Sur 2013

Secretary
Statistics and Informatics Division (SID)

Ministry of Planning
Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh
FOREWORD
Migration is an integral part of the economy of Bangladesh. The importance of migrants remittance as a
source of development finance is now widely recognized in various fora including the United Nations.
In view of this, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) has conducted the survey titled Survey on the
Use of Remittance 2013 under the strategic guidance and supervision of Statistics and Informatics
Division (SID) and in close coordination with all the relevant stakeholders including the Ministry of
Finance and the Ministry of Expatriates Welfare and Overseas Employment. The successful completion
of the first comprehensive survey seeks to shed light on importance of the use of remittance as well as
different other issues related to it.
This report has highlighted the issue of remittance usages in various dimensions. It has analyzed some
underlying facts such as global perspective of remittance, socio-economic conditions of the remittance
receiving households, various characteristics of migrant workers, remittance income in different forms,
expenditure, savings & investment pattern of remittance and so on. I sincerely believe that this report
will be a valuable document to assess overall usages of migrant workers hard-earned income and will be
helpful in identifying the areas where government interventions are indispensable. Moreover, this report
will act as a strong tool for policy guidance at various levels of development planning.
I extend my deep appreciation to Director General of BBS for his leadership in this regard and express
my thanks to the survey team for their enthusiastic and relentless efforts for conducting the survey as
well as taking initiatives for releasing the publication within the shortest possible time. My sincere
thanks and gratitude go to the distinguished Chairperson and Members of the Technical Committee as
well as the Working Committee for their prudent guidance in conducting the survey and providing all-out
support in preparing this report. Finally, I offer my heartfelt gratitude to our colleagues in BBS who have
participated in the process and extended their cooperation in all possible ways throughout the survey
period for its successful completion.
I believe that the report with its different analytics and findings will stir up strong interest among policy
makers, researchers, academics and others.
Asharh, 1421 Md. Nojibur Rahman

June, 2014
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Director General
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)
Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh
PREFACE
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) has recently taken a number of initiatives to explore the new
areas of public interest in order to meet the data demand of the users. The Survey on the use of
Remittance 2013 is one of them. In this day, most of the developing countries consider foreign
remittance as a major source of fund for investment as well as opportunities of employment for the home
workers to foreign countries. It impressively supports a nation to increase its national income, alleviate
poverty, and ultimately contributes to drive socio-economic development smoothly.
In Bangladesh, being a developing country, remittance plays a significant role in accelerating economic
growth as well as macroeconomic development. To maximize the flow of remittance in the evolving
world environment and the benefits of their uses at the domestic front, a concerted policy effort is
imperative. Accurate and reliable statistics relating to remittance usages are the key for planning of any
policy for the betterment of the remittance use pattern which is mostly absent until now. In order to help
the policymakers by providing the most recent and nationally representative information on remittances,
the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics has undertaken this initiative to conduct a survey on the use of
remittance following the decision of Coordination Council headed by the Honourable Finance
Minister.
I believe that this report of the survey has provided accurate and reliable statistics on various indicators
pertaining to the remittance. This information will contribute significantly to devise utilization and
investment policy in order to speed up the development of economic growth of Bangladesh.
I gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the Secretary, Statistics and Informatics Division (SID) for
his continuous guidance and encouragement to conduct the survey and publish the report. Thanks to Mr.
Md. Dilder Hossain, Programme Director, BBS and all other officials and employees of BBS who
worked hard with utmost sincerity for the whole survey period and bring out this report. I will be failing
in my duty if I do not acknowledge the valuable contributions and analytical inputs provided by
distinguished Chairperson and Members of the Technical Committee and the Working Committee in
conducting the survey as well as publishing the report on time.
Any suggestion and recommendation on the report for further improvement is highly appreciated.
Asharh, 1421 Golam Mostafa Kamal

June, 2014
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Programme Director
Survey on the Use of Remittance (SUR)
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my profound regards and heartiest gratitude to Mr. Md. Nojibur Rahman,
Secretary, Statistics and Informatics Division (SID) for his strong guidance and wholehearted support for
successfully conducting the survey and publishing the report. I would also like to extend my heartfelt
gratefulness to Mr. Golam Mostafa Kamal, Director General, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) for
his insightful views, valuable suggestions and recommendations for successful completion of the survey.
Their experiences on varying backgrounds, interest in and deep knowledge on the subject have helped
shape the report into its final form.
Professor, Dr. Syed Shahadat Hossain, Institute of Statistical Research and Training (ISRT), Dr. Md.
Abul Basher, Research Fellow, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies and Dr. Dipankar Roy,
Deputy Director, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics deserve special thanks for their valuable inputs in
completion of the survey as well as the report. Mr. Hossain and Dr. Roy contributed notably in
developing the methodology of the survey including the sample design. The entire report has been
extensively reviewed and revised by Dr. Basher and his stupendous contribution for enriching the report
is highly admirable.
I gratefully acknowledge the contribution of all members of the Technical Committee for their cordial
guidance and advices to accomplish the survey successfully. I am also thankful to the members of the
Working Committee and the Report Finalization Committee for providing their valuable efforts in
preparing and finalizing this report. My thanks also go to Mr. Abul Kalam Azad, Director, National
Accounting Wing of BBS. Special thanks are due to Mr. Md. Alamgir Hossen, Statistical Officer, Ms.
Reshma Jesmin, Statistical Officer and Ms. Aklima Khatun, Statistical Officer and other team members
of the survey for their relentless efforts in carrying out the survey, preparing this report as well as making
it a success.
Finally, I am grateful to the respondents who extended their cooperation for filling up the questionnaires
giving time in spite of their involvement in their own works.
Asharh, 1421 Md. Dilder Hossain

June, 2014
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Contents
Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................................. i
Preface ................................................................................................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................................................................. vi
Acronyms .........................................................................................................................................................................xiii
Key Findings Of Survey On The Use Of Remittance 2013 ......................................................................................... xiv
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ xix
Chapter I: Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Remittance from a global perspective .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Remittance in Bangladesh .................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Background of the Survey .................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Objectives of the Survey ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter II: Survey Methodology...................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Sample Design ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.4 Detailed Sample Design .................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Data Collection: its whole process ....................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Scope and Coverage of the Survey .................................................................................................................... 13
2.4 Limitations of the Survey ................................................................................................................................... 13
Chapter III: Characteristics of Remittance Receiving Households ............................................................................ 15
Chapter IV: Characteristics of Expatriates ................................................................................................................... 23
Chapter V: Income........................................................................................................................................................... 31
Chapter VI: Expenditure ................................................................................................................................................ 37
Chapter VII: Savings ....................................................................................................................................................... 43
Chapter VIII: Investment................................................................................................................................................ 47
Chapter IX: Distribution of Expenditure, Savings & Investment in terms of Remittance Income ......................... 51
Chapter X: Summary and Policy Implications ............................................................................................................. 55
A. Remittance Receiving Households (RRHHs) ..................................................................................................... 55
B. Characteristics of Migrants.................................................................................................................................. 56
C. Remittances ......................................................................................................................................................... 56
Detailed Statistical Tables ............................................................................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Annex................................................................................................................................................................................. 79
Annex-I : List of Other Countries Where Migrant Workers are Insignificant .............................................................. 79
Annex-II : Questionnaire ................................................................................................................................................ 80
Annex-III : Manual .......................................................................................................................................................... 91
Annex IV : Standard Error ............................................................................................................................................. 114
Annex-V : Persons Involved in Preparation of the Report ........................................................................................... 115
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List of Tables
Table 1.1 : Top 15 Recipient Countries of Remittance (In Billion US Dollar) 1
Table 1.2 : Modes of Service Exports under GATS 2
Table 2.1 : Distribution of Samples by Division for Dominant Villages 6
Table 2.2 : Distribution of Samples by Division for PSUs 7
Table 3.1 : Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Division 15
Table 3.2 : Percentage Distribution of Head of Remittance Receiving Household and General
Household by Sex and Division 15
Table 3.4 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Main Source of Income
and Division 17
Table 3.5 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Ownership, Size of Land
and Division 18
Table 3.6 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Ownership of Various
Consumer Durables/Assets/Others by Division 19
Table 3.7 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Source of Drinking Water
and Division 20
Table 3.8 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Type of Toilet Facility 21
Table 4.1 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Sex and Division 23
Table 4.2 : Gender Composition of Expatriates by Age Group 24
Table 4.3 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Education and Division 24
Table 4.4 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Length of Living in Abroad and Division 25
Table 4.5 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Occupation and Destination Country 26
Table 4.6 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Level of Education and Destination Country 27
Table 4.7 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Receipt Training by Type and Destination
Country 28
Table 4.8 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates Currently at Home by Reasons and Divisions 29
Table 5.1 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiver by Division 31
Table 5.2 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance by Sending Mode and Living Country 32
Table: 5.3A : Distribution of Average Income of Remittance Receiving Household by Division 32
Table 5.3B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance by Cash & Kind and by Division 33
Table 5.3C : Percentage Distribution of Income by Sources and Division 33
Table 5.4 : Percentage Distribution of Other Source of Income (Other Than Remittance) and by
Division 34
Table 6.1A : Distribution of Average Expenditure of Remittance Receiving Household from
Remittance by Division (In Tk.) 37
Table 6.1B : Percentage Distribution of Expenditure from Remittance by Category and Division 37
Table 6.1C : Percentage Distribution of Expenditure from Remittance by Division (Last One Year) 38
Table 6.2 : Percentage Distribution of Non-Food Expenditure from Remittance by Category and
Division 39
Table 6.3 : Percentage Distribution of Expenditure for Durable and Other Items from Remittance by
Category and Division 40
Table 6.4 : Percentage Distribution of Expenditure (Food & Non-Food) From Remittance by
Category and Division (Last One Year) 41
Table 7.1 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Households According to their Savings
Status by Divisions 43
Table 7.2 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Savings by Category 43
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Table 7.3 : Distribution of Average Savings of Remittance Receiving Household from Remittance by
Division 44
Table 7.4 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Amount of Savings
(Range) During Last One Year from Remittance by Division 44
Table 7.5A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Savings by Category and Division (Last One Year) 45
Table 7.5B : Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Remittance Savings by Category and Division 46
Table 8.1 : Distribution of Remittance Receiving Households According to Their Investment
Decision by Divisions 47
Table 8.2 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Investment by Category 47
Table 8.3 : Distribution of Average Investment of Remittance Receiving Household by Division 48
Table 8.4 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Investment by
Division 48
Table 8.5A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Investment by Category and Division (Last One
Year) 49
Table 8.5B : Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Remittance Investment by Category and Division 50
Table 9.1 : Distribution of Expenditure as the Percentage of Income from Remittance by Category
and Division 51
Table 9.2 : Last One Year Expenditure for Land Purchase and Investment on Dwelling House
Construction & Flat Purchase as the Percentage of Income from Remittance by Division 52
Table 9.3 : Last One Year Investments and Savings as the Percentage of Income from Remittance by
Division 52
Detailed Statistical Tables:

Table 01 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Housing Structure and
Country 59
Table 02 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Operated Land
and Division 59
Table 03 : Percentage Distribution of Operated Land by Type of Use and Division 60
Table 04 : Percentage Distribution of Religious Status of Expatriates by Division 60
Table 05 : Percentage Distribution of Marital Status of Expatriates by Division 60
Table 06 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Educational Status and Living Country 60
Table 07 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Frequency of Visit to Home Country 61
Table 08 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Ownership of Business Enterprise by Sex and
Living Country 62
Table 10 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates Received Training (at Home Country) before
Going Abroad by Type of Training 64
Table 11 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Mode of Going Abroad 64
Table 12 : Percentage Distribution of Trained Expatriates by Income Groups 65
Table 13 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Goods Send from Abroad and by Country 65
Table 14A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Non-food
Expenditure from Remittance and Division 66
Table 14B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Non-food
Expenditure and Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) 66
Table 15A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Expenditure
for Durable and Other Items from Remittance 67
Table 15B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Expenditure
for Durable and Other Items and by Division (Remittance and Others; Last One Year) 67
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Table 15C : Percentage Distribution of Total Expenditure from Remittance (Continued..) 68
Table 15C : Percentage Distribution of Total Expenditure from Remittance 68
Table 16 : Percentage Distribution of Expenditure by Division (Remittance & Others; Last One
Year) 69
Table 17 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Savings 69
Table 18A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Savings Category and
Division (Remittance; Last One Year) 69
Table 18B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative Savings from
Remittance by Category and Division 70
Table 19A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Savings Category and
Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) 70
Table 19B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative Savings by
Category and Division (Remittance & Others) 70
Table 20A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Total Savings by
Table 20B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Cumulative
Savings by Division (Remittance & Others) 71
Table 21 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Savings from
Cumulative Remittance by Division 71
Table 22A : Percentage Distribution for Total Savings by Category and Division (Remittance &
Others; Last One Year) 72
Table 22B : Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Savings by Category and Division (Remittance &
Others) 72
Table 23 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Investment by Category 72
Table 24A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Investment by Category
and Division (Remittance; Last One Year) 73
Table 24B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative Investment
from Remittance by Category and Division 73
Table 25A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Total Investment by
Category and Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) 73
Table 25B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative Investment by
Category and Division (Remittance & Others) 74
Table 26A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Total Investment
by Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) 74
Table 26B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Cumulative
Investment by Division (Remittance & Others) 74
Table 27 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Cumulative
Investment (In Tk.) from Remittance and Division 75
Table 28A : Percentage Distribution of Total Investment by Category and Division (Remittance &
Others; Last One Year) 75
Table 28B : Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Investment by Category and Division (Remittance
& Others) 75
Table 29 : Percentage Distribution of Investment and Savings as the Percentage of Income by
Table 30 : Percentage Distribution of Investment and Savings by Division (Remittance & Others;
Last One Year) 76
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Acronyms
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
BMET Bureau of Manpower Employment and Training
EA Enumeration Area
FY Fiscal Year
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GNP Gross National Product
IMPS Integrated Multi-Purpose Sampling
IOM International Organization for Migration
MLM Multi-Level Marketing
OAC Other Asian Countries
OALC Other Arab League Countries
OAfC Other African Countries
OAuC Other Australian Countries
OEC Other European Countries
OMEC Other Middle East Countries
ONAC Other North American Countries
OSAC Other South American Countries
PPES Probability Proportional to Estimated Size
PSU Primary Sampling Unit
RN Random Number
RRHH Remittance Receiving Household
RS Random Sampling
SI Sampling Interval
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Service
SRS Simple Random Sampling
TK. Taka
UAE United Arab Emirates
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Key findings of Survey on the Use of Remittance 2013
Indicators % Distribution
RRHH Head by Sex
Male 51.88
Female 48.12
Total 100
General Household Head by Sex
Male 84.42
Female 15.58
Total 100
Educational Status of Head of RRHH
Illiterate 33.04
I IX 52.28
SSC 8.99
HSC 3.40
Degree/Hons. 1.47
Masters 0.58
MBBS/Eng. 0.24
Total 100
RRHH by Main Source of Income
Remittance 77.89
Agriculture 14.38
Industry 0.67
Service 7.06
Total 100
RRHH by Ownership of Size of Land
Landless 1.68
0.01 - 00.49 acre 49.73
0.50 - 00.99 acre 14.88
1.00 - 02.49 acres 22.42
2.50 - 07.49 acres 9.93
7.50 + 1.36
Total 100
Age Composition of Expatriates
< 25 19.44
25 - 29 25.84
30 - 34 18.01
35 - 39 14.95
40 - 44 9.68
45 - 49 6.39
50 - 54 3.33
55 - 59 1.40
60 + 0.96
Total 100
Educational Status of Expatriates
Illiterate 9.56
I IX 61.50
SSC 16.25
HSC 7.19
Degree/Hons 2.47
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Masters 0.62
MBBS/Eng. 2.41
Total 100
Expatriates by Length of Living in Abroad (year)
Less than 1 6.90
1 to less than 3 19.07
10 years & above 22.33
Total 100
Expatriates by Occupation
Job 33.77
Business 5.95
Labour 57.28
Student 0.59
Student/ Part time job 0.19
House worker 0.93
Others 1.29
Total 100
Expatriates Received Training (at Home Country) before Going Abroad
No Training 87.82
Vocational 6.01
Language 1.79
Computer 0.38
Driving 1.59
Others 2.41
Total 100
Expatriates Currently at Home by Reasons
On leave 63.25
Sick 22.38
War 0.30
Study completed 0.27
No work permit 3.67
Visa expired 2.32
Permanently return 6.22
Others 1.59
Total 100
Remittance Receiver
Wife/ Hus./Offspring 38.81
Parents 44.63
Father/Mother in law 0.89
Brother /Sister 12.08
Others 3.59
Total 100
Expatriates by Mode of Sending Money
Western union 6.87
Money gram 1.65
Post office 0.24
Bank 67.32
Friends & others 8.50
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Hundi 10.04
Known person 4.23
Others 1.15
Total 100
Distribution of Income of RRHH by Sources
Remittance in Cash 75.46
Remittance in Kind 3.15
Non-Remittance Income 21.39
Total 100
Expenditure from Remittance by Category (Last One Year)
Food 38.84
Non-food 38.86
Durable & Others 22.30
Total 100
Savings Status of RRHH
Savers 56.96
Non-Savers 43.04
Total 100
Remittance Savings by Category (Last one year)
Purchase of savings bond 5.79
Insurance 4.89
Savings account 66.07
DPS/SDPS 7.13
Permanent deposit (one year & above) 5.02
Co-operative society 0.24
Friends & others 1.07
Savings at home 9.14
Others 0.65
Total 100
RRHH by Amount of Savings (In Tk.)Last One Year)
Less than 20000 46.06
20000 - 49999 21.34
50000 - 99999 16.01
100000 - 499999 15.87
500000 + 0.72
Total 100
Investment Status of RRHH
Invest 25.32
Do not Invest 74.68
Total 100
Remittance Investment by Category (Last one year)
Own business/industry 5.05
Joint business/industry 1.69
Purchase of agriculture equipment 0.20
Purchase of share 0.36
Purchase of bond (premium/investment/wage earners development bond) 0.10
MLM 0.11
Purchase of flat 15.89
Commercial building 1.26
Dwelling house construction 72.05
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Others 3.29
Total 100
RRHH by Size of Investment from Remittance (Last One Year)
Less than 20000 18.16
2000049999 12.46
5000099999 19.28
100000499999 36.21
500000 + 13.89
Total 100
Expenditure as the percentage of Income from Remittance by Category
Food 32.81
Non-food Items 32.82
Durable & Others 18.84
Total 84.47
Investment and Savings as the Percentage of Income from Remittance
Investment 33.45
Savings 13.74
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Executive Summary
Almost 8.6 million Bangladeshi workers are currently working abroad. Almost two million
additional young people are added to the labour force every year, and the country lacks the ability to
create jobs to accommodate all of them. As a result, the outflow of Bangladeshi workers will continue
in the foreseeable future. Remittance, as identified one of the two main drivers of growth by World
Bank, will continue play the important role in Bangladeshs development process.
So far, both flow of remittances and their uses have not been guided by any notable policy
framework. Hence to maximize the flow of remittance in the evolving world environment and the
benefits of their uses at the domestic front, a concerted policy effort is imperative. Accurate and
reliable statistics are the key to any kind of policy formulation, which is currently missing to a large
extent in case of remittances. In order to help the policymakers by providing them with the most
recent and nationally representative information on remittances, the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
(BBS) has decided to undertake the survey on the use of remittance, following the decision of the
Coordination Council headed by Honourable Finance Minister.
Objectives of the Survey

