent God, all powerful, miraculous.
In addition, supplication is one way to help other people to intercede for them, praying for God to
help them and change their situation. Interceding for others is another way of loving, because when love you
want the best for all. When my daughter was seriously ill, we pray with faith and God healed her.
Intercession has no borders; prayer can help people who are far away.
Finally, confession is asking for forgiveness for sins. This is very important to have a good
relationship with God, for God loves us, but without sin. God is willing to forgive sins if we confess them and
do not sin again. For example, if you lie or have ever stolen, ask Gods forgiveness and do not do it again.
In conclusion, prayer every day increases faith. To have a strong faith, it is necessary to pray
constantly. Commonly one prays three times a day in many religions one prays before each meal, because it
is necessary to give thanks for the food that God gives us every day. Prayer is very important to increase our
faith. Prayer is an important tool for having a good relationship with God and having faith that God can do
whatever we need. Prayer is very important for the spiritual life.

From Turkey to the USA

By Mesut (Turkey)
What is the difference between Turkey and the USA? There are
three main differences between Turkey and the USA. These differences
are opportunities, human rights, and history.
First, the USA has more opportunities than Turkey. The USA
economy is bigger than Turkey. A lot of huge companies such as Apple, Facebook, and Google are from the
USA. Therefore, the USA is able to offer more jobs than Turkey. Turkey has fewer educational opportunities
than the USA. Furthermore, in the USA, we can get different kinds of education. We can develop ourselves
more in the USA than in Turkey. For instance, the USA has a lot of universities; some of them are the best in
the world such as Harvard University. In contrast, Turkey has no universities as successful as in the USA.
Thats why a lot of people from Turkey want to get education in the USA.
Secondly, a difference is human rights. In the USA, human rights are more protected than in Turkey.
This is clearly illustrated in worker rights. In Turkey, while working, if someone dies or is injured, nothing
happens to that company. In contrast, in the USA, if something happens to you while working, you have a lot
of rights to protect you. The company might even have to compensate all your life. In addition, the USA has
more minority rights. For example, Turkey has just one official language which is Turkish. But the USA has at
least two official languages which are English and Spanish. For instance, when I came to the USA, I didnt
know any basic English. I had to speak to the bank and when I called the bank, they asked me which
language I spoke and then I spoke to some Turkish people who helped me solve my problem, even though I
couldnt speak any English. However, in Turkey, if you dont know Turkish, you are not able to figure out
anything.
The third difference is the history of the country. America has no long history. In contrast, Turkey has
a long past; some places in Turkey hosted the first human community in civilization. For this reason, Turkey
has a lot of historical places. For example, Istanbul has beautiful historical buildings, churches, and streets.
Also, Turkey has a lot of different cultures. For example, every side of Turkey has different wedding
traditions, dances, and foods. However, the traditional USA does not have as diverse a culture as Turkey.
In short, there are three differences between Turkey and the USA. Although the history of Turkey is
better than the USA, the USA has more opportunities and human rights. I would rather live in the USA, but I
would recommend visiting Turkey because you will see a lot of historical places and you will feel the history.
 WRITING FIVE

21th Century: The New Way of Studying

Samaya (Russia)

More and more people today support the idea of studying from home instead of actual
attendance of schools or universities. There are a lot of people in the world who don't have enough
time or money for education in special institutions. In contrast, the Internet offers worldwide
knowledge, learning applications, and programs at any time and place. For the last decade, online
education has been growing and creating new opportunities for students. Even though many
people believe that online education isn't as effective as face to face learning, there are some good
reasons that show us that online education is just good as learning in the classroom.

Some say that system of online education doesn't work because a lot of students have
failed in online education compared to classroom education. They believe that online studying is
not for everyone because it requires self-discipline and motivation. Students are more likely to
succeed when taking online courses when they manage their time well and study in a good
environment. However, online education provides individualized courses. Students can choose
their classes based on their preferences and needs, so students dont need to adapt to pace of a
whole group. Therefore, their speed of education depends only on their capabilities. Moreover,
media materials, online resources and other non in-class materials are more interesting to
students. These external class materials can include YouTube videos, presentations, audio
lectures of famous professors and special programs. In particular, more than 30% of the students
in higher education in United States of America participate in online learning activities (Allen &
Seaman, 2011). Therefore, digital education has become more popular than it was twenty years
ago and has a chance to be equal with face-to-face education in the recent future.
 Others argue that there isn't enough social interaction with other students and teachers.
However, with good online learning applications or software, students have opportunities to
participate in the discussion, express opinions, and share knowledge equally regardless of
classroom size and time. Interactions with instructors and peers will still happen as an online
student. It just happens to be through online video instead. According to Kendall, learning through
online video can help students to focus more on independently learning. In other words, online
classes can still offer socializing with people if a student would be interested in.

Finally, employers don't believe in online education especially when future employees don't
have certificate or diploma. On the other hand, recruiters say that now certificates of completion of
any courses are valuable mainly because they prove a person's ability to learn. Therefore, now one
of the biggest populations of potential learners in online learning is working adults who wish to get
education but who cannot do so because lack of time caused by work, family, different public
responsibilities, or distance to a qualified educational institution. But in corporate training, online
learning means accessing short training modules that cover specific topics like quality practices or
new product information, available for self-study.

In sum, online learning is almost at the same level as traditional education. It gives
everyone opportunity to study virtually any time and anywhere only with one condition: having an
Internet connection. It's an ideal solution for people with busy work schedules or family times. A
virtual learning environment is also great for students who prefer to learn at their own pace. In
many situations, they can pause the content or go back to a portion to refresh their memory. This is
incredibly helpful when student needs to spend extra time on a challenging topic. I believe that
online education will be more widespread in the world than it is at the moment.

Work Cited

Allen, I. Elaine; Seaman, Jeff. "Going the Distance: Online Education in the United States." 2011.
https://eric.ed.gov. Web. 11 June 2016.
https://eric.ed.gov/?q=+Going+the+distance%3a+Online+education+in+the+United+States&id=
ED529948

Kendall, Bird. "Online vs. Traditional Education: The Answer You Never Expected". 2014. Web. 11
June 2016. http://www.rasmussen.edu/student-life/blogs/college-life/online-vs-traditional-
education-answer-never-expected/
 Moving to New City
Hesah (Saudi Arabia)

Imagine if there is family has a boy that has asthma, and they live in unhealthy city. They live
near many factory also they live in city there are a lot of crimes and this family try to save their
children as much as they can they deprivation them children from playing out side because they
fried of what happing in the city and the father have a job but the salary is not much as they want. A
lot of people moved to another city, and they contact with the people are still living there and to
them about how much better they are. There are many causes for people who to move.

First caucus job is the most important in person live, so he will try as much as he can to have
better job for himself and his family to make them live better then they are. For the past several
years, the mover rate has remained between 11.5 and 12.5 percent, according to new 2014
statistics released today from the U.S. Census Bureau (U.S. mover).

Second caucus is when one finds him or her self in un comfortable situation with him or her
city. We must move out of some cities because is dangers. A lot of criminal happening in there or
its because unhealthy to live in it like if its near from factory or their prolusion in the air. for
example, in new work Recent reports analyzed by Business Insider indicate that there was an
average of 23 murders per 100,000 people in the city. Their data shows that this was part of a
disturbing trend which had the city seeing a record number of homicides in 2011.

Sometime moving to a new city or country is the best way to change yourself and run from
the issues you have in your country or city. Some time you feel you do not belong to a place, and
you try to find the best place for you live.

There are some causes of moving from your country is the best for you. There are also some
effects for moving to ne city.

When a person moves he or she will probably miss old friends and will try to keep in touch
with them. You can not break up romantic relationships with old friend, of course, the right thing to
do is make your relation ship expanding .Do not afraid to lose your friend. Keep connect with them
and have more friend in your new city.

Another effect is freedom move to a new city alone is the perfect opportunity to get the
freedom you have always wanted. The world is as big as you make it, and if you open up your mind
to the endless possibilities that await you in the new place. You can grow and develop as an
individual without having the weights of your old life pulling you down.
In conclusion, moving to new pleas has more cause and effects,
so now it is your choose to adduced if you want to take that as good
adding in you live or bad adding. The new happiness is inside you
head. And you are holding the key in your hand, also your choice if you
want to use it or no. There are many for moving. Sometimes moving to
new city is the only option for you, but it is your choice how to take it
and make moving a happy or miserable thing for you.

Work Cited
U.S. Mover Rate Remains Stable at about 12 Percent Since 2008,
Cencus Beireaw Reports. Cenc.gov.18 Mar 2015 Web. 20 May,2012.
 Animal Experimentation for Any Reason Is Wrong
Anwar (Saudi Arabia)

Animal experimentation is globally common, and it is hard to dispense

it. Some of the experiments are not painful or harmful for the animals;
however, there is still a harmful use of animals in experimentation. People
should not experiment on animals because they have rights to live. When
applying experimentation on animals, they will die or live distorted their
entire life. Its results also do not apply in us most of the time. There are three
reasons why animal experimentation should be stopped. Animals are
different from human, it is mostly painful harmful for animals to be
experimented, and there are alternative ways for extermination without the
use of harming the animals.

