Solcap6 PDF

6.
17 (contd)
n 1 mol @ 15C,
383.1 mm Hg
0.0258 mols @ 200C,
y1 (mol H2 O (v)/mol) (satd)
760 mm Hg
(1-y1 ) (mol dry air/mol)
0.20 H2 O mol /mol
0.80 mol air/mol n 2 mol H2 O (l)
Saturation Condition: y1 =
b
p *H2 O 15 C g = 12.79 mm Hg = 0.03339 mol H O mol
2
P 383.1 mm Hg
c. b g b
Dry air balance: 0.800 0.0258 = n1 1 0.03339 n1 = 0.02135 mol g
Total mole balance: 0.0258 = 0.02135 + n 2 n 2 = 0.00445 mol
0.00445 mol 18.02 g
Mass of water condensed = = 0.0802 g
mol
6.18 Basis: 1 mol feed

3
V1(m ) n2 (mol), 15.6C, 3 atm 100C, 3 atm
heat
1 mol, 90C, 1 atm y 2 (mol H 2O (v)/mol)(sat'd) n2 (mol)
3
0.10 mol H O2 (v)/mol (1 y 2) (mol DA/mol) V2(m )
0.90 mol dry air/mol
n3 (mol) H 2O( l), 15.6C, 3 atm
Saturation: y2 =
b
p *H2 O 15.6 C g Table B.3
y2 =
13.29 mm Hg atm
= 0.00583
P 3 atm 760 mm Hg
bg b g
Dry air balance: 0.90 1 = n 2 1 0.00583 n 2 = 0.9053 mol
H O mol balance: 0.10b1g = 0.00583b 0.9053g + n

2 3 n3 = 0.0947 mol
0.0947 mol condensed

Fraction H 2 O condensed: = 0.947 mol condense mol fed
0100
. mol fed
hr =
y2 P 100% 0.00583 3 atm
=
b
100% = 1.75%
g
b
p 100 C g 1 atm
6-9
http://librosysolucionarios.net
6.18 (contd)
V2 =
0.9053 mol 22.4 L STP b g 373K 1 atm 1 m3
3
= 9.24 10 3 m 3 outlet air @ 100 C
mol 273K 3 atm 10 L
V1 =
1 mol 22.4 L STP b g 363K 1 m3
= 2 .98 10 2 m 3 feed air @ 90 C
mol 273K 10 3 L
V2 9.24 10 3 m 3 outlet air
= 2
= 0.310 m 3 outlet air m 3 feed air
V1 2.98 10 m feed air
3
6.19 Liquid H 2 O initially present:

25 L 1.00 kg
L
1 kmol
18.02 kg
= 1.387 kmol H 2 O l bg
Saturation at outlet: y H2 O =
b
p *H2 O 25 C g= 23.76 mm Hg
= 0.0208 mol H 2 O mol air
P 1.5 760 mm Hg
0.0208
= 0.0212 mol H 2 O mol dry air
1 0.0208
b g
15 L STP 1 mol
= 0.670 mol dry air min
Flow rate of dry air:
min 22.4 L STPb g
0.670 mol dry air 0.0212 mol H 2 O
Evaporation Rate: = 0.0142 mol H 2 O min
min mol dry air
Complete Evaporation:
1.387 kmol 10 3 mol
kmol
min
0.0142 mol 60 min
1h
= 1628 h b67.8 daysg
7.069 103 ft 3 7.481 gal
6.20 a. Daily rate of octane use = 302 (18 8) = = 5.288 104 gal / day
4 day ft 3
5.288 10 4 gal 1 ft 3 0.703 62.43 lb m
( SG ) C8 H18 = 0.703 day 7.481 gal ft 3
= 3.10 10 5 lb m C 8 H 18 / day
b.
0.703 62 .43 lb m 32.174 ft 1 lb f (18 - 8) ft 29.921 in Hg
p = lb ft = 6.21 in Hg
ft 3 s2 32.174 m2 14.696 lb f / in 2
s
20.74 mm Hg 14.696 psi

c. Table B.4: p *C8 H18 (90 o F) = = 0.40 lb f / in 2 = p octane = y octane P
760 mm Hg
Octane lost to environment = octane vapor contained in the vapor space displaced by liquid
during refilling.
5.288 10 4 gal 1 ft 3
Volume: = 7069 ft 3
7.481 gal
6-10
6.20 (contd)
pV (16.0 + 14.7) psi 7069 ft 3
Total moles: n = = = 36.77 lb - moles
RT 10.73 ft 3 psi / (lb - mole o R) (90 + 460) o R
pC H 0.40 psi
Mole fraction of C 8 H18 : y = 8 18 = = 0.0130 lb - mole C 8 H18 / lb - mole
P (16.0 + 14.7) psi
Octane lost = 0.0130( 36.77 ) lb - mole = 0.479 lb - mole (= 55 lb m = 25 kg)
d. A mixture of octane and air could ignite.
6.21 a. Antoine equation p tol

*
(85o F) = p tol
*
(29.44 o C) = 35.63 mmHg = p tol
p tol 35.63 mmHg
Mole fraction of toluene in gas: y = = = 0.0469 lb - mole toluene / lb - mole
P 760 mmHg
yPV
Toluene displaced = yntotal =
RT
0.0469 lb - mole tol 1 atm 900 gal 1 ft 3 92.13 lb m tol
= ft atm
3
lb - mole 0.7302 (85 + 460) o R 7.481 gal lb - mole

lb - mole o R
= 1.31 lb m toluene displaced
b.
Basis: 1mol n V (mol) Assume G is

0.0469 mol C7 H8 (v)/mol y (mol C7 H8 (v)/mol) noncondensable
0.9531 mol G/mol (1-y) (mol G/mol)
T(o F), 5 atm
n L [mol C7 H8 (l)]
90% of C7 H8 in feed
90% condensation n L = 0.90( 0.0469 )(1) mol C 7 H 8 = 0.0422 mol C 7 H 8 ( l )
Mole balance: 1 = nV + 0.0422 nV = 0.9578 mol

Toluene balance: 0.0469(1) = y ( 0.9578 ) + 0.0422 y = 0.004907 mol C 7 H 8 / mol
Raoults law: p tol = yP = (0.004907 )(5 760) = 18.65 mmHg = p tol

*
(T )
Antoine equation:
B C ( A log 10 p* ) 1346.773 219.693(6.95805 log10 18.65)

T= = = 17.11o C=62.8 o F
A log10 p * 6.95805 log10 18.65
6-11
&
VP 100 m 3 kmol K 2 atm
6.22 a. Molar flow rate: n& = = = 6.53 kmol / h
RT h 82.06 10 m atm (100 + 273) K
-3 3
b. Antoine Equation:
1175.817
log 10 p *Hex (100C)=6.88555- = 3.26601
100+224.867
p * = 1845 mm Hg
0.150(2.00) atm 760 mm Hg

p Hex = y Hex P = = 228 mm Hg < p *Hex not saturated
atm
1175.817
p *Hex (T ) = 228 mm Hg log10 228=6.88555- = 2.35793 T = 34.8C
T+224.867
n V (kmol/h)
c. y (kmol C6 H14 (v)/kmol), satd
(1-y) (kmol N2 /kmol)
6.53 kmol/h T (o C), 2 atm
0.15 C6 H14 (v)
0.85 N2
n L (kmol C6 H14 (l)/h)
80% of C6 H14 in feed
80% condensation: n L = 0.80(0.15)(6.53 kmol / h) = 0.7836 kmol C 6 H 14 ( l) / h

Mole balance: 6.53 = nV + 0.7836 nV = 5.746 kmol / h
Hexane balance:
0.15(6.53) = y (5.746 ) + 0.7836 y = 0.03409 kmol C 6 H 14 / kmol
Raoults law: p Hex = yP = ( 0.03409)(2 760 mmHg) = 51.82 mmHg = p *Hex (T )
1171530
.
. = 6.87776
Antoine equation: log10 5182 T = 2.52 o C
T + 224.366
6.23 Let H=n-hexane
a. n&1 ( kmol / min)

0.05 kmol H(v)/kmol, satd
0.95 kmol N2 /kmol
n& 0 ( kmol / min) Condenser T (o C), 1 atm
y 0 (kmol H(v)/kmol
(1-y 0 ) (kmol N2 /kmol)
80o C, 1 atm, 50% rel. satn 1.50 kmol H(l)/min
50% relative saturation at inlet: y o P = 0.500 p *H (80 o C)
Table B.4 (0.500)(1068 mmHg)

yo = = 0.703 kmolH / kmol
760 mmHg
Saturation at outlet: 0.05 P = p *H (T1 ) p *H ( T1 ) = 0.05(760 mmHg) = 38 mmHg
6-12
6.23 (contd)
1175.817
Antoine equation: log 10 38 = 6.88555 T1 = 3.26o C
T1 + 224.867
Mole balance: n&0 = n&1 + 150

. UV RSn& = 2.18 kmol / min
0
N 2 balance: (1 0.703)n&0 = 0.95n& W Tn& = 0.682 kmol / min
1 1
(0.95)0.682 kmol 22.4 m 3 (STP )

N2 volume: V&N 2 = = 14.5 SCMM
min kmol
b. Assume no condensation occurs during the compression

V&1 (m3 / min)
0.682 kmol/min
0.05 H(v), satd
0.95 N2
V&0 ( m 3 / min )
T1 (o C), 10 atm
2.18 kmol/min 2.18 kmol/min
Compressor Condenser
0.703 H(v) 0.703 H(v)
0.297 N2 0.297 N2
80o C, 1 atm T0 (o C), 10 atm, 50% R.S.
1.5 kmol H(l)/min
50% relative saturation at condenser inlet:
0.500 p *H (T0 ) = 0.703(7600 mmHg) p *H (T0 ) = 1.068 10 4 mmHg Antoine T0 = 187 o C
Saturation at outlet: 0.050(7600 mmHg) = 380 mmHg = p *H (T1 ) Antoine T1 = 48.2 C
V&1 n1R T1 / P n1 (T1 + 273.2) 0.682 kmol/min 321 K m 3 out

Volume ratio : = = = = 0.22 3
V&0 n0 RT0 / P n0 (T0 + 273.2) 2.18 kmol/min 460 K m in
c. The cost of cooling to 3.24 o C (installed cost of condenser + utilities and other operating
costs) vs. the cost of compressing to 10 atm and cooling at 10 atm.
6.24 a. Maximum mole fraction of nonane achieved if all the liquid evaporates and none escapes.
(SG)nonane
15 L C 9 H 20 (l ) 0.718 1.00 kg kmol
n max = = 0.084 kmol C 9 H 20
L C 9 H 20 128.25 kg
Assume T = 25o C, P = 1 atm
2 10 4 L 273 K 1 kmol
n gas = = 0.818 kmol
298 K 22.4 10 L(STP)
3
6-13
6.24 (contd)
n max 0.084 kmol C 9 H 20
y max = = = 0.10 kmol C 9 H 20 / kmol (10 mole%)
n gas 0.818 kmol
As the nonane evaporates, the mole fraction will pass through the explosive range (0.8% to
2.9%). The answer is therefore yes .
The nonane will not spread uniformlyit will be high near the sump as long as liquid is present
(and low far from the sump). There will always be a region where the mixture is explosive at
some time during the evaporation.
A
b. ln p * = +B T1 = 258
. o C = 299 K, p1* = 5.00 mmHg
T
T2 = 66.0 o C = 339 K, p *2 = 40.0 mmHg
ln( 40.0 / 5.00) 5269 5269

A = A = 5269, B = ln(5.00) + = 19.23 p * = exp(19.23 )
1 1 299 T ( K)

339 299
At lower explosion limit, y = 0.008 kmol C 9 H 20 / kmol p * (T ) = yP = (0.008)(760 mm Hg)
= 6.08 mm Hg T = 302 K = 29 o C
Formula for p *
c. The purpose of purge is to evaporate and carry out the liquid nonane. Using steam rather
than air is to make sure an explosive mixture of nonane and oxygen is never present in the
tank. Before anyone goes into the tank, a sample of the contents should be drawn and
analyzed for nonane.
6.25 Basis: 24 hours of breathing
n0 (mol H 2O)
23C, 1 atm 37C, 1 atm
n1 (mol) @ hr = 10% n2 (mol), saturated
Lungs
0.79 mol N 2/mol 0.75 mol N /mol
2
y1 (mol H 2O/mol) y 2 (mol H 2O/mol)
+ O2 , CO2 + O2 , CO 2
O2 CO2
12 breaths 500 ml 1 liter 273K 1 mol 60 min 24 hr

Air inhaled: n 1 =
min breath 10 3 ml b g
23 + 273 K 22.4 liter STPb g 1 hr 1 day
= 356 mol inhaled day
Inhaled air - -10% r. h.: y1 =

b
0.10 p H2 O 23 C g = 0.10b 2107
. mm Hgg
= 2.77 10 3 mol H 2 O
P 760 mm Hg mol
Inhaled air - -50% r. h.: y1 =

b
0.50 p H 2O 23 C g = 0.50b2107
. mm Hg g
= 1.39 10 2 mol H 2 O
P 760 mm Hg mol
6-14
6.25 (contd)
H 2 O balance: n 0 = n 2 y 2 n1 y 1 ( n0 ) 10% rh ( n0 ) 50% rh = ( n1 y 1 ) 50% (n1 y 1 ) 10%

FG mol IJ L mol H 2 O OPFG 18.0 gIJ = 71 g / day
= 356
H day K MN
(0.0139 0.00277)
mol QH 1 mol K
Although the problem does not call for it, we could also calculate that n 2 = 375 mol exhaled/day,
y2 = 0.0619, and the rate of weight loss by breathing at 23o C and 50% relative humidity is
n 0 (18) = (n 2y2 - n 1 y1 )18 = 329 g/day.
6.26 a. To increase profits and reduce pollution.

b. Assume condensation occurs. A=acetone
n 1 mol @ To C, 1 atm
1 mol @ 90o C, 1 atm y1 mol A(v)/mol (satd)

(1-y1 ) mol N2 /mol
0.20 mol A(v)/mol
0.80 mol N2 /mol n 2 mol A(l)
For cooling water at 20o C
( )
log 10 p *A 20 o C = 7.11714
1210.595
20.0 + 229.664
(
= 2.26824 p*A 20 o C = 184.6 mmHg )
d
Saturation: y1 P = p *A 20 o C y1 = i 184.6
760
= 0.243 > 0.2 , so no saturation occurs.
For refrigerant at 35o C
( )
log 10 p *A 35 o C = 7.11714
1210.595
35.0 + 229.644
(
= 0.89824 p *A 35 o C = 7.61 mmHg )
Note: 35o C is outside the range of Antoine equation coefficients in Table B.4. If the
correct vapor pressure of acetone at that temperature is looked up (e.g., in Perrys
Handbook) and used, the final result is almost identical.
d i
Saturation: y1 P = p *A 35 o C y1 =
7.61
760
= 0.0100
N2 mole balance: 1b0.8g = n b1 0.01g n = 0.808 mol

1 1
Total mole balance: 1 = 0.808 + n2 n 2 = 0192

. mol
0.192
Percentage acetone recovery: 100% = 96%
2
c. Costs of acetone, nitrogen, cooling tower, cooling water and refrigerant
d. The condenser temperature could never be as low as the initial cooling fluid temperature
because heat is transferred between the condenser and the surrounding environment. It
will lower the percentage acetone recovery.
6-15
6.27 12500 L 1 mol 273 K 103000 Pa
Basis: = 5285
. mol / h
h 22.4 L(STP) 293 K 101325 Pa
n o (mol/h) @ 35o C, 103 KPa 528.5 (mol/h) @ 20o C, 103 KPa
y0 [mol H2 O(v)/mol] y0 [mol H2 O(v)/mol]
yo1mol H2 O(v)/mol
y0 (mol DA/mol) y11mol H2 O(v)/mol
y0 (mol DA/mol)(satd)
(1-y o ) mol DA/mol
h r=90% (1-y1 ) mol DA/mol
h r =90%
n 2nmol
2 [mol H2 O(l)/h]
H2O(l)/h
Inlet: y o =
hr p H* 2 O 35 o Cd i = 0.90 42.175 mmHg 101325 Pa
= 0.4913 mol H 2 O / mol
P 103000 Pa 760 mmHg
Outlet: y1 =
p *H 2O d20 Ci = 17.535 mmHg 101325 Pa = 0.02270 mol H O / mol
o
2
P 103000 Pa 760 mmHg
b g b
Dry air balance: 1 0.04913 n o = 1 0.02270 528.5 n o = 5432 gb
. mol / h g
5432
. mol 22.4 L(STP) 308 K 101325 Pa
Inlet air : = 13500 L / h
h mol 273 K 103000 Pa
Total balance: 543.2 = 528.5 + n 2 n 2 = 14.7 mol / h
14.7 mol 18.02 g H 2 O 1 kg
Condensatio n rate: = 0.265 kg / h
h 1 mol H 2 O 1000 g
6.28 10000 ft 3 1 lb - mol 492 o R 29.8 in Hg

Basis: = 24.82 lb - mol / min
min 359 ft 3 (STP) 550 o R 29.92 in Hg
n 1 lb -mole/min n 1 lb-mole/min
24.82 lb -mole/min 40o F, 29.8 in.Hg 65o F, 29.8 in.Hg
90o F, 29.8 in.Hg y1 [lb-mole H2 O(v)/lb-mole] y1 [lb-mole H2 O(v)/lb-mole]
y0 [lb-mole H2 O(v)/mol 1- y1 (lb-mole DA/mol) 1- y1 (lb-mole DA/lb-mole)
1- y0 (lb-mole DA/mol)
h r = 88%
n 2 [lb-mole H2 O(l)/min]
Inlet: y o =
hr p *H2 O 90 o F d i = 0.88b36.07 mmHgg 1 in Hg
= 0.0419 lb - mol H 2O / lb - mol
P 29 .8 in Hg 25.4 mmHg
Outlet: y1 =
d
p H* 2 O 40 o F i = 6.274 mmHg 1 in Hg
= 0.00829 lb - mol H 2 O / lb - mol
P 29 .8 in Hg 25.4 mmHg
b g b g
Dry air balance: 24.82 1 0.0419 = n1 1 0.00829 n1 = 23.98 lb - mol / min
Total balance: 24.82 = 23.98 + n 2 n 2 = 0.84 lb - mole / min
6-16
6.28 (contd)
0.84 lb - mol 18.02 lb m 1 ft 3 7.48 gal