The main objective of the survey is to identify the different uses of remittances. The other
objectives are: to estimate the share of investment, savings, and consumption by various categories in
total remittances, to identify the socio-economic conditions of the remittance receiving households,
and to provide supplementary information for national income accounting.
Survey Methodology
The entire country was taken as the universe and only Remittance Receiving Households
(RRHHs) as the study population of the survey. Both list frame (list of RRHH-dominant 5 Villages by
Upazila) and area frame (1433 PSUs of IMPS) have been taken into consideration as the sampling
frame. A total of RRHH-dominant 2320 villages- 5 from each Upazila were taken into account as the
list frame and 1433 PSUs of IMPS design were considered as the area frame.
Seven Divisions were considered as seven separate stratums. Two-stage stratified random
sampling technique has been applied. At the first stage, the required number of RRHH-leading
villages has been selected for each of the divisions separately following Probability Proportional to
Estimated Size (PPES), and the PSUs of IMPS applying Simple Random Sampling (SRS) technique.
In the second stage, minimum 20 RRHHs have been selected using SRS technique from each selected
village and maximum 20 RRHHs from selected PSUs of IMPS have been chosen by SRS.
The questionnaire was developed through a series of consultations. The draft was also
meticulously reviewed in a workshop on 3 April 2013. It was finalized, followed by a pretesting to
examine its performance in respect of quality, time and respondents burden. Finally, it was approved
by the Technical Committee.
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Training, Data collection and Quality Control
Before data collection, training was imparted to the survey staff on different aspects of the
survey in two phases. In the first phase, the Programme Director, together with some senior officials
of BBS, provided two days training to the master trainers as well as supervising officers at the Head
Office of BBS in Dhaka. In the second phase, enumerators were trained at the Regional Statistical
Offices (RSOs) on the same contents and using the same sequence as in the first phase. After the
training, data collection was carried out during 13-23 June 2013. A total of 216 employees of BBS
from field offices as well as headquarters were engaged in data collection while 36 officers of BBS
were involved in supervising the data collection activity.
Data Editing and Coding

After the completion of data collection, all questionnaires were brought to the headquarters for
further processing. A group of experienced staff members of BBS, under the supervision of two
officers of the survey team, edited the data manually. An instruction manual, with the editing and
coding guidelines, was also prepared and used in order to ensure uniform editing. The editors were
also given training on editing, following instruction manual. The coding was done during data
collection and checked once again during editing.
Data Processing, Tabulation and Dissemination

After completion of editing, a group of experienced BBS staffs carried out the task of data
entry. Data entry template was developed by using CSPro software. A strong data dictionary based on
the questionnaire was created during the preparation of template. To avoid errors of inconsistencies, a
logical check was also maintained throughout the data entry.
A tabulation plan was designed and finalized through a series of consultations. A total of 94
tables focusing on the major issues relating to the social, demography and economic aspects of the
study population were generated. Eventually, these tables were finalized by carefully examining data
and furnished in the report as the part of the analysis as well as statistical tables.
The final report has been disseminated both in electronic form such as CD and hard copy as
book. Results are available in the website of BBS. Some data may also be published in other
publications of BBS such as Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh, National Accounts Statistics and
Monthly Statistical Bulletin etc.
Findings
Female headed households get dominance in case of RRHHs.

The characteristic of the remittance receiving households shows that almost one half (48%) are
female-headed household compared to only 16% female heads in general households.
RRHHs enjoy comparatively better socio-economic conditions.

The literacy level, land ownership status, and access to safe drinking water of remittance
receiving households are better than the general households. Only 1.68% remittance receiving
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households are landless compared to 9.58% landless households for all households. Access to safe
drinking water was 99% in case of remittance receiving households compared to 97% for the general
households. As many as 82% remittance receiving households have access to sanitary toilet compared
to 62% for the general households.
Male together with young ages are the dominance in migrant workers.
Most of the migrant workers are males (97.4%), and more than 63.0% are below age 35 years.
This is true for males but in case of females more than 70% are below the age of 35.
More than three fifths migrants staying aboard for less than 10 years
It is notable that more than three-fifths of the migrant workers are staying for less than 10
years which ranges from less than one year to less than 10 years with highest 35% staying between 5
and less than then 10 years.
Occupation of migrant workers varies from country to country.

Occupation of migrant workers varies widely among the countries where they work. In the
Middle East countries and Asian countries, they are mostly engaged in job or labour. However, in
some European South Africa, and Other African countries and in Japan, they also do some business.
Migrant workers have lack of higher & professional education and skill training.

The migrant workers have lack of higher education and professional education like medical
and engineering education. The highest 62.0% are below SSC level and only 2.41% have professional
education. Interestingly, those who have professional education mainly work in developed countries
like Canada, Japan, Germany and USA. Only 12.0% have some sort of skill training.
Parents, spouse and offspring are the main recipient of remittance.

Parents, Spouse, and Offspring are the main recipients of Remittance. Since percentage are
44.63 for parents and 38.81 for spouse/offspring.
Banking system is the most popular system for transferring remittance to the country.
Banking channel is the most popular and widely used system for sending remittance. Two-
thirds use this system for sending remittance followed by Hundi (10.04%) and Western Union
(6.87%). About 96.0% of remittance are transferred as cash, and the rest in kind. Remittance is the
main source of income of more than 75% of households.
Expenditures for both food and non-food are almost the same.
Spending on food and non-food items from is at par, both accounting for about 39% of total
remittances. The remaining 22% are spent of consumer durables and other commodities. Quite
interestingly, share of food items in total expenditure made by remittances varies across divisions;
Chittagong registering the highest share (50.81%) and Rajshahi registering the lowest share (24.18%).
In case of share of non-food spending in total remittances, Dhaka shows the highest share (46.11%),
while Sylhet shows the lowest share (12.15%).
xxi
Land purchase accounts for outstanding share of the expenditures among durables and others.
Among the expenditures from remittance for durables and other alike items, 77.99% is spent
for land purchase and the case is more substantial at divisional levels; in some of the divisions such as
Barisal, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, and Rangpur, 80% to 90% are spent for purchasing land. Among
the divisions, surprisingly the lowest amount 56.05% is spent for land purchasing in Chittagong,
followed by Sylhet 62.70; both of the figures are considerably lower than those of other divisions.
Between the disaggregated share of land and other non-land spending in total remittances,
about 17% of the total remittance is used to purchase land in the country.
More than half of the total RRHHs makes saving.

At the national level, more than half of the remittance receiving households (56.96%) reported
that they saved part of the remittance they received during last one year. The percentage share of
households who save from the remittance they receive, varies across divisions. In Sylhet the lowest
percentage of remittance receiving households (37.59%) save while the highest (64.35%) are found in
Barisal, followed by Khulna (61.79%), and the figures in the rest of the divisions are almost the same.
Bank is as the biggest custodian of savings made out of remittances.

At the national level, bank is the biggest custodian of savings made out of remittances. About
84.01% of total savers kept their savings in banks in different forms such as savings account

(66.07%), purchase of savings bond (5.79%), DPS/SDPS (7.13%) and time deposit (5.02%). Banks
are as the main destination for savings in all divisions as well.
Insignificant part of remittance receiving households engaged in investment from remittance.

One-fourth (25.32%) of the remittance receiving households invest part of their received
remittances. This share is the highest in Rangpur (36.63%) and the lowest in Sylhet (16.33%). The
differential share of households who invest part of the remittance corresponds to the difference in the
magnitude of subsistence pressure faced by them.
Construction of dwelling house holds stupendous share of total remittance investment followed by
flat purchase.
In the last one year, the investment from the remittance in dwelling house construction
occupies the major share (72.05%), followed by flat purchasing (15.89%). Among the divisions, in
dwelling house construction, Barisal grabs the highest (81.84%), followed by Khulna (80.47%),
Rangpur (79.96%), Rajshahi (78.92%), Sylhet (75.90%), Chittagong (70.20%), and interestingly
Dhaka lowest (68.30%). In case of flat purchasing, Dhaka scores the top (19.77%), followed by
Chittagong (17.00%), Sylhet (12.66%), Khulna (9.56%), Barisal (8.63%), Rangpur (8.01 %), and
Rajshahi the lowest (7.89%).
xxii
Food expenditure and non-food expenditure (excluding consumer durables) account for equally
one-third in expenditure category.
At the national level, about 84% of total remittance received is spent for expenditure
requirement while 16 % are saved. Food expenditure and non-food expenditure (excluding consumer
durables) account for equally one-third in expenditure category.
Barisal, Chittagong and Sylhet experienced a relatively higher spending (above the average
level) on food. On the contrary, share of non-food spending is higher in Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi and
Rangpur divisions. Sylhet is an exception on spending for consumer durables- as low as 8.6 % of
remittance expenditure incurs to afford such items.
Rajshahi and Sylhet show a different land purchase pattern. More than one-fourth of
remittance income was spent for land purchasing in Rajshahi, while remittance receivers in Sylhet
spent quite low (5.4%). People in RRHHs of Chittagong spent 9.16% for land purchasing, but they
spent as high as 28% for dwelling house construction.
Summary findings and policy implications

1. About half of the household heads of the RRHHs are females.
2. Household heads of RRHHs, irrespective of their gender, are mostly illiterate or their level of
education is very low; below grade X.
3. Remittance accounts for 78% of total income(of RRHHs).
4. Out of the total RRHHs, about 25 % of them invest a part of their received remittance.
5. Most of the Bangladeshi migrants are relatively young, about 64 % of them belonging to
below 34 years of age.
6. Most of them have education level equal to or less than grade IX.
7. Out of total migrants, more than half have been living abroad for more than 5 years.
8. Middle East is the main destination of illiterate workers. Almost 90 % of the total migrants are
unskilled and did not take any pre- or on-job training.
9. Bangladesh needs to increase the share of skilled and educated migrants which currently
account for a very low share. Also, since the demand for skilled workers is high in the
developed non-Middle Eastern countries, Bangladesh needs to train and educate its potential
migrants to diversify into these countries.
10. In terms of policy implications, the government needs to take measures to impart training to
the potential migrants. It is clear that market so far failed to respond to the demand for skilled
workers, both at home and abroad, and the government has to play the pivotal role in this
regard.
xxiii

xxiv
Chapter I: Introduction
1.1 Remittance from a global perspective
In this era of globalization, role of migrant workers is increasing in many countries. One
manifestation of this importance is the continuous increase of the amount of money sent back home by
someone working abroad, which is termed as remittance. With few exceptions, volume of remittance
has increased in most of the developing countries between 2008 and 2012.
Two emerging global economic powerhouses, India and China, by far are the two largest
remittance receiving countries of the world in 2012. They are followed by Philippine, Mexico, and
France respectively. In the same year Bangladesh earned about US$14.09 billion which accounted for
less than 21 % of total remittances earned by India in the same year. The country ranked the 8th in
2012 globally as a remittance receiving country. India and China are likely to gradually reduce the
export of natural persons with their continued growth creating an opportunities for other countries
including Bangladesh.
Table 1.1: Top 15 Recipient Countries of Remittance (In Billion US Dollar)