Some people believe that animals and humans are similar biologically; however, the studies
show that it is morally wrong to test on other living organisms because what applies on animals can
not be applied on humans.

First, animal experimentation is not only cruel, but also ineffective because humans are
different from animals. Cruelty Free International indicates that over 100 mouse cell types found
that only 50% of the DNA responsible for regulating genes in mice could be matched with human
DNA. That will fail the experimentation to be applied to humans, and may be harmful to them. The
Food and Drug Administration reports that 92 out of every 100 drugs that pass animal tests fail in
humans. It is because we cannot accurately predict how they will behave in humans. Dr. Klausner,
former director of the US National Cancer Institute. says, The history of cancer research has been
the history of curing cancer in the mouse. We have cured mice of cancer for decades and it simply
didnt work in human beings. This also shows that animal experimentation is a waste of lives
because it is still the first human to apply the experiment on, will become the experiential person,
not the mice.

Some people think that animal experimentation is not harmful, but that is wrong because it
will hurt and distort their bodies. Some of them will live their entire life disabled.

Second, for humans sake, the environment is always the victim, and that includes animals.
Animal experimentation is mostly painful harmful for animal lives. It is known to be animal abuse in
our society; however, it is a sanctioned and legal abuse. For instance, there is no difference
between mistreated animals in our environments and the animals that are used for experimentation
in the laboratories. According to NEAVS, animals in labs live stressful, monotonous, and unnatural
lives of daily confinement and deprivation. The only changes in their lives may come from being
called into a research or testing protocolwhich may include an invasive experiment, or a
procedure whose endpoint is death. This is brutal because they do not have the power and ability
to defend themselves. Imagine spending your entire life as a hospital patient or prisoner. Animals in
laboratories suffer not only pain from protocols, but also severe stress from the laboratory life. They
spend their lives in crowded barren cages, and unable to make choices or express natural
behaviors.

Some people think that the only way to test drugs and other products is to experiment them
on animals. Where there is many other beneficial ways that can be used other than harming the
animals.

Third, the research discovered many alternative ways for experimentation than harming the
animals. For example, Feder says that the human skin is now routinely grown in test tubes from
donated human cells, and the goal is to use the human tissues in place of mice, rabbits, cats,
chimpanzees, and other lab animals for testing new drugs, cosmetics, and other products. It is also
can be more beneficial and accurate than using animals tissues. However, the high costs and
concerns about reliability have been the biggest forces behind the shift away from tests on animals.

In conclusion, research shows that people accept animal testing only when they think that
animals do not suffer, and that it is scientifically necessary. The reality is that animal extermination
is ineffective, and it is a waste of money and animals lives. Therefore, scientists found many
alternative solutions to use in place of the animals; however, they do not want to shift away from
testing animals because they cost more money.

Work Cited

Animals in Science / Research. New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS), Accessed 11

June 2017. www.neavs.org/research/harm-suffering.

Arguments against Animal Testing: Animal Experiments Are Cruel, Unreliable, and Even
Dangerous. Cruelty Free International. Accessed 11 June 2017.
www.crueltyfreeinternational.org/why-we-do-it/arguments-against-animal-testing.

Feder, Barnaby J. Saving the Animals: New Ways to Test Products. The New York Times. 11
Sept. 2007. Accessed 12 June 2017.
www.nytimes.com/2007/09/12/technology/techspecial/12animal.html.

Peta. Top Five Reasons to Stop Animal Testing. PETA: Animals Are Not Ours, 11 May 2011.
Accessed 11 June 2017. www.peta.org/blog/top-five-reasons-stop-animal-testing/.
 Parents and Children
Wenxuan (China)

Why have some families had the generation gap and the barrier problem with children?
Because some parents over-schedule their children. There are three causes in general. The first
reason is that some adults could not achieve their dream. The second reason is that some adults
have made some mistakes. The last reason is that some parents have strong desire to control their
children.

First cause is some adults just want their children achieve their do not finish dream. For
instance, my friend family parents are business-men. They want my friend to study MBA in
university. Nevertheless, everyone has a different dream. The children may like another career.
However, some adults are stubborn, and they want their children to accomplish the dream. They
believe they are right.

Second cause is some adults undergo some failure. Perhaps they are in some places of the
lack of. For example, they should have studied that their future need it ,but they had not studied
hard. For instance, I had a teacher before. He should have been a singer, but he failed because he
did not practice enough. He really regret. And told us not to miss our opportunity. In the future, he
may pray that his children will not respect. Hence, those have life mistakes people to plan many
approaches for their children.

Third cause is because some people have highest desire to control anything. This psychical
activity is a kind of psychical illness. They want to control everything, especially their children. For
instance, they want to know who their children with play, or what kind of food their children eat. It's
horrible thing.

Similarly, we should pay attention when our parents give over-schedule us it dose not mean
they do not love us. Merely, their love methods are wrong. We have two effects. On the one hand
is the generation gap. On the other hand is the barrier.

First effect is children and parents may have the huge generation gap, like do not want to talk
with parents. The children do not want to talk with parents, or they always stay their bedroom at
home. For example my friend respects his parents, but he fears them. This problem might caused
their children have bad childhood.

Second effect is the barrier problem children might have a spiritual wall with parents. Their
children do not believe in their parents. Perhaps they avoid their parents and reject any advices
from parents. Sometimes, they're unconcerned with their parents and even hate them. For
instance, my cousin, he left his parents for five years due to his barrier. He only came back once a
year for New Year festival. It's a cruel thing, isn't it?

All in all, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that children do not need over-
scheduling. Although, kids have mistake, but children can rely on themselves and stand up again.
 Adopting Children
Oscar (Columbia)
In 2015, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families have
reported that 53.549 children were adopted. (Adoption Statistics). This statistic increases every year although some
people dont agree in adopting a child for many reasons. However, there are important reasons why people should
adopt a child such as infertility, help children that life in bad condition and life decision.

First, some people believe that if some women can get pregnant, the best way is to pray to God, and if those
people search other alternative, it would be bad. However, in the U.S., about of the 10% of the women between the
ages of 15 and 44 cant get pregnant. (Infertility). These women can find treatment that can help them, but if the
treatment isnt good, they can think in another alternative like adopting a child. For instance, Justin Brooks and her
husband decided adopt a child after two years and spend a lot of money in treatment by her. They thought this final
decision was an excellent option. (Kelly Wallace). Therefore, when people make a decision to have a child, they
should think in of all the possibilities including the adoption.

Second, some people think that children have to be with their parents, but they dont know that sometimes
their parents life is in a bad condition. In contrast, in this situation, some people have a lot of money, or, in some
cases, people have a lot love to give to children and they have the possibility of paying for their education and
giving them a better future. For example, the famous actors Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt decided adopt three
children from different countries. They said that have been an awesome experience because their children fight
sometimes like other common brothers and that they look like whatever other normal family. Other example was in
Colombia, a policeman was working when he found baby-three months- old-. After some time, the policeman
decided to adopt that baby. Now he has 2 children: an adopted daughter and a biological son.

Third, some people that have never had biological children think that all modern couples should have the
experience of the womens belly increasing every month and the experience of staying up all night with the
newborn. However, other couples think different. They arent interested in having the experience, or, simply, its a
decision of life. For example, some women dont want that their bodies to change because if they are pregnant,
stretch marks will appear. Another example is Rachel Argyle who has been married for two years. She can have
biological a child, but her wish always has been to adopt a child because she thinks that there are a lot children that
need love in the world. She said why is that so shocking (The Telegraph-Family). I think that someone can make
the decision that they want and that they think is the best for their life.

In conclusion, couples that think about adopting is an excellent idea because it helps them when they cant
get pregnant, it will help children to have a better future, and it is a decision of life when they dont want to have
biological children. I will advise to the new couples that when they are going to decide to get pregnant to put over
the table the possibility of adopting a child, for there are a lot of children in the world who are waiting for some
future parent that wants to give them a lot of love.

Works Cited

Childwelfare. www.acf.hhs.gov. June 2016. Web. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/afcarsreport23.pdf

Womens Health. July 16, 2012. Web.
https://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/infertility.html
Kelly Wallace. Infertility: When adoption is not an option. www.cnn.com. April 27,
2015. Web. http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/23/living/feat-infertility-when-adoption-not-
option/index.html
The Telegraph Family. www.telegraph.co.uk. November 5, 2014. Web.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/mother-tongue/11208986/Adoption-Why-Id-rather-
adopt-than-give-birth-to-my-own-child.html Rachel Argyle.
 Japanese Automobile Industry
Juan (Mexico)
Automotive industries have been competing to make better vehicles
for everyone, and in this action each company would like to conquer that
kind of industry to become in market's leaders even though it isnt easy for
all automotive industries because their consumers have the last opinion of
which company is the best in the world. Some people don't especially like
to buy Japanese cars because there are other options to purchase cars from other countries, thereby
people should know the important factors to buy a great car in quality, innovative design, and price.