Condensation rate: = 181
. gal / min
min lb mol 62.4 lb m 1 ft 3
23.98 lb - mol 359 ft 3 (STP) 525 o R 29.92 in Hg
Air delivered @ 65o F: = 9223 ft 3 / min
min 1 lb mol 492 o R 29.8 in Hg
6.29 Basis: 100 mol product gas
100 mol, T1, 1 atm 100 mol, 25oC,1 atm

no mol, 32oC, 1 atm
y1 mol H2O(v)/mol, (satd) y1 mol H2O(v)/mol,
(1-y1) mol DA/mol (1-y1) mol DA/mol
yo mol H2O(v)/mol
hr=55%
(1-yo) mol DA/mol
hr=70%
nn2 2lb-mol
(mol HH22O(l))
O(l)/min
Outlet: y1 =
d
h r p H* 2 O 25o C i = 0.55b23.756g = 0.0172 mol H O / mol
2
P 760
b g b g
Saturation at T1 : 0.0172 760 = 13.07 = p *H2 O T1 T1 = 15.3 o C
Inlet: yo =
hr p *H2 O d32 Ci = 0.70b35.663g = 0.0328 mol H O / mol
o
2
P 760
b g b
Dry air balance: n o 1 0.0328 = 100 1 0.0172 no = 1016
. mol g
Total balance: 101.6 + n 2 = 100.0 n 2 = 1.6 mol (i.e. removed)
16
. mol 18.02 g 1 kg
kg H 2 O removed : = 0.0288 kg H 2 O
1 mol 1000 g
kg dry air :
b g
100 1 0.0172 mol 29.0 g 1 kg
= 2.85 kg dry air
1 mol 1000 g
0.0288
Ratio: = 0.0101 kg H 2O removed / kg dry air
2.85
6-17
6.30 a. Room air T = 22 C , P = 1 atm , hr = 40% :
b g
y1 P = 0.40 P H 2 O 22 C y 1 =
b 0.40g19.827 mm Hg = 0.01044 mol H O mol 2
760 mm Hg
Second sample T = 50 C , P = 839 mm Hg , saturated:
92.51 mm Hg
y2 P = p H 2 O (50 C ) y2 = = 0.1103 mol H2 O mol
839 mm Hg
ln y = bH + ln a y = ae bH , y 1 = 0.01044 , H1 = 5 , y 2 = 01103
. , H 2 = 48
b=
b
ln y 2 y 1 g = lnb0.1103 0.01044 g = 0.054827
H2 H1 48 5
b g b gb g b
ln a = ln y1 bH 1 = ln 0.01044 0.054827 5 = 4.8362 a = exp 4.8362 = 7.937 10 3g
y = 7.937 10 3 expb 0.054827 H g
b. 1 m3 delivered air 273K 1 k mol 10 3 mol

= 41.31 mol air delivered
Basis:
b22 + 273gK b g
22.4m 3 STP 1 kmol
o
41.31 mol, T, 1 atm 41.31
41.4 mol,
mol, 22o22
C,1C,atm
1 atm
n o mol, 35o C, 1 atm 0.0104 mol H22 O(v)/mol, (satd) 0.0104

0.0104mol
molH2HO(v)/mol
2 O(v)/mol
satd mol DA/mol
0.09896 0.09896
0.9896 mol
mol DA/mol
DA/mol
yo mol H2 O(v)/mol 0.9896 mol DA/mol
(1-yo ) mol DA/mol
H=30
n 1 mol H2 O(l)
Saturation condition prior to reheat stage:

yH 2 O P = p*H2 O (T ) ( 0.01044 )( 760 mm Hg ) = 7.93 mm Hg
T = 7.8C (from Table B.3)
bg
Part a
Humidity of outside air: H = 30 y 0 = 0.0411 mol H 2 O mol
( 41.31)(0.9896 )
Overall dry air balance: n0 (1 y0 ) = 41.31 ( 0.9896 ) n0 = = 42.63 mol
(1 0.0411)
Overall water balance: n0 y0 = n1 + ( 41.31)( 0.0104 ) n1 = ( 42.63 )( 0.0411) ( 41.31)( 0.0104 )
= 1.32 mol H2 O condensed
1.32 mol H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O 1 kg

Mass of condensed water =
1 mol H 2 O 10 3 g
= 0.024 kg H 2 O condensed m 3 air delivered
6-18
6.31 a. Basis: n& 0 mol feed gas . S = solvent , G = solvent - free gas
n 1 (mol) @ T f (C), P4 (mm Hg)
n 0 (mol) @ T0 (C), P0 (mm Hg) y 1 [mol S(v)/mol] (satd)

(1y 1 ) (mol G/mol)
y 0 (mol S/mol)
(1-y 0 ) (mol G/mol)
n 2 (mol S (l))
Td0 (C) (dew point)
Inlet dew point = T0 b g

y o Po = p Tdo y o =
b g
p Tdo
(1)
Po
Saturation condition at outlet: y 1 Pf = p T f y1 = d i d i

p T f
(2)
Pf
Fractional condensation of S = f n 2 = n0 y 0 f
(1)
n 2 = n0 fp T0 b gP 0 (3)
bg
Eq. 3 for n1 n& fp bT g
Total mole balance: n& 0 = n1 + n 2 n1 = n&0 n2 n1 = n& 0
0 do
(4)
Po
b gb g
S balance: n0 y 0 = n1 y 1 + n2
(1) - (4)
b g LM
n& 0 p Tdo
= n& 0
n& 0 fp Tdo b g OPFG pdT
iIJ + n& fpbT g f
PQGH P
JK p
0 do
Po MN Po f o
LM fp eTdo j OP
p dT i 1
b1 f g pbT g = LM1 fp bT g OP p dT i P = MM PP f

do do f N P
o Q
MN PQ
b1 f g eP do j
f
Po P P
o f p T
b. Condensation of ethylbenzene from nitrogen
Antoine constants for ethylbenzene

A= 6.9565
B= 1423.5
C= 213.09
Run T0 P0 Td0 f Tf p* (Td0) p*(Tf) Pf Crefr Ccomp Ctot
1 50 765 40 0.95 45 21.472 27.60 19139 2675 107027 109702

2 50 765 40 0.95 40 21.472 21.47 14892 4700 83329 88029
3 50 765 40 0.95 35 21.472 16.54 11471 8075 64239 72314
4 50 765 40 0.95 20 21.472 7.07 4902 26300 27582 53882
6-19
6.31 (contd)
c. When Tf decreases, Pf decreases. Decreasing temperature and increasing pressure both to
increase the fractional condensation. When you decrease Tf, less compression is required to
achieve a specified fractional condensation.
d. A lower Tf requires more refrigeration and therefore a greater refrigeration cost (Crefr).
However, since less compression is required at the lower temperature, Ccomp is lower at the
lower temperature. Similarly, running at a higher Tf lowers the refrigeration cost but raises
the compression cost. The sum of the two costs is a minimum at an intermediate temperature.
6.32 a. Basis : 120m 3 min feed @ 1000 o C(1273K), 35 atm . Use Kays rule.
Cmpd. Tc ( K ) Pc ( atm ) (T c )corr . ( Pc )corr ( Apply Newton's corrections for H2 )
H2 33.2 12.8 41.3 20.8
CO 133.0 34.5
CO 2 304.2 72.9
CH 4 190.7 45.8
Tc =y T i ci b g b g b g b g
= 0.40 41.3 + 0.35 133.0 + 0.20 304.2 + 0.05 1907
. = 133.4 K
P = y P
c i ci = 0.40b20.8g + 0.35b 34.5g + 0.20b72.9 g + 0.05b458
. g = 37.3 atm
Feed gas to heater

Tr = 1273 K 133.4 K = 9.54
Fig. 5.3-2 z = 1.02
Pr = 35.0 atm 37.3 atm = 0.94
1.02 8.314 N m 1273 K 1 atm
V = = 3.04 10 3 m 3 mol
mol K 35 atm 101325 N m 2
120 m 3 mol 1 kmol

n&gas feed = 3
= 39.5 kmol min
min 3.04 10 m 3
103 mol
Feed gas to absorber

Tr = 283K/133.4K = 2.12, Pr = 35.0 atm/37.3 atm = 0.94
Fig. 5.4-1
z = 0.98
znRT 0.98 39.5 kmol 8.314 N m 283 K 1 atm 103 mol m3
V& = = = 25.7
P min mol K 35.0 atm 101325 N/m 2 1 kmol min
1.2(39.5) kmol/min MeOH(l) n 1 (kmol/min), 261 K, 35atm

y NaOH satd
y H2
39.5 kmol/min, 283K, 35 atm y CH4 (2% of feed)
0.40 mol H2 /mol y CO
0.35 mol CO/mol
0.20 mol CO2 /mol n 2 (kmol/min), liquid
0.05 mol CH4 /mol y MeOH
y CO2
y CH4 (98% of feed)
6-20
6.32 (contd)
p MeOH 261K b10 7.87863 1473 .11 b 12+ 2300g mm Hg

g
= =
Saturation at Outlet: y McOH
P 35 atm 760 mm Hg atm b g
= 4.97 10 4 mol MeOH mol
n MeOH n MeOH
y McOH = =
nMeOH + H 2 + n CH4
n + n CO nMeOH + 39.5(0.40 + 0.02 ( 0.05) + 0.35)
A A A E
= input =0.02 of input =input
n MeOH = 0.0148 kmol min MeOH in gas
b. The gas may be used as a fuel. CO2 has no fuel value, so that the cost of the added energy
required to pump it would be wasted.
6.33
n& 0 (kmol/min wet air) @ 28C, 760 mmHg
n& 1 (kmol/min wet air) @ 80C, 770
y 1 (mol H2 O/mol)
(1-y 1 ) (mol dry air/mol) y 2 (mol H2 O/mol)
(1-y 2 ) (mol dry air/mol)
50% rel. sat.
Tdew point = 40.0o C
1500 kg/min wet pulp m& 1 (kg/min wet pulp)

0.75 /(1 + 0.75) kg H2 O/kg 0.0015 kg H2 O/kg
1/1.75 kg dry pulp/kg 0.9985 kg dry pulp/kg
1
Dry pulp balance: 1500 & 1 (1 0.0015) m
=m & 1 = 858 kg / min
1 + 0.75
50% rel. satn at inlet: y1 P = 0.50 pH* 2 O (28 o C) y1 = 0.50(28.349 mm Hg)/(760 mm Hg)
= 0.0187 mol H 2 O/mol
40 C dew point at outlet: y 2 P =
o
p *H2 O ( 40 o C) y 2 = (55.324 mm Hg) / (770 mm Hg)
= 0.0718 mol H 2O / mol
Mass balance on dry air:
n& 0 (1 0.0187 ) = n&1 (1 0.0718) (1)
Mass balance on water:
n& 0 ( 0.0187 )(18.0 kg / kmol ) + 1500 ( 0.75 / 1.75) = n&1 ( 0.0718 )(18 ) + 858 (0 .0015) (2 )
Solve (1) and (2) n& 0 = 622.8 kmol / min, n&1 = 658.4 kmol / min
Mass of water removed from pulp : [1500(0.75/1.75)858(.0015)]kg H2 O = 642 kg / min
622.8 kmol 22.4 m3 (STP) (273 + 28) K

Air feed rate : V&0 = = 1.538 10 4 m 3 / min
min kmol 273 K
6-21
6.34 Basis: 500 lb m hr dried leather (L)
n&1 (lb - moles / h)@130o F, 1 atm

n& 0 ( lb - moles dry air / h)@140o F, 1 atm y1 (lb - moles H2 O / lb - mole)
(1 - y1 )(lb - moles dry air / lb - mole)
m& 0 (lb m / h) 500 lb m / h

0.61 lb m H 2O(l) / lb m 0.06 lb m H 2 O(l) / lb m
0.39 lb m L / lb m 0.94 lb m L/ lb
b gb g
Dry leather balance: 0.39 m0 = 0.94 500 m0 = 1205 lb m wet leather hr
Humidity of outlet air: y 1 P = 0.50 p H 2O 130 F y 1 = b g 0.50 (115 mm Hg)

760 mmHg
= 0.0756
mol H 2 O
mol
b gb g
H 2 O balance: 0.61 1205 lb m hr = ( 0.06) 500 lb m hr + a fb g
0.0756n1 lb - moles H 2 O 18.02 lb m
E hr 1 lb - mole
n1 = 517.5 lb - moles hr
b
Dry air balance: n 0 = 1 0.0756 (5175 g
. ) lb - moles hr = 478.4 lb - moles hr
478.4 lb - moles 359 ft bSTPg b140 + 460 g R

3
Vinlet = = 2.09 10 5
ft 3 hr
hr 1 lb - mole 492 R
6.35 a. Basis: 1 kg dry solids
n 3 (kmol) 28C, 5.0 atm

n1 (kmol)N 2, 85C n 2 (kmol) 80C, 1 atm
y 3 (mol Hex/mol) sat'd
y 2 (mol Hex/mol)
(1 y)3 (mols N 2/mol)
dryer (1 y )2 (mols N 2/mol) condenser
1.00 kg solids 70% rel. sat.
n 4 (kmol) Hex(l)
0.78 kg Hex
0.05 kg Hex
1.00 kg solids
Mol Hex in gas at 80 C

b0.78 0.05gkg kmol
= 8.47 10 3 kmol Hex
86.17 kg
Antoine eq.

(80+ 224.867)
0.70 p hex ( 80C ) ( 0.70 )10

6.885551175.817
70% rel. sat.: y 2 = = = 0.984 mol Hex mol
P 760
6-22
6.35 (contd)
8.47 10 3 kmol Hex 1 kmol
n2 = = 0.0086 kmol
0.984 kmol Hex
b
N 2 balance on dryer: n1 = 1 0.984 0.0086 = 1376
. g 10 4 kmol
Antoine Eq.

p hex ( 28 C ) 106.885551175.817
( 28+224.867)
Saturation at outlet: y3 = = = 0.0452 mol Hex mol
P 5 ( 760)
b g
Overall N 2 balance: 1.376 10 -4 = n 3 1 0.0452 n 3 = 1.44 10 4 kmol
Mole balance on condenser: 0.0086 = 1.44 10 4 + n 4 n 4 = 0.0085 kmol

0.0085 kmol cond. 86.17 kg
Fractional hexane recovery: = 0.939 kg cond. kg feed
0.78 kg feed kmol
b. Basis: 1 kg dry solids
0.9n 0.9n 3 (kmol) @ 28C, 5.0 atm

3 heater
y3 y 3 (mol Hex/mol) sat'd
(1 y3) (1 y3) (mol N 2/mol)
n3 (kmol) 0.1n3
n 1 (kmol)N 2 n 2 (kmol) 80C, 1 atm
85C y3
y 2 (mol Hex/mol)
(1 y 3)
dryer (1 y 2) (mols N2 /mol) condenser
1.00 kg solids 70% rel. sat.
n4 (kmol) Hex(l)
0.78 kg Hex
0.05 kg Hex
1.00 kg solids
Mol Hex in gas at 80C: 8.47x10-3 + 0.9n 3 (0.0452) = n 2 (0.984) (1)

N2 balance on dryer: n1 + 0.9n 3 (1 0.0452 ) = n 2 (1 0.984 ) (2 )
Overall N2 balance: n1 = 0.1n3 (1 0.0452) (3)

n1 = 1.38 10 kmol 5

Equations (1) to (3) n2 = 0.00861 kmol

n3 = 1.44 10 kmol
4
1.376 10 -4 1.38 105

Saved fraction of nitrogen= 100% = 90%
1.376 10 4
Introducing the recycle leads to added costs for pumping (compression) and heating.
6-23
6.36 b.
300 lb m/h wet product m& 1 (lb m/h)
0.2 0.02 / (1.02 ) = 0.0196 lb m T(l) /

= 0167
. lb m T(l) / lb m
1 + 0.2 0.9804 lb m D / lb m
0.833 lb m D / lb m Dryer
n&3 ( lb-mole/h)
@ 200O F,
n& 1 (lb-mole/h)
y3 (lb-mole T/lb-mole)
y1 (lb-mole T(v)/lb-mole) (1-y3 )( lb-mole N2 /lb-mole)
(1y1 ) (lb-mole N2 /lb-
mole)
T=toluene Heater
70% r.s.,150o F, 1.2 atm
D=dry solids
n&3 ( lb-mole/h)
y3 (lb-mole T(v)/lb-mole) Eq.@ 90O F,
Condenser
(1-y3 ) (lb-mole N2 /lb-mole) 1atm
n& 2 ( lb-mole T(l)/h
)T(l)
Strategy: Overall balance m& 1 & n& 2 ;

Relative saturationy1; , Gas and liquid equilibriumy3
Balance over the condenser n&1 & n& 3
Toluene Balance: 300 0.167 = m& 1 0.0196 + n&2 92.13 m& = 255 lb m / h
1
UV RS
Dry Solids Balance: 300 0.833 = m & 1 0.9804 W T
n&2 = 0.488 lb - mole / h
70% relative saturation of dryer outlet gas:
1346.773
(6.95805 )
pC*7 H8 (150 O F=65.56 O C)=10 65.56 + 219.693
= 172.47 mmHg
0.70 pC*7 H8 (0.70)(172.47)
y1 P = 0.70 pC* 7 H8 (150 O F) y 1 = = = 01324
. lb - mole T(v) / lb - mole
P 1.2 760
Saturation at condenser outlet:

1346.773
(6.95805- )
* o o
pC7 H8 (90 F=32.22 C)=10 32.22 + 219.693
= 40.90 mmHg
p*C7 H8 40.90
y3 = = = 0.0538 mol T(v)/mol
P 760
Condenser Toluene Balance: n&1 0.1324 = 0.488 + n& 3 0.0538 UV RSn& = 5.875 lb - mole / h
1
Condenser N 2 Balance: n&1 (1 0.1324) = n& 3 (1 0.0538) W Tn& = 5.387 lb - mole / h
3
6-24
6.36 (contd)
5.097 lb - mole lb - mole
Circulation rate of dry nitrogen = 5.875 (1 - 0.1324) =
h 28.02 lb m
= 0.182 lb m / h
Vinlet =
5.387 lb - moles 359 ft 3 STP b g (200 + 460) R
= 2590 ft 3 h
hr 1 lb - mole 492 R
6.37 19
Basis: 100 mol C 6 H 14 C 6 H 14 + O2 6CO 2 + 7H 2 O
2
100 mol C 6H 14 n1 (mol) dry gas, 1 atm

0.821 mol N /mol
2 D.G.
0.069 mol CO 2 /mol D.G.
n 0 (mol) air 0.069 mol CO /mol
2 D.G.
0.021 mol CO/mol D.G.
0.21 mol O 2/mol 0.021 mol CO/mol D.G.
0.00265 mol C6 H14 /mol
0.79 mol N 2/mol 0.086 molOO/mol)
x (mol /mol
2 D.G.
2
0.00265 mol C H6
(0.907x) (mol N /mol D.G.
14/mol)
2
n2n (mol H O)
2 O)
(mol H
L O 2 2
C balance: 6b100g = n M0.069 + 0.021+ 6b0.00265gP n = 5666 mol dry gas