Year
Country
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
India 49.98 49.20 53.48 63.01 67.26
China 47.49 41.41 52.27 61.37 57.78
Philippines 18.63 19.73 21.37 23.06 24.64
Mexico 26.04 22.08 22.08 23.59 23.37
France 16.28 16.06 19.46 22.56 21.68
Nigeria 19.21 18.37 19.82 20.62 20.63
Egypt 8.69 7.15 12.45 14.32 19.24
Bangladesh 8.94 10.52 10.85 12.07 14.09
Pakistan 7.04 8.72 9.69 12.26 14.01
Germany 10.97 12.34 12.79 14.65 13.96
Belgium 10.42 10.44 10.30 10.98 10.11
Vietnam 6.81 6.02 8.26 8.60 10.00
Spain 10.15 8.95 9.10 9.92 9.63
South Korea 9.07 7.28 7.06 8.38 8.47
Ukraine 6.78 5.94 6.54 7.82 8.45
Source: World Bank data is used for all countries and years. Data access on January 27, 2014 on 4.15 P.M.
Recognizing the importance of trade in services which includes export of natural person, the
World Trade organization (WTO) formulated the General Agreement of Trade in Services (GATS)
that entered into force in January 1995 as a result of the Uruguay Round negotiations. The treaty was
created to extend the multilateral trading system to service sector, in the same way the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provides such a system for merchandise trade. The GATS
1
agreement covers four modes of supply for the delivery of services in cross-border trade. They are
shown in table 2.
Table 1.2: Modes of Service Exports under GATS
Modes Criteria
Service delivered within the territory of the Member, from the territory of another
Mode 1: Cross-border supply
Member
Service delivered outside the territory of the Member, in the territory of another
Mode 2: Consumption abroad
Member, to a service consumer of the Member
Service delivered within the territory of the Member, through the commercial
Mode 3: Commercial presence
presence of the supplier
Service delivered within the territory of the Member, with supplier present as
Mode 4: Presence of a natural person
a natural person
As can be seen from table 1.2, mode 3 and 4 are related to migration and directly contribute to
remittance. Following the adoption of GATS, remittance will continue playing a prominent role
globally, more so in case of developing countries like Bangladesh. Along with the future growth and
development trajectory of developing countries, poverty, condition of health, and spending on
education by households will also depend on remittance in these countries.
1.2 Remittance in Bangladesh
The history of temporary migration by Bangladeshi citizens to other countries for remittance
dates back to mid-1970s. Although there have been ups and downs, number of migrants has been
increasing since then. Total number of current migrants is almost 8.6 million (Source: Ministry of
Expatriates Welfare and Overseas Employment). Middle East is the main destination of our
expatriates. The top five destinations for Bangladeshi workers are Saudi Arabia (37%), United Arab
Emirates (26%), Malaysia (10%), Kuwait (7%), and Oman (6%) (Source: International Organization
for Migration, Bangladesh website). Total remittance in 2013 was 14.18 billion us dollar, which
registered a declined in absolute term from 2012 by 34 billion US dollar. Yet, this accounted for about
23.24% of national income and 48.91% of total export earnings of the country.
In addition to macro-level effects, remittance is also a significant contributor to poverty

reduction. From a dynamic point of view, poverty is a flow involving movement of people in and out
of the poverty trap. For successful alleviation of poverty, the movement of people into the poverty has
to be checked along with helping people who are already into this trap to come out of it. Here lies the
importance of remittance. The available information on the expatriates implies that most of them
belong to socio-economic groups who are either poor or narrowly escaped from it. Remittance checks
their collapse into the poverty trap. In absence of remittance, these households would have fallen into
poverty trap, increasing the aggregate number of poor in the country. As a result alleviation of poverty
at the current rate would have been difficult.
Besides, remittance has a pro-poor distributional effect, which is significant determinant of

inclusive growth of the country. Anecdotal evidences suggest that most of the expatriates are either
2
poor or marginally escaped from the poverty trap. As a result, the living standard of the whole family
of the expatriates significantly depends on the amount of income sent from abroad. Whether a family
can continue remain as non-poor, whether the children can continue their education, whether they can
avail of the minimum health service required, all depends on the amount of the money sent by their
family member(s) working abroad.
Remittance in Bangladesh has a spatial dimension as well. Although people from all over the
country goes abroad for work, according to International Organization for Migration (IOM), Comilla,
Chittagong, Tangail, Bhramanbaria and Dhaka are the districts with the highest number of migrants.
Overall development and quality of life in these districts are likely to be affected more than other
districts by remittance.
Despite its important growth enhancing, poverty alleviating, distributional and spatial roles; a
detailed survey is yet to be taken to know the exact nature of utilization of remittances, their impact on
household welfare, and overall investment. The current survey is undertaken to fill in the gap in the
existing knowledge about remittances so that the policymakers can take an informed decision about
how to further increase them.
1.3 Background of the Survey

As mentioned earlier, almost 8.6 million Bangladeshi workers are currently working abroad
(Ministry of Expatriates Welfare and Overseas Employment, 2013). About two million additional
young people are added to the labour force every year, and the country lacks the ability to create jobs
to accommodate all of them. As a result, the outflow of Bangladeshi workers will continue in the
foreseeable future. Remittance, as identified one of the two main drivers of growth by World Bank
(World Bank, 2011), will continue play the important role in Bangladeshs development process.
So far, both flow of remittances and their uses have not been guided by any notable policy
framework. But to maximize the flow of remittance in the evolving world environment and the
benefits of their uses at the domestic front, a concerted policy effort is imperative. Accurate and
reliable statistics are the key to any kind of policy formulation, which are currently missing to a large
extent in case of remittances. In order to help the policymakers by providing with the most recent and
nationally representative information on remittances, the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) has
decided to undertake the current initiative to conduct a survey on the use of remittance following the
decision of Coordination Council headed by Honourable Finance Minister.
1.4 Objectives of the Survey

Main objective of the survey is to identify the different uses of remittances. The other
objectives are:
to estimate the share of investment, savings, and consumption in total remittances;

to identify the socio-economic conditions of the remittance receiving households;
to find out the socio-demographic characteristics of expatriates and members of their
household;
3
to dig out the significant channel of remittance;
to identify the type of investments made by remittances
to identify the nature of consumption expenditures incurred by remittances;
to provide supplementary information for national income accounting; and
to help the policymakers in formulation of appropriate policies to increase the flow of
remittances and benefits of their uses by the receiving households.
4
Chapter II: Survey Methodology
The quality of information collected by any survey depends on methodology applied, which
includes preparation of schema, selection of sampling frame, use of sampling technique to draw the
representative samples, design of questionnaire, methods used to collect data, methods used for
consistency and accuracy check of data, and adjustment of the sampling error etc. As no sampling
frame was readily available for this survey, the entire survey was conducted very cautiously following
a scientific and logical framework.
2.1 Sample Design

Sampling is a statistical technique to select number and composition of respondents that would
be representative of total population. Ideally, the entire study population from which sample will be
drawn should be known before the sampling. But in case of this survey, number of entire study
population could not be properly identified due to lack of adequate information. Hence, at first, the
study population was identified following some specific principles keeping the objectives of the
survey in view, and then the sample population was selected following the procedure described below.
2.1.1 Universe and Study Population

The entire country was taken as the universe and only Remittance Receiving Households
(RRHHs) of the country as the study population of the
survey.
2.1.2 Sampling Technique

Two-stage stratified random sampling technique was applied. Two lists were used as the
sampling frame for this survey. One was the list of Primary Sampling Units (PSUs), the Enumeration
Areas (EAs) of Population and Housing Census 2011, generated under Integrated Multipurpose
Samples (IMPS) and the other was the list of 5 leading villages in each Upazila in terms of the
adequacy of Remittance Receiving Households (RRHH) which were identified making a quick count
of RRHHs in those villages. Seven Divisions were considered as seven separate stratums. At the first
stage, the required number of RRHH-leading villages was selected for each of the divisions separately
following Probability Proportional to Estimated Size (PPES), and the PSUs of IMPS applying Simple
Random Sampling (SRS) technique. In the second stage, minimum 20 RRHHs were selected using
SRS technique from each selected village and maximum 20 RRHHs from selected PSUs of IMPS
were chosen by SRS.
2.1.3 Sampling Frame

Sampling frame is the set of all objects of target population. If the sampling frame is a poor fit
to the population of interest, SRS cannot work properly. Hence, sampling technique has to be chosen
and applied carefully. It is important to note that for this survey, no sampling frame was readily
available. Therefore, considering the objectives of the survey, a sampling frame was created. As a
result, the survey was conducted following slightly exceptional methodology.
5
Both list frame (list of RRHH-dominant 5 Villages by Upazila) and area frame (1433 PSUs of
IMPS) were taken into consideration as the sampling frame. A total of RRHH-dominant 2320 villages
5 from each Upazila was taken into account as the list frame, and 1433 PSUs of IMPS design were
considered as the area frame. The list of RRHH-dominant 5 villages was done by field officials of
BBS during 26 April to 10 May 2013 assuming that field officials are better informed about the
village status in terms of any issue as they are deeply involved in statistical activities at those villages.
During listing 588 staff members of BBS were engaged in collecting the information whether the
household was remittance receiver or not. Names of household heads and addresses were recorded in
the list.
2.1.4 Detailed Sample Design

Selection Procedure of 400 RRHH-dominant Villages
Out of RRHH-dominant 2320 villages, 400 were selected as the sample by PPES. Probability
Proportional to Estimated Size (PPES) is a sampling technique in which the probability of selecting a
sampling unit such as village is proportional to the size of its estimated population (RRHHs). It gives
a representative sample. It becomes very useful when the sampling units vary considerably in size
because it ensures equal probability for large and small units to be selected. A quick count was made
in all the RRHH-dominant 2320 villages to identify the number of RRHHs. As the aim was to provide
estimates at division level, the samples (400 RRHH-dominant villages) were reasonably allocated by
division proportionally. Table 2.1shows the sampling distribution by division.
Table 2.1: Distribution of Samples by Division for Dominant Villages

No. of RRHH-
Name of No. of Sample Interval for
Sl. No Dominant Villages in No. of RRHH
Division Villages Sampling
List
Col-4 Col-6
Col-1 Col-2 Col-3 Col-5
(Col-3*0.17) (Col 5/ Col 4)
1 Barisal 200 34 9877 291
2 Chittagong 429 74 94994 1284
3 Dhaka 579 100 58320 584
4 Khulna 295 51 15360 302
5 Rajshahi 335 58 16124 280
6 Rangpur 292 50 5765 116
7 Sylhet 190 33 16543 502
Total 2320 400 216983 -
Here, Sampling Fraction= n/N= 0.17
N=2320 & n=400
6
At first, the total number of RRHHs was derived by a quick head count by division. Then, the
Sampling Interval (SI) for each division was calculated by dividing the total number of RRHHs of
each division by the respective sample size (number of villages). The procedure is also portrayed in
Col-6 of table 2.1. Then, a Random Number (RN) between 1 and the SI for each division was
generated by computer. After that, the following formula:
RS (Random Sample); RN + SI; RN + 2SI was independently applied to select the

sample villages under each division. RS means the first sample village corresponding to first RN;
RN+SI means the second sample village identified by adding the SI with RN; RN+2SI means the third
sample village selected by adding RN with SI multiplying by 2 and this formula had been continued
additively until the last sample village of the respective division was selected. This method was
separately applied for each division to select the sample villages of the respective division.
Selection Procedure of 400 PSUs of IMPS (Integrated Multi-purpose Sample)
At the beginning, the total PSUs of IMPS was arranged by division and then rearranged the
PSUSs of each division separately by rural and urban areas. After that, the list of PSUs was modified
by excluding the PSUs that were common in village list and PSU list. It is notable that the exclusion
was made by matching the name of Union of selected RRHH-dominant villages with the PUSs of
IMPS and this method was applied independently for each district. After excluding the matched
Unions, the total number of PSUs became 1433. Out of 1433 PSUs, 400 were selected as sample

following SRS. The 400 sample PSUs were allocated to division proportionally. The allocation of
PSUs by rural and urban areas for each division was made following proportional allocation to the
size of household (as per Population and Housing Census-2011) of the respective division. It is
mention worthy that, in this case, the sample allocation was done by rural and urban area in order to
ensure representation of urban areas as well as rural areas; but no estimate was provided by locality,
rural & urban areas, as sample design did not allow such disaggregation.
Table 2.2: Distribution of Samples by Division for PSUs
Sl. No. Name of Division No. of PSUs No. of Sample PSUs

Rural; Col-5 Urban; Col-6
Total; Col-4
Col-1 Col-2 Col-3 ((Rural HH/Total HH)*Total ((Urban HH/Total HH)* Total
(Col 3*0.279135)
Selected PSU) selected PSU)
1 Barisal 147 41 34 7
2 Chittagong 229 64 48 16
3 Dhaka 342 95 64 31
4 Khulna 183 51 42 9
5 Rajshahi 199 56 46 10
6 Rangpur 184 51 45 6
7 Sylhet 149 42 35 7
Total 1433 400 314 86
Here, Sampling Fraction= n/N=0.279
N=1433 & n=400
7
Finally, at least 20 RRHHs from each selected village; and for IMPS, maximum 20 RRHHs
from each sample PSU were selected randomly; in case of less than or equal to 20 RRHHs, all were
considered.
2.1.5 Sample Size Determination

As the real size of population i.e. the total number of RRHH either at villages or at PSUs was
unknown, the exact sample size could not be determined. The size of primary sampling units was
estimated at 800 as the ultimate sampling units (RRHHs) to be drawn from this number is large
enough for providing division level estimates. The size of ultimate sampling unit i.e. the number of
RRHH was defined 20 from each primary sampling unit of both village and PSU of IMPS. Applying
the method, it was estimated that the maximum number of sample size would be 400X2X20=16000
RRHHs; the sample size could be at least 400X20=8000 RRHHs if the no RRHH was found in PSUs
of IMPS.
2.1.6 Selection Procedure of Ultimate Sampling Units (RRHHs)

For selecting the ultimate sampling units i.e. RRHH, SRS was applied for both cases, RRHH-
dominant villages and PSUs of IMPS. During the listing operation, a total of 257298 households were
enlisted. From the list, it was found that 42298 were RRHHs and 215635 non-RRHHs. In the study,
non-RRHHs were kept out of consideration. From the total number of 42298 RRHHs, it was estimated
that the maximum number of sample would be 16000. Finally, it was found that the total number of
sampled RRHHs was 9961. It is known theoretically that if the sample size is 3000, estimates at
division level can be provided. So, it can be remarked that the sample size of the survey was large
enough for providing reliable estimates at division level.
2.1.7 Weighting Procedure

Weight is the inverse of probability. As the samples were selected from two categories of
population following different sampling techniques, weighting was done applying two different
methods. It was found that out of 2320 RRHH-dominant villages, 400 villages and out of 1433 PSUs
of IMPS, 316 PSUs were enumerated. Assuming i was the any village of the RRHH-dominant
villages or PSUs of IMPS, the probability of selecting the ith village or PSU was calculated for each
division separately. Then, the probability of selecting the jth RRHH from the selected ith village or
PSU was calculated. To derive the weight for ith village or PSU from each division, the following
formulas were used:
Wi = (1/P (Yi))*(1/ P (Yij))*6 for village

Wi = (1/P (Yi))*(1/ P (Yij))*5 for IMPS PSUs
Where,
Wi = Weight for the ith village or PSU;
P (Yi) = Probability of selecting the ith village or PSU for a particular division;
P (Yij) = Probability of selecting jth household from ith village or PSU for a particular division.
8
2.2 Data Collection: its whole process
Data collection is the significant part of any survey because it affects survey result seriously.
Considering its importance, as a whole, the following measures were taken:
To develop the questionnaire, brain-storming activity was carried out by the members
of questionnaire development team;
Questionnaire was pre-tested;
Preparing a comprehensive manual of data collection with clearly defied concepts and
definitions;
Conducting rigorous training programme for the enumerators and supervisors;
Deploying sufficient number of enumerators in order to ensure smooth data collection;
Taking extra measure in data collection activity by engaging sufficient number of
supervisors.
2.2.1 Questionnaire Design:

Along with sampling, the questions asked to a respondent are equally important to collect the
desired information. The questionnaire was designed and finalized on the basis of experts opinion
collected through formal and informal consultation.
Process of Questionnaire Design
The in-house survey team first developed the draft questionnaire as a basis for in-house
consultation guided by the Program Director. This draft was revised to accommodate the
recommendations and views expressed in the in-house meeting. The revised draft was placed before
the Working Committee and further revised on the basis of their recommendations. A workshop on
the revised version of the questionnaire was arranged on 3 April 2013 to collect views of different
stakeholders. A number of distinguished participants including economists, social workers, media
personnel, members of the civil society, senior officials of the government and the non-government
organizations took part in the workshop and shared their views and made some recommendations.
Most of these recommendations were incorporated. Later, the questionnaire was pre-tested, and the
observed problems were duly addressed. Finally, the questionnaire was placed before the Technical
Committee, the highest technical body, for approval.
Pre-test of the Questionnaire

The questionnaire was pre-tested to examine its overall performance in terms of time required
to complete the interview, testing the reliability i.e. whether it capture the desired information, and to
assess the consistency, that is whether the collected information serve the purpose of the survey or not.
The pre-test was also used to assess the logistics required for successfully conducting the survey.
To ensure adequate time for any adjustment, if needed, the pre-test was conducted about a
month before the actual survey conducted in three districts, namely Rangpur, Munshiganj and Tangail
covering both urban and rural areas. Two Officers visited different areas of these districts and
9
collected data using the final draft questionnaire. They randomly selected the households from the list
of RRHHs as respondents.
Findings from the Pre-test