First, some people suggest that the best quality cars in the world are from Europe, principally if that
cars are from Germany, for instance the brands Volkswagen and Audi. These companies are considered
leaders in the automotive world by some people. However, there are people that dont like these
companies, and they have preferred to buy Japanese cars. Japanese automotive companies have found
to have links with companies outside Japan. Also with this action, the quality manufactured has been
increased by these companies. In fact, Nissan has taken relationship with company from Europe called
Renault (Neely). Therefore, the relationship between two or more companies transformed their quality
into something stronger than only one company could come to have, and with good quality of cars,
people can feel safe with their vehicle.

Second, some automotive companies keep the same design over many years because their design
have been successful. The famous company called Audi is a clear example over its designs, and such
designs dont become in aged cars. Some people that dont like changing their cars, and this is a good
idea because the cost and duration is kept over years by automobile market. Nonetheless, Japanese
automotive companies prefer changing their designs each year, and with this action, they have had new
models over years. Indeed Toyota, Honda, and Nissan companies from Japan have had new cars
concepts every year, and they have competed successfully against European and American companies
(GlobalCarsBrands). So some people want to change their cars every year, and they can exchange them
for new Japanese models due to the fact that there are constantly new innovative designs. In this way,
new innovate designs have shown to humanity that cars companies are walking toward the future.

Finally, European and American automotive companies have been considered as business to have
cars with high prices by automobile markets. However there are people that pay for these cars because
they love these kinds of cars. But Japanese cars are vehicles that have low prices in the automobile
market, and there are people that search vehicles of these kinds. When Toyota, Honda, and Nissan
started to make vehicles that used less gas, they oil resources were very low a consequence of the war
(Rowe). For instance, Japanese cars use low fuel to move, and the cost of use is less during a long time.

In summary, people should consider that a good automobile purchase should have high quality in
every component to have security in their vehicle, with new innovative designs to feel that cars come from
of the future, and with cost low in product price and functioning to keep the wallets with money. So
Japanese cars have been created as the best cars in the world by Japanese companies. If you have a
car Toyota, Honda, or Nissan, you must know that this cars are better created than cars from Europe or
America.
Sources
Neely, Caylon. The Japanese Automotive Industry. Japan Industry News. 22 Mar 2016. Web. 10 Jun
2017. https://www.japanindustrynews.com/2016/03/japanese-automotive-industry/
GlobalCarsBrands. Japanese Car Brands Names List And Logos Of JDM Cars. Global Cars Brands.
11 Oct 2014. Web. 10 Jun 2017. https://www.globalcarsbrands.com/japanese-car-brands/
Rowe, Richard. Japanese Cars Are Small, Light And Efficient. Top Speed. 15 Sep 2015. Web. 11 Jun
2017. https://www.topspeed.com/cars/car-news/mythbusting-american-vs-european-vs-asian-cars-
ar170943.html
 Parents Should Limit The Exposure of Their Children to Media
Arlinda (Albania)

Parents, teenagers, and even children are very familiar with social media; Facebook, Twitter,
Instagram, and Path. For teens, social media may help them find new information related to their
life style. They can easily use social media whenever and wherever they want because internet is
available in public places like school, mall, caf and even in teens House. However, using social
media may have bad impact for teens. Therefore, parents role is very important in limiting the use
of social media for children.

Firstly, most parents think that social media is important for their children to have more
friends. Many teenagers would get addicted if they use social media without realizing that social
media will reduce social relation among others. Teenagers will be motivated to develop themselves
through friends they meet online because there they interact and receive feedback from one
another. But in fact, most of teenagers prefer to connect via social networks rather than meeting
their friends face to face. They often use social networking to express their feelings, emotions and
any other activities such as playing online games. In order to prevent the worse risks, giving
explanation and understanding about the dangers of social media is one of some ways that parents
can do to prevent the addiction in teens. Parents also should have good communication with their
children by being teens friends. Based on Elizabeth B. Hurlock, author of books on developmental
psychology, one of her books said that teens want a friend who has an interest and the values are
the same, which is understandable and makes them feel safe, and to whom they could entrust the
issues and discuss matters that cannot be discussed with parents or teachers.

Secondly, social media is often utilized by irresponsible people to mislead teenagers. Some
people think that social media helps teenagers better appreciate themselves. The form of
appreciation is by uploading the photos, commenting on their friends photos and much more.
Actually, there are many sexual predators that utilize chat room every day to get acquainted and
convince teens to do things those are not supposed to do like posting inappropriate photos, and
some kind of things that has porn elements. One of the cases revealed that a 16-year-old girl in
Cijantung, East Jakarta, was raped by some people who she had met through social media. If
teens are not careful, they might be one of victims. Dr Sholeh Niam, MA Asrorun, Commissioner of
the child protection Commission of Indonesia (KPAI), says that there are many cases of sexual
violence which actually comes through social media. Considering this case, parents should
introduce children in early age about their body parts that they must be aware of that and
keeping them from doing something irresponsible. This should be delivered in easily understood
language by teenagers, so in the future they are not easily trust anyone who asked them post their
private part of body through social media.

The third reason is many teenagers who are addicted to the usage of social media tend to
get depression and anxiety. This relates to escapism and dissociation. Teenagers who are
depressed may use social as a type of self medication allowing themselves to escape and run
away from the problems they are currently facing. In fact, when they log off of this social media,
they are indirectly lead to the further depression that the problem is still in its place. This can lead
to further depression or anxiety when they log off as they still have yet to face their problems and
putting off problems often only makes them worse. A considerable influence is highlighted by the
experts, as reported in the BBC website, mentioning in an article that sites like Facebook.com can
be bad for the users healthy. The article written by Dr. Aric Sigman, recounted that social
networking influence biological bad on someone. The development of social media is also
supported by the offer of smart phones such as the Blackberry and Iphone. Teenagers are easily to
access social networking sites. Social networking tends to be the main place to vent or the place of
the event quipped. Teenagers who are not popular in the real world can be popular among social
networks by having a lot of abstracts friends because they might often update the status and
others. Its influence can also be seen on their friends, the higher the level of its popularity more and
more other people know them. A matter of contention prevalent within the media, several studies
have shown that social networking can have detrimental effects on teenagers wellbeing.
Researchers from the University of Michigan assessed social media usage over two weeks and
found that the more people that used it, the more negativity they experienced concerning their day-
to-day activities as well as over time, incurring higher levels of dissatisfaction with their life overall.
Considering this case, parent should pay attention to their children so they would know that their
children still in right way.

To sum up, social media has become an important factor of human interaction, especially for
teenagers. By the presence of these social media, many of negative effects appear and that cannot
be avoided. The three reasons above are enough to show the parents that they should limits the
use of social media. It is a must for parents to help teenagers in restricting themselves.

References:

http://smallbusiness.chron.com/negative-effect-social-media-society-individuals-27617.html
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/275361.php
Elizabeth B. Hurlock. Child Growth and Development http:// www.goodreads.com.March 1
/book/show/1727365.Child_Growth_and_Development.11 June.
http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20140415/articles/140419801
http://socialnetworking.lovetoknow.com/Negative_Impact_of_Social_Networking_Sites
http://www.thv11.com/story/news/local/thv-this-morning/2014/02/20/1766574/
 Bilingual Education
Vanesa (Mexico)

Education is one of the most important factors in a persons life. Education allows a person
to develop in a professional environment. In fact, some people say that the basic education is
sufficient to reach their goal in life. However, there is another factor that is as important if not more
so and should be supported by educators, parents and the public bilingual education. Schools
should teach bilingual education because it has huge benefits such as, better opportunities to find a
good job in another country, young people can learn easier when they are in an educational
environment, and countries that teach bilingual education are more successful.

Some people say that they can continue with the same education program as always. In
some countries, schools teach the basic programs for example, math, history, chemistry, arts.
These programs have good educational value because the people get their diploma and they find a
good job in their countries with good knowledge. However, if bilingual education were supported by
educators, parents and public would have a good influence on students, and it would be great
benefits to them. The students could finish their studies, and if they want, they could go to another
country and find a job with much easier means because they will know more than one language
and could communicate with the people of that country easier. The students dont have to start
from the beginning of learning the language. At the beginning of the twenty first century, only one
language isnt enough for economic, social and education success. According to the 2000 U.S.
census, more than 9.7 million children ages five to seventeen one of every six school age children
spoke a language other than English at home. Between 1990 and 2000 the population of language
increased by 55 percent, while the population of children where only English is spoken grew by
only 11 percent (Poinsette). Because of this studing bilingual education is very important for the
future.