MN b g b g b g PQ
1
C O2 CO
C6 H14
1
100 0.00265b5666g mol reacted

Conversion: 100% = 85.0%
100 mol fed
H balance: 14b100g = 2 n + 5666b14 gb0.00265g n = 595 mol H O
2 2 2
p d T i
p dT i = 72.2 mm Hg
595 dp Table B.3
Dew point: y =
H 2O = dp Tdp = 451
. C
595 + 5666 760 mm Hg
N2 balance: 0.79n0 = 5666(0.907 x )
O balance: 0.21(n0 )(2) = 5666[(0.069)(2) + 0.021 + 2 x ) + 595
Solve simultaneously to obtain n 0 = 5888 mol air, x = 0.086 mol O2 /mol
100 mol C 2 H14 19 mol O 2 1 mol air
Theoretical air: = 4524 mol air
2 mol C 2 H 14 0.21 mol O 2
5888 4524
Excess air: 100% = 30.2% excess air
4524
6-25
6.38 Basis: 1 mol outlet gas/min
n& 0 ( mol / min)

y0 ( mol CH 4 / mol)
(1 y0 ( mol C 2 H 6 / mol) 1 mol / min @ 573K, 105 kPa
y1 (mol CO2 / mol)
n&1 (mol O2 / min) y 2 (mol H 2 O / mol)
3.76n& 1 (mol N 2 / min) (1 y1 y2 ) mol N 2 / mol
7
CH 4 + 2O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2 O C2 H6 + O 2 2CO 2 + 3H 2 O
2
80 mmHg 101325 Pa
p CO2 = 80 mmHg y1 = = 0.1016 mol CO2 / mol
105000 Pa 760 mmHg
7
100% O2 conversion : 2no y o + no 1 y o = n1
2
b g (1)
b
C balance: no yo + 2no 1 yo = 01016
. g (2)
. n1 = 1 y1 y2
N2 balance: 376 (3)
b
H balance: 4 no y o + 6no 1 y o = 2 y2 g (4)
R|n = 0.0770 mol

o
Solve equations 1 to 4 S
|y = 0.6924 mol CH / mol
o 4
||n = 0.1912 mol O

1 2
Ty = 01793
. mol H O / mol
2 2
Dew point:
p dT i =
*
H2 O dp
01793
. b105000g Pa 760 mmHg = 141.2 mmHg T dp b g
= 58.8 o C Table B.3
101325 Pa
6.39 Basis: 100 mol dry stack gas
P = 780 mm Hg
n P (mol C 3H 8)
Stack gas: Tdp = 46.5C
n B (mol C 4 H10 )
100 mol dry gas
0.000527 mol C3 H 8/mol
n out (mol)
0.000527 mol C 4 H 10/mol
0.21 O2
0.0148 mol CO/mol
0.79 N2
0.0712 mol CO 2/mol
+ O2, N 2
nw (mol H2 O)
13
C 3 H 8 + 5O 2 3CO 2 + 4H 2 O C 4 H10 + O 2 4CO 2 + 5H 2 O
2
6-26
6.39 (contd)
b
Dew point = 46.5 C y w P = p w 46.5 C y w = g 77.6 mm Hg
780 mm Hg
= 0.0995
mol H 2 O
mol
nw
But yw = = 0.0995 nw = 11.05 mol H2 O (Rounding off strongly affects the result)
100 + n w
b gb gb g b
C balance: 3n p + 4 n B = 100 0.000527 3 + 0.000527 4 + 0.0148 + 0.0712 gb g
3n p + 4 n B = 8.969 b1g
H balance: 8 n p + 10 nB = (100 ) ( 0.000527 )(8 ) + ( 0.000527 )(10 ) + (11.05 )( 2 )
8n p + 10 nB = 23.047 ( 2)
49% C3 H8
n p = 1.25 mol C3H8
Solve (1) & ( 2 ) simultaneously:
nB = 1.30 mol C4 H10 51% C 4 H10
( Answers may vary 8% due to loss of precision )
6.40 a.
L&1 (lb - mole C10 H 22 / h) L& 2 (lb - mole / h)
x 2 (lb - mole C 3 H 8 / lb - mole)
1 x 2 (lb - mole C10 H 22 / lb - mole)
G& 1 (lb - mole / h) G& 2 = 1 lb - mole / h

y1 (lb - mole C 3 H8 / lb - mole) 0.07 (lb - mole C 3 H 8 / lb - mole)
1 y 1 (lb - mole N 2 / lb - mole) 0.93 (lb - mole N 2 / lb - mole)
Basis: G& 2 = 1 lb - mole h feed gas
b gb g b g
N 2 balance: 1 0.93 = G& 1 1 y1 G& 1 1 y 1 = 0.93 b g b1g
98.5% propane absorption G& 1 y1 = b1 0.985gb1gb0.07 g G& y
1 1 = 105
. 10 3
b2 g
bg b g
1 & 2 G&1 = 0.93105 lb - mol h , y1 = 1128 . 10 3 mol C 3H 8 mol
Assume G& 2 L& 2 streams are in equilibrium
From Cox Chart (Figure 6.1-4), p * C3 H8 (80 o F ) = 160 lb / in 2 = 10.89 atm
b g
Raoult's law: x 2 p C3 H8 80 F = 0.07 p x 2 =
b0.07gb1.0 atmg = 0.006428 mol H 2O
10.89 atm mol
b gb g
Propane balance: 0.07 1 = G& 1 y1 + L&2 x 2 L& 2 =
b
0.07 0.93105 1128
. gd
10 3 i
0.006428
= 10.726 lb - mole h
b gd h b
Decane balance: L&1 = 1 x 2 L& 2 = 1 0.006428 10.726 = 10.66 lb - mole hgb g
d L& / G& h
1 2 min = 10.7 mol liquid feed / mol gas feed
6-27
6.40 (contd)
b. The flow rate of propane in the exiting liquid must be the same as in Part (a) [same feed
rate and fractional absorption], or
10.726 lb - mole 0.006428 lb - mole C 3H 3

n& C 3H 8 = = 0.06895 lb - mol C 3 H 8 h
h lb - mole
The decane flow rate is 1.2 x 10.66 = 12.8 lb-moles C10H22 /h
0.06895 lb - mole C 3 H 8 h
x2 = = 0.00536 lb - mole C 3 H 8 / lb - mole
b g
0.06895 + 12.8 lb - moles h
c. Increasing the liquid/gas feed ratio from the minimum value decreases the size (and
hence the cost) of the column, but increases the raw material (decane) and pumping costs.
All three costs would have to be determined as a function of the feed ratio.
6.41 a. Basis: 100 mol/s liquid feed stream Let B = n - butane , HC = other hydrocarbons
100 mol/s @ 30o C, 1 atm n& 4 (mol/s) @ 30C, 1 atm
y 4 (mol B/mol)
xB =12.5 mol B/s
(1-y 4 ) (mol N2 /mol)
87.5 mol other hydrocarbon/s
88.125 mol/s n& 3 (mol N2 /s)
0.625 mol B/s (5% of B fed)

87.5 mol HC/s
p *B (30 o C) 41 lb / in 2 = 2120 mm Hg (from Figure 6.1-4)

x B p *B (30 o C) 0.125 2120
Raoult's law: y 4 P = x B p B* (30 o C) y 4 = = = 0.3487
P 760
b g b gb g
95% n-butane stripped: n& 4 0.3487 = 12.5 0.95 n& 4 = 34.06 mol / s
Total mole balance: 100 + n&3 = 34.06 + 88.125 n&3 = 22.18 mol/s
mol gas fed = 22.18 mol/s = 0.222 mol gas fed/mol liquid fed
mol liquid fed 100 mol/s
b. If y 4 = 0.8 0.3487 = 0.2790 , following the same steps as in Part (a),
b g b gb g
95% n-butane is stripped: n& 4 0.2790 = 12.5 0.95 n&4 = 42 .56 mol / s
Total mole balance: 100 + n&3 = 42.56 + 88.125 n&3 = 30.68 mol / s
mol gas fed 30.68 mol/s
= = 0.307 mol gas fed/mol liquid fed
mol liquid fed 100 mol/s
c. When the N2 feed rate is at the minimum value calculated in (a), the required column length
is infinite and hence so is the column cost. As the N2 feed rate increases for a given liquid
feed rate, the column size and cost decrease but the cost of purchasing and compressing
(pumping) the N2 increases. To determine the optimum gas/liquid feed ratio, you would
need to know how the column size and cost and the N2 purchase and compression costs
depend on the N2 feed rate and find the rate at which the cost is a minimum.
6-28
6.42 Basis: 100 mol NH 3
Preheated
air N2
O2
100 mol NH 3
converter hydrator
absorber
780
820 kPasatd
kPa, sat'd n3 (mol NO) 55 wt% HNO 3 (aq )
820 kPa, satd
n4 (mol N 2) n 8 (mol HNO 3 )
n 1 (mol) O2
n5 (mol O2 ) n 9 (mol H 2O)
3.76 n 1 (mol) N2
n6 (mol H 2O)
n 2 (mol) H2 O n7 (mol H 2O)
1 atm, 30C
h r= 0.5
a. i) b g
NH 3 feed: P = P Tsat = 820 kPa = 6150 mm Hg = 8.09 atm
Antoine :
b g
log10 6150 = 7 .55466 1002.711 Tsat + 247885
. b
Tsat = 18.4 C = 291.6 Kg
Table B.1
Pc = 1113
. atm Pr = 8.09 / 1113
. = 0.073 UV z = 0.92 (Fig. 5.3-1)
Tc = 405.5 K Tr = 291.6 / 405.5 = 0.72 W
V NH 3 =
b
0.92 100 mol g 8.314 Pa 291.6 K
= 0.272 m 3 NH 3
mol - K 820 10 3 Pa
Air feed: NH 3 + 2 O 2 HNO 3 + H 2 O
100 mol NH 3 2 mol O 2
n1 = = 200 mol O 2
mol NH 3
Water in Air: y H2 O =
b =
g
hr p * 30 C 0.500 31824
.
= 0.02094
p 760
n2
0.02094 = n 2 = 20.36 mol H 2O
n 2 + 4.76( 200)
A
( 4 .76 mol air mol O2 )
Vair =
b g
4.76 200 + 20.36 mol 22.4 L STP b g 303K 1 m3
3
= 24.2 m 3 air
1 mol 273K 10 L
ii) Reactions: 4 NH 3 + 5O 2 4 NO + 6 H 2 O , 4 NH 3 + 3O 2 2 N 2 + 6 H 2 O
Balances on converter
97 mol NH 3 4 mol NO
NO: n 3 = = 97 mol NO
4 mol NH 3
6- 29
6.42 (contd)
b g
N 2 : n 4 = 3.76 2.00 mol +
3 mol NH 3 2 mol N 2
4 mol NH 3
= 7535
. mol N 2
O 2 : n 5 = 200 mol
4 mol NH 3
= 76.5 mol O2
4 mol NH 3
100 mol NH 3 6 mol H 2 O
H 2 O: n 6 = 20.36 mol + = 1704
. mol H 2 O
4 mol NH 3
n total = ( 97 + 7535
. + 76.5 + 170.4 )mol
= 1097 mol converter effluent
8.8% NO, 68.7% N 2 , 7.0% O 2 , 15.5% H 2 O
iii) Reaction: 4 NO + 3O 2 + 2 H 2 O 4 HNO 3

97 mol NO react 4 mol HNO 3
HNO 3 bal. in absorb er: n8 = = 97 mol HNO 3
4 mol NO
97 mol HNO3 63.02 g HNO 3 45 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O

H 2 O in product: n9 =
mol 55 g HNO 3 18.02 g H 2 O
= 27756
. mol H 2 O
b gb g
. 2 + 2n 7 = 97 + 277 .6 2 mol H
H balance on absorber: 1704 b gb gb g
n7 = 1557
. mol H 2 O added
VH 2 O =
155.7 mol H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O 1 cm 3
1 mol 1g
1 m3
10 6 cm 3
bg
= 2.81 10 3 m 3 H 2 O l
b. 97 mol HNO 3 63.02 g HNO3 277.6 mol H 2 O 18.02 g HNO3

M acid in old basis = +
mol mol
= 11115 g = 11115
. kg
Scale factor =
b1000 metric tonsgb1000 kg metric ton g = 8.997 10 4
11.115 kg
d id i
VNH3 = 8.997 10 4 0.272 m 3 NH 3 = 2.45 10 4 m 3 NH 3
Vair = d8.997 10 id24.2 m air i = 2 .18 10 m air

4 3 6 3
VH 2 O = d8.997 10 id2.81 10 m H Oi = 253 m H Obl g

4 3 3
2
3
2
6- 30
6.43 a. Basis: 100 mol feed gas
G = NH 3 -free gas
100 mol n 2 (mol)
0.10 mol NH3 /mol y A (mol NH 3 /mol) in equilibrium
0.90 mol G/mol Absorber y W (mol H 2O/mol) at 10C(50F)
y G (mol G/mol) and 1 atm
n 1 (mol H2 O( l)) n 3 (mol)
x A (mol NH 3 /mol)
(1 x A) (mol H 2O/mol)
Composition of liquid effluent . Basis: 100 g solution
Perry, Table 2.32, p. 2-99: T = 10o C (50o F), = 0.9534 g/mL 0.120 g NH3 /g solution
12.0 g NH 3 88.0 g H 2 O
= 0.706 mol NH 3 , = 4.89 mol NH 3
(17.0 g / 1 mol) (18.0 g / 1 mol)
12.6 mole% NH 3 (aq), 87.4 mole% H 2 O(l)
Composition of gas effluent
p NH 3 = 121 b
. psia Table 2 - 23 g U|
T = 50 F, x A = 0.126
o Perry
pH 2O = 0.155 psia bTable 2 - 21gV
p total = 14 .7 psia |W
y A = 1.21 / 14.7 = 0.0823 mol NH 3 mol
y W = 0.155 / 14.7 = 0.0105 mol H 2 O mol
y G = 1 y A yW = 0.907 mol G mol
b gb g b gb g b 0.907 g = 99.2 mol

G balance: 100 0.90 = n 2 y G n 2 = 100 0.90
NH 3 absorbed = b100gb0.10 g b99.2gb0.0823g = 184

in
. mol NH out 3
1.84 mol absorbed

% absorption = 100% = 18.4%
b gb g
100 0.10 mol fed
b. If the slip stream or densitometer temperature were higher than the temperature in the
contactor, dissolved ammonia would come out of solution and the calculated solution
composition would be in error.
6.44 a.
15% oleum: Basis - 100kg
85 kg H 2SO 4 1 kmol H 2SO 4 1 kmol SO 3 80.07 kg SO 3
15 kg SO 3 + = 84 .4 kg
98.08 kg H 2SO 4 1 kmol H 2 SO 4 1 kmol SO 3
84.4% SO 3
6- 31
6.44 (contd)
b. Basis 1 kg liquid feed
n o (mol), 40oC, 1.2 atm n1 (mol), 40oC, 1.2 atm
0.90 mol SO3 /mol y1 mol SO3/mol

0.10 mol G/mol (1-y 1) mol G/mol
Equilibrium @ 40o C
1 kg 98% H2SO4 m1 (kg) 15% oleum
0.98 kg SO3 0.15 kg SO3 /kg

0.02 kg H2O 0.85 kg H2SO4 /kg
i) y1 =
b
p SO3 40 C, 84.4% g = 115
. 3
= 151
. 10
mol SO 3 mol
P 760
ii) 0.98 kg H 2SO 4 2.02 kg H 0.02 kg H 2 O 2.02 kg H
H balance: +
98.08 kg H 2SO 4 18.02 kg H 2 O
0.85 m 1 H 2 SO 4 2.02 kg H
= m1 = 1.28 kg
98.08 kg H 2SO 4
But since the feed solution has a mass of 1 kg,
b
SO 3 absorbed = 1.28 1.0 kg = g
0.28 kg SO 3 10 3 g 1 mol
kg 80.07 g
= 3.50 mol
3.5 mol = n 0 n1
d
. 10 3 n1
G balance: 0.10n 0 = 1 151
1444444444444442444444444444443
i
E
n 0 = 3.89 mol
n1 = 0.39 mol
V=
3.89 mol b g
22.4 L STP 313K 1 atm 1 m3
1 kg liquid feed mol 273K 1.2 atm 10 3 L
= 8.33 10 -2 m 3 kg liquid feed
6.45 a. Raoults law can be used for water and Henrys law for nitrogen.
b. Raoults law can be used for each component of the mixture, but Henrys law is not valid
here.
c. Raoults law can be used for water, and Henrys law can be used for CO2.
6.46 p B (100C) = 10 ( 6.89272 1203.531 (100 + 219.888 ) ) = 1350.1 mm Hg

pT (100 C ) = 10 ( 6.95805 1346.773 (100 + 219.693) ) = 556.3 mm Hg
0.40 (1350.1)
Raoult's Law: y B P = x B p B yB = = 0.0711 mol Benzene mol
10 (760 )
0.60 ( 556.3)
yT = = 0.0439 mol Toluene mol
10 ( 760)
y N2 = 1 0.0711 0.0439 = 0.885 mol N 2 mol
6- 32
6.47 N 2 - Henry' s law: Perry' s Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Page. 2 - 127, Table 2 -138
b g
H N 2 80 C = 12 .6 10 4 atm mole fraction
b gd i
p N 2 = x N 2 H N2 = 0.003 12 .6 10 4 = 378 atm
H O - Raoult's law: p b80 Cg =

3551
. mm Hg

1 atm
2 H 2O = 0.467 atm
760 mm Hg
p = d x id p i = b 0.997gb0.467 g = 0.466 atm
H 2O H 2O

H2 O
Total pressure: P = p N 2 + p H2 O = 378 + 0.466 = 378.5 atm
Mole fractions: . = 1.23 10 3 mol H 2 O mol gas

y H 2O = p H2 O P = 0 / 466 / 3785
y N 2 = 1 y H2 O = 0.999 mol N 2 mol gas
6.48 H 2 O - Raoult's law: p H2 O 70 C = b g 2337

. mm Hg 1 atm
760 mm Hg
= 0.3075 atm
b gb
p H 2O = xH 2 O p H2 O = 1 xm 0.3075 g
Methane Henry' s law: p m = x m Hm
Total pressure: P = p m + p H2 O = x m 6.66 10 4 + (1 x m )(0.3075) = 10

x m = 1.46 10 4 mol CH 4 / mol
6.49 a. 1000 cm 3 1g mol

Moles of water : n H 2 O = 3
= 55.49 mol
cm 18.02 g
Moles of nitrogen:
(1 - 0.334) 14.1 cm 3 (STP ) 1 mol 1L
n N2 = 3
= 4.192 10 4 mol
22.4 L (STP) 1000 cm
Moles of oxygen:
(0.334) 14.1 cm3 (STP) mol L
n O2 = = 2.102 10 4 mol
22.4 L (STP) 1000 cm3
Mole fractions of dissolved gases:
n N2 4 .192 10 4
x N2 = =
n H 2O + n N 2 + n O2 55.49 + 4.192 10 4 + 2.102 10 4
= 7.554 10 6 mol N 2 / mol
nO2 2.102 10 4
x O2 = =
n H2 O + n N2 + nO2 55.49 + 4.192 10 4 + 2 .102 10 4
= 3.788 10 6 mol O 2 / mol
6- 33
6.49 (contd)
Henry' s law
p N2 0.79 1
Nitrogen: HN 2 = = = 1046
. 10 5 atm / mole fraction
x N2 7.554 10 6
0.21 1
p O2
Oxygen: HO2 = = = 5544
. 10 4 atm / mole fraction
x O2 3.788 10 6
b. Mass of oxygen dissolved in 1 liter of blood:
2.102 10 -4 mol 32.0 g
m O2 = = 6.726 10 3 g
mol
0.4 g O2 1 L blood
Mass flow rate of blood: m& blood = = 59 L blood / min
min 6.72 10 -3 g O 2
c. Assumptions:
(1) The solubility of oxygen in blood is the same as it is in pure water (in fact, it is much
greater);
(2) The temperature of blood is 36.9C.
6.50 a. Basis: 1 cm 3 H 2 O l bg
H2O =1.0
1 g H 2 O 1 mol
(SG)
= 0.0555 mol H 2 O
18.0 g

( SC)