A lot was learnt from the pre-test about the suitability of the questionnaire pertaining to its
matching between its content and the objective of the survey. Based on the findings of the pre-test, the
structure and wording of the questionnaire were slightly modified. The semblance of the question, that
is, the meaning and clarity which yields the intended information from the respondent, was taken care
of. Furthermore, the enumerators manual was also modified accordingly.
Finalization of the Questionnaire

After the revision made following the pre-test, the questionnaire was placed before the
Technical Committee. The committee provided some final observations, which were subsequently
addressed. Eventually, the questionnaire was approved by the Technical Committee.
2.2.2 Data collection

Data collection process involved the following steps as described below:
Training of the Supervising Officer and Enumerators

Training was imparted on different aspects of the survey in two phases. In the first phase,
Program Director together with some senior officials of BBS provided two days training to the master
trainers as well as supervising officers at the Head Office of BBS in Dhaka. The concepts, definitions
the technique of fulfilling the questionnaire etc. were thoroughly discussed in the first day of the
training. In the second day, the trainees visited the field in order to gather some practical experience
on the technique of filling up the questionnaires.
In the second phase, enumerators were trained on the same contents following the same
sequence as the first phase at the Regional Statistical Offices (RSOs). Most of the trainees- both
supervising Officer and enumerators- were extremely vibrant during the training.
Data Collection and Supervision

Data collection carried out immediately after the training during 13-23 June 2013. A total of
216 employees of BBS from field offices as well as headquarters were employed in data collection.
Besides, a total of 36 officers of BBS, most of which were Regional Statistical Officers, were
employed to supervise the data collection and to immediately take care of any untoward problem
arisen during data collection in the field. These supervising officers stayed at the field until the data
collection was completed. The Director General, Deputy Director General and Director of National
Accounting Wing closely monitored the data collection. Program Director coordinated all activities
and arranged all supports required for successful completion of data collection.
10
2.2.3 Data Editing and Coding
Data editing refers the activity of checking and cleaning data that have already been collected
from the field. After the completion of data collection, all questionnaires were brought to headquarter
for further processing. A group of experienced staffs of BBS under the supervision of two officers of
the survey team edited all data manually. An instruction manual with the editing and coding
guidelines was also prepared and editors were provided training on these guidelines. Although the
coding was done during data collection, but it was checked once again during data editing.
2.2.4 Data Processing

Data processing involves a number of steps which are follows:
Data entry
Appending and merging files
Data validation (further checking, editing, and imputation)
Final decision on errors
Completion of data processing and generation of data files
Final documentations
Conversion of data files to another software.
Storage of all files

i. Data Entry
After completion of editing, a group of experienced BBS staffs carried out the task of data
entry following the steps mentioned below:
a) Designing Data Entry Application: Data entry template was developed by using CSPro
software. A strong data dictionary based on the questionnaire was created during the preparation of
template. The data dictionary contained unique ID and values of the items to be entered. To avoid
errors of inconsistencies, a logical check was also maintained throughout the data entry. The template
was reviewed for convenience and eventually finalized for use.
b) Data Capturing and Preliminary Validation: Data were captured in computer as soon as
the data editing was completed. A variety of common errors were identified during data capturing. As
a result, observing the error messages, data were cross checked with questionnaire. In addition to that,
following procedures were followed for data cleaning and primary validation:
Wrong data and out of range codes: As the code was given during the preparation of
questionnaire, naturally, it restricted the enumerator to a set of codes within the
acceptable range for most of the questions. Moreover, the values were set during the
preparation of data entry screen for avoiding wild codes for most of the questions.
Inconsistency checking: To avoid errors, omissions and inconsistencies, this
mechanism was also developed during the data entry program designing.
11
Treatment of Missing values: The data entry program was designed not to allow blanks
that ensure not having missing values in the data.
Incomplete records and dropped cases. The data entry program was designed to accept
the complete data case; otherwise, it would not be saved. This was set to avoid
incomplete records and dropped cases.
Duplication of entries. The data entry program was designed in view of rejecting
duplication of entries based on the identifiers.
ii. Appending and Merging Files

As data was captured by a number of BBS officials, a number of files were generated. After
the completion of data entry, these files were appended and merged to generate a single file.
iii. Data Validation

Validation was accomplished after appending and merging files by checking the number of
variables, the cases, wild codes, missing values and consistencies. It was also checked whether the
number of variables generated was matched with the number of variables in the data set.
iv. Final Decision on Errors

If an error was discovered during data validation, the related questionnaire was checked and in
some cases it was sent back to the survey team for review and decision. In some cases, members of

the survey team revisited the field to collect the actual response of the relevant respondent.
v. Completion of Data Processing and Generation of Data File

After resolving all issues regarding an observed error, a final data file was generated that
contains all information collected in this survey.
vi. Data Preservation

After completion of the entire process, data were stored in ASCII format. In order to have the
print out, the data were also been converted to Microsoft Excel Format. Both original and new formats
were preserved. Finally, a copy of the data set put forward to the survey authority for tabulation and
analysis. The questionnaires were also preserved in the safe storage of BBS under the guidance of
survey team for future reference.
vii. Software Used

Four software named CSPro, STATA, SPSS and Excel were used for processing the survey
data. CSPro was used for data entry and editing, STATA and SPSS for both tabulation and data
analysis, and Excel for converting the STATA or SPSS files to table format.
2.2.5 Tabulation
A tabulation plan was designed by the survey team, which was shared with the working
committee for their opinion. The working committee suggested some modifications which were
subsequently incorporated. A total of 94 tables focusing on the major issues relating to the social,
12
demography and economic aspects of the study population were generated. Drafting statistical tables
along with data, these were presented before some important stakeholders in order to know whether
these tables fulfilled their demand or they had more requirements. They provided some valuable
suggestions those were incorporated afterward. Eventually, these tables were finalized and furnished
in the report as the part of the analysis as well as statistical tables.
2.2.6 Data Analysis

Survey results were analyzed in tabular form using STATA and SPSS software. Major
variables, in terms of percentage, were explained vertically (columns) and cross tabulation by another
related variables horizontally. In the analysis, variations of the magnitude of major variables were
described by category and by division.
2.2.7 Data Dissemination

The final report was disseminated both in electronic form such as CD and hard copy as book.
Results are available in the website of BBS. Some data may also be published in other publications of
BBS such as Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh, National Accounts Statistics and Monthly
Statistical Bulletin etc.
2.3 Scope and Coverage of the Survey

Geographically, the survey covered the entire area of the country except territorial enclaves.
Both urban and rural areas were also covered. To cover the rural areas, a village list of containing
the dominant villages across the country in terms of availability of remittance receiving households
(RRHH) was prepared and used. On the other hand, the PSUs of IMPS was purposively used to
cover especially urban areas as there had no alternative.
2.4 Limitations of the Survey

For successful completion of the survey, all methodological aspects were applied very
carefully. Even then, the survey has a few caveats as mentioned below:
The sampling frame of the survey was created as no frame of this kind was available
before the survey. Although the sampling frame was covered the entire country, but
only five villages from each Upazila were included into the sampling frame.
Sample size could not be determined properly as no survey of this type was conducted
before. However, sufficiently large number of sample recognizing the estimates at
division level was taken.
In the analytical part of the report, food expenditure perfectly corresponds to the food
consumptions, while non-food expenditure covers both non-food consumptions as well
as transfer payments. However, users will find expenditures for each item
independently in Detailed Statistical Tables (Table 15C), and they could be able to
regroup the items according to their requirements.
13

14
Chapter III: Characteristics of Remittance Receiving Households
This chapter analyzes the different socio-economic characteristics of the respondents of this
survey. Table 3.1 shows the number of enumerated as well as estimated RRHHs by division. The total
number of RRHHs is estimated to 1525111 of which Dhaka holds the highest, 500700 followed by
Chittagong 455936, Khulna 171438, Rajshahi 138169, Sylhet 103698, Barisal 81215 and the lowest in
Rangpur, 73955.
Table 3.1: Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Division
Division/RMO Estimated RRHHs Enumerated RRHHs

National 1525111 9961
Barisal 81215 865
Chittagong 455936 2310
Dhaka 500700 2396
Khulna 171438 1206
Rajshahi 138169 1256
Rangpur 73955 865
Sylhet 103698 1063
Table 3.2: Percentage Distribution of Head of Remittance Receiving Household and General
Household by Sex and Division
RR Household Head by Sex General Household Head by Sex

Division
Total Male Female Total Male Female
National 100.00 51.88 48.12 100.00 84.42 15.58
Barisal 100.00 53.52 46.48 100.00 83.83 16.17
Chittagong 100.00 50.55 49.45 100.00 76.86 23.14
Dhaka 100.00 52.33 47.67 100.00 84.96 15.04
Khulna 100.00 53.13 46.87 100.00 88.46 11.54
Rajshahi 100.00 51.79 48.21 100.00 88.18 11.82
Rangpur 100.00 50.82 49.18 100.00 86.96 13.04
Sylhet 100.00 53.09 46.91 100.00 82.16 17.84
(Note: General Households refer the households obtained from the Population and Housing Census-2011.
15
Table 3.2 presents the percentage distribution of respondents by sex of household heads. As
can be observed from above table, share of female headed households is more than 48 %, which is 3
times higher than that of share at national level, which is less than 16 % as per findings of the
Population and Housing Census 2011. This difference mainly corresponds to the male expatriates, in
absence of whom the wives manage the family while their husbands work abroad.
It is evident from the last column of table 3.2 that share of female headed households at
national level notably vary by division, Chittagong represents the highest and Khulna the lowest
shares respectively. If this difference in the prevalence of female headed household implies any
divergence in womens social and economic status across divisions, such divergence is absent among
the remittance receiving households. The share of female headed households in case of remittance
receiving families varies slightly across the divisions; such variations do not seem to be significant.
Educational status of the head of remittance receiving households is demonstrated in table 3.3.
The table shows that about 33 % of the remittance receiving household heads are illiterate and about
52 % have completed grade in between 1 and 9. Among the rest of the household heads, about 9 %
have completed SSC, about 3 % have completed HSC, and others have completed graduate or post-
graduate level of education.
Significant regional disparity in educational attainment by divisions has been observed among
remittance receiving household heads. In case of Barisal, share of illiterate household heads (among

remittance receiving families) is relatively low compared to the other divisions, while share of
household heads with level of education in between grade 1 and 9 is high. The same division has
relative high share of household heads (among remittance receiving families) with level of education
equal to or higher than SSC. Chittagong division more or less resembles the similar pattern.
Table 3.3: Percentage Distribution of Educational Status of Remittance Receiving Household

Head by Sex and Division
Educational Status Division
by Sex National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet
Illiterate
Total 33.04 15.27 27.09 39.35 37.61 34.13 36.49 31.16
Male 16.65 8.65 13.28 20.29 19.31 17.50 17.75 14.34
Female 16.39 6.62 13.81 19.06 18.30 16.63 18.74 16.82
I IX
Total 52.28 64.28 57.17 47.61 48.73 52.18 47.95 53.15
Male 25.76 31.78 27.45 23.34 25.60 25.77 23.89 26.93
Female 26.52 32.50 29.72 24.27 23.13 26.41 24.06 26.22
SSC
Total 8.99 11.77 9.14 8.12 9.39 7.77 10.90 9.93
Male 5.28 6.55 5.15 5.08 5.27 4.13 5.90 6.97
Female 3.71 5.22 3.99 3.04 4.12 3.64 5.00 2.96
HSC
Total 3.40 4.74 3.92 2.46 3.20 4.60 2.73 3.80
Male 2.28 3.11 2.42 1.66 2.12 3.28 1.94 3.23
Female 1.12 1.63 1.50 0.80 1.08 1.32 0.79 0.57
16
Educational Status Division
by Sex National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet
Degree/Hons.
Total 1.47 3.35 1.43 1.58 0.49 1.03 1.76 1.68
Male 1.19 2.86 1.14 1.28 0.42 0.83 1.18 1.40
Female 0.28 0.49 0.29 0.30 0.07 0.20 0.58 0.28
Masters
Total 0.58 0.42 0.97 0.44 0.58 0.29 0.17 0.28
Male 0.47 0.39 0.83 0.24 0.56 0.29 0.17 0.22
Female 0.11 0.03 0.14 0.20 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.06
MBBS/Eng.
Total 0.24 0.17 0.28 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Male 0.24 0.17 0.28 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Female 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
In case of other divisions, shares of household heads (among remittance receiving households)
with no or level of education up to grade 9 more or less match the same share at national level.
However, share of illiterate household heads is relatively high in case of Dhaka, Khulna and Rangpur
compared to the same share at national level. The share of household heads with education level equal
to or more than SSC is high in Barisal, and low in Dhaka, Khulna and Rajshahi compared to the same
share at national level. In case of Chittagong, Rangpur and Sylhet, this share is more or less at par
with national share.

Table 3.4: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Main Source of
Income and Division
Source of Income
Division
Total Remittance Agriculture Industry Service
National 100.00 77.89 14.38 0.67 7.06
Barisal 100.00 70.80 21.93 0.59 6.69
Chittagong 100.00 84.10 8.73 1.35 5.82
Dhaka 100.00 74.76 15.06 0.57 9.62
Khulna 100.00 80.56 12.86 0.08 6.51
Rajshahi 100.00 78.14 16.00 0.12 5.74
Rangpur 100.00 66.21 28.97 0.22 4.60
Sylhet 100.00 74.71 20.26 0.23 4.80
17
Table 3.4 shows the main source of income of the remittance receiving households.
Remittance is the primary source of income up to about 84 % of the households, although this share
varies across the division. At national level, the share of households who considers remittance as their
primary source of income is about 78 %. However, this share is about 84 % in Chittagong, followed
by Khulna (80.56%), Rajshahi (78.14%), Dhaka (74.76%), Sylhet (74.71%), Barisal (70.80%) and
Rangpur (66.21%).
Agriculture and Service sector appeared to be the primary source of income in case of about 14
and 7 % of remittance receiving households respectively. Relatively a large share of remittance
receiving households still considered agriculture as the source of primary income in Rangpur
(28.97%), followed by Barisal (21.93%), and Sylhet (20.26%). As one would expect, relatively more
respondents identified service sector as their primary source of income in case of Dhaka compared to
other divisions. Industry as a primary source of income is insignificant for remittance receiving
households.
The slim dependence on agricultural sector as the primary source of income is in congruent
with the landholdings of the remittance receiving households. About 2 % of these households are
landless. More than half of the remittance receiving households own land less or equal to 0.49 acres.
However, this share varies across divisions.
Table 3.5: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Ownership, Size of

Land and Division
Division
Size of Own Land
National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Landless 1.68 0.40 0.67 2.99 0.21 1.83 4.63 0.94
0.01 - 0.49 acre 49.73 40.16 59.28 52.82 44.18 43.28 36.12 27.91
0.50 - 0.99 acre 14.88 14.47 15.91 14.78 16.43 15.02 14.92 8.36
1.00 - 2.49 acres 22.42 28.44 18.50 20.59 26.33 27.03 28.09 27.11
2.50 - 7.49 acres 9.93 13.99 5.02 8.11 11.45 11.73 13.08 29.94
7.50 + 1.36 2.54 0.62 0.72 1.40 1.11 3.16 5.74
18
The share of landless households in remittance receiving households is the highest in Rangpur
(4.63%) and the lowest in Khulna (0.21). The same shares in Dhaka and Rajshahi are 2.99 % and 1.83
% respectively. In case of the remaining divisions, these shares are less than 1%. The share of
households with land in between 0.1 to 0.49 acres is the highest in Chittagong (59.28%) and the
lowest in Sylhet (27.91%). The ranking of these two divisions are just the opposite in case of
landholding more than 7.5 acres (table 3.5).
Table 3.6: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Ownership of

Various Consumer Durables/Assets/Others by Division
Consumer Division
Durables/Assets/Oth
ers
Radio 4.86 8.72 3.74 4.76 6.01 2.46 4.90 8.44
Television 61.96 45.32 63.90 65.87 54.51 58.47 50.70 72.55
Telephone 1.66 1.14 1.83 1.37 1.04 1.74 0.72 4.40
Mobile Phone 96.41 98.15 95.18 96.78 95.89 96.64 97.53 98.50
Refrigerator 33.86 20.81 36.85 42.08 21.54 17.98 9.94 49.81
Oven 2.14 1.16 2.51 2.24 2.20 0.64 0.72 3.73
Solar panel 3.47 7.57 1.58 6.17 0.45 0.91 6.02 2.08
Computer 2.78 3.16 1.64 2.43 4.30 2.40 3.17 6.96
Laptop 2.50 2.34 1.63 2.99 2.20 3.09 1.91 4.16