Opponents believe that when children are in the school, they have a lot of subjects and
assignments. They have to concentrate and study a lot, so they dont have time to learn bilingual
education. Parents just want them to study and graduate. However, children are able to learn a lot
of new information every day. That is because their brain is clear and they dont have concerns.
Children absorb all information faster than an adult. For example, a person finished her career in
her country, she wants to work or continue her studies in another country. She will know only her
language, so first she has to learn the another language. It will take more time for her to learn a
new language as an adult compared to learning a new language when she was young. Bilingual
education is easy way for the young students to learn many languages.

Many people believe countries who teach the basic studies and dont focus on bilingual
education have a lot of good professionals. The country is managed by clever people and the jobs
are occupied by professionally prepared people. However, the countries where the people learn
bilingual education are more successful because they can negotiate with other countries and have
businesses with them. In the process of globalization, each country is improving in languages and
cultures. Bilingual education is a good resource, and it plays an important part in social and
economic development, for example in China(Xiong). China is a country where they do
international business and economically developed. They consider bilingual education as an
indispensable tool for the countrys growth. Knowing that is easier for them because they can
communicate in different languages.

In sum up, promoting bilingual education would be a good idea between countries. The
countries could be connected and communicated with without language barriers. Bilingual
education is important because students could have better opportunities to find a good job in
another country, the young people can learn easier when they are in the school, and the countries
that teach bilingual education are more successful. If you speak more than one language you have
more than open door.

Work Cited

Poinsette, Clark. Bilingual Eduacion-Need for Bilingual Education of Bilingualism and Theoretical
Foundations of Bilingual Eduscation. 11 June. Web.
eduaction.stateuniversity.com/pages/1788/bilingual-eduaction.html
Xiong, Zhiwei. On the Economic Approach to Bilingual Education in China. Nov. 2009. Web.
https//eric.ed.gov./?pr=on&ft=bilingual+education&id=EJ1065739
 WRITING SIX

Should high schools modify their academic program by knowing deeply

abilities and strengths students to help them to learn more?
Reina (Colombia)

The traditional learning method used nowadays in high schools teach

students many topics by reading a book, listening to the teacher and doing
exercises and homework. This fact shows that most high schools practice the
basic learning styles and only develop students verbal and mathematical
intelligences. The learning styles are not able by themselves to obtain all students
attention because there could be many students in the same class who have
different ways to process and understand information. In addition, all students do
not have the same abilities and interests, and they cannot learn the same topic in
the same way at the same time.

There is not a unique truth about learning systems. There have been many
studies about learning style preferences and many conclusions about why the
traditional method used by many schools should be modified. In other words, the
academic system is a standard, but the students do not have a standard to learn.
Another issue found about the way students can learn better is that many people
do not know the difference between learning styles and multiple intelligences. It is
important to know the concepts and definitions about them to recognize the
difference, although, they have similarities.

Multiple Intelligences

According to Howard Gardners Multiple Intelligences Theory, there are

eight kinds of intelligences that represent different ways to process information.
There are a group of intelligences more common than others. These intelligences
are easy to identify in an academic environment: Verbal Intelligence depicts how
people have abilities to do very well tasks related to oral language and written
language, such as speeches and written jobs. Mathematical Intelligence describes
the ability to develop equations and mathematical exercises, make calculations,
and solve abstract problems. This intelligence is called logical intelligence, as well.
Visual Intelligence describes people who can comprehend and memorize maps or
another type of graphical information. This intelligence is called spatial intelligence,
as well. Kinesthetic Intelligence shows people abilities to use their body to learn
and remember by movements. (Gardner)

These others four types of intelligences are identified better in specific

situations: Musical Intelligence enables individuals to produce and make sense of
different types of sound. Easily these people can feel special connection with
sounds. Naturalistic Intelligence makes reference in how people can identify and
discriminate between different kinds of plants, animals, and weather. Interpersonal
Intelligence shows abilities to recognize and understand other people's behaviors,
desires, motivations, and intentions. Intrapersonal Intelligence refers to people's
abilities to recognize and assess their own feelings and needs. (Gardner)

Harvard Universitys Dr. Howard Gardner defines an intelligence as the

same as a strength. His multiple intelligences theory emphasizes that everybody
has these 8 intelligences but everyone has stronger intelligences than others. In
addition, Dr. Gardner says that intelligences can help people to be successful.
This is absolutely true because there are thousands of people recognized by
specific abilities. Gardners statement can be shown with a simple supposition.
Imagine a famous pianist who has strong abilities with the piano and processes
very well information through his musical intelligence. (Gardner and Kisslinger)
Learning Styles VARK Model

In addition to Multilples Intelligences, there is a theory about learning styles

called VARK, which classifies learners in four categories: Visual learners, Auditory
learners, Reading / writing learners, and Kinesthetic learners. Like Gardners
theory, VARK Model demonstrates different ways people learn: Visual Learners
describe students who learn well watching images, charts, diagrams, pictures, and
videos. Any kind of visual material are preferred by them. They are used to
drawing their own charts to show their understanding. Visual learners prefer
graphics instead of written information. Auditory Learners are capable or learning
best when they listen. They prefer academic debates and discussions in group.
They care about of listening a teacher instead of taking notes. It is better for them
to remember information after say it aloud. Usually, this kind of learners read
slower than other styles of learners. (Mehboob and Rafaqat)

Reading Learners learn best reading or writing. They prefer information

depicted in text format. For example, lists, brochures, books or manuals. They
often take notes word for word and learn easily with teachers that write a lot of
information in a board.

Kinesthetic Learners are students who learn doing and touching. They can
understand best practicing and analyzing tasks by themselves. This kind of
learners enjoy activities that involve manipulation of materials. Some time it is
difficult for them stay sitting for long periods of time.

The VARK theory says that none of these four learning styles describes
only one way that someone can learn. This means that all people are able to learn
through these four styles, but each one can learn better with some styles than
others. In short, everyone is like a combination of these learning styles. Most of
students may have two kinds of learning, however, it is not common for a student
to have three or four learning process at the same level. There might be a big
advantage if schools evaluate a student to know his learning styles. Furthermore,
if a teacher has a clear idea how his student needs to receive information to learn
better, the teacher can get more benefits spending less time teaching the same
topic and ensuring the academic program with the best academic results for his
student. (Mehboob and Rafaqat)
Case to Identify Learning Preferences with Students in United States

One way to define learning is the understanding of a topic and the retention of
knowledge that generally is represented by repetitions. Another important definition is
learning style preference, which is the way each student achieves a task on a
learning situation. These definitions are necessary to introduce a case made by a
Korean Wonkwang Universitys professor called Yum, Hea-Young, who wanted to
analyze what kind of learning is preferred by a group of students in United States
with academic experience in Korean and even in United States. (Yum)

He took three groups of twenty students each one: the first group was Korean
Students who had been studying in Unites States of America for one year. The
second group was Korean Students who was studying for five tears in Unites States
of America and the third group with American students. The surveys questions set
was divided in three types: Visual or Auditory learning preferences, Kinesthetic or
Tactile learning preferences, and Group or Individual learning preferences. Mr. Yum.
Hea-Young made statements with only two answer options, yes that meant agree, or
no that meant do not agree about every statement. All this process was based in
simple statistics to be analyzed and obtain the follow results.

The first group with twenty Korean Students who had been studying in Unites
States of America for one year, preferred visual learning. These students learn better
if they see images, pictures and charts, instead of only listening to their teachers. The
suggestion for teachers, made by the professor Yum. Hea-Young, was to write on the
board key words about their class speeches to help this group of students to
understand and memorize information. The second group was Korean Students who
were studying for five tears in Unites States of America as the same as first group
preferred visual learning style. However, these students preferred in second place
auditory learning style. This means that these students are able to learn better when
they listen. The third group with American students preferred in a big percentage
auditory learning style. They can remember much more if they hear and discuss any
topic during the class. This result showed their teacher one way to make classes by
any kind of activity that involves discussions or debates. (Yum)
 There are two relevant conclusions of this case. The mean conclusion is
most students preferred to learn by a visual style. This proves the generalization of
the academic system most used over time independent on the country where the
students are. The second conclusion is that the preferences about learning style
are affected by the culture and environment where the students are. This is how
the Korean students with 5 years studying in United States preferred in second
place the same learning style that the Unites States students chose in the first
place, Auditory learning style.