= 0.0901 b g
0.0901 cm3 STP CO 2 1 mol
= 4.022 10 6 mol CO 2
b g
CO2
3
22,400 cm STP
p CO2 = 1 atm x CO 2 =
d4.022 10 i mol CO = 7.246 10 mol CO
6
2 5
mol
d0.0555 + 4.022 10 i mol 6 2
H b20 Cg =
1 atm
p CO2 = x CO2 HCO2 = 13800 atm mole fraction
5
7.246 10
CO2
b. For simplicity, assume n total n H 2 O mol b g

xCO2 = p CO2 H = 3.5 atmb g b13800 atm mole fractiong = 2.536 10 4
mol CO 2 mol
12 oz 1L 10 3 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O 2.536 10 4 mol CO 2 44.0 g CO 2

n CO2 =
33.8 oz 1L 18.0 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2 O 1 mol CO 2
= 0.220 g CO 2
c. V =
0.220 g CO 2 1 mol CO2 22.4 L STPb g b273 + 37gK = 0127
. L = 127 cm 3
44.0 g CO 2 1 mol 273K
6- 34
6.51 a. SO2 is hazardous and should not be released directly into the atmosphere, especially if the
analyzer is inside.
From Henrys law, the partial pressure of SO2 increases with the mole fraction of SO2 in the
liquid, which increases with time. If the water were never replaced, the gas leaving the bubbler
would contain 1000 ppm SO2 (nothing would be absorbed), and the mole fraction of SO2 in the
liquid would have the value corresponding to 1000 ppm SO2 in the gas phase.
b g
b. Calculate x mol SO 2 mol in terms of r g SO 2 100 g H 2 O b g
b g
Basis: 100 g H 2O 1 mol 18.02 g = 5.55 mol H2 O
r (g SO )b1 mol 64.07 gg = 0.01561r (mol SO )
2 2
x =
0.01561r FG mol SO IJ
5.55 + 0.01561r H mol K
2
SO2
From this relation and the given data,

pS O2 (torr) 0 42 85 129 176
3 3 3
xSO2 (mol SO2 /mol) 0 1.4x10 2.8x10 4.2x10 5.6x103
A plot of pSO 2 vs. xS O2 is a straight line. Fitting the line using the method of least squares
(Appendix A.1) yields
d
pSO2 = H SO2 xS O2 i
, H SO 2 = 3.136 10 4
mm Hg
mole fraction
c. 100 ppm SO 2 ySO = 100 mol SO 2 = 1.00 10 4 mol SO 2 /mol gas

2
106 mols gas
( )
pSO2 = ySO2 P = 1.0 104 ( 760 mm Hg ) = 0.0760 mm Hg
pSO 2 0.0760 mm Hg
Henry' s law xSO 2 = =
H SO2 3.136 104 mm Hg mole fraction
= 2.40 10 6 mol SO 2 mol
Since xS O2 is so low, we may assume for simplicity that Vfinal Vinitial = 140 L , and
n final ninitial =
140 L 103 g H 2 O l bg 1 mol
= 7.78 10 3 moles
1L 18 g
7.78 10 3 mol solution 2.40 10 6 mol SO 2
nS O2 = = 0.0187 mol SO 2 dissolved
1 mol solution
0.0187 mol SO2 dissolved
= 1.34 10 4 mol SO 2 L
140 L
Gas-phase composition
4 mol SO 2 xH2 O p*H2O (30o C) (1)(31.824 torr) mol H 2 O(v)
ySO2 = 1.0 10 yH 2 O = = = 4.19 10 2
mol P 760 torr mol
yair = 1 ySO2 yH2O = 0.958 mol dry air/mol
d. Agitate/recirculate the scrubbing solution, change it more frequently. Add a base to the
solution to react with the absorbed SO 2.
6- 35
6.52 Raoults law + Antoine equation (S = styrene, T = toluene):

y S P = xS pS x S = 0.650(150 mm Hg)/10 7.066231507.434 ( T +214.985)
yT P = xT pT xT = 0.350(150 mm Hg)/106.958051346.773 (T + 219.693 )
0.65(150) 0.35(150)
1 = x S + xT =
7.066231507.434 (T + 214.985)
+
6.958051346.773 ( T +219.693)
10 10
T = 86.0C (Determine using E-Z Solve or a spreadsheeet)
0.65(150)
xS =
7.066231507.434 ( 86.0 +214.985)
= 0.853 mol styrene/mol xT = 0.147 mol toluene/mol
10
( 85+ 219.888)
6.53 PB ( 85C ) = 10

= 881.6 mm Hg
6.892721203.531
6.958051346.773 (85.0+ 219.693 )

PT ( 85C ) = 10 = 345.1 mm Hg
Raoult's Law: y B P = x B PB yB = 0.35 (881.6 ) /[10(760)] = 0.0406 mol Benzene mol
yT = 0.65 (345.1) /[10(760)] = 0.0295 mol Toluene mol
y N2 = 1 0.0406 0.0295 = 0.930 mol N2 mol
6.54 a. From the Cox chart, at 77 F, p *P = 140 psig , p *nB = 35 psig, p *iB = 51 psig
Total pressure P=x p p*p +x nB pnB
*
+x iB piB
*
= 0.50(140) + 0.30(3 5)+ 0.20(51)= 91 psia 76 psig

P < 200 psig, so the container is technically safe.
b. From the Cox chart, at 140 F, pP* = 300 psig , p *nB = 90 psig, piB* = 120 psig
Total pressure P = 0.50( 300) + 0.30 (90) + 0.20(120 ) 200 psig
The temperature in a room will never reach 140o F unless a fire breaks out, so the container
is adequate.
(120 +231.541)
6.55 a. Antoine: Pnp (120 C ) = 10

= 6717 mm Hg
6.844711060.793
6.73457 992.019 (120 + 231.541)

Pip (120C) = 10 = 7883 mm Hg
Note: We are using the Antoine equation at a temperature well above the validity ranges in
Table B.4, so that all calculated values must be considered rough estimates.
When the first bubble of vapor forms,
x np = 0.500 mol n - C5H12 (l) / mol xip = 0.500 mol i -C5H 12 (l)/mol
Total pressure: P=xnp p *np +x ip pip* = 0.50(6717) + 0.50(7883) = 7300 mm Hg
6- 36
6.55 (contd)
xnp pnp
*
0.500(6725)
ynp = = = 0.46 mol n-C5 H12 (v)/mol
P 7342
yip = 1 ynp = 1 0.46 = 0.546 mol i-C5H 12 (v)/mol
When the last drop of liquid evaporates,
ynp = 0.500 mol n - C5H 12 (v) / mol yip = 0.500 mol i-C5H12 (v)/mol
y np P yip P 0.500 P 0.500P

x np + xip = + = + = 1 P = 7250 mm Hg
pnp (120 o C)
*
pip (120o C)
*
6717 7883
0.500*7250 mm Hg
xnp = = 0.54 mol n-C5H12 (l)/mol
6717 mm Hg
xip = 1 x np = 1 0.54 = 0.46 mol i -C5H12 (l)/mol
b. When the first drop of liquid forms,

ynp = 0.500 mol n - C5H 12 (v) / mol yip = 0.500 mol i - C12 H12 (v) / mol
P = (1200 + 760) = 1960 mm Hg

0.500 P 0.500 P 980 980
x np + xip = *
+ * = 6.844711060.793/(
Tdp + 231.541)
+ 6.73457 992.019/(T + 231.541) = 1
pnp (Tdp ) pip (Tdp ) 10 10 dp
Tdp = 63.1o C
( 63.1+ 231.541 )
p np = 10 = 1758 mm Hg
6.844711060.793
6.73457 992.019 ( 63.1+ 231.541 )

pip = 10 = 2215 mm Hg
0.5*1960 mm Hg
x np = *
= 0.56 mol n -C5 H12 /mol
pnp (63.1o C)
xip = 1 xnp = 1 0.56 = 0.44 mol i -C5 H12/mol
When the last bubble of vapor condenses,
x np = 0.500 mol n - C5H12 (l) / mol x ip = 0.500 mol i - C5H 12 (l) / mol
Total pressure: P= xnp p *np +x ip p*ip

( T + 231.541) 6.73457 992.019/(Tb p + 231.541)
1960 = (0.5)106.844711060.793 + (0.5)10
T = 62.6C (Obtained with E-Z Solve)
xnp p*np (62.6o C)0.5(1731)
ynp = = = 0.44 mol n -C5H12 (v)/mol
P 1960
yip = 1 y np = 1 0.44 = 0.56 mol i -C5 H12 (v)/mol
6- 37
6.56 B = benzene, T = toluene
n&v (mol / min) at 80o C, 3 atm

yN2 (mol N2 /mol)
10 L(STP)/min xB [mol B(l)/mol] yB [mol B(v)/mol]
n& N2 ( mol / min) xT [mol T(l)/mol] yT [mol T(v)/mol]
10.0 L(STP) / min

n& N2 = = 0.4464 mol N 2 / min
22.4 L(STP) / mol
6.892721203.531 (80+ 219.888 )
Antoine: p B (80 C ) = 10 = 757.6 mm Hg
(80+ 219.693 )
pT ( 80C ) = 10

= 291.2 mm Hg
6.958051346.773
a. Initially, xB = 0.500, xT = 0.500.

Raoult's law:
x B pB (80o C) 0.500 ( 757.6 )
yB = = = 0.166 mol B(v) mol
P 3(760)
xT pT (80o C) 0.500 ( 291.2 )
yT = = = 0.0639 mol T(v) mol
P 3(760)
N 2 balance: 0.4464 mol N 2 / min = n&v (1 0.166 0.0639) n&v = 0.5797 mol / min
FG
n&B 0 = 0.5797
IJ FG 0166
mol mol BI
J mol B(v)
H minKH .
mol K
= 0.0962
min
n&T0
F
= G 0.5797
mol I F
J G mol BI
J = 0.0370
mol T(v)
H min K H
0.0639
mol K min
b. Since benzene is evaporating more rapidly than toluene, xB decreases with time and xT (=
1xB) increases.
c. Since xB decreases, yB (= xBp B*/P) also decreases. Since xT increases, yT (= xTp T*/P) also
increases.
6.57 a. P =
xhex phex dT i +
bp x hep phep dT i
bp , yi =
d i
x i pi Tbp
, Antoine equation for p i
P
760 mm Hg = 0.500 10 + 0.500 10 6.902531267.828 /(Tbp + 216.823)

6.885551175.817/( Tbp + 224.867)

E-Z Solve or Goal Seek Tbp = 80.5 C yhex = 0.713, y hep = 0.287
x
yi P yi
b. xi = =P =1
pi d i
Tdp i i i
pi d i
Tdp
6- 38
6.57 (contd)
0.30 0.30
760 mmHg 6.885551175.817/(T + 224.867) + 6.902531267.828
+ =1
10
dp /( Tdp 216.823)
10
E-Z Solve or Goal Seek Tdp = 711
. C x hex = 0.279 , x hep = 0.721
FG A B IJ
= 10H T + C K
N i

i
6.58 a. f (T ) = P xi pi* (T ) = 0 T , where pi* (T ) i
i =1
x i pi* (T )
yi (i = 1,2,L , N ) =
P
b.
Calculation of Bubble Points

A B C
Benzene 6.89272 1213.531 219.888
Ethylbenzene 6.95650 1423.543 213.091
Toluene 6.95805 1346.773 219.693
P(mmHg)= 760
xB xEB xT T bp (o C) pB pEB pT f(T)

0.226 0.443 0.331 108.09 378.0 148.2 233.9 -0.086
0.443 0.226 0.331 96.47 543.1 51.6 165.2 0.11
0.226 0.226 0.548 104.48 344.0 67.3 348.6 0.07
b
When x B = 1 pure benzene , Tbp = Tbp g d i C6 H 6
= 80.1o C
b
When x EB = 1 pure ethylbenzene , Tbp = Tbp g d i C 8H 10
= 136.2 o C Tbp , EB > Tbp ,T > Tbp, B
b
When x T = 1 pure toluene , Tbp = Tbp g d i C 7 H8
= 1106
. oC
Mixture 1 contains more ethylbenzene (higher boiling point) and less benzene (lower bp)
than Mixture 2, and so (Tbp )1 > (Tbp )2 . Mixture 3 contains more toluene (lower bp) and
less ethylbenzene (higher bp) than Mixture 1, and so (Tbp )3 < (Tbp )1 . Mixture 3 contains
more toluene (higher bp) and less benzene (lower bp) than Mixture 2, and so (Tbp )3 >
(Tbp )2
6- 39
6.59 a. Basis: 150.0 L/s vapor mixture
n& 1 (mol/s) @ T(o C), 1100 mm Hg
0.600 mol B(v)/mol
n& 0 (mol/s)@120C, 1 atm
0.400 mol H(v)/mol
1atm
0.500 mol B(v)/mol &n2 (mol/s)
0.500 mol H(v)/mol
x2 [mol B(l)/mol]
(1- x2 ) [mol H(l)/mol]
Gibbs phase rule: F=2+c- =2+2-2=2
Since the composition of the vapor and the pressure are given, the information is enough.
Equations needed: Mole balances on butane and hexane, Antoine equation and Raoults law
for butane and hexane
150.0 L 273 K mol

b. Molar flow rate of feed: n& 0 = = 4.652 mol/s
s 393 K 22.4 L (STP)
Raoult's law for butane: 0.600(1100)=x 2 10 6.82485 943.453/(T +239.711) (1)
Raoult's law for hexane: 0.400(1100)=(1-x 2 ) 10 6.88555 1175.817/(T + 224.867)
(2)
Mole balance on butane: 4.652(0.5)=n& 1 0.6+ n& 2 x 2 (3)
Mole balance on hexane: 4.652(0.5)=n& 1 0.4 + n& 2 (1 x 2 ) (4)
1100(0.6) 1100(0.4)
c. From (1) and (2), 1= +
943.453 1175.817
10**(6.82485 ) 10**(6.88555 )
T + 239.711 T + 224.867
T = 57.0 C
1100(0.6)
x2 =
6.82485943.453/(57.0 + 239.711)
= 0.149 mol butane /mol
10
Solving (3) and (4) simultaneously n&1 = 3.62 mol C4 H10 /s; n&2 = 1.03 mol C6 H14 /s
d. Assumptions: (1) Antoine equation is accurate for the calculation of vapor pressure;
(2) Raoults law is accurate;
(3) Ideal gas law is valid.
6.60 P = n-pentane, H = n-hexane

170.0 kmol/h, T1a (o C), 1 atm
85.0 kmol/h, T1b (o C), 1
&n0 (kmol/h) 0.98 mol P(l)/mol

0.02 mol H(l)/mol
0.45 kmol P(l)/kmol
0.55 kmol H(l)/kmol
&n2 (kmol/h) (l),

o
x2 (kmol P(l)/kmol)
(1- x2 ) (kmol H(l)/kmol)
6- 40
6.60 (contd)
a. Molar flow rate of feed: n& 0 (0.45)(0.95) = 85( 0.98) n& 0 = 195 kmol / h
Total mole balance : 195 = 85.0 + n& 2 n& 2 = 110 kmol / h
Pentane balance: 195( 0.45) = 85.0 (0.98) + 110 x 2 x 2 = 0.0405 mol P / mol
b. Dew point of column overhead vapor effluent:
Eq. 6.4-7, Antoine equation

0.98(760) 0.02(760)

6.844711060.793/( T1a + 231.541)
+ 6.885551175.817 /( T1a + 224.687)
= 1 T1a = 37.3o C
10 10
Flow rate of column overhead vapor effluent. Assuming ideal gas behavior,
& 170 kmol 0.08206 m3 atm (273.2 + 37.3) K

Vvapor = = 4330 m 3 / h
h kmol K 1 atm
Flow rate of liquid distillate product.
Table B.1 P = 0.621 g / mL, H = 0.659 g / mL
V&distillate =
0.98(85) kmol P 72 .15 kg P L
h kmol P 0.621 kg P
0.02 (85) kmol H 86.17 kg H L
+ = 9 .9 10 3 L / h
h kmol H 0.659 kg H
c. Reboiler temperature.
6.844711060.793/(T2 + 231.541)
0.04 10 + 0.96 106.885551175.817/(T2 + 224.867) = 760 T2 =66.6C
Boilup composition.
+ 231.541)
x2 pP* (66.6 o C) 0.04 106.844711060.793/(66.6
y2 = = = 0.102 mol P(v)/mol
P 760
(1 - y 2 ) = 0.898 mol H(v) / mol
d. Minimum pipe diameter
V&
F I
m3 FG m IJ D 2
GH JK
s
= u max
HsK 4
min
( m2 )
4V&vapor 4 4330 m 3 / h 1 h
D min = = = 0.39 m (39 cm)
u max 10 m / s 3600 s
Assumptions : Ideal gas behavior, validity of Raoults law and the Antoine equation,
constant temperature and pressure in the pipe connecting the column and the condenser,
column operates at steady state.
6- 41
6.61 a. Condenser
V (mol)
F (mol) T 0.96 mol butane/mol
x 0 (mol butane/mol) P R (mol)
x 1 (mol butane/mol)
Partial condenser: 40 C is the dew point of a 96% C 4 H 10 4% C 5H 12 vapor mixture at

P = Pmin
Total condenser: 40 C is the bubble point of a 96% C 4 H 10 - 4% C5 H 12 liquid mixture at
P = Pmin
x = p
yi P 1
Dew Point: 1 = Pmin =
(Raoult's Law)
i
i b
40 C g y i b
pi 40 C g
943.453
6.82485
Antoine Eq. for pi ( C4 H10 ) = 10 40 +239.711
= 2830.7 mm Hg
1060.793
6.84471
Antoine Eq. for pi ( C5 H12 ) = 10 40 + 231.541
= 867.2 mm Hg
1
Pmin = = 2596 mm Hg ( partial condenser )
0.96 2830.7 + 0.04867.2
Bubble Point: P = y P = x p b40 Cg

i i

i
P = 0.96 ( 2830.7 ) + 0.04 (867.2 ) = 2752 mm Hg ( total condenser )
b. V& = 75 kmol / h , R& V& = 15

. R& = 75 15
. kmol / h = 112.5 kmol / h
Feed and product stream compositions are identical: y = 0.96 kmolbutane kmol
Total balance: F& = 75 + 112.5 = 187.5 kmol / h
c. Total balance as in b. R& = 1125