Tablet PC 0.35 0.26 0.10 0.31 0.24 1.03 1.04 0.43
IPS 1.64 1.43 0.87 3.01 0.63 0.68 0.80 2.08
DVD 6.52 3.44 6.54 8.27 7.19 2.61 2.10 7.63
AC 0.35 0.04 0.50 0.07 0.71 0.00 0.40 1.08
Water filter 9.16 7.88 11.74 5.67 6.59 1.62 3.33 34.12
Cot 88.02 88.43 93.41 84.76 80.02 84.91 94.80 92.37
Almirah 70.85 79.28 80.84 70.75 51.06 49.01 61.66 89.10
Wardrobe 31.37 26.20 32.53 34.30 23.29 18.44 16.85 57.04
Sofa 23.54 15.31 24.48 21.42 19.52 16.93 16.17 56.88
Sewing machine 10.34 10.59 10.06 10.27 12.33 10.17 7.32 10.78
Motor car 0.45 0.39 0.17 0.49 0.39 0.19 0.20 2.18
CNG 0.54 0.14 0.62 0.50 0.58 0.30 0.92 0.60
Easy bike 0.40 0.00 0.01 0.89 0.46 0.18 0.20 0.38
Bus 0.14 0.02 0.01 0.22 0.05 0.21 0.15 0.40
Truck 0.36 0.22 0.61 0.26 0.17 0.31 0.65 0.01
Tractor 0.46 1.34 0.35 0.43 0.13 0.40 0.63 0.96
Engine boat 0.31 0.46 0.35 0.34 0.00 0.20 0.26 0.61
Rickshaw/Van 0.88 0.85 0.38 0.96 0.98 1.31 2.99 0.48
Motor Cycle 8.67 10.89 9.23 7.05 11.01 7.49 11.87 7.72
Bi-cycle 17.39 10.45 11.28 11.73 38.18 30.52 43.50 6.46
Internet connection 8.71 2.08 12.48 13.16 2.28 1.12 1.50 1.64
Others 7.07 6.19 7.47 8.05 5.31 6.70 7.39 4.44
(Note: Others include Showcase, Wall showcase, Dining table-chair, Alna, Fan, Chouki, Rice Cooker, Dressing table,
Shallow Machine, Power tiller etc.)
19
Table 3.6 shows the ownership of various consumer durables/assets/others of remittance
receiving household by divisions. It is observed that nationality 96.41% of total remittance receiving
households owns Mobile phone followed by Cot 88.02%, Almirah 70.85%, Television 61.96%,
Refrigerator 33.86%, Wardrobe 31.37%, Sofa 23.54%, Sewing machine 10.34%, Bi-cycle 17.39%.
Only 8.71% of the total remittance receiving households use internet.
The remittance receiving households of Sylhet division has the highest possession of various
consumer durables/assets, probably indicating their relatively better economic situation compared to
other divisions.
Sources of drinking water of the remittance receiving households have also been studied under
the survey. Table 3.7 shows that tube-well or deep tube-well have been observed as the main source of
drinking water of the remittance receiving households. Out of total, 94.12 % household drinks tube-
well or deep-tube well water at national level, 5.05 % pipe or supply water, 0.43 % pond/canal/river
water and 0.40 % rain/fountain water. Similar pattern is observed at division levels.
Table 3.7: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Source of Drinking

Water and Division
Source of Drinking Water

Division Tube-well/Deep
Total Pipe/Supply Water Pond/Canal/River Rain/Fountain Water
Tube-well

National 100.00 5.05 94.12 0.43 0.40
Barisal 100.00 3.23 92.83 1.99 1.95
Chittagong 100.00 4.55 94.90 0.30 0.24
Dhaka 100.00 6.66 92.79 0.24 0.31
Khulna 100.00 3.67 95.29 0.62 0.42
Rajshahi 100.00 4.14 94.84 0.57 0.45
Rangpur 100.00 3.15 96.47 0.31 0.07
Sylhet 100.00 5.73 93.56 0.23 0.49
20
Table 3.8: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Type of Toilet
Facility
Toilet Facility
Division Sanitary with Sanitary without Non-
Total Open Defecation
Water Sealed Water Sealed sanitary/Katcha
National 100.00 46.17 36.22 17.03 0.58
Barisal 100.00 56.35 34.48 9.10 0.07
Chittagong 100.00 41.13 41.87 16.88 0.12
Dhaka 100.00 44.67 39.14 15.33 0.85
Khulna 100.00 46.76 30.28 22.81 0.15
Rajshahi 100.00 58.76 20.86 19.26 1.13
Rangpur 100.00 44.74 30.42 23.02 1.82
Sylhet 100.00 50.89 33.09 15.31 0.71
Table 3.8 depicts the sanitary conditions of the remittance receiving households. At
national level, only 46.17 % of the total remittance receiving households uses sanitary toilets i.e.
toilets with water sealed; 36.22 % also uses the sanitary toilet without water sealed. However, it is
shocking that 17.03% holds completely unhygienic i.e. non-sanitary/katcha toilets while a few (0.58
%) still do defecation in open place.
Among divisions, the highest number of fully sanitary toilet is observed in Rajshahi (58.76% )
and the lowest in Chittagong (41.13 %); in case of sanitary without water sealed, the highest, 41.87 %
in Chittagong and lowest, 20.86 % in Rajshahi and in case of non-sanitary, the highest, 23.02 % in
Rangpur and the lowest 9.10 % in Barisal. A considerable number of remittance receiving households
in both Rangpur (1.82 %) and Rajshahi (1.13 %) divisions has no access to toilet facilities.
21

22
Chapter IV: Characteristics of Expatriates
The characteristics of expatriates are important to know as they can potentially provide
insights about the use of remittance by the receiving households. This chapter describes different
characteristics of the Bangladeshi expatriates.
Table 4.1: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Sex and Division

Sex
Division
Total Male Female
National 100.00 97.37 2.63
Barisal 100.00 97.19 2.81
Chittagong 100.00 98.49 1.51
Dhaka 100.00 96.89 3.11
Khulna 100.00 97.91 2.09
Rajshahi 100.00 97.63 2.37
Rangpur 100.00 97.17 2.83
Sylhet 100.00 94.31 5.69
Table 4.1 shows the gender composition of expatriates by division. As can be seen from this
table, Bangladeshi expatriates are predominantly male, which account for more than 97 % to the total
while the female accounts for the rest. Table 4.1 shows the state of expatriates by sex. This
composition remains more or less invariant across division with one exception. The share of female in
total expatriates from Sylhet is notably higher from other divisions. It might have happened as
evidences reveal that most of the expatriates from Sylhet live in developed countries, especially in
United Kingdom, with their spouse who also engaged in profit-making.
23
Table 4.2: Gender Composition of Expatriates by Age Group
Sex
Age Group
Total Male Female
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
< 25 19.44 19.16 29.75
25 29 25.84 25.90 23.54
30 34 18.01 17.98 18.79
35 39 14.95 14.94 15.05
40 - 44 9.68 9.86 3.21
45 - 49 6.39 6.43 4.86
50 - 54 3.33 3.30 4.43
55 - 59 1.40 1.43 0.09
60 + 0.96 1.00 0.27
Table 4.2 depicts the gender composition of expatriates by age group. It is notable that share of
relatively young female in total female expatriates is relatively higher (29.75%) than the share of
young male (19.16%) in total male expatriates. This is probably an indication of the weakening of
social pressure that restricted female migration in the past and a gradual change in societys attitude
towards it.
Table 4.3: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates

by Education and Division
Education
Division SSC/ HSC/ MBBS/
Total Illiterate I - IX Degree /Hons. Masters
Equivalent Equivalent Eng.
National 100.00 9.56 61.50 16.25 7.19 2.47 0.62 2.41
Barisal 100.00 6.10 60.27 19.35 9.66 4.08 0.14 0.40
Chittagong 100.00 7.17 64.00 15.60 6.40 3.12 0.58 3.13
Dhaka 100.00 10.58 60.82 16.51 6.45 1.97 0.53 3.14
Khulna 100.00 12.91 56.79 17.35 9.46 1.66 0.31 1.52
Rajshahi 100.00 12.32 59.27 16.91 7.61 1.58 0.56 1.75
Rangpur 100.00 10.72 60.11 19.24 7.20 1.98 0.62 0.14
Sylhet 100.00 8.83 64.70 11.89 8.60 3.29 2.02 0.67
24
Table 4.3 explains the educational status of expatriates by level of education and divisions.
Nationally, about 9.56% of total expatriates are illiterate and 90.44% are literate. Out of the total
expatriates 61.50% has passed class-I to IX, 16.25% obtained SSC or equivalent degree, 2.47% has
graduation or graduation with honours degree, 0.62% has masters degree and 2.41% has medical or
engineering degrees.
Among divisions, expatriates from Barisal are relatively more educated than others. However,
the percentage share of expatriates with medical or engineering degrees is the highest in Dhaka
division.
Table 4.4: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Length of Living in Abroad and Division
Length of living in Abroad (Year)

Division
10 years &
Total Less than 1 1 to less than 3 3 to less than 5 5 to less than 10
Above
National 100.00 6.90 19.07 16.71 34.99 22.33
Barisal 100.00 5.22 18.37 21.10 37.13 18.18
Chittagong 100.00 8.26 20.04 16.92 33.10 21.68
Dhaka 100.00 6.23 18.34 14.59 35.67 25.17
Khulna 100.00 7.31 21.47 20.03 37.66 13.53
Rajshahi 100.00 4.98 20.58 18.01 39.47 16.97
Rangpur 100.00 7.11 17.67 23.49 37.30 14.43

Sylhet 100.00 7.01 15.02 13.21 28.51 36.24
Table 4.4 shows the state of expatriates by length of living in abroad. Most of the expatriates
have been living abroad for more than 5 years. This corresponds to the fact that migration of
Bangladeshi workers is not a recent phenomenon. Only about 7 % of them have been living abroad for
less than a year. This number also roughly represents the percentage share of expatriates who went
abroad during last one year in total. Among the divisions, Sylhet has the highest percentage share of
expatriates living abroad for more than 5 years. This reiterates the fact that this division has been one
of the pioneer divisions in case of migration of Bangladeshi workers abroad.
25
Table 4.5: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Occupation and Destination Country
Occupation
Country Student/ Part- House
Total Job Business Labour Student Others
time job worker
Total 100.00 33.77 5.95 57.28 0.59 0.19 0.93 1.29
Saudi Arabia 100.00 35.79 5.46 57.28 0.00 0.00 0.42 1.05
UAE 100.00 35.41 3.06 60.93 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.15
Malaysia 100.00 17.89 1.72 79.75 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.51
Oman 100.00 27.16 8.01 62.26 0.00 0.00 0.41 2.16
Kuwait 100.00 44.06 3.81 50.21 0.00 0.00 0.16 1.76
Singapore 100.00 26.79 1.64 70.78 0.11 0.33 0.00 0.36
United Kingdom 100.00 41.38 9.64 23.46 10.47 4.18 9.22 1.66
Italy 100.00 47.79 29.18 13.89 0.61 0.25 1.12 7.16
Bahrain 100.00 26.93 7.20 62.90 0.00 0.00 2.97 0.00
Qatar 100.00 44.59 2.33 51.36 0.00 0.00 0.13 1.59
United States 100.00 65.50 7.15 10.07 5.72 2.30 6.32 2.94
Maldives 100.00 32.93 0.01 63.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.25
Libya 100.00 39.76 5.04 54.97 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00
South Africa 100.00 35.76 27.41 31.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.96
France 100.00 54.68 5.25 29.20 9.16 0.85 0.00 0.86
Canada 100.00 65.18 1.25 2.71 18.83 0.00 7.65 4.38
Korea South 100.00 70.22 0.00 29.12 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00
Australia 100.00 61.59 1.92 10.07 23.98 2.44 0.00 0.00
Japan 100.00 41.10 21.77 10.16 23.60 1.28 0.81 1.28
Germany 100.00 52.76 1.47 14.31 27.91 1.76 0.00 1.79
OMEC 100.00 55.30 5.83 38.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
OALC 100.00 24.88 5.90 61.45 0.00 0.00 5.05 2.72
OEC 100.00 23.18 12.07 54.41 7.61 1.09 1.15 0.48
OAC 100.00 21.97 17.36 43.81 0.65 0.34 12.08 3.77
OAfC 100.00 30.95 16.90 47.80 0.00 0.00 0.47 3.88
ONAC 100.00 50.44 5.37 43.86 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00
OSAC 100.00 30.45 5.32 64.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
OAuC 100.00 27.38 2.56 68.24 0.78 1.04 0.00 0.00
(Note: In above table, the Sub groups of Others Country are given in Annex I).
26
Table 4.5 shows the occupations and destination countries of Bangladeshi expatriates. This
table corroborates the casual observation that Bangladesh mainly exports unskilled workers most of
whom work as labour. The percentage distribution of Bangladeshi expatriates by occupations is as
follows: labour (57.28%), job (33.77%), business (5.95%) and student/part-time job (0.19%).
Among the countries, the highest share of Bangladeshi migrants work as labour in Malaysia
(79.75%) followed by Other Australia (68.24%), Maldives (63.81%) and the lowest in Canada
(2.71%). In case of other occupations, significant diversifications are evident from country to country.
For example, job has appeared as the largest occupation; 70.22% in South Korea followed by 65.50%
in USA, 65.18% in Canada, 61.59% in Australia, 55.30% in Other Middle East Countries and the
lowest, 17.89% in Malaysia. The highest share of Bangladeshi migrants involved in business is
observed in Italy (29.18%), followed by 27.41% in South Africa, 21.77% in Japan and the lowest
0.01% in Maldives.
Table 4.6: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Level of Education and Destination