Test and Measures

Through time, many school tests have been the same for decades and
really measures few aspects in each subject not the real ability that each student
has. It is where the learning methods should focus on the multiples intelligences
to be applied in students and make the most of the abilities of each to really learn
something. Most of the schools believe that traditional academic tests are used to
know what students learned, but many people disagree because in many cases
those students did not really learn anything. Tests are useful to memorize the topic
that the teacher explained to them. In many cases students are able to do a test
and get good grades but later when they need to do the same exercise they
cannot because they had memorized the exercise instead of learning how develop
the exercise. As a result, the main tests purpose should not be other than the
learning improvement. However, the actual academic system is not like that. Most
students never receive real benefits from a test. It is only for them one more
requirement in the school and far away from being a major part of the learning
process. A grade is a label that tells how the students is doing tests. These
students cannot even clearly understand through many tests if they understood
the topic to apply their knowledge at any time. It is here where the learning
methods should focus on the multiples intelligences of each student to find another
way to really measure what the students learned. If the learning process is
correctly measured and the tests are designed by the students intelligences, they
could learn and get good grades. This change would be like a win win in a
business relationship. (Cassidy and Smith)
Conclusion

It is a fact that most of the high schools practice the different learning styles
such as Visual, Auditory, Reading/Writing, and Kinesthetic. This practice is
something natural, given for each academic program development. At the same
time these schools do not deeply know all students different multiples
intelligences. They just follow a traditional method and do tests invented many
years ago. It is important to emphasize that multiples intelligences are not the
same as learning styles. Furthermore, high schools do not know how a teacher
can combine different learning styles based on every student multiple
intelligences. It is more obvious when every student has different teachers for
each class. In spite of the fact that every student is evaluated by their teachers
through traditional test, all students are evaluated with the same test. So, if every
student has different intelligences how can they be evaluated with the same test?
In addition, could the traditional method practiced for years, be the reason why
many students feel frustration for not understanding a topic and as result get bad
grades?

My suggestion for this situation is schools should combine all learning styles
in all classes and design tests to know what kind of intelligences are predominant
for every student to learn before starting an academic program. Also, there could
be a big benefit for the students because they could realize their strengths to learn
better. This new kind of test and the appropriate use of learning styles could
enable the students to get better academic achievements scores in their higher
educational program. Moreover, this practice could help to design tests to
measure student knowledge about the same topic but in different way depending
on the student and help them to learn more.
 Works Cited

Cassidy, Simon Learning Styles: An overview of theories, models, and

measures. Published online: October 5, 2010.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0144341042000228834?src=re
csys Accessed 8 June, 2017.
Countryman, Amanda. Adopting teaching strategies to accommodate different
learning styles. North American Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture
Journal. March, 2017.
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T002&resultListType=RESUL
T_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&searchType=BasicSearchForm&c
urrentPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CA490986821&docType=Article&sort=Re
levance&contentSegment=&prodId=AONE&contentSet=GALE%7CA49098
6821&searchId=R3&userGroupName=tel_p_plndc&inPS=true Accessed 9
June, 2017.
Gardner, Howard. Multiples Intelligences New Horizons. First Edition 1993
Copyright 2006 by Howard Gardner. Published by Basic Books.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=es&lr=&id=8K54fg6YU4EC&oi=fnd&pg
=PR7&dq=gardner+theory&ots=mojI9wymaM&sig=O2q38SerIKEsAtGakx1
gjTQcNCQ#v=onepage&q=gardner%20theory&f=false Accessed 7 June,
2017.
Kisslinger, Ellen. How We Each Learn Best. Contemporary Topics Academic
Listening and Note- Taking Skills. Publisher Michael Rost Series Editor
pp.42-49.
Mehboob,-Ul-Hassan and Rafaqat, Ali Akbar. Learning Styles and their
Relationship with Achievement of English Scores from Higher Secondary
Schools and Colleges Students of District Lahore. 31 December, 2013.
Journal of Educational Research.
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T002&resultListType=RESUL
T_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&searchType=BasicSearchForm&c
urrentPosition=7&docId=GALE%7CA480713122&docType=Report&sort=R
elevance&contentSegment=&prodId=AONE&contentSet=GALE%7CA4807
13122&searchId=R3&userGroupName=tel_p_plndc&inPS=true Accessed
10 June, 2017.
Schmeck, Ronald Ray. Learning Strategies and Learning Styles. 11 November,
2013.
https://books.google.com/books?hl=es&lr=&id=5wzyBwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&p
g=PA3&dq=kinds+of+learning+styles&ots=q9y6_Vwg7&sig=_BVHBPmqlfV
85aXPWRYgNggvN1o#v=onepage&q=kinds%20of%20learning%20styles&f
=false Accessed 8 June, 2017.
Smith, Linda H and Renzulli, Joseph S. Learning style preferences: A practical
approach for classroom teachers. Published online: October 5, 2010.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00405848409543088 Accessed
10 June, 2017.
Yum, Hea Young. Learning Style Preferences. Linguistics, 5-1, 75-84.1997.
http://cm620.cafe24.com/data/thesis/1157517846373.pdf Accessed 8 June,
2017.
 Animal Right Vs Medical Researches
Ali Albrahim (Saudi Arabia)

The world has tremendously developed and changed

recently. This change is reflected in many different
sciences such as geographical, linguistic, botanical and
medical sciences. One way that medical science was
developed was by using animals in medical researches.
Animal experimentation, which is also called animal
research, has a wide variety of studies going from simple
studies that are based on observation of animals to understand more about them
to pure and applied research (Animal Experimentation). Animals that are used in
pure research are studied for their developmental biology, genetics, as well as
ethology which studies the way animals behave, communicate, and their instincts
(Animal Experimentation). The second one, applied research, studies medical
research, drug testing, toxicology studies, and xenotransplantation that uses
animals' organs for transplantation into humans' bodies (Animal Experimentation).
From one to another, there are different opinions about using animals in medical
research. As a result of the enormous number of benefits that have been proven,
there are many people who support animal experimentation. However, in spite of
these benefits, a lot of others believe that using animals is not the right method to
develop medical sciences.

Why Use Animals

Why are animals used in medical research? This is a controversial question. On

one hand, there are people who disagree with animal experimentation for moral
reasons. That is what pushes them to be against any justification people who are
in the side of animal experimentation give. However, there are numerous reasons
that support using animals in medical research. One of the most prominent of
them is that some animals' structure of their body is exceedingly similar to a
human's body. That contributes to advancing scientific understanding, studying
diseases, evaluating and developing potential types of treatments, and protecting
the safety of humans, animals, and environments.
 When scientists need to understand what happens in the living creatures'
bodies, they turn to animal experimentation (Why Animals Are Used). According to
the same source, it is extremely difficult, and impossible in some points, to replace
using animals in medical research with any alternative solution. Many studies had
been done about using animals in medical research before 2003. However, animal
experimentation became significant after human genome mapping, which was
completed in that year, showed the huge genetic commonalities that were
between humans and animals (Animal Experimentation). There were man kinds of
animals that were used in that genome mapping to find out which were the closest
animals' structures to the human's body. The study showed that chimpanzees
DNA was at least 98.4% the same as humans (Animal Experimentation). That
similarity had the biggest percentage of similarity with human. There was massive
similarities from Gorillas. The genetic structure of Gorillas was at least 97%
consistent with human (Animal Experimentation). The genome of cats and dogs
also were shared with human in Pre-Sequencing of the genomes that was done in
2007. While cats shared 90% of their genomes with humans, dogs shared
approximately 82% (Animal Experimentation). Moreover, a lot of cell processes in
animals body are the same in almost every kind of animals, and their body does
almost the same ways human's body does to perform a lot of vital functions such
as digestion, breathing, sight, hearing, movement, and reproduction (Why animals
are used).

Treatment, the job of doctors, needs a completed understanding and

awareness of the way living creatures work, and doctors use the understanding in
a way that benefits both humans and animals (Why Animals Are Used). Scientists
understanding increased greatly with those genetic similarities which has
increased their interest of animal experimentation (Animal Experimentation).
Studying and finding out the differences and similarities between various animals
is an effective way to develop and expand scientific knowledge (Why Animals Are
Used). A positive factor that makes dealing with animal research in hand-hold is
that the sophistication of animals does not matter. Simple animals can be used to
understand and treat some complex biological systems in a human's body like
nervous or immune systems because these systems work with the same way in
almost all animals (Why Animals Are Used). The giant squid axon can be an
example for that due to the huge amount of information that has been learned
about the function of neurons as a consequence of study (Why Animals Are
Used).

There are many common diseases between humans and animals. Therefore,
Scientists use animal models for studying and observing of human illness (Why
animals are used). According to the same source, there are a lot of examples that
show those diseases. One of them is the suffering of rabbits from atherosclerosis.
Also, rabbits have emphysema as a shared disease with human, and they have
spina bifida. Cancer, diabetes, cataracts, ulcers and bleeding disorders such as
hemophilia are common diseases between dogs and humans. This sharing of
diseases does not just aid the understanding of scientists, but it also makes them
able to try some potential therapies that are impossible to be applied in humans
before proving their effectiveness. Observing and studying illnesses in animals is
an effective way to develop new technologies and medications which are useful for
both humans and animals (Why Animals Are Used). Those kinds of symmetries
were what made scientists depend on animal experimentations.