. kmol / h F& = 187.5 kmol / h
Equilibrium: 0.96 P = x1 2830.70 b UV P = 2596 mm Hg

g
b g
Raoult' s law 0.04 P = 1 x1 867.22 b gb gW x = 0.8803 mol butane mol
1
Butane balance: 187 .5 x 0 = 112.5b0.8803g + 0.96b75g x = 0.9122 mol butane mol reflux
0
y i p i y x p P p A
6.62 a. Raoult's law: = AB = A A = A = = AB
xi P y B xB p B P p B
b.
1507.434
( )
7.06623
85 + 214.985
pS 85 C = 10
* o
= 109.95 mm Hg
1423.543
6.95650 85 + 213.091
pEB (85 C) = 10
* o
= 151.69 mm Hg
1213.531
6.89272
85 + 219.888
p*B (85o C) = 10
= 881.59 mm Hg
6- 42
6.62 (contd)
p*S 109.95 p * 881.59
S,EB = * = = 0.725 , B,EB = *B = = 5.812
pEB 151.69 pEB 151.69
Styrene ethylbenzene is the more difficult pair to separate by distillation
because S,EB is closer to 1 than is B,EB .
y j =1 yi
x j =1 xi
yi xi yi xi ij x i
c. ij =
yj xj ij =
b
(1 y i ) 1 xi
yi =
g d
1 + ij 1 x i i
x B B, EB 5.81 x B
d. B, EB = 5.810 y B = = , P = x B p *B + (1 x B ) p *EB
1 + ( B , EB 1) x B 1 + 4.81x B
xB 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 mol B l mol bg

yB 0.0 0.592 0.795 0.897 0.959 1.0 mol B v mol bg
P 152 298 444 5900 736 882 mmHg
6.63 a. Since benzene is more volatile, the fraction of benzene will increase moving up the
column. For ideal stages, the temperature of each stage corresponds to the bubble point
temperature of the liquid. Since the fraction of benzene (the more volatile species)
increases moving up the column, the temperature will decrease moving up the column.
b. Stage 1: n& l = 150 mol / h, n& v = 200 mol / h ; x 1 = 0.55 mol B mol 0.45 mol S mol ;
y 0 = 0.65 mol B mol 0.35 mol S mol
Bubble point T : P = x p i

i bT g
P1 = (0.400 760) mmHg = ( 0.55 )10 6.892721203.531/(T + 219.888) + ( 0.45 )107.066231507.434/(
T + 214.985)

E-Z Solve
T1 = 67.6 o C
y1 =
x1 p B T b g= b g
0.55 508
= 0.920 mol B mol 0.080 mol S mol
P 0.400 760
B balance: y 0 n& v + x 2 n& l = y 1n& v + x 1n&l x 2 = 0.910 mol B mol 0.090 mol S mol
Stage 2: (0.400 760) mmHg = 0.910 p *B (T2 ) + 0.090 p *S ( T 2)

E-Z Solve
T2 = 55.3o C
y2 =
b
0.910 3310
. g = 0.991 mol B mol 0.009 mol S mol
760 0.400
B balance: y 1n& v + x 3n& l = y 2n&v + x 2 n&l x 3 1 mol B mol 0 mol S mol
c. In this process, the styrene content is less than 5% in two stages. In general, the
calculation of part b would be repeated until (1yn ) is less than the specified fraction.
6- 43
6.64 Basis: 100 mol/s gas feed. H=hexane.
n l (mol/s) n v (mol/s)
x +i 1 (mol H/mol) y i (mol H/mol)
200 mol oil/s n F (mol/s)
y F (mol H/mol)
Stage i
1 y F (mol N 2/mol)
n l (mol/s) n v (mol/s)
100 mol/s n 2 (mol/s) x i (mol H/mol) y i 1 (mol H/mol)
0.05 mol H/mol x 2 (mol H/mol)
99.5% of H in feed.
0.95 mol N /mol
2 1 x 2 (mol Oil/mol)
a. b g b g
N 2 balance: 0.95 100 = 1 y F n F

n F = 95.025 mol s U|V
b gb g
99.5% absorption: 0.05 100 0.005 = y F n F |W
y F = 2 .63 10 4 mol H(v) mol
Mole Balance: 100 + 200 = 95.025 + n 2 n2 = 205 mol s
b g b g b g
Hexane Balance: 0.05 100 = 2.63 10 4 95.025 + x 1 204.99 x 1 = 0.0243 mol H(l) mol
n& L =
1
2
b g
200 + 205 n& L = 202.48 mol s , n&G = b100 + 95.025g n&
1
2 G = 97 .52 mol s
B
Antoine
b. b g b g
y1 = x1 p H 50 C / P = 0.0243 403.73 / 760 = 0.0129 mol H(v) mol
H balance on 1 st Stage: y0 n&v + x2 n& l = y1 n&v + x1n& l x2 = 0.00643 mol H(l) mol
c. The given formulas follow from Raoults law and a hexane balance on Stage i.
d.
Hexane Absorption
P= 760 PR= 1
y0= 0.05 x1= 0.0243 ye= 2.63E-04
nGf= 95.025 nL1= 204.98 nG= 97.52 nL= 202.48
A= 6.88555 B= 1175.817 C= 224.867
T p*(T) T p*(T) T p*(T)

30 187.1 50 405.3059 70 790.5546
i x(i) y(i) i x(i) y(i) i x(i) y(i)

0 5.00E-02 0 5.00E-02 0 5.00E-02
1 2.43E-02 5.98E-03 1 2.43E-02 1.30E-02 1 2.43E-02 2.53E-02
2 3.10E-03 7.63E-04 2 6.46E-03 3.45E-03 2 1.24E-02 1.29E-02
3 5.86E-04 1.44E-04 3 1.88E-03 1.00E-03 3 6.43E-03 6.69E-03
4 7.01E-04 3.74E-04 4 3.44E-03 3.58E-03
5 3.99E-04 2.13E-04 5 1.94E-03 2.02E-03
... ... ...
21 4.38E-04 4.56E-04
6- 44
6.64 (contd)
e. If the column is long enough, the liquid flowing down eventually approaches equilibrium
with the entering gas. At 70o C, the mole fraction of hexane in the exiting liquid in
equilibrium with the mole fraction in the entering gas is 4.56x104 mol H/mol, which is
insufficient to bring the total hexane absorption to the desired level. To reach that level at
70o C, either the liquid feed rate must be increased or the pressure must be raised to a
value for which the final mole fraction of hexane in the vapor is 2.63x104 or less. The
solution is Pmin = 1037 mm Hg.
6.65 a. Intersection of vapor curve with y B = 0.30 at T = 104 C 13% B(l), 87%T(l)
b g
b. T = 100 C x B = 0.24 mol B mol liquid , y B = 0.46 mol B mol liquid b g
n V (mol vapor)
Basis: 1 mol 0.46 mol B(v)/mol
0.30 mol B(v)/mol n L (mol liquid)
0.24 mol B(l)/mol
Balances
Total moles: 1 = nV + n L

UV
n L = 0.727 mol nV
= 0.375
mol vapor
B: 0.30 = 0.46 nV + 0.24 n L W
nV = 0.273 mol n L mol liquid
c. Intersection of liquid curve with x B = 0.3 at T = 98 C 50% B(v), 50%T(v)
6.66 a. P = 798 mm Hg, y B = 0.50 mol B(v) mol

b. P = 690 mm Hg, xB = 0.15 mol B(l) mol
c. P = 750 mm Hg, y B = 0.43 mol B(v) mol, xB = 0.24 mol B(l) mol
nV (mol)
3 mol B 0.43 mol B/mol
7 mol T nL (mol)
0.24 mol B/mol
Mole bal.: 10 = nV + n L

UV
nV = 3.16 mol n
v = 0.46
mol vapor
B bal.: 3 = 0.43nV + 0.24 n L W
n L = 6.84 mol n l mol liquid
Answers may vary due to difficulty of reading chart.
d. i) P = 1000 mm Hg all liquid . Assume volume additivity of mixture components.

3 mol B 78.11 g B 10 3 L 7 mol T 92.13 g T 10 3 L
V= + = 1.0 L
mol B 0.879 g B mol T 0.866 g T
ii) 750 mmHg. Assume liquid volume negligible
6- 45
6.66 (contd)
3.16 mol vapor 0.08206 L atm 373 K 760 mm Hg
V= 0.6 L = 97.4 L
mol K 750 mm Hg 1 atm
(Liquid volume is about 0.6 L)
iii) 600 mm Hg
10 mol vapor 0.08206 L atm 373K 760 mm Hg

v= = 388 L
mol K 600 mm Hg 1 atm
6.67 a. M = methanol
n V (mol)
n f (mol) y (mol M(v)mol)
x F (mol M(l)/mol) n L (mol)
x (mol M(l)/mol)
Mole balance: n f = nV + n L UV n x x
x F nV + x F n L = ynV + xn L f = V = F
MeOH balance: x F n f = ynV + xn L W nL yx
0.4 0.23
x F = 0.4 , x = 0.23, y = 0.62 f = = 0.436
0.62 0.23
b. Tmin = 75o C, f = 0 , Tmax = 87 o C, f = 1
6.68 a.
Txy diagram
(P=1 atm)
80
75
70 Vapor
T( C)
65
o
60 liquid
55
50
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Mole fraction of Acetone
b. x A = 0.47; y A = 0.66
6- 46
6.68 (contd)
c. (i) x A = 0.34; y A = 0.55
(ii) Mole bal.: 1 = nV + nL

nV = 0.762 mol vapor, nL = 0.238 mol liquid
A bal.: 0.50 = 0.55nV + 0.34 nL
76.2 mole% vapor
(iii) A (l ) = 0.791 g/cm 3 , E(l) = 0.789 g/cm 3 l 0.790 g/cm3
(To be more precise, we could convert the given mole fractions to mass fractions and
calculate the weighted average density of the mixture, but since the pure component
densities are almost identical there is little point in doing all that.)
M A = 58.08 g/mol, M E = 46.07 g/mol
Ml = ( 0.34 )( 58.08) + (1 0.34 )( 46.07 ) = 50.15 g/mol
Basis: 1 mol liquid (0.762 mol vapor / 0.238 mol liquid) = 3.2 mol vapor
(1 mol)(50.15 g / mol)
Liquid volume: Vl = 3
= 63.48 cm 3
(0.790 g / cm )
Vapor volume:
3.2 mol 22400 cm 3 (STP) (65 + 273)K
Vv = = 88 ,747 cm 3
mol 273K
88,747
Volume percent of vapor = 100% = 99.9 volume % vapor
88747 + 63.48
d. For a basis of 1 mol fed, guess T, calculate n V as above; if n V 0.20, pick new T.
T xA yA fV
65 C 0.34 0.55 0.333
64.5 C 0.36 0.56 0.200
e. Raoult's law: y i P = xi p i* P = x A p *A + x E p E*
7.11714 1210.595/(Tbp +229.664) 8.11220 1592.864/( Tbp +226.184)
760 = 0.5 10 + 0.5 10 Tbp = 66.16 o C
xp*A 0.5 107.11714 1210.595/(66.25+ 229.664)

y= = = 0.696 mol acetone/mol
P 760
Tbp 66.25 61.8
The actual Tbp = 61.8o C = 100% = 7.20% error in Tbp
Tbp (real) 61.8
y A 0.696 0.674
y A = 0.674 = 100% = 3.26% error in yA
yA (real) 0.674
Acetone and ethanol are not structurally similar compounds (as are, for example, pentane
and hexane or benzene and toluene). There is consequently no reason to expect Raoults
law to be valid for acetone mole fractions that are not very close to 1.
6- 47
6.69 a. B = benzene, C = chloroform. At 1 atm, (Tbp )B = 80.1o C, (Tbp)C = 61.0o C
The Txy diagram should look like Fig. 6.4-1, with the curves converging at 80.1o C when
xC = 0 and at 61.0o C when xC = 1. (See solution to part c.)
b.
Txy Diagram for an Ideal Binary Solution
A B C
Chloroform 6.90328 1163.03 227.4
Benzene 6.89272 1203.531 219.888
P(mmHg)= 760
x T y p1 p2 p1+p2
0 80.10 0 0 760 760
0.05 78.92 0.084 63.90 696.13 760.03
0.1 77.77 0.163 123.65 636.28 759.93
0.15 76.66 0.236 179.63 580.34 759.97
0.2 75.58 0.305 232.10 527.86 759.96
0.25 74.53 0.370 281.34 478.59 759.93
0.3 73.51 0.431 327.61 432.30 759.91
0.35 72.52 0.488 371.15 388.79 759.94
0.4 71.56 0.542 412.18 347.85 760.03
0.45 70.62 0.593 450.78 309.20 759.99
0.5 69.71 0.641 487.27 272.79 760.07
0.55 68.82 0.686 521.68 238.38 760.06
0.6 67.95 0.729 554.15 205.83 759.98
0.65 67.11 0.770 585.00 175.10 760.10
0.7 66.28 0.808 614.02 145.94 759.96
0.75 65.48 0.844 641.70 118.36 760.06
0.8 64.69 0.879 667.76 92.17 759.93
0.85 63.93 0.911 692.72 67.35 760.07
0.9 63.18 0.942 716.27 43.75 760.03
0.95 62.45 0.972 738.72 21.33 760.05
1 61.73 1 760 0 760
Txy diagram
(P=1 atm)
85
80
75 Vapor
T( C)
o
70
Liquid
65
60
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Mole fraction of chloroform
6- 48
6.69 (contd)
d.
Txy diagram
(P=1 atm)
85
80
yc xc
75
T(oC)
70
x y
65
60
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Mole fraction of choloroform
T 71 75.3
= 100% = 5.7% error in Tbp
Tactual 75.3
Raoults law: Tbp = 71o C, y = 0.58
y 0.58 0.60
= 100% = 3.33% error in y
y actual 0.60
Benzene and chloroform are not structurally similar compounds (as are, for example,
pentane and hexane or benzene and toluene). There is consequently no reason to expect
Raoults law to be valid for chloroform mole fractions that are not very close to 1.
d i b
6.70 P 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = x m p *m Tbp + 1 x m p *P Tbp g d i
Tbp + 230) 7.74416 1437.686/(Tbp + 198.463)
760 = 0.40 10 + 0.60 10 T = 79.9 o C
7.878631473.11/( E-Z Solve
We assume (1) the validity of Antoines equation and Raoults law, (ii) that pressure head and
surface tension effects on the boiling point are negligible.
The liquid temperature will rise until it reaches 79.9 C, where boiling will commence. The
escaping vapor will be richer in methanol and thus the liquid composition will become richer
in propanol. The increasing fraction of the less volatile component in the residual liquid will
cause the boiling temperature to rise.
6- 49
6.71 Basis: 1000 kg/h product
nH4 (mol H 2 /h)
Scrubbed
Hydrocarbons
E = C2 H5 OH ( M = 46.05) scrubber
nA4 (mol A/h)
A = CH 3 CHO ( M = 44.05)
n3 (mol/h) nE4 (mol E/h)
P = 760 mm Hg y A3 (mol A/mol), sat'd
y E3 (mol E/mol), sat'd
Fresh feed y H3 (mol H 2 /h) Product
n0 (mol E/h) vapor, 40C 1000 kg/h
np (mol/h)
reactor condenser still
nA1 (mol A/h) nA2 (mol A/h) nC (mol/h) 0.97 A
nE1 (mol E/h) nE2 (mol E/h) 0.550 A 0.03 E
280C nH2 (mol H 2/h) 0.450 E
liquid, 40C
nr (mol/h)
0.05 A
0.95 E
Strategy
d i
Calculate molar flow rate of product n& p from mass flow rate and composition
Calculate y A3 and y E3 from Raoults law: y H3 = 1 y A3 y E3 . Balances about
the still involve fewest unknowns ( n&c and n& r )

Total mole balance about still UV n& , n&
A balance about still W c r
A, E and H 2 balances about scrubber n&A4 , n& E4 , and n& H4 in terms of n& 3 .
Overall atomic balances on C, H, and O now involve only 2 unknowns ( n& 0 , n&3 )

Overall C balanceUV n& , n&
Overall H balanceW 0 3
A balance about fresh feed-recycle mixing point n& A1

E balance about fresh feed-recycle mixing point n& E1
A, E, H 2 balances about condenser n& A2 , n& E2 , n& H2
All desired quantities may now be calculated from known molar flow rates.
a. Molar flow rate of product
b gb g b gb
M = 0.97 M A + 0.03 M E = 0.97 44.05 + 0.03 46.05 = 44.11 g mol g
1000 kg 1 kmol
n& p = = 22.67 kmol h
h 44.11 kg
Table B.4 (Antoine) p *A ( 40 C ) = 44.8 mm Hg

p *E ( 40 C ) = 0.360 mm Hg
Note: We are using the Antoine equation at a temperature below the ranges of validity in Table
B.4, so that all calculated values must be considered rough estimates.
0.550 p*A ( 40 C ) 0.550(44.8)
Raoults law yA3 = = = 0.03242 kmol A/kmol
P 760
6- 50
6.71 (contd)
0.450 p*E ( 40 C) 0.450(0.360)
yE3 = = = 2.13 10 4 kmol E kmol
P 760
yH3 = 1 y A3 y E3 = 0.9674 kmol H 2 kmol
Mole balance about still: n& c = n& p + n& r n&c = 22.67 + n&r UV n&r = 29.5 kmol / h recycle
A balance about still: 0.550n&c = 0.97 (22 .67) + 0.05n& r W n& c = 52.1 kmol / h
A balance about scrubber: n& A4 = n& 3 y A3 = 0.02815n& 3 (1)
E balance about scrubber: n& E4 = n&3 y E3 = 2.03 10 4 n& 3 (2)
H 2 balance about scrubber: n& H4 = n&3 y H3 = 0.9716n&3 (3)
Overall C balance:
n& 0 (mol E) 2 mol C
h 1 mol E
b gb g b gb g d ib g d
= n& A4 2 + n& E4 2 + 0.97n& p 2 + 0.03n& p 2 ib g
n& 0 = n& A 4 + n& E 4 + 22.67 (4)
Overall H balance:
b gb g b gb g
6n& 0 = 2 n& H4 + 4 n& A4 + 6n& E4 + n& p 0.97 4 + 0.03 6 (5)
Solve (1)(5) simultaneously (E-Z Solve):

n&0 = 23.4 kmol E/h (fresh feed), n&H 4 = 22.8 kmol H2 /h (in off-gas)
n&3 = 23.5 kmol/h, n&A 4 = 0.76 kmol A/h, n&E 4 = 0.0050 kmol E/h
A balance about feed mixing point: n& A1 = 0.05n& r = 1.47 kmol A h
E balance about feed mixing point: n& E1 = n&0 + 0.95 n&r = 51.5 kmol E h
E balance about condenser: n& E2 = n&3 y E3 + 0.450 n&c = 23.5 kmol E h
Ideal gas equation of state:
(1.47 + 51.5 ) kmol 22.4 m 3 (STP ) ( 273+280 ) K
Vreactor feed = = 2.40 10 3 m 3 h
h 1 kmol 273K
n&0 0.03 n& p 23.4 ( 0.03 )( 22.67 )
b. Overall conversion = 100% = 100% = 97%
n&0 23.4
n& n& 51.5 23.5
Single-pass conversion = E1 E2 100% = 100% = 54%
n&E1 51.5
Feed rate of A to scrubber: n&A4 =0.76 kmol A/h
Feed rate of E to scrubber: n& E4 = 0.0050 kmolE h
6- 51
6.72 a. G = dry natural gas, W = water
n& 3 (lb - mole G / d)

n& 4 (lb - mole W / d)
10 lb m W /106 SCF gas
90 o F, 500 psia
Absorber
n& 7 ( lb - mole W / d)
4.0 106 SCF / d FG lb - mole TEG IJ

n& 5
4 80 = 320 lb m W / d H d K Distillation
n& 1 ( lb - mole G / d)
n& G
F lb - mole W IJ Column
n& 2 [lb - mole W(v) / d] 6
H d K
n&5
FG lb - mole TEGIJ
H d K
n& G
F lb- mole WIJ
8
H d K
Overall system D.F. analysis: 5 unknowns (n&1 , n& 2 , n& 3 , n& 4 , n&7 )
2 feed specifications (total flow rate, flow rate of water)
1 water content of dried gas
2 balances (W, G)
0 D.F.
320 lb m W 1 lb - mole
Water feed rate : n& 2 = = 17 .78 lb - moles W / d
d 18.0 lb m
Dry gas feed rate:
4.0 106 SCF 1 lb- mole lb - moles W
&n1 = 17.78 = 1112
. 104 lb - moles G/ d
d 359 SCF d
Overall G balance: n&1 = n& 3 n&3 = 1112