Country
Education Status
Country
Total Illiterate I-IX SSC HSC Degree/Hons Masters MBBS/Eng.
Total 100.00 9.56 61.50 16.25 7.19 2.47 0.62 2.41
Saudi Arabia 100.00 10.92 60.91 16.25 6.59 2.25 0.21 2.87
UAE 100.00 9.08 68.98 13.17
4.87 0.80 0.06 3.03
Malaysia 100.00 11.50 67.66 15.00 3.86 1.16 0.42 0.40
Oman 100.00 12.25 71.91 9.37 2.89 1.34 0.35 1.89
Kuwait 100.00 11.16 63.60 16.66 6.27 1.60 0.17 0.55
Singapore 100.00 3.97 46.69 28.87 17.11 2.20 1.17 0.00
United Kingdom 100.00 3.88 43.09 16.38 15.23 11.77 7.24 2.41
Italy 100.00 3.99 44.34 29.42 15.54 4.73 1.62 0.36
Bahrain 100.00 12.98 64.94 13.37 4.10 2.09 0.00 2.52
Qatar 100.00 8.16 62.21 15.35 8.70 2.97 0.15 2.46
United States 100.00 1.59 18.02 25.37 19.90 19.39 6.43 9.32
Maldives 100.00 16.14 70.82 7.14 2.82 1.66 0.00 1.43
Libya 100.00 13.31 75.58 5.30 1.82 0.00 0.00 3.99
South Africa 100.00 6.46 41.64 25.72 13.27 3.75 1.65 7.51
France 100.00 0.00 24.19 40.49 20.85 5.62 0.83 8.01
Canada 100.00 0.00 27.84 13.05 2.15 17.69 10.00 29.26
Korea South 100.00 0.00 12.76 33.01 35.09 5.88 1.32 11.94
Australia 100.00 0.00 6.79 0.00 23.55 41.42 21.77 6.48
Japan 100.00 0.00 22.41 23.69 5.74 33.56 2.64 11.96
Germany 100.00 6.25 26.55 0.00 46.54 1.79 0.00 18.87
OMEC 100.00 0.04 73.86 21.11 0.00 2.50 2.48 0.00
OALC 100.00 12.00 70.40 11.85 1.03 1.78 0.04 2.90
OEC 100.00 1.27 60.87 15.70 15.14 1.65 1.09 4.28
OAC 100.00 13.68 69.29 5.36 6.27 0.18 0.35 4.88
OAfC 100.00 8.77 59.75 17.04 6.00 7.12 0.82 0.49
ONAC 100.00 1.62 47.75 16.27 33.55 0.49 0.00 0.33
OSAC 100.00 5.81 62.21 18.12 3.18 6.30 0.00 4.38
OAuC 100.00 4.56 71.39 8.35 9.17 5.48 1.04 0.00
27
Level of education of the Bangladeshi expatriates by country of their current residence is
described in table 4.6. The largest share, 61.50%, of expatriates of Bangladesh has education of
between class I - IX, followed by 16.25% with SSC, 7.19% with HSC and only 2.47% with a bachelor
degree, 0.62 with a Masters degree, and 2.41% with a medical or engineering degree. It is clear from
the table that prevalence of illiterate migrants are relatively high in Middle Eastern countries
compared to developed Asian, European and North American countries like South Korea, Japan,
France, UK, Canada, USA etc.
Table 4.7: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Receipt Training by Type and Destination
Country
Type of Training
Country No
Total Vocational Language Computer Driving Others
Training
Total 100.00 87.82 6.01 1.79 0.38 1.59 2.41
Saudi Arabia 100.00 89.67 4.59 1.09 0.33 2.12 2.21
UA E 100.00 90.08 5.49 0.82 0.07 1.27 2.27
Malaysia 100.00 91.67 5.32 1.63 0.05 0.26 1.07
Oman 100.00 95.26 1.52 0.52 0.13 0.73 1.84
Kuwait 100.00 89.22 3.32 2.47 0.02 3.65 1.31
Singapore 100.00 42.42 43.08 3.49 0.98 1.11 8.92
United Kingdom 100.00 88.28 2.42 6.44 1.38 0.43 1.05
Italy 100.00 94.93 0.14 2.21 1.21 0.43 1.08
Bahrain 100.00 92.58 3.24 0.65 0.42 0.48 2.62
Qatar 100.00 90.60 2.31 1.30 0.00 3.85 1.93
United States 100.00 87.82 1.25 5.30 0.59 3.70 1.33
Maldives 100.00 95.89 3.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.68
Libya 100.00 86.50 4.74 0.17 0.00 2.40 6.19
South Africa 100.00 88.59 3.91 2.55 0.00 3.22 1.73
France 100.00 68.34 14.38 0.00 0.00 12.45 4.83
Canada 100.00 76.33 0.00 11.70 10.72 0.00 1.25
Korea South 100.00 72.92 3.51 16.81 5.51 0.00 1.25
Australia 100.00 85.70 9.52 0.00 4.78 0.00 0.00
Japan 100.00 30.96 0.00 66.60 0.00 0.00 2.44
Germany 100.00 98.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.67
OM E C 100.00 91.73 2.11 0.71 0.00 1.88 3.56
OALC 100.00 84.46 3.95 1.81 1.58 3.02 5.18
OEC 100.00 92.79 3.30 1.25 0.00 0.00 2.65
OAC 100.00 94.57 0.27 4.76 0.00 0.00 0.39
OAfC 100.00 87.67 2.52 1.95 0.00 0.00 7.86
ONAC 100.00 86.03 9.65 0.33 0.00 3.65 0.35
OSAC 100.00 81.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.14 9.53
OAuC 100.00 91.47 5.05 1.04 1.04 0.00 1.40
28
Table 4.7 highlights the training status of Bangladeshi expatriates working in different
countries of the world. About 87.82% of the total expatriates did not take any formal training before
leaving the country. The remaining 12.18%, however, undertook some level of formal training at
home. Among the trained migrants, the highest share, 6.01%, received vocational training followed by
1.79% on language, 0.38% on computer, 1.59% on driving and 2.41% on others.
Although countries Singapore, Japan, France and Canada account for a small share of total

expatriates of Bangladesh, these countries are predominantly the destination of trained workers. At the
same time, Middle Eastern countries have become the main destinations of untrained Bangladeshi
workers.
Table 4.8: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates Currently at Home by Reasons and Divisions
Division
Reason
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
On leave 63.25 62.32 61.26 65.85 67.97 58.25 57.42 68.95
Sick 22.38 18.40 23.88 23.72 20.24 20.33 17.96 23.65
War 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00
Study completed 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 1.11 0.00
No work permit 3.67 5.59 1.25 3.54 1.41 6.54 9.24 0.00
Visa expired 2.32 5.57 3.36 0.84 0.31 4.49 2.64 4.83
Permanently return 6.22 3.04 8.62 3.96 9.53 7.45 9.67 2.58
Others 1.59 5.09 1.62 1.11 0.52 2.94 1.73 0.00
29
Table 4.8 represents the percentage of expatriates staying at home for different reasons during
the conduct of this survey. Out of total expatriates currently at home, 63.25% were on leave followed
by 22.38% for sickness, 3.67% for not having work permit, 2.32% for expiring duration of visa,
0.30% voluntary left the job due to unrest in middle east country, and 6.22% permanently returned at
home. Similar pattern was observed in all divisions.
30
Chapter V: Income
This chapter analyzes different aspects of remittances; who receives the remittances, what are
the main transfer channels, and to what extent remittance is received in kind.
Table 5.1: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiver by Division

Remittance Receiver
Division Wife/Hus./ Father/ Mother
Total Parents Brother /Sister Others
Offspring in Law
National 100.00 38.81 44.63 0.89 12.08 3.59
Barisal 100.00 42.31 36.96 1.20 14.31 5.22
Chittagong 100.00 37.81 47.14 0.70 11.49 2.85
Dhaka 100.00 33.86 47.98 1.05 12.72 4.40
Khulna 100.00 43.87 42.43 0.67 10.51 2.52
Rajshahi 100.00 42.97 38.74 0.78 14.16 3.36
Rangpur 100.00 47.04 39.71 1.07 9.10 3.08
Sylhet 100.00 47.09 36.48 1.05 11.50 3.89
(Note: Others include Sister in law, Brother in law, Uncle, Aunt, etc.)
Table 5.1 illustrates the relationship of the expatriates with the remittance receivers at home. It
is observed from the table that in 44.63 % cases, it is the parents who receive the remittances,
followed by spouses or offspring (38.81%). Given the fact that rural areas are still dominated by joint
family, these findings are well expected. Only 0.89% cases it is the laws family who receive the
remittance.
It is noteworthy that the above slightly varies across divisions. While the highest share of
expatriates from Dhaka and Chittagong divisions send money to their parents, the highest share of
expatriates from Rangpur and Sylhet send money to their spouses.
31
Table 5.2: Percentage Distribution of Remittance by Sending Mode and Living Country
Mode of Sending Money
Living country Western Money Post Known
Total Bank Friends Hundi Others
union gram office person
Total 100.00 6.87 1.65 0.24 67.32 8.50 10.04 4.23 1.15
Saudi Arabia 100.00 5.84 0.86 0.22 68.49 8.30 11.56 3.95 0.78
UA E 100.00 6.52 2.82 0.21 70.62 8.68 8.37 2.28 0.50
Malaysia 100.00 6.22 1.52 0.29 68.80 8.23 6.25 4.16 4.51
Oman 100.00 12.02 2.17 0.20 63.49 8.24 10.29 3.25 0.34
Kuwait 100.00 5.46 1.97 0.00 75.83 6.87 7.22 2.03 0.62
Singapore 100.00 7.34 2.82 0.56 48.40 9.95 18.54 11.07 1.32
United Kingdom 100.00 12.79 2.57 0.39 71.11 7.70 3.88 1.57 0.00
Italy 100.00 2.99 0.72 0.00 84.69 4.87 5.44 1.28 0.00
Bahrain 100.00 8.96 4.23 0.32 65.49 9.68 6.13 5.01 0.18
Qatar 100.00 12.38 1.44 0.50 72.73 3.99 7.72 1.16 0.07
United States 100.00 11.06 0.53 0.11 73.72 4.50 5.50 3.64 0.93
Maldives 100.00 12.52 1.17 1.33 67.30 7.27 6.26 3.63 0.52
Libya 100.00 4.49 2.37 0.34 0.00 27.99 25.75 33.55 5.52
South Africa 100.00 2.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.22 36.50 27.57 3.65
France 100.00 38.32 0.00 0.00 47.66 6.06 7.52 0.44 0.00
Canada 100.00 14.09 1.50 0.00 78.08 5.25 0.00 0.00 1.08
Korea South 100.00 2.42 0.00 1.08 71.46 14.30 8.52 2.22 0.00
Australia 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 79.05 19.57 0.00 0.00 1.38
Japan 100.00 0.58 0.58 0.00 76.82 0.00 0.00 22.02 0.00
Germany 100.00 1.78 0.00 0.00 95.54 0.00 0.00 2.68 0.00
OMEC 100.00 11.58 0.00 0.00 44.42 16.70 22.66 0.57 4.07
OALC 100.00 3.16 1.36 0.00 64.91 9.70 18.92 1.79 0.16
OEC 100.00 12.04 0.33
0.00 62.85 9.73 7.34 5.41 2.29
OAC 100.00 1.07 1.95 0.98 44.27 15.73 6.74 26.07 3.19
OAfC 100.00 13.14 1.97 1.09 69.36 9.40 1.35 2.81 0.88
ONAC 100.00 10.08 1.38 0.04 77.14 10.70 0.66 0.00 0.00
OSAC 100.00 0.00 0.34 0.34 77.18 0.69 4.25 17.19 0.00
OAuC 100.00 33.52 5.95 0.00 41.16 4.32 0.68 14.36 0.00
Table 5.2 shows different channels through which remittance is sent to Bangladesh from
abroad. Out of total remittance, 76.08 % are remitted by formal channels, of which banks are the main
channels accounting for about 67.32 % of the total remittance, followed by Western Union with 6.87
%, Money Gram with 1.65 % and Post Office only 0.24%. Slightly less than one-fourth of total
remittance (23.92%) finds their way to Bangladesh through informal channels hundi (10.04 %),
friends (8.50 %), known persons (4.23 %), and others (1.15 %).
Table: 5.3A: Distribution of Average Income of Remittance Receiving Household by Division

Income
Division
Total (In Tk.) Remittance in Cash (In Tk.) *Remittance in Kind (In Tk.)
National 205642 197395 8247
Barisal 192611 184664 7947
Chittagong 215707 208150 7557
Dhaka 219740 210390 9350
Khulna 194094 187248 6846
Rajshahi 167700 157676 10024
Rangpur 182925 176195 6730
Sylhet 189359 182144 7215
(* Remittance in kind means the value of goods sent to Bangladesh by the expatriates.)
32
Table 5.3A shows that the average remittance income of RRHHs in last one year is
Tk.205642.00 at national level. Among divisions, the highest average remittance income is recorded
in Dhaka (Tk.219740.00) followed by Chittagong (Tk.215707.00) and the lowest in Rajshahi
(Tk.167700.00).
Table 5.3B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance by Cash & Kind and by Division
Cash & Kind
Division
Total Remittance in Cash *Remittance in Kind
National 100.00 95.99 4.01
Barisal 100.00 95.87 4.13
Chittagong 100.00 96.50 3.50
Dhaka 100.00 95.74 4.26
Khulna 100.00 96.47 3.53
Rajshahi 100.00 94.02 5.98
Rangpur 100.00 96.32 3.68
Sylhet 100.00 96.19 3.81
The current survey has also collected information on the composition of total remittances in
terms of cash and kind. The findings are shown in table 5.3B. The table shows while some remittances
are still sent in kind (4.01%), most of the time they are sent in cash. This pattern does not seem to vary
much across divisions.
Table 5.3C: Percentage Distribution of Income by Sources and Division

Income
Division
Total Remittance in Cash *Remittance in Kind Non-Remittance Income
National 100.00 75.46 3.15 21.39
Barisal 100.00 79.01 3.40 17.59
Chittagong 100.00 78.51 2.85 18.63
Dhaka 100.00 74.88 3.33 21.80
Khulna 100.00 78.24 2.86 18.90
33
Income
Division
Total Remittance in Cash *Remittance in Kind Non-Remittance Income
Rajshahi 100.00 72.96 4.64 22.40
Rangpur 100.00 57.33 2.19 40.48
Sylhet 100.00 76.08 3.01 20.90
The survey has also collected information on the composition of income of the remittance
receiving households by different sources. As mentioned earlier, most of the expatriates belong to the
low to middle income groups, remittances (sent both in cash and kind) account for about fourth-fifths

of their total household income (table 5.3 C). All divisions except Rangpur, shows the more or less
similar pattern. The contribution of non-remittance income accounts for about 40.48% of total income
of the remittance receiving households. In case of other divisions this share remains within the range
of 17.59%-22.40%.
Table 5.4: Percentage Distribution of Other Source of Income (Other Than Remittance) and by
Division
Division
Source of Income
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Agriculture 34.79 44.43 25.90 30.55 49.81 48.72 31.30 58.10
Production (Small/Cottage Industry) 0.30 1.16 0.10 0.38 0.15 0.56 0.20 0.05
Business 24.32 17.99 19.60 23.75 22.89 16.92 44.50 27.95
Job 11.48 18.75 15.50 12.75 8.24 10.18 2.80 3.72
Wage 4.75 2.90 8.10 3.33 4.80 6.88 1.00 3.54
Rent 3.23 3.80 4.70 2.51 1.86 1.52 4.00 3.44
Insurance 0.08 0.03 0.10 0.13 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00
Dividend 0.07 0.03 0.20 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
From programme 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.77 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.25
Loan 1.00 0.00 0.90 1.61 0.34 0.34 0.50 1.36
Grand/Gift/Royalty 0.65 2.10 1.40 0.27 0.13 0.86 0.10 0.12
Profit/Interest 0.32 0.29 0.60 0.33 0.00 0.20 0.10 0.00
Compensation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Gratuity/Pension 1.47 1.77 3.90 0.49 1.15 0.28 0.30 0.33
Asset sale 5.82 1.02 6.20 7.95 4.91 9.54 0.80 0.34
Others 11.43 5.74 12.70 15.13 5.63 3.99 14.40 0.80
(Note: Others include Cattle sale, Hatchery, Land mortgage, Bamboo and Wood sale, Fruits sale, Freedom Fighter
honorarium, Quilt stitch etc.)
34
Different sources of non-remittance income of the remittance receiving households are shown
in table 5.4. At national level, agriculture has been the biggest source of non-remittance income with a
share of 34.79%, followed by business (24.32%), job (11.48%) and wage-income (4.75%). At division
level, share of agriculture in total non-remittance income of the remittance receiving households is
58.10% in Sylhet, followed by Khulna (49.81%), Rajshahi (48.72%), Barisal (44.43%), Rangpur
(31.30%); Dhaka (30.55%), and Chittagong (25.90%).
35
36
Chapter VI: Expenditure
This chapter analyzes the use of remittance in various activities. Although, data regarding
expenditures have been collected in more disaggregated form of different items, the analysis has been
carried out in terms of some broad categories such as food, non-food and consumer durables & others,
and purchase of land.
Table 6.1A: Distribution of Average Expenditure of Remittance Receiving Household from

Remittance by Division (In Tk.)
Division Total Food Non-food Durable & Others
National 166729 64765 64776 37188
Barisal 139538 67172 48328 24038
Chittagong 185230 94119 57114 33997
Dhaka 177563 55301 81871 40391
Khulna 151488 48159 58938 44391
Rajshahi 138062 33379 55962 48721
Rangpur 150842 43852 65460 41530
Sylhet 129095 63703 49713 15679
(Note: Durable and Others include Land Purchase, TV, Iron, Refrigerator, Air condition, Fan, Telephone, Mobile,
Computer, Computer equipment, Furniture, Ornaments, Vehicle, Repair, Other Electronic Goods, Oven, Tube well, Basin,
Steel Trunk/Box, Window and Grill, Pipe and rubber, sewing machine etc.)
Table 6.1A explains the average expenditure from remittance by different categories and
division. Total national expenditure from remittance is accounted Tk.166729.00 of which Tk.64765 is
spent for food, Tk.64776.00 for non-food and Tk.37188 for durable and others. It is observed that
expenditures on different categories are varied by division.
Table 6.1B: Percentage Distribution of Expenditure from Remittance by Category and Division
Division Expenditure Food Non-food Durable &Others