Another reason that explains why animals are used in medical research is
that scientists needs to be sure that their medications are not harmful, so they
keep the safety of humans. Any new medication requires an exam that shows the
positive and negative impact of it, and that exam will not have accurate results
unless it is applied in a whole system of a body, not just an isolated tissue or
organ. Subsequently, it is necessary to try medications in models before making
humans use them so that scientists can know about the consequences that will be
given by using those medications in humans' body before clinical trials in humans
can be coordinated (Why Animals Are Used). Manufacturers say that they use
animal testing to avoid making their products risky for human. Also, they say that
they are required by the law to use animals' experimentation because their
products have some type of warning unless they are adequately substantiated for
safety and there is no way to have evidence for safety except animals testing
(Collin).
 These benefits of depending on animal's experimentations play a significant
role in the contribution to making using animals in medical research an ethical
solution to benefit the humanity.

With Using Animals

Due to all those positive results that benefit humans, the number of people
who support using animals in medical research has tremendously increased.
Subsequently, animal's experimentation is adequately satisfied with supports, and
to advance any kind of scientific direction, it must be financed with logical and
adequate supports, especially when there are many opposed sides. However,
animal's experimentation has become the most common method of supporting
medical sciences.

Every year, approximately seventy million animals are used for research just
in the USA, and there are various organizations that used animals in this manner
including private research institutions, household chemical product and cosmetics
companies, government agencies, colleges and universities, and medical centers.
Cosmetics such as lipstick, eye shadow, or soap, waxes, and oven cleaner may
tested on animals (Collin). Most of them say that they do not use animals to test
their products, but in fact they use them to see how harmful their products are
(Collin). Individuals on the affirmative side protect their position by saying that they
just use the minimum amount of effectiveness in animals that they need for their
research. AS long as there is not another option and the impact on animals is kept
to the minimum, it is acceptable to use animal experimentation in medical research
(Blakemore).

Those who are with using animal's experimentations support their position
well with what they think benefits both humans and indirectly animals.

Against Using Animals

Irrespective of those increased numbers of animals that are used in medical

research, there are some people who stand up in the opposed side of using
animals in that method. It is definitely not easy to be against an idea that has
numerous evidences which prove that that idea benefits humanity, and that makes
people who are with animals' rights have difficult circumstances to support
stopping using animals in medical research. Since the beginning of animal
experimentation, it has been an effective part of science. However, people who
support animal rights are extremely against using animals for testing and research.
They support protecting animals by the way human protect themselves (Collin).

Animal rights advocates' emotions were working against the idea of using
animals in medical research, and this made them suggest finding alternative ways
that are devoid of animal experimentation to study animal's behaviors (Animal
Experimentation) Those advocates who disagreed with using animal testing
believed that using some human alternatives was cheaper and more effective.
Moreover, it saves an animal's right and life. In their opinion, the most prominent
human alternatives were computer models and the using of isolated animal parts
(Collin). For instance, there has been a test that has been done for a rabbit. It was
put in a box with a kind of gas, and if that gas did not escape, the eyes of rabbit
got bigger. Animal rights advocates say that using a computer model or an eye
from a dead rabbit was going to save that rabbit from suffering and give the
sciences the same results! (Collin).

Those people also understand the needs of using animal's experimentations

sometimes. Otherwise, they are still against the way scientists use animals in their
research. The ways people who use animals for their researches are cruel;
consequently, animals suffer a lot. Also, it is outdated because they are able to
develop new methods that are less painful (Collin). Moreover, they believe that
there is kind of exaggerations of animals' numbers that are using in medical
researches. In the USA, the number of research on chimpanzees that were funded
by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has tremendously reduced in 2013 from
1000 to just 50 federally funded chimpanzee research subjects after the NUH had
asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to estimate the funding US will pay for
biomedical research on chimps. The report that IOM made showed that most the
medical research on chimpanzees was unnecessary. Also, the report
recommended that limitation of chimpanzees use in biomedical research should
be implemented (Latham).
 Animals' rights advocates might not waive claiming to stop using animals in
medical research unless they find a moderate using of them.

The Researcher opinion

Because it has been proven that animal experimentation is an effective

method to develop medical science fields, people who consider about the benefits
humans may get support using animals in medical research. On another hand,
there are some who disagree with that irrespective of all the benefits. They believe
that animals have their right the same as humans do.

Everything in the universe was created to serve humans. Any galaxy in

space is there to present kind of balance which creates suitable circumstances for
the Earth so that humans can have in an appropriate situation for living their life.
The sun also is there to warm the Earth which in the end ends in humans'
interests. Anything in the Earth, including animals, were also created to assist
humans. However, that does not mean that there is not any problem with
squandering these sources that support humans obscenely. People should get all
the benefits they need from animals without exploiting them negatively.

Work Citation
"Animal Experimentation." The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, edited by
Jacqueline L. Longe, 3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2016, pp. 48-51. Gale Virtual
Reference Library. Web Accessed 22 May 2017.
Blakemore, Colin. "'2.5 rodents is a fair price to pay for medical progress'." Times .
Higher Education Supplement, no. 1637, 2004, p. 20+. Academic OneFile,
Accessed 2 May 2017.
Collin, Robert William. "Animals Used For Testing and Research." Encyclopedia of
Contemporary American Social Issues. Web. Accessed 2 May 2017.
Latham, Stephen R. "III. Law and Policy [Addendum]." Bioethics, edited by Bruce
Jennings, 4th ed., vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2014, p. 239. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. Accessed 21 May 2017.
"Why Animals are Used." AnimalResearch.Info. Web. Accessed 21 May 2017

https://prezi.com/view/lcYHJHeKm2hfIunutHAl/
 Being Bilingual
Karenn (Guatemala)

Learning another language is not only learning different words for the same
things, but learning another way to think about things. (Flora Lewis). The interest to
know about foreign places, the culture, traditions, and language has increased. Its
common to see many people traveling around the world, considering that traveling has
been one of the biggest reasons of globalization. Consequently, more bilinguals are
needed. Nowadays, learning a new language is important for new generations. Some
middle schools, elementary schools, high schools and universities require students to
know a second language or learn a second language. But, why should people become
bilingual? Becoming a bilingual is like being born again. A new born child can
contemplate the world by seeing, listening and touching. While the child is growing up,
knowledge is growing as well. A similar situation happens when someone is learning a
new language. The first step is to be a spotter, then to be a listener, after that use body
language. Are these actions like a baby? Of course, and when both the baby and the
person who is becoming bilingual are ready, they can formulate a beautiful sentence so
that they can express feelings, opinions and other things. Furthermore, being bilingual
open doors to many opportunities. There are some benefits than occur as a person is
learning a second language; a brain can change the way it functions, its a new world
with new expressions, new socio-cultural situations, and can benefit health; however,
learning a second language is not an easy task, it requires some factors that aid during
the process of learning.

First, bilingualism is a concept used to describe the proficiency to speak in two

different languages. Bilingualism is not an innovative idea. For instance, in the age of
Roman Empire many people spoke in their native language even though the dominant
language was Latin. Nowadays, bilinguals can be seen in stores, schools, restaurants,
gyms, transports, hospitals, or government businesses. Bilingualism has opened ways
to construct bridges between nations. There are different types of bilinguals that depend
on the situation they are living. There are balanced bilinguals who demonstrate equally
in their both languages, they solve tasks in school proficiently. There are the transitional
bilinguals who speak their native language more than the second language. Usually
they are good in some tasks related with the second language but they are not masters.
Also, there are emergent bilinguals. These are the people who are novices in the
second language, and they are still learning basic concepts of the second languages
(Rodriguez, Diane, Angela & Kyung, 2014).

Additionally, some countries acknowledge the importance of being bilingual. In

fact, some of them have promoted bilingualism in their countries by creating some
programs. Countries like Hungary and Hong Kong have programs for foreign language
instruction. Norway and Netherlands have programs for immigrant children. China,
Sweden, Australia, and Mexico have programs for indigenous minorities. Finally
Denmark, Belgium, Germany, Finland, Canada, and Ireland have programs for
language minority and majority students. (Rodriguez, Diane, Angela & Kyung, 2014).
Bilingualism is a worldwide phenomenon!

Second, the brain can change by learning a second language. When a

monolingual brain begins to change to a bilingual brain the way to process information
is getting better, For instance, Penn State University in the USA conducted a research
based on 39 participants of different ages. The volunteers were English Speakers. Half
of the volunteers had to submit to an investigation about the reaction that the brain has
by learning a second language, in this case learning Chinese vocabulary. The other part
was chosen to compare changes with the other group by the end of six weeks. This
process was accomplished by the method of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(fMRI). fMRI is a method that can detect changes in the brain using magnetic
resonance to see the neuronal activity that a brain has when it submitted to a task. After
six weeks researchers found that the half of people who were submitted to learn
Mandarin had changes in the brain. The networking function in the brains worked faster
that the students who didnt submit to learn Chinese (Indivero, 2014).