. 10 4 lb - moles G / d
Flow rate of water in dried gas:
(n& 3 + n&4 ) lb - moles 359 SCF gas 10 lb m W 1 lb - mole W
n& 4 =
d lb - mole 10 6 SCF 18.0 lb m
n& =1.112 104

3
n& 4 = 2.218 lb - mole W(l) / d
Overall W balance:
(17.78 2.218) lb - moles W 18.0 lb m F 1 ft I = 4.5 ft W

3 3
n& 7 =
d 1 lb - mole
= 280
lb m W
d
GH 62.4 lb JK
m d
6-52
6.72 (contd)
b. Mole fraction of water in dried gas =

n&4 2.218 lb - moles W / d lb - moles W(v)
yw = = = 1.99 10 4
n&3 + n& 4 (2.218 + 1.112 10 ) lb - moles / d
4
lb - mole
Henrys law: yw P = Hwxw
(1.99 10 4 )(500 psia)(1 atm / 14.7 psia) lb - mole dissolved W

( x w ) max = = 0.0170
0.398 atm / mole fraction lb - mole solution
c. Solvent/solute mole ratio
n&5 37 lb m TEG 1 lb - mole TEG 18.0 lbm W lb - mole TEG
= = 4.434
n&2 n&4 lb m W 150.2 lb m TEG 1 lb m W lb - mole W absorbed
n&5 = 4.434(17.78 2.22) = 69.0 lb - moles TEG / d
lb - mole W n&6 &5 = 69 .0

xw = 0.80(0.0170) = 0.0136 = n n&6 = 0951
. lb - mole W/ d
lb - mole n&5 + n&6
Solvent stream entering absorber
0.951 lb- moles W 18.0 lb m 69.0 lb - moles TEG 150.2 lb m
&
m= +
d lb - mole d lb - mole
= 1.04 104 lb m / d
W balance on absorber
n&8 = (17.78 + 095

. 2.22) lb -moles W/ d = 16.51 lb - moles W/ d
16.51 lb - moles W / d
xw = = 019
. lb - mole W / lb - mole
(16.51 + 69.9) lb - moles / d
c. The distillation column recovers the solvent for subsequent re-use in the absorber.
6.73 Basis: Given feed rates
G1 G2 G3 G4
100 mol/h n1 (mol/h) 200 mol air/h 200 mol air/h
0.96 H2 0.999 H 2 n2 mol H 2S/mol
0.04 H2 S, sat'd 0.001 H 2S 0.40C, 1 at m
1.8 atm
absorber stripper
L2 0C L1 40C
n3 (mol/h) n4 (mol/h) n3 (mol/h)
x 3 (mol H 2S/mol) 0.002 H 2S x 3 (mol H 2S/mol)
(1 x 3) (mol solvent/mol) 0.998 solvent (1 x 3) (mol solvent/mol)
0C 40C
heater
6-53
6.73 (contd)
Equilibrium condition: At G1, p H 2S = 0.04 18 b gb
. atm = 0.072 atm g
p H 2S 0.072 atm
x3 = = = 2.67 10 3 mole H 2 S mole
H H2 S 27 atm mol fraction
Strategy: Overall H 2 and H 2 S balances n&1 , n& 2

n& 2 + air flow rate volumetric flow rate at G4
H 2 S and solvent balances around absorber n&3 , n& 4
0.998n& 4 = solvent flow rate
b gb g
Overall H 2 balance: 100 0.96 = 0.999 n1 n&1 = 96.1 mol h
n&1 = 96.1
Overall H S balance: b100gb0.04 g = 0.001n& + n&
2 1 2 n&2 = 3.90 mol H 2S h
Volumetric flow rate at stripper outlet
V&G4 =
b g
200 + 3.90 mol 22.4 liters STP b g b273 + 40gK = 5240 L hr
h 1 mol 273 K
H 2 S and solvent balances around absorber:
b100gb0.04g + 0.002n& = 0.001n& + n& 3 x 3 n& 4 = 1.335n& 3 1952 U| n&

0.998n& = n& d1 2.67 10 i
4 1
V| n& 4 = 5830 mol h
4 3
3
W 3
Solvent flow rate = 0.998n&4 = 5820 mol solvent h
6.74 Basis: 100 g H 2 O
Sat'd solution @ 60C Sat'd solution @ 30C

100 g H 2 O 100 g H 2 O
16.4 g NaHCO 3 11.1 g NaHCO3
ms (g NaHCO3 ( s))
NaHCO 3 balance 16.4 = 111

. + ms m s = 5.3 g NaHCO 3 s bg
5.3 g cryst allized
% crystallization = 100% = 32.3%
16.4 g fed
6.75 Basis: 875 kg/h feed solution

m1 (kg H2 O(v )/h)
875 kg/h Sat'd solution 10C

x 0 (kg KOH/kg) m2 (kg H2 O(1)/h)
(1 x0) (kg H 2O/kg) 1.03 m2 (kg KOH/h)
m3 (kg KOH-2H 2O( s)/h)

60% of KOH in feed
6-54
6.75 (contd)
Analysis of feed: 2KOH + H 2 SO 4 K 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O
x0 =
22.4 mL H 2 SO 4 l bg1L
3
0.85 mol H 2 SO 4 2 mol KOH 56.11 g KOH
5 g feed soln 10 mL L 1 mol H 2 SO 4 1 mol KOH
= 0.427 g KOH g feed
60% recovery: 875 (0.427 )( 0.60 ) = 224.2 kg KOH h
224.2 kg KOH 92.15 kg KOH 2H2 O
m3 = = 368.2 kg KOH 2H2 O h (143.8 kg H 2 O h )
h 56.11 kg KOH
KOH balance: 0.427 (875 ) = 224.2 + 1.03m2 m2 = 145.1 kg h
Total mass balance: 875 = 368.2 + 2.03 (145.1) + m1 m1 = 212kg H 2 O h evaporated
6.76 a.
g A dissolved R 0 30 45
CA =
mL solution CA 0 0.200 0.300
Plot CA vs. R CA = R / 150
500 mol 1.10 g

b. Mass of solution: = 550 g (160 g A, 390 g S)
ml
The initial solution is saturated at 10.2 C.
160 g A
Solubility @ 10.2 C = = 0.410 g A g S = 41.0 g A 100 g S @ 10.2 C
390 g S
17.5 150 g A 1 mL soln
At 0C, R = 17.5 CA = = 0106
. g A g soln
mL soln 110
. g soln
Thus 1 g of solution saturated at 0C contains 0.106 g A & 0.894 g S.
0106
. gA
Solubility @ 0C = 0.118 g A g S = 118 . g A 100 g S @ 0 C
0.894 g S
Mass of solid A: 160 g A

390 g S 11.8 g A
100 g S
= 114 g A s bg
6 4 g44 47444 4
A remaining in sol n
8
6 44 7448 0.5 390 g S 11.8 g A
g A initia l
c. b g
160 114 g A
100 g S
= 23.0 g A sbg
6.77 a. Table 6.5-1 shows that at 50o F (10.0o F), the salt that crystallizes is MgSO 4 7 H 2 O , which
contains 48.8 wt% MgSO 4.
b. Basis: 1000 kg crystals/h.
m& 0 (g/h) satd solution @ 130o F m& 1 (g/h) satd solution @ 50o F
0.35 g MgSO4 /g 0.23 g MgSO4 /g
0.65 g H2 O/g 0.77 g H2 O/g
6-55
1000 kg MgSO4 7H2 O(s)/h
6.77 (contd)
Mass balance: m& 0 = m& 1 + 1000 kg / h m& 0 = 2150 kg feed / h
MgSO 4 balance: 0.35m 0 = 0.23m & 1 + 0.488(1000) kg MgSO 4 / h m& = 1150 kg soln / h
1
kg anhydrous MgSO 4
The crystals would yield 0.488 1000 kg / h = 488
h
6.78 Basis: 1 lb m feed solution.

Figure 6.5-1 a saturated KNO3 solution at 25o C contains 40 g KNO3 /100 g H2 O
40 g KNO3
x KNO3 = = 0.286 g KNO3 / g = 0.286 lb m KNO3 / lb m x
(40 + 100) g solution
1 lb m solution @ 80o C
0.50 lb m KNO3 /lb m m1 (lb m) satd solution @ 25o C
0.50 lb m H2 O/lb m 0.286 lb m KNO3 /lb m soln
0.714 lb m H2 O/lb m soln
m2 [lb m KNO3 (s)]
Mass balance: 1 lb m = m1 + m2 m1 = 0.700 lb m solution / lb m feed

KNO3 balance: 0.50 lb m KNO 3 = 0286
. m1 + m2 m2 = 0.300 lb m crystals/ lb m feed
0.300 lb m crystals/ lb m feed

Solid / liquid mass ratio = = 0.429 lb m crystals/ lb m solution
0.700 lb m solution / lb m feed
6.79 a. Basis: 1000 kg NaCl(s)/h.

Figure 6.5-1 a saturated NaCl solution at 80o C contains 39 g NaCl/100 g H2 O
39 g NaCl
x NaCl = = 0.281 g NaCl / g = 0.281 kg NaCl / kg
(39 + 100) g solution
m& 2 [kg H 2 O(v) / h]
m& 0 (kg/h) solution m& 1 (kg/h) satd solution @ 80o C

0.100 kg NaCl/kg 0.281 kg NaCl/kg soln
0.900 kg H2 O/kg 0.719 kg H2 O/kg soln
1000 kg NaCl(s)/h
& 0 = m&1 + m
Mass balance: m &2 & 1 =0.700 lbm solution / lb m feed
m

. m& 1 + m
NaCl balance: 0.100 kg NaCl = 0281 &2 m& 2 = 0.300 lbm crystals/ lb m feed
0.300 lbm crystals/ lb m feed

Solid / liquid mass ratio = =0.429 lbm crystals / lb m solution
0.700 lbm solution / lb m feed
The minimum feed rate would be that for which all of the water in the feed evaporates to
produce solid NaCl at the specified rate. In this case
6-56
6.79 (contd)
. (m& 0 ) min = 1000 kg NaCl / h ( m

0100 & 0 ) min = 10,000 kg / min
& 2 = 9000 kg H 2O / h
Evaporation rate: m
&1 = 0
Exit solution flow rate: m
b. m& 2 [kg H 2 O(v) / h]
m& 0 (kg/h) solution m& 1 (kg/h) satd solution @ 80o C

0.100 kg NaCl/kg 0.281 kg NaCl/kg soln
0.900 kg H2 O/kg 0.719 kg H2 O/kg soln
1000 kg NaCl(s)/h
kg NaCl kg
40% solids content in slurry 1000 & 1 ) max (m& 1 ) max = 2500
= 0.400(m
h h
& 0 = 0.281(2500) m
NaCl balance: 0.100m & 0 = 7025 kg / h
& 0 = 2500 + m
Mass balance: m &2 m
& 2 = 4525 kg H2O evaporate / h
6.80 Basis: 1000 kg K 2 Cr2 O 7 (s) h . Let K = K 2 Cr2 O 7 , A = dry air, S = solution, W = water.
Composition of saturated solution:
0.20 kg K 0.20 kg K
= 01667
kg W b
1 + 0.20 kg soln g
. kg K kg soln
n& 2 (mol/ h)
y2 (mol W(v) / mol)
m& e [kg W(v) / h)
(1 y2 )(mol A / mol)
90 C, 1 atm, Tdp = 392
o o
. C
m& 1 ( kg / h)
CRYSTALLIZER- 0.90 kg K(s) / kg 1000 kg K(s) / h
& f (kg/ h)
m m& f + m& r (kg / h) DRYER
CENTRIFUGE 0.10 kg soln / kg
0.210 kg K / kg
0.1667 kg K/ kg
0.790 kg W(l)/ kg
0.8333 kg W/ kg
n& a (mol A / h)
& r (kg recycle / h)
m
0.1667 kg K / kg
0.8333 kg W / kg
b
Dryer outlet gas: y2 P = p *W 39.2 C y2 = g 53.01 mm Hg
760 mm Hg
= 0.0698 mol W mol
6-57
& f = 1000 kg K h m
Overall K balance: 0.210m & f = 4760 kg h feed solution
6.80 (contd)
.b
K balance on dryer: 0.90m& 1 + 01667 010
. m gb g
& 1 = 1000 kg h m& 1 = 1090 kg h
Mass balance around crystallizer-centrifuge
m& f + m& r = m
& e + m& 1 + m
& r me = 4760 1090 = 3670 kg h water evaporated
95% solution recycled m& r =

b0.10 1090g kg h not recycled 95 kg recycled
5 kg not recycled
= 2070 kg h recycled
Water balance on dryer
b0.8333gb010
. gb1090g kg W h
= 0.0698n& n&2 = 7.225 104 mol h
. 103 kg mol
2
1801
Dry air balance on dryer
na = b1 0.0698g7.225 10 4
b g
mol 22.4 L STP
= 151
. 10 6 L STP hb g
h 1 mol
6-58
6.81. Basis : 100 kg liquid feed. Assume P atm=1 atm
n2w (kmol H2 O )(sat' d)
100 kg Feed
n2c (kmol CO2 )
0.07 kg Na 2CO 3 / kg Reactor
Reactor
e n2a (kmol Air)
0.93 kg H 2 O / kg
70o C, 3 atm(absolute)
n1(kmol)
Filtrate
0.70 kmol CO 2 / kmol
Filter m5 (kg)
0.30 kmol Air / kmol m3 ( kg NaHCO 3( s))
R|m (kg solution) U|
4
0.024 kg NaHCO 3 / kg
0.976 kg H 2 O / kg
S|0.024 kg NaHCO / kgV| 3 Filter cake
T0.976 kg H O / kg W
2 m6 (kg)
0.86 kg NaHCO 3 (s) / kg
R|0.14 kg solution U|
S|0.024 kg NaHCO / kgV|
3
T0.976 kg H O / kg W
2
Degree of freedom analysis :
Reactor Filter
6 unknowns (n1 , n2 , y2w , y2c, m3 , m4 ) 2 unknowns
4 atomic species balances (Na, C, O, H) 2 balances
1 air balance 0 DF
1 (Raoult's law for water)
0 DF
Na balance on reactor
100 kg 0.07 kg Na 2 CO3 46 kg Na (m + 0.024m4 ) kg NaHCO3 23 kg Na

= 3
kg 106 kg Na2 CO3 84 kg NaHCO3
3.038 = 0.2738(m3 + 0.024m4 ) (1)
Air balance: 0.300 n1 = n2a (2 )

C balance on reactor :
n1 (kmol) 0.700 kmol CO2 12 kg C 100 kg 0.07 kg Na 2CO3 12 kg C
+
kmol 1 kmol CO2 kg 106 kg Na 2CO3
12
= (n2c )(12) + (m3 + 0.024m2 )( ) 8.40n1 + 0.7924 = 12n2c + 01429
. (m3 + 0.024m4 ) (3)
84
H balance :
2 1 2
(100)(0.93)( ) = ( n2 w )(2 ) + (m3 + 0.024 m4 )( ) + 0.976m4 ( )
18 84 18
10.33 = 2 n2 w + 0.01190( m3 + 0.024 m4 ) + 0.1084 m4 (4 )
6-59
6.81(cont'd)
O balance (not counting O in the air):
48 16
n1 (0.700)(932 ) + 100 (0.07 )( ) + 100 ( 0.93)( )
106 18
48 16
= (n 2w )(16) + n2c (32) + (m3 + 0.024 m4 )( ) + 0.976m4 ( )
84 18
22.4 n1 + 85.84 = 16n 2w + 32n 2c + 0.5714(m 3 + 0.024 m4 ) + 0.8676 m4 (5)
Raoult's Law :
n2 w 233.7 mm Hg
y w P = p *w (70 o C) =
n 2w + n 2c + n 2a (3 * 760) mm Hg
n2 w = 0.1025( n2 w + n 2c + n 2a ) (6)
Solve (1)-(6) simultaneously with E-Z solve (need a good set of starting values to
converge).
n1 = 0.8086 kmol, n2a = 0.2426 kmol air, n2c = 0.500 kmol CO 2 ,
n 2w = 0.0848 kmol H 2 O(v), m3 = 8.874 kg NaHCO3 (s), m4 = 92.50 kg solution
NaHCO3 balance on filter:

m3 + 0.024 m4 = 0.024 m5 + m6 [0.86 + (0.14 )( 0.024 )]
m3 =8.874
11.09 = 0.024m 5 + 0.8634m6 (7 )

m4 =92 .50
Mass Balance on filter: 8.874 + 92.50 = 1014

. = m5 + m6 (8)
m5 = 91.09 kg filtrate
Solve (7) & (8) (0.86)(10.31) = 8.867 kg NaHCO3 (s)
m6 = 10.31 kg filter cake
500 kg / h
Scale factor = = 56.39 h 1
8.867 kg
(a) Gas stream leaving reactor
n& 2w = (0.0848)(56.39) = 4.78 kmol H 2 O(v) / h U| R|

46.7kmol / h
n& 2c = (0.500)(56.39) = 28.2 kmol O 2 / h V| |S

0.102 kmol H 2 O(v) / kmol
n& 2a = (0.2426)(56.39) = 13.7 kmol air / h W |

0.604 kmol CO 2 / kmol
|T
0.293 kmol Air / kmol
m 3atm
n& RT (46.7 kmol / h)(0.08206 )(343 K)
V&2 = 2 = kmol K = 438 m 3 / h
P 3 atm
56.39 0.8086 kmol 22.4 m 3 (STP)
(b) Gas feed rate : V&1 =
1h
= 17.0 SCMM
h kmol 60 min
6-60
6.81(cont'd)
(c) Liquid feed: (100)(56.39) = 5640 kg / h
To calculate V& , we would need to know the density of a 7 wt% aqueous Na 2 CO3 solution.
(d) If T dropped in the filter, more solid NaHCO 3 would be recovered and the residual
solution would contain less than 2.4% NaHCO 3.
(e)
Henry's law
Benefit: Higher pressure greater pCO2 higher concentration of CO2 in solution
higher rate of reaction smaller reactor needed to get the same conversion lower cost
Penalty: Higher pressure greater cost of compressing the gas (purchase cost of compressor,
power consumption)
6.82
600 lb m / h
Dissolution 6000 lbm I / h
0.90 MgSO4 7H 2 O Dissolution
Dissolution Filter I
010
. I
Tank
Tank
Tank
R|m& (lb soln / h) U| R|300 lb soln / hU|
m
& 1 ( lb m H 2O / h)
2 m
S|0.32 kg MgSO / kgV| S|0.32 MgSO V|