National 100.00 38.84 38.86 22.30
Barisal 100.00 48.14 34.63 17.23
Chittagong 100.00 50.81 30.83 18.35
Dhaka 100.00 31.15 46.11 22.74
Khulna 100.00 31.79 38.91 29.30
Rajshahi 100.00 24.18 40.53 35.29
Rangpur 100.00 29.07 43.40 27.53
Sylhet 100.00 49.35 38.51 12.15
(Note: Durable and Others include Land Purchase, TV, Iron, Refrigerator, Air condition, Fan, Telephone, Mobile,
Computer, Computer equipment, Furniture, Ornaments, Vehicle, Repair, Other Electronic Goods, Oven, Tube well, Basin,
Steel Trunk/Box, Window and Grill, Pipe and rubber, sewing machine etc.)
37
In Table 6.1B it can be seen that, spending on food and non-food items from is at par, both
accounting for about 39% of total remittances. The remaining 22% are spent on consumer durables
and other items. Quite interestingly, share food items in total expenditure made by remittances varies
across divisions; Chittagong registers the highest share (50.81%) and Rajshahi the lowest share
(24.18%). In case of share of non-food spending in total remittances, Dhaka shows the highest share
(46.11%), while Chittagong shows the lowest share (30.83%).
Table 6.1C: Percentage Distribution of Expenditure from Remittance by Division (Last One
Year)

Consumer Durable & Others
Division
Others Land
National 4.91 17.39
Barisal 2.61 14.62
Chittagong 8.07 10.29
Dhaka 2.57 20.17
Khulna 4.66 24.65
Rajshahi 3.87 31.42
Rangpur 4.79 22.74
Sylhet 4.53 7.61
38
Table 6.1C shows the disaggregated share of land and other non-land spending in total
remittances. Together they represent total share of spending on consumer durables and others. About
17% of the total share of spending on consumer durables and others is used to purchase land in the
country. However, this share varies across region. About 32% is used for purchase of land in Rajshahi
whereas the same share in Sylhet is about 8%. As mentioned earlier, the share of migrants living
abroad for more than 10 years is relatively high in Sylhet compared to Rajshahi. Probably, households
use more remittances in the early years of receiving them and this is the underlying reason why use of
remittance to purchase land is relatively high in Rajshahi compared to Sylhet. However, this issue
would require in-depth investigation to be fully understood. Main consumer durables include
furniture, electronic goods like as refrigerators, mobile phone etc.
Table 6.2: Percentage Distribution of Non-Food Expenditure from Remittance by Category and
Division
Division Expenditure by Category
Total Wear & House Fuel Treatment Event/ Sending Marria Educatio Loan Lendi Religious Others
Cosmeti Mainten & Gift/ Relatives ge n repaym ng Festival
cs ance Transport Pilgrim to Abroad ent
National 100.00 13.87 4.84 6.42 12.57 4.52 3.29 9.19 9.25 23.83 2.15 5.31 4.77
Barisal 100.00 18.19 6.06 4.53 14.30 2.31 3.53 4.26 15.31 18.38 1.13 4.57 7.42
Chittagong 100.00 14.90 6.87 8.62 12.26 4.25 4.26 7.83 8.90 18.93 1.62 5.76 5.81
Dhaka 100.00 12.99 3.73 6.19 12.56 5.18 2.15 9.31 8.90 26.74 2.78 5.70 3.75
Khulna 100.00 11.68 4.37 5.35 12.82 2.70 1.19 10.07 8.28 35.53 1.65 1.64 4.73
Rajshahi 100.00 10.57 5.27 3.71 14.65 3.69 3.26 6.61 11.67 26.76 2.98 5.36 5.46
Rangpur 100.00 16.29 2.40 2.96 12.94 2.24 6.90 15.74 8.63 19.31 0.65 6.49 5.46
Sylhet 100.00 19.37 5.03 7.88 8.83 9.25 8.01 14.87 7.90 6.52 1.82 6.54 3.99
(Note: Others include expenditures for observing death anniversary, soil filling at house, flexi load, etc.)
In above Figure, notations W&C-Wear and Cosmetics, HM-House Maintenance, F&T-Fuel and Transport,
Treat.-Treatment, E/G/P-Event/Gift/Pilgrim, SRA-Sending Relatives to Abroad, Marr.-Marriage, Edu-
Education, L Rep.-Loan Repayment, Len.-Lend, RF-Religious Festival, Oth.-Others.
39
The share of spending on non-food items in total remittances are disaggregated by items in
table 6.2. The largest share of non-food spending is used to repay the loan taken to finance the related
expenses of migration (23.83%), followed by clothing (13.87%), medical expenses (12.57%),
education (9.25%), marriage (9.19%), fuel & transport (6.42%), religious festivals (5.31%), other
events, gifts and pilgrims (4.52%), and loan given to others (2.15%). However, Sylhet stands as an
exception where spending on loan repayment accounts for only 6.52% of total remittance received by
the respective households.
Table 6.3: Percentage Distribution of Expenditure for Durable and Other Items from
Remittance by Category and Division
Expenditure by Category
Division Other
Land Refrige
Total Mobile Furniture Ornaments Vehicle Repair Electronic Oven Others
Purchase rator
Goods
National 100.00 77.99 3.75 3.69 5.76 2.32 2.37 1.62 0.72 0.45 1.33
Barisal 100.00 84.87 3.16 2.42 3.53 3.02 0.54 1.10 0.43 0.09 0.85
Chittagong 100.00 56.05 6.58 9.94 9.93 1.87 5.35 4.34 1.85 1.52 2.57
Dhaka 100.00 88.69 2.57 1.09 3.45 2.46 0.21 0.55 0.24 0.02 0.71
Khulna 100.00 84.11 2.77 0.77 4.42 4.07 2.63 0.42 0.07 0.01 0.72
Rajshahi 100.00 89.03 2.07 1.14 3.27 1.00 1.27 0.42 0.25 0.13 1.42
Rangpur 100.00 82.59 2.42 1.35 7.69 0.81 3.52 0.72 0.13 0.04 0.74
Sylhet 100.00 62.70 6.32 6.39 10.39 4.01 4.32 1.84 2.34 0.04 1.66
(Note: Others include TV, Iron, Air condition, Fan, Telephone, Computer, Computer equipment, Tube well, Basin, Steel
Trunk/Box, Window and Grill, Pipe and rubber sewing machine etc.)
Figures relating to expenditures of the remittance receiving households for durables & others
alike items are given in table 6.3 by various categories. One of the remarkable findings of the survey
that the remittance receiving households spent the stupendous amount of remittance for purchasing
land, 77.99% among durables & other alike items, and the case is more significant at divisional levels;
in some of the divisions such as Barisal, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, more than 80%, even
around 90% are spent for purchasing land. Among the divisions, surprisingly the lowest amount
56.05% is spent for land purchasing in Chittagong followed by Sylhet 62.70%; both of the figures are
considerably lower than those of other division. For the rest of items, both at national level as well as
division levels the highest amount is spent for furniture followed by electronic goods like as
refrigerator 3.75%, mobile 3.69% and so on. Never the less, expenditures for other items are evident
as very insignificant as compared with the same for land.
40
Table 6.4: Percentage Distribution of Expenditure (Food & Non-Food) From Remittance by
Category and Division (Last One Year)
Non-food
Religi Elect
Division Total Food Loan Land
W& Treat Marria Educ ous Furnit Vehicl ronic Other
Repay purch
C ment ge ation Festiv ure e Goo s
ment ase
al ds
National 100.00 38.84 5.39 4.88 3.57 3.59 9.26 2.06 17.39 1.29 0.54 1.92 11.27
Barisal 100.00 48.14 6.30 4.95 1.47 5.30 6.37 1.58 14.62 0.61 0.09 1.05 9.51
Chittagong 100.00 50.81 4.59 3.78 2.41 2.75 5.84 1.78 10.29 1.82 0.98 3.65 11.30
Dhaka 100.00 31.14 5.99 5.79 4.29 4.10 12.33 2.63 20.17 0.79 0.05 0.89 11.82
Khulna 100.00 31.79 4.54 4.99 3.92 3.22 13.82 0.64 24.65 1.30 0.77 1.06 9.30
Rajshahi 100.00 24.18 4.29 5.94 2.68 4.73 10.85 2.17 31.42 1.16 0.45 1.27 10.88
Rangpur 100.00 29.07 7.07 5.61 6.83 3.74 8.38 2.82 22.74 2.12 0.97 1.08 9.57
Sylhet 100.00 49.35 7.46 3.40 5.73 3.04 2.51 2.52 7.61 1.26 0.52 1.83 14.77
(Others include expenditures for observing death anniversary, soil filling at house, flexi load, house maintenance, fuel and
transport, event/gift/pilgrim, sending relatives to abroad, lending, tube well, window, sewing machine, ornaments,
repairing etc. W&C means wear and cosmetics.)
Table: 6.4 shows the disaggregation of expenditure from remittance on food and non-food for
the last one year. About 39% of the remittances spend for food items and remaining 61% for non-food
including durables and others alike items. The spending for non-food varies by division. Chittagong

spends the highest (50.81%) for food but the lowest (49.19%) for non-food items. Largest share of
non-food goes for land purchase followed by loan-repayment.
41

42
Chapter VII: Savings
Since in many cases, households save from precautionary motive, neither all savers invest nor
all savings invested. Because of this possible divergence between savings and investment made out of
remittance, we analyze different aspects of savings in this chapter.
Table 7.1: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Households According to their

Savings Status by Divisions
Remittance Receiving Household
Division
Total Savers Non-savers
National 100.00 56.96 43.04
Barisal 100.00 64.35 35.65
Chittagong 100.00 57.46 42.54
Dhaka 100.00 57.55 42.45
Khulna 100.00 61.79 38.21
Rajshahi 100.00 56.84 43.16
Rangpur 100.00 57.73 42.27
Sylhet 100.00 37.59 62.41
At national level, more than half of the remittance receiving households (56.96%) reported that
they saved part of the remittance they received during last one year. This share, when juxtaposed with
the percentage share of households who invest out remittance as reported in next chapter, means that
about 32% of the remittance receiving households actually do saving, but do not invest this savings.
This mean that these households save from precautionary motive and keep their savings to hedge any
unforeseen rainy days. This is also corroborated by the fact that about two-thirds of the total savers
keep their savings in bank accounts (table 7.2) - one of the most liquid forms of asset formation in
Bangladesh.
The percentage share of households, who save from the remittance they receive, varies across
divisions. However, it is not straightforward whether these differences are statistically significant or
not. As mentioned above, about two thirds of the savers keep their savings in bank, the safest and
most liquid form of asset formation. This pattern holds both for their savings during last one year as
well as for their accumulated savings during their life time (from the beginning of the receipt of
remittance to date). Other notable form of savings is the time deposits, i.e., DPS/SDPS.
Table 7.2: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Savings by Category

Remittance
Category of Savings
Last One Year Cumulative
Total 100.00 100.00
Purchase of savings bond 5.79 6.48
Insurance 4.89 6.08
Savings account 66.07 64.37
DPS/SDPS 7.13 10.80
Permanent deposit (one year &above) 5.02 5.53
Co-operative society 0.24 0.19
43
Remittance
Category of Savings
Friends & others 1.07 0.71
Savings at home 9.14 5.27
Others 0.65 0.56
(Note: Others include Clubs, Local Associations etc.)
Table 7.3: Distribution of Average Savings of Remittance Receiving Household from

Remittance by Division
Savings
Division
Last One Year (In Tk.) Cumulative (In Tk.)
National 27126 61711
Barisal 17392 52448
Dhaka 29990 69183
Khulna 26521 72637
Rangpur 20795 37087
Sylhet 28344 51193
Table 7.3 shows that the average savings of RRHHs in last one year is Tk.27126 at national
level. Among divisions, the highest average savings is observed in Dhaka (Tk.29990.00) followed by
Sylhet (Tk.28344.00) and the lowest in Barisal (Tk.17392.00).

Table 7.4: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Amount of Savings
(Range) During Last One Year from Remittance by Division
Division
Group (In Tk.)
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Less than 20000 46.06 57.39 45.30 44.10 54.42 39.56 55.45 32.41
20000-49999 21.34 21.84 23.30 16.80 19.39 28.76 19.33 30.11
50000-99999 16.01 14.05 17.90 16.69 10.14 17.31 13.08 17.66
100000-499999 15.87 6.53 12.90 21.70 15.65 14.02 11.86 16.65
500000 + 0.72 0.19 0.70 0.71 0.39 0.35 0.28 3.17
44
Table 7.4 shows the state of remittance receiving household by range of savings from
remittance during last one year. Out of total households, the highest, 46.06% has saved less than
Tk.20000.00 followed by 21.34% with the savings of Tk.20000.0049999.00, 16.01% with
Tk.50000.0099999.00, 15.87% with Tk.100000.00499999.00. Only 0.72% saved more than
Tk.500000.00 during last one year.
Except Dhaka and Sylhet, all divisions interestingly follow the similar pattern of savings. In
Dhaka, the highest, 44.10%, of households save usually less than Tk.20000.00 followed by 21.70%
with Tk.100000.00499999.00 while in Sylhet 32.41% & 30.11% of total households save less than
Tk.20000.00 & Tk.20000.0049999.00 respectively followed by 17.66% with Tk.50000.00 -
99999.00.
Table 7.5A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Savings by Category and Division (Last One
Year)
Division
Savings by category
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Purchase of savings
5.79 5.02 5.00 8.05 2.48 7.49 1.25 3.37
bond
Insurance 4.89 6.69 7.80 4.08 2.56 1.59 6.6 2.81
Savings account 66.07 55.78 63.00 69.96 67.92 55.88 55.46 79.1
DPS/SDPS 7.13 17.02 7.50 4.7 10.91 7.76 13.56 3.35
Permanent deposit
5.02 11.13 7.50 3.48 2.46 3.52 3.25 6.41
(one year & above)
Co-operative society 0.24 0.08 0.70 0.06 0.1 0.04 0.01 0.01
Friends & others 1.07 0.29 1.40 0.25 0.42 3.96 2.32 1.12
Savings at home 9.14 3.11 7.00 8.95 12.19 16.97 16.8 3.74
Others 0.65 0.89 0.20 0.48 0.96 2.8 0.75 0.1
45
Table 7.5A shows the savers (households) according to what they do with savings. At national
level, bank has been appeared as the biggest custodian of savings made out of remittances. About
84.01% of total savers kept their savings in banks in different forms such as savings account
(66.07%), purchase of savings bond (5.79%), DPS/SDPS (7.13%) and time deposit (5.02%). Banks
have appeared as the main destination for savings in all divisions.
Table 7.5B: Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Remittance Savings by Category and

Division
Division
Savings by Category
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Purchase of savings
6.48 2.21 4.80 9.38 8.14 3.86 1.28 2.21
bond
Insurance 6.08 7.38 9.00 5.72 3.51 2.28 6.37 3.34
Savings account 64.37 51.46 58.50 69.92 66.70 57.21 49.51 80.97
DPS/SDPS 10.80 19.67 11.40 6.37 14.36 17.13 22.59 6.03
Permanent deposit (one
5.53 15.50 9.10 3.61 1.57 5.21 1.82 3.55
year & above)
Co-operative society 0.19 0.47 0.50 0.06 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.01
Friends & others 0.71 1.05 0.80 0.35 0.23 2.07 3.05 0.63
Savings at home 5.27 1.73 5.80 4.31 5.03 8.86 13.31 3.21
Others 0.56 0.52 0.20 0.29 0.40 3.36 2.05 0.05
Table 7.5B shows the distribution of savers (households) according to what they do with
accumulated savings. At national level, Bank has also been appeared as the main destination for
savings made out of remittance, which is used by about 87.18% savers. With slight variation across
divisions, Bank has become the main destination of savings in all divisions.
46
Chapter VIII: Investment
One of the important objectives of the survey was to investigate to what extent the households
invest out of their received remittances. Information on what percentage of remittance receiving
households actually invest, what is the size of their investment etc. are provided in this chapter.
Table 8.1: Distribution of Remittance Receiving Households According to Their Investment