Additionally, being a bilingual exercises memory. The memory performance is

better than before. The function of memory takes the lead during the process of learning
a new language. It works to prolong the time so that the new words can be processed.
This process takes three steeps: coding, storage, and retrieval. Coding is when memory
can identify phonemes and lexemes. Storage occurs when the information is kept in the
non-mesial region, which permits that the words can be called later. This region is
located next to the hippocampus (the center of emotion, memory, and the nervous
system). Finally, retrieval stage is when the words are reactivated to be used (Schutze,
Ulf, 2017). Truly, having fun is not the only reason to learn a new language. Thanks to
science, the benefits that the brain has by being bilingual can be understood.

In addition to biological benefits, there are positives benefits that can affect a
person`s life. Learning a new language improves to be more creative. For instance,
when its necessary to formulate a sentence in a second language a person has to find
alternatives, trying to use the correct grammar to be understood. Furthermore, while a
person is participating in a conversation, he or she develops the attention trying to
understand what the other or others are saying. Also, the way to solve problems is
better. As a result, a person displays an excellent performance in academic areas
related with mathematics, reading, or multitasking when a person performs more than
one action at the same time (Eton Institute. Language & Testing).

Moreover, a person can benefit from learning a second language in order to get a
better job. There are some companies that work with foreign countries that need
bilingual employees. Even if the company is small, speaking a second language will
give people more opportunities than people who speak only their native language. In
fact, in the USA there are telecommunication companies like, AT&T and Comcast that
hire bilingual people in order to offer their guests a pleasant service.

For instance, in New York City was made to 25 bilinguals who were working in
business professional fields were interviewed about the benefits of being bilingual.
(Carrasquillo, 2010). The responses were classified in four sections. First, some people
gave responses that emphasized the aspect of benefits in careers and employment.
They said that they have the ability to communicate with diverse range of guests. They
feel comfortable when they speak with others and they think that there are fewer
possibilities to get fired, and not discarding the high possibility to travel to other
countries. Second, some others answered according to economic benefits. They said
that there are benefits being bilingual by getting job opportunities because of many
companies require the language of the customers and the opportunity to interact with
other business people can open doors to get a better job. Third, some others
emphasized the benefits related with technology when they have access to global and
international information, and they have the ability to translate and communicate
information to business people. Fourth, some of them answered emphasizing
communication and cross-cultural understanding, the opportunity to transfer concepts
and knowledge to another language, the ability to solve problems by analyzing both
languages, and knowing the culture of other business people. Being bilingual can affect
people positively by giving people changes in creativity, attention, comprehension and
even jobs. There are such good advantages that people should considered to start
learning a second language.

In addition, learning a new language sometimes is by choice or it can be by

obligation. Learning a second language is the time to know new people, knowing a new
culture, new expressions, and new customs. In fact, in the USA it is permitted to have
people from different nationalities. Some people from different countries around the
world have moved to the USA because they decided to move there by decision, or
some of them have to immigrate because of social, politic or economic problems. For
example, according to a survey made in 2010 by United States Census Bureau, top
languages other than English have increased their number in the USA since 1980 to
2010. Languages like, Spanish, Italian, German, French, Polish, Chinese, Tagalog,
Greed, Portuguese, Japanese, Yiddish, Korean, Vietnamese, Russian, Serbo-Croatian,
Persian, and Armenian. How many people have had to learn English because is
requiring in schools and universities in United States! Furthermore, learning a new
language is not an easy task. Most of immigrants have had to submit many changes in
their lives that can affect cognitive and socio-emotional. People can be affected
cognitively because they have to understand the different language system. For
instance, alphabets, there are people that have learned to write a new alphabet
because in some countries languages are based on symbols, or figures. In addition,
moving to another country with different language also causes socio-emotional effects
because every culture has its own customs and different way to treat people. Despite
the fact that people submit to many changes by moving to another country, it shows that
learning a new language has increased popularity, even though its made by an
obligation or simply a decision.
 Biological and social changes arent the only benefits. Learning a second
language also causes positive health benefits. Becoming bilingual can postpone
Alzheimers dementia. Alzheimers disease affects many people of approximately 65
years old or older, according to 2010 U.S. Census and Chicago Health and Aging
Project (CHAP). The concept of dementia includes problems in the brain with memory
or problems to solve tasks. Alzheimers disease was named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer
who declared that its a sickness that affects the brain. Alzheimer is the most common
cause of dementia. There are early symptoms like, apathy and depression. Also, some
later symptoms are problems with communication, disorientation, confusion, behavior
changes, and difficulty walking. This disease also can affect people from different ages.
According to Alzheimers Association in the USA, approximately 5.5 millions of
Americans of different ages have suffered of Alzheimer in 2017. The question is how
can learning a second language affects a person to put off Alzheimer? Research
conducted by the American Academic of Neurology in 2010 presented that Alzheimer
can be postponed by being bilingual. Researches perform their experiment with 184
participants during the investigation. These patients were diagnosed with probable
Alzheimer disease. 93 patients were distributed as bilinguals and 91 as monolingual.
The research showed that bilingual patients reported symptoms of dementia 3 or 4
years later than monolinguals patients. Its impressive how being bilingual might avoid
visiting doctors. More people should be interested in learning a new language.

In spite of all these benefits, language acquisition itself is still a mystery. There are
some theories about the acquisition of learning a new language but certainly no one can
really say something about how the acquisition happens. Some people acquire a new
language during childhood, others learn in adulthood. What might be the best age to
learn a new language? Surely, there is no a specific age to learn a new language.
However, there are some factors that influence learning a second language:
environment, attitude, and motivation. For instance, comparing a six years old boy from
China and a thirty year- old American man. The six year-old kid from China moved to
the USA at the same time that the American man began to start learning Chinese. The
six year old boy was speaking English fluently, not perfect but more easily than the
man. This was caused because the kid had to speak English all the time and for the
man it was not an obligation to speak Chinese, the environments were different.
Additionally, the attitude of a person who is learning a second language is very
important. The six year-old kid had enthusiasm to communicate with his friends, and in
childhood is not very important to speak the most formal way to communicate.
Nevertheless, the man didnt have the same enthusiasm because he was worried about
making mistakes. In addition, motivation is one more factor that a learner who is
learning another language has to have present. The kid had motivation in order to play
with his friends. The man had motivation as well, but he still couldnt practice Chinese
all the time because his common language was English (Solrzano, Helen, Laurie
Frazier, 2009). If a person wants to learn another language, its necessary to include
these factors during the process, the environment, the attitude and motivation can help
to develop the language more easily. Becoming bilingual is a hard challenge but is not
impossible if certain factors are part of the procedure.

In conclusion, learning a new language is an excellent choice that people should

consider. Acquiring a second language can cause benefits to the brain; the way to
process information is more successful, a person can receive health benefits, and a
person can have more opportunities than monolinguals because of certain jobs offered
only for bilingual. Nowadays, more people have considered that its necessary to know
another language because of the phenomenon of globalization. Some people have
decided to speak another language because they know the necessity of being bilingual.
However, others are trying to learn a second language because they dont have choice.
In either case, learning another language opens the doors to new expectations, new
horizons. Nevertheless, its necessary to have attitude and motivation in order to
develop the knowledge of a new language. Every language shows the beauty of the
past of a culture. The sounds, the letters, words, meanings are pure qualities that
human should value because these identify every culture in this world. To sum up, if
anyone wants to know the world, he or she should learn a second language.
 Sources

Alzheimers Disease. Alzheimers Society, United Against Dementia.