4
m
T0.68 kg H O / kg W
2
4
T0.68 H O W
2
6000 lb m I / h m& 3 ( lb m so ln/ h)

m& 6 (lb m / h)
110o F 0.32 MgSO4
0.23 lb m MgSO 4 / lb m 0.68 H 2 O
0.77 lbm H 2O / lb m
& 4 ( lb m MgSO 4 7 H 2 O / h)
m
Filter II Crystallizer
R|m& (lb
5 m soln ) U|
|S0.23 lb m MgSO 4 / lb m |V
||0.77 lb H 2O / lb m ||
T W
m
& 4 ( lb m MgSO 4 7H 2 O)
m
R|0.05m& 4 ( lb m soln ) U|
S|0.23 lb m MgSO 4 / lb m V|
T0.77 lb m H 2 O / lb m W
a. Heating the solution dissolves all MgSO 4 ; filtering removes I, and cooling recrystallizes
MgSO 4 enabling subsequent recovery.
(b) Strategy: Do D.F analysis.
6-61
6.82(cont'd)
Overall mass balance UV m& , m& Diss. tank overall mass balance UV m& , m&
Overall MgSO 4 balanceW 1 4
Diss. tank MgSO 4 balance W 2 6
( MW) MgSO4 = (2431

. + 32.06 + 6400
. ) = 12037
. , ( MW) MgSO4 7H2 O = (12037
. + 7 *1801
. ) = 24644
.
Overall MgSO 4 balance:
60,000 lb m 0.90lb m MgSO4 7H 2 O 120.37 lb m MgSO 4

h lb m 246.44 lb m MgSO 4 7H 2 O
= (300 lb m / h)(0.32 lb m MgSO 4 / lb m ) + m& 4 (12037
. / 246.44 ) + 0.05m& 4 (0.23)
& 4 = 5.257 x10 4 lb m crystals / h
m
& 4 = 5.257 x10 4 lb m / h
m
Overall mass balance: 60,000 + m& 1 = 6300 + 1.05m

&4 m& 1 = 1494 lb m H 2 O / h
c.
Diss. tank overall mass balance: 60,000 + m&1 + m
& 6 = m& 2 + 6000 UV
Diss. tank MgSO 4 balance: . ) + 0.23m
54 ,000(120.37 / 24644 & 6 = 0.32 m& 2 W
& 2 = 1512
m . x10 5 lb m / h

& 6 = 9.575x10 4 lb m / h recycle
m
9.575x10 4 lb m / h
Recycle/fresh feed ratio = = 64 lb m recycle / lb m fresh feed
1494 lb m / h
6.83 a.
n& 1 (kmol CO 2 / h)
Cryst
1000 kg H 2SO 4 / h (10 wt%) Filter Filter cake
1000 kg HNO 3 / h & 2 (kg CaSO4 / h)
m & 5 (kg / h)
m
m& w (kg H 2 O / h) & 3 (kg Ca(NO3) 2 / h)
m 0.96 kg CaSO 4 (s) / kg
& 4 (kg H2O / h)
m 0.04 kg soln / kg
& 0 (kg CaCO3 / h)

m
& 0 (kg solution / h)
2m
& 0 (kg CaCO 3 / h)

m & 0 (kg solution / h)
2m & 8 (kg soln / h)
m
R| X (kg CaSO / kg) U| a 4
Solution composition: S
|T(1 501X )(kg Ca(NO ) / kg)V|W
500 X (kg H O / kg) a 2
a 3 2
6-62
6.83 (contd)
b. Acid is corrosive to pipes and other equipment in waste water treatment plant.
1000 kg H 2SO 4 / h
c. Acid feed: & w = 8000 kg H 2 O / h
= 0.10 m
(2000 + m& w ) kg / h
Overall S balance:
1000 kg H 2SO 4 32 kg S & 5 (kg / h) (0.96 + 0.04 X a ) (kg CaSO 4 )

m 32 kg S
=
h 98 kg H 2SO 4 kg 136 kg CaSO 4
& 8 (kg / h) X a (kg CaSO 4 )
m 32 kg S
+
kg 136 kg CaSO 4
3265 & 5 (0.96 + 0.04 X a ) + 0.2353m& 8 X a
. = 0.2353m (1)
Overall N balance:
1000 kg HNO 3 14 kg N 0.04m& 5 (kg / h) (1 501X a ) (kg Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ) 28 kg N
=
h 63 kg HNO 3 kg 164 kg Ca(NO 3 ) 2
m& 8 (kg / h) (1 501X a ) (kg Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ) 28 kg N
+
kg 164 kg Ca(NO 3 ) 2
& 5 (1 501X a ) + 0.171m& 8 (1 501X a )
222.2 = 0.00683m (2)
Overall Ca balance:
& 0 (kg / h)
m 40 kg Ca & 5 (kg / h) (0.96 + 0.04X a ) (kg CaSO 4 )
m 40 kg Ca
=
100 kg CaCO 3 kg 136 kg CaSO 4
(1 501X a ) (kg Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ) 0.04m& 5 (kg / h) 40 kg Ca
+
kg 164 kg Ca(NO 3 ) 2
m& 8 (kg / h) X a (kg CaSO 4 ) 40 kg Ca
+
kg 136 kg CaSO 4
m& 8 (kg / h) (1 501X a ) (kg Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ) 40 kg Ca
+
kg 164 kg Ca(NO 3 ) 2
& 0 = 0.294m& 5 (0.96 + 0.04 X a ) + 0.00976m
0.40m & 5 (1 501 X a )
+ 0.294 m & 8 X a + 0.244m& 8 (1 501X a ) ( 3)
Overall C balance :
& 0 (kg / h)
m 12 kg C n& 1 (kmol CO 2 / h) 1 kmol C 12 kg C
=
100 kg CaCO 3 1 kmol CO 2 1 kmol C
& 0 = n&1
0.01m (4 )
6-63
6.83 (contd)
Overall H balance :
1000 (kg H 2SO4 ) 2 kg H 1000 kg HNO3 1 kg H & w (kg / h)

m 2 kg H
+ +
h 98 kg H 2SO 4 h 63 kg HNO 3 18 kg H 2O
& 5 (kg / h) 500 X a (kg H 2 O)
0.04m 2 kg H m& (kg / h) 500 X a (kg H 2 O) 2 kg H
= + 8
kg 18 kg H 2 O kg 18 kg H 2 O
92517 & 5 X a + 5556
. = 2.22m . m&8 Xa (5)
Solve eqns. (1)-(5) simultaneously, using E-Z Solve.
m& 0 = 1812.5 kg CaCO 3 (s) / h, m& 5 = 1428.1 kg / h, & 8 = 9584.9 kg soln / h,

m
n&1 = 18.1 kmol CO 2 / h(v), X a = 0.00173 kg CaSO 4 / kg
Recycle stream = 2 * m& 0 = 3625 kg soln / h
R| 0.00173(kg CaSO / kg) U| R||0173%

4
. CaSO U
|| 4
S| 500 * 0.00173(kg H O / kg) V| S|86.5% H O V|

2 2
T(1 501 * 0.00173)(kg Ca(NO ) / kg)W |T13.3% Ca(NO ) |W

3 2
3 2
d. From Table B.1, for CO2 :
Tc = 304.2 K, Pc = 72.9 atm

T (40 + 273.2 ) K 30 atm
Tr = = = 103
. , Pr = = 0.411
Tc 304.2 72.9 atm
From generalized compressibility chart (Fig. 5.4-2):
zRT 0.86 0.08206 L atm 313.2 K

z = 0.86 V$ =
L
= = 0.737
P mol K 30 atm mol CO2
Volumetric flow rate of CO2 :
18.1kmol CO 2 0.737 L 1000 mol
V& = n&1 * V$ = = 1.33x104 L / h
h mol CO 2 1 kmol
e. Solution saturated with Ca(NO3 )2 :
1 501X a (kg Ca(NO 3 ) 2 / kg)

= 1.526 X a = 0.00079 kg CaSO4 / kg
500Xa (kg H 2 O / kg)
Let m& 1 (kg HNO3 /h) = feed rate of nitric acid corresponding to saturation without
crystallization.
6-64
6.83 (contd)
Overall S balance:
1000kg H 2SO 4 32 kg S & 5 (kg / h) (0.96 + (0.04)(0.00079)) (kg CaSO 4 )

m 32 kg S
=
h 98 kg H 2SO 4 kg 136 kg CaSO 4
& 8 (kg / h) 0.00079(kg CaSO4 )
m 32 kg S
+
kg 136kg CaSO 4
& 5 + 0.000186m
326.5 = 0.226m &8 (1' )
Overall N balance:
&1 (kg HNO3 )

m 14 kg N & 5 (kg / h) (1 (501)(0.00079)) (kg Ca(NO 3) 2 )
0.04m 28 kg N
=
h 63 kg HNO3 kg 164kg Ca(NO 3) 2
& 8 (kg / h) (1 (501)(0.00079)) (kg Ca(NO3 )2 )
m 28 kg N
+
kg 164 kg Ca(NO3 )2
0222
. m &1 = 000413
. m& 5 + 0103
. m &8 (2')
Overall H balance:
1000 (kg H 2SO 4 ) 2 kg H m& 1 kg HNO3 1 kg H

+
h 98 kg H 2SO 4 h 63 kg HNO3
8000 (kg / h) 2 kg H & 5 (kg / h) 500(0.00079) (kg H 2 O)
0.04m 2 kg H
+ =
18 kg H2 O kg 18 kg H2 O
m& 8 (kg / h) 500(0.00079) (kg H 2O) 2 kg H
+
kg 18 kg H2 O
& 1 = 0.00175m& 5 + 0.0439m& 8
909.30 + 0.0159m (3')
Solve eqns (1')-(3') simultaneously using E-Z solve:
m& 1 = 1155
. x10 4 kg / h; & 5 = 1.424 x10 3 kg / h;
m & 8 = 2.484x10 4 kg / h
m
Maximum ratio of nitric acid to sulfuric acid in the feed

. x10 4 kg / h
1155
= = 115
. kg HNO 3 / kg H 2 SO 4
1000 kg / h
6-65
6.84
56.0 g
= 0.363 mol
U|
Moles of diphenyl (DP):
154.2 g mol |V
Moles of benzene (B):
550.0 ml 0.879 g 1 mol
= 6.19 mol ||
ml 78.11 g W
0.363
x DP = = 0.0544 mol DP mol
6.19 + 0.363
bg bg b
p *B T = (1 x DP ) p *B T = 0.945 120.67 mm Hg = 114.0 mm Hg g
Tm =
RTm02
x DP =
8.314 2732 b
. + 5.5 g b0.0554 g = 3.6 K = 3.6 C T
2
o
= 5.5 3.6 = 1.9 C
$
H m 9837 m
8.314b 273.2 + 801

.g
2
Tbp =
RTb02
H$
x DP =
30,765
b0.0554 g = 185
. K = 1.85 C o
Tb = 80.1 + 185
. = 82.0 C
6.85
Tm0 = 0.0 o C, Tm = 4.6 o C=4.6K
TmH m (4.6K)(600.95 J/mol)
= = = 0.0445 mol urea/mol
Eq. 6.5-5
x
(8.314 J/mol K)(273.2K)2
Table B.1 u 2
R(Tm 0 )
RTb 0 2 (8.314)(373.2) 2
Eq. (6.5-4) Tb = xu = 0.0445 = 1.3K = 1.3o C
H v 40,656
1000 grams of this solution contains mu (g urea) and (1000 mu ) (g water)

mu1 (g) (1000 mu1 )(g)
nu 1 (mol urea) = nw 1 (mol water) =
60.06 g/mol 18.02 g/mol
mu1
(mol urea)
xu 1 = 0.0445 = 60.06 mu 1 = 134 g urea, mw1 = 866 g water
mu1 + (1000 mu1 ) (mol solution)
60.06 18.02
Tb H v (3.0K)(40,656 J/mol)
Tb = 3.0 o C = 3.0K xu 2 = = = 0.105 mol urea/mol
R (Tb 0 ) 2
(8.314 J/mol K)(373.2K) 2
mu 2
(mol urea)
xu 2 = 0.105 = 60.06 mu 2 = 339 g urea
mu 2 866
60.06 + 18.02 (mol solution)
Add (339-134) g urea = 205 g urea
6-66
6.86 x aI =
b0.5150 gg b1101. g mol g
b0.5150 g g b1101. g molg + b100.0 gg b94.10 g molg = 0.00438 mol solute mol
RTm20 T I xI T II 0.49 C mol solute
Tm = x s mII = IIs xsII = x Is mI = 0.00438 = 0.00523
$
Hm Tm xs Tm 0.41 C mol solution

b1 0.00523g mol solvent 94.10 g solvent 0.4460 g solute
= 8350
. g solute mol
0.00523 mol solute 1 mol solvent 95.60 g solvent
H$ m =
RTm20
xs =
8.314 2732b
. 5.00 g b0.00523g = 6380 J mol = 6.38 kJ / mol
2
Tm 0.49
H vI H vII
6.87 a. b g
ln ps* Tb0 =
RTb0
b g
+ B , ln ps* Tbs =
RTbs
+B
Assume HvI HvII ; T0 Ts T02
b g b g Hv F1 IHv Tbs Tb 0
ln Ps* Tb 0 ln P0* Tbs =
R GH T
b0

1
Tbs
JKR Tb20
Hv Tb
b. Raoults Law: p *s b T g = b1 xg b T g
b0 p *0 bs b g
ln 1 x x =
RTb20
Tb =
RTb20
Hv
x
6.88
m1 (g styrene)
90 g ethylbenezene
100 g EG
90 g ethylbenzene m2 (g styrene)
30 g styrene 100 g EG
Styrene balance: m1 + m2 = 30 g styrene

F I
Equilibrium relation:
m2
100 + m2
= 0.19
m1
GH
90 + m1 JK
solve simultaneously
m1 = 25.6 g styrene in ethylbenzene phase

m 2 = 4.4 g styrene in ethylene glycol phase
6-67
6.89 Basis: 100 kg/h. A=oleic acid; C=condensed oil; P=propane
100 kg / h 95.0 kg C / h
0.05 kg A / kg & 2 kg A / h
m
0.95 kg C / kg
& 3 kg A / h
m
& 1 kg P / h
m & 1 kg P / h
m
a. 90% extraction: m& 3 = (0.09 )(0.05)(100 kg / h) = 4.5 kg A / h
Balance on oleic acid : ( 0.05)(100) = m& 2 + 4.5 kg A / h m& 2 = 0.5 kg A / h

0.5 / ( n&1 + 0.5)
Equilibrium condition: 0.15 = n&1 = 73.2 kg P / h
4.5 / (4 .5 + 95)
b. Operating pressure must be above the vapor pressure of propane at T=85o C=185o F
Figure 6.1-4 p *propane = 500 psi = 34 atm
c. Other less volatile hydrocarbons cost more and/or impose greater health or environmental
hazards.
6.90 a. Benzene is the solvent of choice. It holds a greater amount of acetic acid for a given mass
fraction of acetic acid in water.
Basis: 100 kg feed. A=Acetic acid, W=H 2 O, H=Hexane, B=Benzene
100 (kg) m1 (kg)

0.30 kg A / kg 0.10 kg A / kg
0.70 kg W / kg 0.90 kg W / kg
m H (kg H) m2 (kg A)
or mB (kg B) m H (kg H) or m B (kg B)
Balance on W: 100 * 0.70 = m1 * 0.90 m1 = 77.8 kg
Balance on A: 100 * 0.30 = m2 + 77.8 * 0.10 m 2 = 22.2 kg

Equilibrium for H:
m2 / ( m2 + mH ) 22.2 / (22 .2 + mH )
KH = = = 0.017 mH = 1.30 x10 4 kg H
xA 010
.
Equilibrium for B:
m2 / (m2 + mB ) 22.2 / (22.2 + mB )
KB = = = 0.098 mB = 2.20 x10 3 kg B
xA 0.10
(b) Other factors in picking solvent include cost, solvent volatility, and health, safety, and
environmental considerations.
6-68
6.91 a. Basis: 100 g feed 40 g acetone, 60 g H 2 O. A = acetone, H = n - C6 H 14 , W = water
40 g A e1 (g A) e 2 (g A)
60 g W 60 g W 60 g W
25C 25C
100 g H 100 g H 75 g H 75 g H
r 1 (g A) r 2 (g A)
b
xA in H pha se / xA in W phase = 0.343 x = mass fraction g
Balance on A stage 1: 40 = e1 + r1 U| e = 27.8 g acetone
b
r1 100 + r1 g = 0.343V r = 12.2 g acetone
1
Equilibrium condition stage 1:
e b60 + e g
1 1
|W 1
Balance on A stage 2: 27.8 = e + r U| r = 7.2 g acetone

r b75 + r g
2 2
= 0.343V| e = 20.6 g acetone

2
Equilibrium condition stage 2: 2 2
e b60 + e g
2 2 W 2
20.6 g A remaining
% acetone not extracted = 100% = 515%
.
40 g A fed
b.
40 g A e1 g A
60 g W 60 g W
175 g H r1 g A
175 g H
Balance on A stage 1: 40.0 = e1 + r1 U| r = 17.8 g acetone

b
r1 175 + r1 g = 0.343V e = 22.2g acetone
1
Equilibrium condition stage 1:
e1 b60 + e g 1
|W 1
22.2 g A remaining
% acetone not extracted = 100% = 55.5%
40 g A fed
c. 40 g A 19.4 g A
60 g W 60 g W
20.6 g A
m (g H) m (g H)
20.6 / ( m + 20.6)
Equilibrium condition: = 0.343 m = 225 g hexane
19.4 / ( 60 + 19.4)
d. Define a function F=(value of recovered acetone over process lifetime)-(cost of hexane
over process lifetime) (cost of an equilibrium stage x number of stages). The most cost-
effective process is the one for which F is the highest.
6-69
6.92 a. P--penicillin; Ac--acid solution; BA--butyl acetate; Alk--alkaline solution
m1 (kg BA)
100 kg
0.015 P
Broth
0.985 Ac
Mixing tank Extraction Unit I
Acid
m3P (kg P)
98.5 (kg Ac)
D.F. analysis : pH=2.1
Extraction Unit I
3 unknown (m1 , m2p , m3p ) m4 (kg Alk) Extraction
1 balance (P) II m5P (kg P)
1 distribution coefficient m4 (kg Alk)
1 (90% transfer) pH=5.8
0 DF m6P (kg P)
m1 (kg BA)
Extraction Unit II (consider m1 , m3p )
3 unknowns
1 balance (P)
1 distribution coefficient
1 (90% transfer)
0 DF
b. In Unit I, 90% transfer m 3P = 0.90(15 . ) = 135

. kg P
P balance: 1.5 = m2 P + 1.35 m 2 P = 0.15 kg P
1.35 / (1.35 + m1 )
pH=2.1 K = 25.0 = m1 = 34.16 kg BA
015 . + 98.5)
. / ( 015
In Unit II, 90% transfer: m5 P = 0.90(m3 P ) = 1.215 kg P
P balance: m 3P = 1.215 + m6 P m 6 P = 0135
. kg P
m / ( m6 P + 34.16)
pH=5.8 K = 0.10 = 6 P m4 = 29.65 kg Alk
1.215 / (1215
. + m4 )
m1 34.16 kg BA
= = 0.3416 kg butyl acetate / kg acidified broth
100 100 kg broth
m 4 29.65 kg Alk
= = 0.2965kg alkaline solution / kg acidified broth
100 100 kg broth
Mass fraction of P in the product solution:
m5P 1.215 P
xP = = = 0.394 kg P / kg
m4 + m5P (29.65 + 1.215) kg
c. (i). The first transfer (low pH) separates most of the P from the other broth constituents,
which are not soluble in butyl acetate. The second transfer (high pH) moves the
penicillin back into an aqueous phase without the broth impurities.
(ii). Low pH favors transfer to the organic phase, and high pH favors transfer back to the
aqueous phase.
(iii).The penicillin always moves from the raffinate solvent to the extract solvent.
6-70
6.93 W = water, A = acetone, M = methyl isobutyl ketone
x W = 0.20 U|
Figure 6.6-1 Phase 1: x W = 0.07 , x A = 0.35, x M = 0.58
x A = 0.33 V| Phase 2: x W = 0.71, x A = 0.25, x M = 0.04
x M = 0.47 W
Basis: 1.2 kg of original mixture, m1 =total mass in phase 1, m2 =total mass in phase 2.
1.2 * 0.20 = 0.07m1 + 0.71m2 R|m = 0.95 kg in MIBK - rich phase