https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/info/20007/types_of_dementia/2/alzheimers_disease
Delaying the Onset of Alzheimer Disease. The Official Journal of the American Academy of
Neurology. 9 November 2010. Web. 9 June 2017.
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033609/>
Hippocampus English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Web. 11 June 2017.
<https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/hippocampus>
Prevalence of Alzheimers and Other Dementias in the United States. Alzheimers Disease
Facts and Figures. Alzheimers Association. 2017:18. Web. 10 June 2017.
<https://www.alz.org/documents_custom/2017-facts-and-figures.pdf>
The Benefits of Being Bilingual. The National Center on Cultural and Linguistic
Responsiveness. Education Development Center, Inc. NCCLRinfo@edc.org. Web. 8 June
2017. <https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/hslc/tta-system/cultural-linguistic/fcp/docs/benefits-
of-being-bilingual.pdf>
Top 10 Benefits of Learning a Foreign Language. Eton Institute. Language & Testing. Web. 27
Mayo 2017. <https://etoninstitute.com/blog/top-10-benefits-of-learning foreign-language>
Top 100 Companies for Bilingual Jobs. Flexjobs. Web. 8 June 2017.
<https://www.flexjobs.com/company-guide/bilingual-jobs>
Top Language Other than English Spoken in 1980 and Changes in Relative Rank,1990- 2010.
United States Census Bureau. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.>
Gore, John C. Principles and Practice of Functional MRI of the Human Brain. National Center
for Biotechnology Information. 1 July 2003. Web. 11 June 2017.
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC162295/>
Indivero, Victoria M. Learning Languages is a Workout for Brains, both Young and Old. The
Pennsylvania State University. 12 Nov. 2014. Web 9 June 2017.
<http://news.psu.edu/story/334349/2014/11/12/research/learning-languages workout-
brains-both-young-and-old>
Lewis, Benny. 12 Reasons Everyone Should Learn another Language. Fluent in 3 Months.
Web. 27. Mayo 2017. <https://www.fluentin3months.com/why-learn-another-language/>
Marschark, Marc & Patricia Elizabeth Spencer. Oxford Library of Psychology: Preface, On
Language in Life. New York: Oxford University, 2016. Print.
Rodrguez, Diane, Angela Carrrasquillo, and Kyung Soon Lee. The Bilingual Advantage. New
York: Teachers College, 2014: 8,16-19. Print. Web. 9 June 2017.
<https://books.google.com/books?id=ZK47BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&dq=bilingual
benefits&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim2tXdjLHUAhXC6oMKHc9MBl84ChDAQg0MAM#
v=onepage&q=bilingual%20benefits&f=false>
Schutze, Ulf. Language Learning and the Brain. United Kingdom: University Printing House,
Cambridge CB2 8BS, 2017: 25. Print. Web. 27 May 2017.
<https://books.google.com/books?id=DMPeDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&
dq=how+memory+works+when+we+learn+a+new+language&source=bl&ots=rCrmZD1ygI
&sig=_o0R-InQgr8S24jSfU-
byxIlnvc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjD9M_j6IPUAhWJ14MKHQSmDsA4FBDoAQgvMAI
#v=onepage&q=memory&f=false>
Solrzano, Helen, Laurie Frazier. Contemporary Topics 1. Academic Listening and Note-Talking
Skills. Third Edition. New York: Pearson Education, 2009: 12-19. Print
 Early Marriage
Negar (Iran)

Early marriage is defined as the union between two people in which one of
them or both are younger than 18 years old. Some people might think that early
marriage empower young people especially girls with information, skills and
services they need to be healthy, educated and safe. Some other people believe
that early marriage has detrimental consequences on young people health.
According to some research in 2005-2006, almost half (47%) of a nationally
representative sample of women aged 20-24 reported having married before age
18. The proportion is between 50% and 70% in several states. (Jain S and Kurz)
Also, an average of 40,000 children and young women under the age of 18 are
married every day. This is around 15 million each year. (Their world) It is
absolutely clear that millions of children and young people particularly girls
suffer negative consequences. Below evidences express significant negative
aspects of early marriage.

One consequence of early marriage is inability to read and write. Most of us

know that the key to girls progress is education and learning. When young people
are married early, it can have a major impact on their ability to get an education.
Early marriage tends to curtail young women's educational opportunities, and
those who marry early tend to have low levels of educational attainment. More
than 60% of child brides in developing countries have no formal education. (Their
world) Some of them may never go to school as a child and be forced to marry
and many of them who become a bride, have few prospects to complete their
education or go to higher level of education. On the other hand, early marriage
makes young people be dependent on their husbands. They may never try to
promote their level of working and making money for themselves. They put every
financial duty to the husband, and it actually decrease the woman's role of working
in society. Addressing child marriage as part of working towards universal
education and protection of girls and women is essential. If we do not accelerate
efforts to protect girls, by 2030 there will be 850 million girls and women who have
been affected by child marriage. (Their world) Persuading parents to keep their
daughters in school and ensuring that they receive a basic education, as is their
right, is important for having more happy and healthy girls in society.

The other negative aspect of early marriage is on children's growth. There

are social problems which result from the fact that the young girl has no say in
choosing her husband beside her ability or face her responsibilities as a wife and a
mother. Most of the time parents can't take care of children because they are still
young and they still need to develop their attitude. Actually they need to have more
experience. Besides their development and growth, they need to teach their
children right and wrong things. Sometimes they cannot take an appropriate
decision in a hard situation. All these behaviors in children are harmful and cause
lots of mental illnesses, aggression and depression. Many girls are unhappy and
disappointed because of forcing to do something that they dont want. Girls who
run away from unhappy marriages need emergency support, as do those running
away from parents forcing them into an unwanted marriage, or punishing them for
entering a partnership without their permission. In Kenya, for example, an
enterprising Maisa woman helps such girls find refuge in the boarding school she
has created in the town of Kajiado. Their rescue is often organized with the help of
mothers who are willing to help them not only for mental health but also help them
to stay there because they dont have any home. Very recently, the situation of
children in need of special protection, notably girls vulnerable to sexual abuse and
HIV/AIDS, suggests that early marriage is being used as a strategy to protect girls
from sexual exposure. (Final Report on National Baseline Survey of Positive and
Harmful Traditional Practices Affecting Women and Girls in Nigeria (1998), Centre
for Gender and Social Policy Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife.)
However, extravagant studies of African populations (Nunn AJ, Kengeya, Kayondo
JF and Malamba SS) show that marriage by age 18 has become a risk factor for
HIV infection for young and adolescent girls (Joint United Nations Program). A
study in Kenya demonstrated that married girls had a 50% higher likelihood than
unmarried girls of becoming infected with HIV. This risk was even higher (59%) in
Zambia. In Uganda, the HIV prevalence rate for girls 1519 years of age was
higher for married (89%) than single girls (66%); for those 1529 years of age, HIV
prevalence was 28% for married and 15% for single girls. (Kelly RJ)

Third negative aspect of early marriage is child marriage

often has devastating consequences on girls health. It encourages the initiation of
sexual activity at an age when girls bodies are still developing and when they
know little about their rights or their sexual and reproductive health. . The teenage
mother is particularly prone to anemia, and her body will not be fully developed.
Typically, she will have four percent of her height to gain, and most importantly,
her pelvis will be only 82-88 percent of its fully-grown width. It is unsurprising that
the incidence of maternal death during childbirth--usually attributed to obstructed
labor is particularly high for this age group. Studies have shown that 15-to 19-year-
old mothers are twice as likely to die in childbirth as mothers aged between 20 and
24 and that girls under 15 have a five- to seven-times greater chance of dying
during pregnancy and childbirth than those in their early twenties. (Gosse)

In one hand, some families marry their daughters at a young age to avoid
more expensive payments. They think that poor families should marry their
daughters to allow parents to reduce family expenses by ensuring they have one
fewer person to feed, clothe and educate. Despite this belief, Girls who marry
young are less likely to receive the education they need to live a healthy and
empowered life. Without an education, they are less able to earn a safe and
adequate income that would lift themselves and their families out of poverty. Some
other people believe that if a girl does not marry early and stays in school, she is
likely to be healthier and wealthier and she can spend her income into her family.
An extra year of primary education for girls boost their future earnings by 15%, a
figure that only increases with the level of education. (Psacharopoulos and
Patrinos)

To sum up, disadvantages of early marriage causes the number of

divorces for the failure of the two partners in life. The ignorance of the girl of their
duties and their rights and problems of early marriage is also that children do not
know the meaning of marriage and what the duties are married. Imagine when the
wife is a child and are subjected to pregnancy and childbirth and give birth to a
baby is do not know the methods of education and do not know how to care for
this baby. Most girls who are unhappy in an imposed marriage are very isolated.
They have nobody to talk to as they are surrounded by people who endorse their
situation. Many people believe that because they are themselves looking for a
mentor and more experience to know. Among this marriage it also brings various
types of psychological problems, sexual problems on children and parents and
maybe sometimes death of parents. Furthermore, divorce rates of early marriage
has increased lately. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), found that nationally, 59% of marriages to women who were younger than
18 at the time of marriage will end in divorce within 15 years. In other words,
nearly two thirds of all marriages to teenaged women fail within two decades. In
my opinion, ending child marriage requires work across all sectors and at all
levels. It requires us to understand the complex drivers behind the practice in
different contexts. We should work to change attitudes in families and in societies
at large, extend opportunities for childhood learning and education, offer
appropriate support to families and children, and seek all children girls and boys
recognized as valuable members of society rather than economic burdens. For
instance, parents have to allow their children to first, complete their education.
Education can empower girls and it can develop their attitude about significant
human rights in life. Parents can also let them follow their dream to become
mature, not only from the mental aspect, but also psychically. Secondly, let them
to decide for themselves. Married with someone who they love can help them to
be always happy and satisfy in their life. Furthermore, government should advance
families situation and poor family to don't marry their children to someone who can
support family in contrast of giving him their daughters.
 Sources

1- Jain S and Kurz K, New Insights on Preventing Child Marriage: A Global

Analysis of Factors and Programs, Washington, DC: ICRW, 2007.
2- Their World, Child Marriage, 2014
3- Joint United Nations Program on HIV and AIDS World AIDS Campaign
2004: women, girls, HIV and AIDS, 2006 Aug 31
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