H 2 O Balance:
S|m = 0.24 kg in water - rich phase
1
Acetone balance: 1.2 * 0.33 = 0.35m1 + 0.25m 2

T 2
6.94 Basis: Given feeds: A = acetone, W = H2 O, M=MIBK
Overall system composition:
b g
5000 g 30 wt% A, 70 wt% W 1500 g A, 3500 g W U|
3500 g b 20 wt% A, 80 wt% Mg 700 g A, 2800 g M |W
V
2200 g A U
|
3500 g WV 25.9% A, 41.2% W, 32.9% M
Fig. 6.6-1 Phase 1: 31% A, 63% M, 6% W
2800 g M |W
Phase 2: 21% A, 3% M, 76% W
Let m1 =total mass in phase 1, m2 =total mass in phase 2.
3500 = 0.06 m1 + 0.76m 2 R|m = 4200 g in MIBK - rich phase

H 2 O Balance:
S| m = 4270 g in water - rich phase
1
Acetone balance: 2200 = 0.31m1 + 0.21m 2

T 2
6.95 A=acetone, W = H 2 O, M=MIBK
32 lb m / h 41.0 lb m / h
x AF (lb m A / lb m ) xA,1 , x W,1, 0.70
x WF (lb m W / lb m )
& 2 lbm / h
m
& 1 (lb m M / h)
m xA ,2 , xW ,2 , x M ,2
Figure 6.6-1 Phase 1: x M = 0.700 xw ,1 = 0.05; x A,1 = 0.25 ;

Phase 2: x w, 2 = 0.81; x A, 2 = 0.81; x M , 2 = 0.03
Overall mass balance: 32.0 lb m / h + m& 1 = 41.0 lb m h + m& 2 m& 1 = 28.1 lb m MIBK / h
UV

MIBK balance: m& 1 = 41.0 * 0.7 + m& 2 * 0.03 W
m& 2 = 19.1lb m h
6-71
6.96 a. Basis: 100 kg; A=acetone, W=water, M=MIBK
System 1: x a,org = 0.375 mol A, x m,org = 0.550 mol M, x w,org = 0.075 mol W
x a,aq = 0.275 mol A, x m,aq = 0.050 mol M, x w,aq = 0.675 mol W
Mass balance: maq ,1 + morg,1 = 100

maq,1 = 417 . kg UV
Acetone balance: maq ,1 * 0.275 + morg ,1 * 0.375 = 33.33 morg,1 = 58.3 kg W
System 2: x a,org = 0.100 mol A, x m,org = 0.870 mol M, x w,org = 0.030 mol W
x a,aq = 0.055 mol A, x m,aq = 0.020 mol M, x w,aq = 0.925 mol W
Mass balance: maq ,2 + morg, 2 = 100

m aq,2 = 22 .2 kg UV
Acetone balance: maq ,2 * 0.055 + morg , 2 * 0.100 = 9 morg,2 = 77.8 kg W
xa ,org,1 0.375 xa, org ,2 0.100
b. K a,1 = = = 136
. ; K a, 2 = = = 182
.
xa ,aq,1 0.275 x a, aq , 2 0.055
High Ka to extract acetone from water into MIBK; low Ka to extract acetone from MIBK
into water.
xa, org / x w ,org 0.375 / 0.075 0.100 / 0.040
c. = = = 12.3; = = 418
.
aw,1 xa ,aq / x w ,aq 0.275 / 0.675 aw,2 0.055 / 0.920
If water and MIBK were immiscible, x w, org = 0 aw

d. Organic phase= extract phase; aqueous phase= raffinate phase
( xa / x w ) org ( x a ) org / ( xa ) aq Ka
a, w = = =
( xa / x w ) aq ( xw ) org / ( x w ) aq Kw
When it is critically important for the raffinate to be as pure (acetone-free) as possible.
6.97 Basis: Given feed rates: A = acetone, W = water, M=MIBK
e& 1 (kg / h) e& 2 (kg / h)

x1A (kg A / kg) x2A (kg A / kg)
x1W (kg W / kg) x2W (kg W / kg)
x1M (kg M / kg) x2M (kg M / kg)
200 kg / h
&r1 (kg / h) &r2 (kg / h)
0.30 kg A / kg Stage II
Stage
Stage I y1A (kg A / kg) y2A (kg A / kg)
0.70 kg M / kg IIStage
y1W (kg W / kg) y2W (kg W / kg)
y1M (kg M / kg) y2M (kg M / kg)
300 kg W / h
300 kg W / h
6-72
6.97(cont'd)
Overall composition of feed to Stage 1:
b200gb0.30g = 60 kg A h U| 500 kg h
200 60 = 140 kg M h V
300 kg W h |W
12% A, 28% M, 60% W
Extract: x1A = 0.095, x1W = 0.880, x1M = 0.025

Figure 6.6-1
Raffinate: y1A = 0.15, y1W = 0.035, y1M = 0.815
500 = e&1 + r&1 R|

e&1 = 273 kg / h
Mass balance
60 = 0.095e&1 + 015
. r&1
& S|
r1 = 227 kg / h
Acetone balance:
T
Overall composition of feed to Stage 2:
b227gb0.15g = 34 kg A h U| 527 kg h
b227gb0.815g = 185 kg M h V 6.5% A, 35.1% MIBK, 58.4% W
b227gb0.035g + 300 = 308 kg W h|W
Extract: x2 A = 0.04, x 2W = 0.94, x2 M = 0.02
Figure 6.6-1
Raffinate: y2 A = 0.085, y2 W = 0.025, y2 M = 0.89
527 = e&2 + r&2 R|

e&2 = 240 kg / h
Mass balance:
& S|
r2 = 287 kg / h
Acetone balance: 34 = 0.04 e2 + 0.085r2
T
Acetone removed:
[60 (0.085)(287 )] kg A removed / h
= 0.59 kg acetone removed / kg fed
60 kg A / h in feed
Combined extract:
Overall flow rate = e&1 + e&2 = 273 + 240 = 513 kg / h
( x1 A e&1 + x 2 A e&2 ) kg A 0.095 * 273 + 0.04 * 240
Acetone: = = 0.069 kg A / kg
513
( x1w e&1 + x 2w e&2 ) kg W 0.88 * 273 + 0.94 * 240
Water : = = 0.908 kg W / kg
e&1 + e&2 513
( x1 M e&1 + x 2 M e&2 ) kg M 0.025 * 273 + 0.02 * 240
MIBK: = = 0.023 kg M / kg
(e&1 + e& 2 )kg 513
6-73
6.98. a.
1.50 L / min
25o C, 1atm, rh = 25%
n&0 (mol / min)
M (g gel)
y 0 (mol H2O / mol) M a (g H2 O)
(1- y 0 ) (mol dry air / mol)
PV& (1 atm)(1.50 L / min)

n& 0 = = = 0.06134 mol / min
RT (0.08206 L atm / mol K)(298 K)
pH 2 O
r.h.=25% = 025
.
pH* 2O (25o C)
p H2 O g H 2 O ads
Silica gel saturation condition: X * = 12 .5 = 12 .5 * 0.25 = 3125
.
p *H2 O 100 g silica gel
0.25 p *H2 O ( 25 o C) 0.25( 23.756 mm Hg) mol H 2 O
Water feed rate : y0 = = = 0.00781
p 760 mm Hg mol
0.06134 mol 0.00781 mol H 2 O 18.01g H 2 O
m& H 2O = = 0.00863 g H 2 O / min
min mol mol H 2 O
Adsorption in 2 hours = (0.00863 g H 2 O / min)(120min) = 1.035 g H 2 O
1.035 g H 2O 3.125 g H 2 O
Saturation condition: = M = 33.1g silica gel
M (g silica gel) 100 g silica gel
Assume that all entering water vapor is adsorbed throughout the 2 hours and that P and
T are constant.
b. Humid air is dehumidified by being passed through a column of silica gel, which absorbs a
significant fraction of the water in the entering air and relatively little oxygen and nitrogen.
The capacity of the gel to absorb water, while large, is not infinite, and eventually the gel
reaches its capacity. If air were still fed to the column past this point, no further
dehumidific ation would take place. To keep this situation from occurring, the gel is
replaced at or (preferably) before the time when it becomes saturated.
6.99 a. Let c = CCl4
pc
Relative saturation = 0.30 pc = 0.30 * (169 mm Hg) = 50.7 mm Hg
p c (34 o C)
*
b. Initial moles of gas in tank:

P0V 0 1 atm 50.0 L
n0 = = = 1.985 mol
RT0 0.08206 L atm / mol K 307 K
Initial moles of CCl4 in tank:
p c0 50.7 mm Hg
n c 0 = yc 0 n0 = n0 = 1.985 mol = 0.1324 mol CCl 4
P0 760 mm Hg
6-74
6.99 (contd)
50% CCl4 adsorbed n c = 0.500n c0 = 0662 mol CCl 4 (= n ads)
Total moles in tank: n tot = n 0 n ads = (1.985 0.0662) mol = 1.919 mol
Pressure in tank. Assume T = T0 and V = V0 .
P=
n tot RT0
=
(1919
. FG
)( 0.08206)(307) IJ FG 760 mm Hg IJ = 735 mm Hg
V0 H 50.0
atm
K H atm K
nc 0.0662 mol CCl 4 mol CCl 4
yC = = = 0.0345
n tot 1.919 mol mol
p c = 0.0345(760 mm Hg) = 26.2 mm Hg
c. Moles of air in tank: n a = n0 nc 0 = (1.985 01324

. ) mol air = 1.853 mol air
nc mol CCl 4
yc = = 0.001 nc = 1.854 10 3 mol CCl 4
n c + 1853
. mol
n tot = nc + n air = 1.854 mol
p c = y c P = 0.001
LM n RT OP = 1854
tot .0 10 mol 3
0.08206 L atm 307 K 760 mm
N V Q 0 50.0 L mol K 1 atm
= 0.710 mm Hg
F g CCl I = 0.0762 p
X* GH g carbon JK 1 + 0.096 p
4 c
c
X* =
0.0762( 0.710)
1 + 0.096 (0.710)
= 0.0506
g CCl 4 adsorbed
g carbon
Mass of CCl4 adsorbed

(0.1324 0.001854 ) mol CCl 4 153.85 g
m ads = (n c0 nc )( MW ) c =
1 mol CCl 4
= 20.3 mol CCl 4 adsorbed
20.3g CCl 4 ads
Mass of carbon required: m c = = 400 g carbon
g CCl 4 ads
0.0506
g carbon
6.100 a. X * = K F p NO2 ln X * = ln K F + ln p NO

2
y = 1.406x - 1.965
2
1.5
ln(PNO2)
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 1 2 3
ln(X*)
6-75
6.100 (contd)
ln X * = 1406
. ln p NO2 1.965 X * = e 1.965 p 1NO
.406
2
= 0.140p 1NO
.406
2
K F = 0.140 (kg NO 2 / 100 kg gel)(mm Hg)1.406 ; = 1.406
* (0.05m) 2 (1 m) 10 3 L 0.75kg gel

b. Mass of silica gel : m g = = 5.89 kg gel
1m 3 L
Maximum NO2 adsorbed :
p NO2 in feed = 0.010(760 mm Hg) = 7.60 mm Hg
0.140(7.60) 1.406 kg NO 2 5.89 kg gel
m ads = = 0.143 kg NO 2
100 kg gel
Average molecular weight of feed :
kg
MW = 0.01( MW ) N O2 + 0.99 ( MW ) air = ( 0.01)(46.01) + ( 0.99)(29.0) = 29.17
kmol
Mass feed rate of NO 2 :
8.00 kg 1 kmol 0.01 kmolNO 2 46.01 kg NO 2 kg NO 2
m& = = 0.126
h 29.17 kg kmol kmol NO2 h
0.143 kg NO 2
Breakthrough time : tb = = 1.13 h = 68 min
0.126 kg NO 2 / h
c. The first column would start at time 0 and finish at 1.13 h, and would not be available for
another run until (1.13+1.50) = 2.63 h. The second column could start at 1.13 h and finish
at 2.26 h. Since the first column would still be in the regeneration stage, a third column
would be needed to start at 2.26 h. It would run until 3.39 h, at which time the first
column would be available for another run. The first few cycles are shown below on a
Gantt chart.
Run Regenerate
Column 1
0 1.13 2.63 3.39 4.52 6.02
Column 2
1.13 2.26 3.76 4.52 5.65
Column 3
2.26 3.39 4.89 5.65 6.78
6-76
6.101 Let S=sucrose, I=trace impurities, A=activated carbon
Add m A (kg A) mS (kg S)

m S (kg S)
m I0 (kg I) mI (kg I)
R (color units / kg S)
R0 (color units / kg S) Come to equilibrium
V (L)
V (L)
mA (kg A)
mI A (kg I adsorbed)
Assume no sucrose is adsorbed

solution volume (V) is not affected by addition of the carbon
m
a. R(color units/kg S) = kCi (kg I / L) = k I (1)
V
mIA = mI 0 mI
k kmIA
R = k ( Ci 0 Ci ) = ( mI 0 mI ) R = (2)
V V
R kmIA / V m
% removal of color = x100% = x100 = 100 IA (3)
R0 kmI 0 / V m I0
m
Equilibrium adsorption ratio : X i* = I A (4)
mA
Normalized percentage color removal:
% removal ( 3) 100 m IA / mI 0 m m
= = = 100 IA S
m A / mS mA / mS mA mI 0
m mI 0
= 100X *i S X i* = (5)
mI 0 100 mS
( 1),(5)
mI 0 R
Freundlich isotherm X i* = K F Ci = KF ( )
100mS k
100 mS K F
=
R = K F' R
mI 0 k
A plot of ln vs. ln R should be linear: slope = ; intercept = lnK'F
y = 0.4504x + 8.0718
9.500
9.000
ln v
8.500
8.000
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000
ln R
6-77
6.101 (contd)
ln = 0.4504 ln p NO2 + 8.0718 = e8.0718 R 0.4504 = 3203R 0.4504
K F' = 3203, = 0.4504
b. 100 kg 48% sucrose solution m S = 480 kg

95% reduction in color R = 0.025(20.0) = 0.50 color units / kg sucrose
= K F' R = 3203(0.50) 0.4504 = 2344

% color reduction 97.5
2344 = = m A = 20.0 kg carbon
m A / mS m A / 480
6-78

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6.

6.18 Basis: 1 mol feed

H O mol balance: 0.10b1g = 0.00583b 0.9053g + n

0.0947 mol condensed

6.19 Liquid H 2 O initially present:

20.74 mm Hg 14.696 psi

d. A mixture of octane and air could ignite.

6.21 a. Antoine equation p tol

lb - mole 0.7302 (85 + 460) o R 7.481 gal lb - mole

Basis: 1mol n V (mol) Assume G is

90% condensation n L = 0.90( 0.0469 )(1) mol C 7 H 8 = 0.0422 mol C 7 H 8 ( l )

Mole balance: 1 = nV + 0.0422 nV = 0.9578 mol

Raoults law: p tol = yP = (0.004907 )(5 760) = 18.65 mmHg = p tol

B C ( A log 10 p* ) 1346.773 219.693(6.95805 log10 18.65)

0.150(2.00) atm 760 mm Hg

80% condensation: n L = 0.80(0.15)(6.53 kmol / h) = 0.7836 kmol C 6 H 14 ( l) / h

6.23 Let H=n-hexane

a. n&1 ( kmol / min)

50% relative saturation at inlet: y o P = 0.500 p *H (80 o C)

Table B.4 (0.500)(1068 mmHg)

Mole balance: n&0 = n&1 + 150

(0.95)0.682 kmol 22.4 m 3 (STP )

b. Assume no condensation occurs during the compression

50% relative saturation at condenser inlet:

0.500 p *H (T0 ) = 0.703(7600 mmHg) p *H (T0 ) = 1.068 10 4 mmHg Antoine T0 = 187 o C

Saturation at outlet: 0.050(7600 mmHg) = 380 mmHg = p *H (T1 ) Antoine T1 = 48.2 C

V&1 n1R T1 / P n1 (T1 + 273.2) 0.682 kmol/min 321 K m 3 out

ln( 40.0 / 5.00) 5269 5269

6.25 Basis: 24 hours of breathing

12 breaths 500 ml 1 liter 273K 1 mol 60 min 24 hr

Inhaled air - -10% r. h.: y1 =

Inhaled air - -50% r. h.: y1 =

H 2 O balance: n 0 = n 2 y 2 n1 y 1 ( n0 ) 10% rh ( n0 ) 50% rh = ( n1 y 1 ) 50% (n1 y 1 ) 10%

6.26 a. To increase profits and reduce pollution.

1 mol @ 90o C, 1 atm y1 mol A(v)/mol (satd)

For cooling water at 20o C

For refrigerant at 35o C

N2 mole balance: 1b0.8g = n b1 0.01g n = 0.808 mol

Total mole balance: 1 = 0.808 + n2 n 2 = 0192

6.28 10000 ft 3 1 lb - mol 492 o R 29.8 in Hg

Total balance: 24.82 = 23.98 + n 2 n 2 = 0.84 lb - mole / min

0.84 lb - mol 18.02 lb m 1 ft 3 7.48 gal

6.29 Basis: 100 mol product gas

100 mol, T1, 1 atm 100 mol, 25oC,1 atm

b. 1 m3 delivered air 273K 1 k mol 10 3 mol

n o mol, 35o C, 1 atm 0.0104 mol H22 O(v)/mol, (satd) 0.0104

Saturation condition prior to reheat stage:

1.32 mol H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O 1 kg

n 1 (mol) @ T f (C), P4 (mm Hg)

n 0 (mol) @ T0 (C), P0 (mm Hg) y 1 [mol S(v)/mol] (satd)

Inlet dew point = T0 b g

Saturation condition at outlet: y 1 Pf = p T f y1 = d i d i

b. Condensation of ethylbenzene from nitrogen

Antoine constants for ethylbenzene

1 50 765 40 0.95 45 21.472 27.60 19139 2675 107027 109702

Feed gas to heater

120 m 3 mol 1 kmol

Feed gas to absorber

1.2(39.5) kmol/min MeOH(l) n 1 (kmol/min), 261 K, 35atm

p MeOH 261K b10 7.87863 1473 .11 b 12+ 2300g mm Hg

1500 kg/min wet pulp m& 1 (kg/min wet pulp)

622.8 kmol 22.4 m3 (STP) (273 + 28) K

0.500 p H (T0 ) = 0.703(7600 mmHg) p H (T0 ) = 1.068 10 4 mmHg Antoine T0 = 187 o C

Total pressure: P=xnp p np +x ip pip = 0.50(6717) + 0.50(7883) = 7300 mm Hg

Total pressure: P= xnp p np +x ip pip