Decision by Divisions
Remittance Receiving Household
Division
Total Invest Do not invest
National 100.00 25.32 74.68
Barisal 100.00 21.63 78.37
Chittagong 100.00 23.50 76.50
Dhaka 100.00 25.27 74.73
Khulna 100.00 31.35 68.65
Rajshahi 100.00 26.86 73.14
Rangpur 100.00 36.63 63.37
Sylhet 100.00 16.33 83.67
About one-fourth of the remittance receiving households invests part of their received
remittances. This share is the highest in Rangpur (36.63%) and the lowest in Sylhet (16.33%). The
of the remittance corresponds to the difference
differential share of households across who invest part
magnitude of subsistence pressure they are exposed to.
Table 8.2: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Investment by Category

Duration of investment
Investment Category
Total 100.00 100.00
Own business/industry 5.05 8.84
Joint business/industry 1.69 2.80
Purchase of agriculture equipment 0.20 0.46
Purchase of share 0.36 0.58
Purchase of bond (premium/investment/wage earners development bond) 0.10 0.27
MLM 0.11 0.15
Purchase of flat 15.89 20.83
Commercial building purchase/construction 1.26 1.36
Dwelling house construction 72.05 59.67
Others 3.29 5.04
(Note: Others include hatchery, poultry farm, car purchase for rent-a -car etc.)
Table 8.2 shows the distribution of households by categories of activities in which part of
remittance has been invested. As expected, by far the largest share of households invested part of
remittances to build a house after meeting their subsistence need. Overall 59.67% of the households
invested remittance in dwelling house construction. For last one year, this share is even higher
(72.05%) implying that more and more remittance receiving households invest in housing as time
47
passes by. The second largest share of households invested the received remittances to buy flats.
These households probably reside in urban area. Other activities in which remittances are invested
include business, joint ventured industry, capital market etc.
Table 8.3: Distribution of Average Investment of Remittance Receiving Household by Division

Average Investment
Division
Last One Year (In Tk.) Cumulative (In Tk.)
National 66035 79734
Barisal 36628 45805
Dhaka 70005 95593
Khulna 51079 65398
Rangpur 49724 56943
Sylhet 47251 49202
Table 8.3 shows that the average investment made by RRHHs in last one year is Tk.66035.00
at national level. Among divisions, the highest average investment is observed in Chittagong (Tk.
83589.00) followed by Dhaka (Tk.70005.00) and the lowest in Barisal (Tk.36628.00).
Table 8.4: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Investment by

Division
Division
Group (In Tk.)
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Less than 20000 18.16 14.32 28.40 13.11 13.77 15.99 23.69 7.13
20000 - 49999 12.46 23.45 13.10 9.73 12.07 14.22 19.38 4.13
50000 - 99999 19.28 15.32 19.30 17.79 24.84 12.56 21.52 26.12
100000 - 499999 36.21 37.64 25.10 40.15 40.80 45.44 30.99 46.32
500000 + 13.89 9.27 14.10 19.21 8.52 11.79 4.43 16.29
48
Table 8.4 shows the size of investment made by the remittance receiving households during
last one year in different division. At national level, the highest number of remittance receiving
households, 36.21% invested in the range of Tk.1,00,000.00 - 4,99,999.00 followed by 19.28% in Tk.
50,000.00 99,999.00, and 18.16% of less than Tk. 20,000.00. Collected information also indicates
that a considerable share of households, i.e. 13.89% invested more than 0.5 million taka during last
one year. Except Chittagong in all divisions, the highest number of remittance receiving household
invested in the range of Tk.1,00,000.00 to 4,99,999.00.
Table 8.5A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Investment by Category and Division (Last
One Year)
Division
Investment Category
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Own business/industry 5.05 4.51 4.50 4.89 7.26 6.52 6.16 4.07
Joint business/industry 1.69 2.36 2.10 1.83 0.71 0.44 1.91 0.37
Purchase of agriculture
0.20 0.39 0.00 0.11 0.60 0.41 0.36 1.01
equipment
Purchase of share 0.36 0.19 0.40 0.12 0.58 0.94 0.04 1.09
Purchase of bond
(premium/investment/wage 0.10 0.14 0.10 0.01 0.03 0.01 1.37 0.18
earners development bond)
MLM 0.11 0.03 0.20 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.12
Purchase of flat 15.89 8.63 17.00 19.77 9.56 7.89 8.01 12.66
Commercial building
1.26 0.05 2.70 0.63 0.10 0.02 0.20 0.23
purchase/construction
Dwelling house construction 72.05 81.84 70.20 68.30 80.47 78.92 79.96 75.90
Others 3.29 1.87 2.80 4.30 0.67 4.80 1.87 4.37
Distribution of households by divisions according to categories of investment in last one year

and lifetime (cumulative year) are shown in table 8.5A and 8.5B respectively. This distribution is
more or less similar to that of the national level.
49
Table 8.5B: Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Remittance Investment by Category and
Division
Division
Investment Category
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Own business/industry 8.84 10.51 7.30 8.66 14.75 9.53 8.97 7.54
Joint business/industry 2.80 3.14 4.10 2.32 1.66 1.97 3.03 0.36
Purchase of agriculture
0.46 0.47 0.00 0.57 1.31 0.44 0.53 1.08
equipment
Purchase of share 0.58 0.32 0.80 0.20 1.33 0.81 0.04 1.05
Purchase of bond
(premium/investment/wage 0.27 0.20 0.20 0.01 1.46 0.02 1.20 0.17
earners development bond)
MLM 0.15 0.05 0.30 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.10 0.12
Purchase of flat 20.83 13.42 16.50 29.10 15.22 14.56 13.98 12.16
Commercial building
1.36 4.64 2.60 0.80 0.09 0.04 0.23 0.29
purchase/construction
Dwelling house construction 59.67 65.44 65.30 50.01 62.85 67.49 69.82 72.89
Others 5.04 1.81 2.90 8.28 1.27 5.11 2.10 4.35
50
Chapter IX: Distribution of Expenditure, Savings & Investment in terms of
Remittance Income
The previous chapter analyzes the distribution of total expenditure, investment, savings made
out of remittance. In this chapter, the share of these items in total remittance has been analyzed.
Table 9.1: Distribution of Expenditure as the Percentage of Income from Remittance by

Category and Division
% share of expenditure in total remittance

Division
Total Food Non-food Items Durable &Others
National 84.47 32.81 32.82 18.84
Barisal 75.57 36.38 26.17 13.02
Chittagong 88.99 45.22 27.44 16.33
Dhaka 84.4 26.29 38.92 19.19
Khulna 80.91 25.72 31.48 23.71
Rajshahi 87.56 21.17 35.49 30.90
Rangpur 85.61 24.89 37.15 23.57
Sylhet 70.87 34.97 27.29 8.61

(Note: As some part of income has been invested as well as saved, the total expenditure may not be equal to total income.)
Total expenditure that includes spending on food, non-food items and consumer durables
accounts for about 84% of total remittance received at national level. Spending on food and non-food
items are at par, each accounting for about 33% of total remittances. Consumer durables accounts for
about 18.84% of total remittances. Among divisions, food items account for the highest part of
remittance in Chittagong (45.22%), followed by Barisal (36.38%), Sylhet (34.97%), Dhaka (26.29%),
Khulna (25.72%), Rangpur (24.89%), and Rajshahi (21.17%).
51
Table 9.2: Last One Year Expenditure for Land Purchase and Investment on Dwelling House
Construction & Flat Purchase as the Percentage of Income from Remittance by
Division
Expenditure for Investment on Dwelling Investment on Investments on Dwelling House
Division
Land Purchase House Construction Flat Purchase Construction plus Flat Purchase
National 14.69 24.10 5.32 29.42
Barisal 11.05 16.23 1.71 17.94
Chittagong 9.16 28.21 6.84 35.05
Dhaka 17.03 22.73 6.58 29.31
Khulna 19.94 21.95 2.61 24.56
Rajshahi 27.51 26.22 2.62 28.84
Rangpur 19.47 22.56 2.26 24.82
Sylhet 5.40 19.69 3.29 22.98
Table 9.2 shows the spending on land purchase, construction of houses and
purchase/construction of flats during last one year as a percentage share of total remittance received.
One should note that total spending on these also include income from other sources and hence
remittance cannot be considered as their only determinant. At national level, purchase of land
accounts for 14.69% of total remittance, while construction of houses accounts for 24.10% and
purchase of flat accounts for 5.32%. Similar pattern is also observed at division level.
Table 9.3: Last One Year Investments and Savings as the Percentage of Income from
Remittance by Division
Division Investment Savings
National 33.45 13.74
Barisal 19.84 9.42
Chittagong 40.16 12.97
Dhaka 33.27 14.25
Khulna 27.28 14.16
Rajshahi 33.23 16.57
Rangpur 28.22 11.80
Sylhet 25.94 15.56
52
Total investment and savings of the remittance receiving households as a percentage share of
total remittance are shown in table 9.3. As savings is not the only source of investment, the
investment-remittance ratio exceeds the savings-remittance ratio. At national level, investment
accounts for about 33% of remittance while savings account for 14% implying a gap by about 19%.
This gap is the highest in Chittagong, amounting to be as high as 27%, which implies that remittance
receiving households have access to more non-remittance income for investment compared to other
divisions.

53

54
Chapter X: Summary and Policy Implications
This survey was conducted to know about the situation of expatriate workers and their families
living at home. The summary findings of the survey and the main policy implications of these findings
are provided below.
A. Remittance Receiving Households (RRHHs)

1. About one half of the household heads of the RRHHs are found to be female. This number
is significantly higher than the share of female household heads at national level which is
about 16 %. This high rate of female household heads among the RRHHs is the outcome of
the migration of the male household heads, as a result the female members of these
households who lack any functional experience of dealing with the outside world, are now
handed over the responsibility of managing the family.
2. Household heads of RRHHs, irrespective of their gender, are mostly illiterate or their level
of education is very low; below grade X. To some extent, this will limit their
entrepreneurial ability to make the best of use of surplus earning, if there is any, generated
from the received remittances.
3. Main source of the RRHHs are remittance. About 77.89 % of the total earning of these
colossal dependence on remittance means that
families is contributed by remittance. This
the well-being of the RRHHs are seriously affected by any variation in flow of remittance,
owing to unanticipated economic shocks at their workplace or delay/disruption in channels
of transmitting remittance back to home. Among the other source of income of the
RRHHs, agriculture by far the largest contributor (14.38%), followed by small business
(0.67%).
4. Rangpur appears to be an exception, where remittance contributes only about 57.33 % of

total income of the RRHHs. This probably indicates that most of the migrants from this
division belong to relatively rich families compared to other divisions. This issue needs to
be further investigated to find out what factors that restrict the migration of the low income
people as observed in case of other divisions, and what kind of measures need to be taken
to address those factors.
5. Despite the fact that agriculture is the largest source of non-remittance income for the
RRHHs, more than half of them have less than 0.5 acres of land. This is a pointer to the
overall economic hardship of the RRHHs more than anything else. However, in case of
Rangpur and Sylhet, share of households with less than 0.5 acres of land in total RRHHs is
less than 40 % and 30 % respectively.
6. The above findings imply that migration as strategy to earn remittance is still adopted
predominantly by low income group. Households belonging to this group lack any
supplementary source of income. Following the migration of the male members of these
families, the female members become responsible of running the economic and non-
55
economic family affairs. This will require them to learn the financial dealing with others
and coping with the existing system of information and communication. In terms of policy
implications it would mean that government should take measures to not only to easing the
current financial arrangements but also to increase the financial inclusion so that the rural
women can actively participate in it.
B. Characteristics of Migrants
7. Most of the Bangladeshi migrants are relatively young, about 64 % of them belonging to
below 34 years of age. They are overwhelmed by dominated by males which account for
about 98 % of total expatriates.
8. Although total migrants include some limited number of highly educated persons, most of
them have education level less or equal to grade IX. Middle East is the main destination of
illiterate workers. Almost 90 % of the total migrants are unskilled and did not take any
pre- or on-job training. However, Singapore and Japan appear to be an exception, where
the shares of unskilled migrants are 42 % and 30 % respectively.
9. Out of total migrants, more than half of them are living abroad for more than 5 years.
Majority of them work as a formal or informal employee while only 6 % of them are self-

employed and do business. However, shares of migrants involved in business are notably
high in Italy, South Africa, Japan and UK, compared to other countries. About 0.6 % of
the total migrants are students, many of them contributes to outflow instead of inflow of
remittance.
10. The above findings imply two things; (i) Bangladesh needs to increase the share of skilled
and educated migrants which currently account for a very low share, and (ii) since the
demand for skilled workers are high in the developed non Middle Eastern countries,
Bangladesh needs to train and educate its potential migrants to departs into these countries
in diversified field. In terms of policy implications it means that government needs to take
measures to impart training to the potential migrants. It is clear that market so far failed to
respond to the demand for skilled workers, both at home and abroad, government has to
play the pivotal role in this regard.
C. Remittances
11. About 96 % of total remittance is transmitted as cash while the remaining 4 % is in kind.
The close relatives and family members of the migrants are the recipient of the
remittances. More than two-thirds of the migrants use familiar channel to remit their
income, while the rest use other formal and informal channels among which Hundi is a
dominant one. It is used by more than 10 % of the total migrants. However, in case of
Libya and South Africa, Hundi is used by about 26 % and 37 % of total migrants working
in those countries respectively.
56
12. Out of the total remittances received by RRHHs, about 84 % is spent by the household
while the remaining 16 % is invested. However, investment made out of remittance in
general is complemented by investment from other sources as well.
13. Out of the total RRHHs, about 25 % of them invest a part of their remittance. This share is
notably high in Rangpur, about 37 %, corroborating the conjecture that relatively rich
peoples migrate from that division. Housing is the main field for investment by the
RRHHs.
14. Although only 25 % of RRHHs invest, about 57 % of the same households actually save a
part of their remittance. It implies that about 32 % of the savers (out of remittance) do not
invest their savings, rather keep it as a liquid asset, probably to hedge against the urgent
needs.
15. The part of the remittance being spent is more or less equally spent on food and non-food
items, each accounting for about 39 % of the total. The remaining 22 % is used on
consumer durables (5%) and purchase of land (17%).
16. The above findings imply that flow of remittance involves a volatility as result of which
not all savers invest their savings madeout
of it, rather they hold on to their savings to
hedge any unanticipated disruption in the flow. The findings also imply that opportunities
for the surplus households are very limited, facilitating the use of their surpluses in
construction of houses and purchase of land. In terms of policy implications they mean that
government should take measures to increase the opportunities for investment for
remittance receiving households. At the same time, access to financial market needs to be
promoted so that remittance receiving households can resort to them in the gloomy days
and invest their surpluses into productive activities.
57

58
Detailed Statistical Tables
Table 01: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Housing Structure
and Country
Housing Structure of Remittance Receiving Household
Living Country
Total Katcha Semi-Pucca Pucca
Total 100.00 52.38 30.42 17.20
Saudi Arabia 100.00 48.89 32.92 18.19
UAE 100.00 63.23 26.13 10.64
Malaysia 100.00 53.78 32.06 14.16
Oman 100.00 71.46 19.32 9.21
Kuwait 100.00 45.11 32.04 22.85
Singapore 100.00 56.46 29.61 13.93
United Kingdom 100.00 12.65 44.01 43.34
Italy 100.00 22.45 36.14 41.41
Bahrain 100.00 57.98 33.44 8.58
Qatar 100.00 42.96 32.41 24.63
United States 100.00 19.15 44.27 36.58
Maldives 100.00 74.57 20.50 4.93
Libya 100.00 62.26 29.96 7.78
South Africa 100.00 53.68 23.23 23.10
France 100.00 40.41 30.44 29.15
Canada 100.00 32.84 51.93 15.23
Korea South 100.00 46.28 22.30 31.42

Australia 100.00 42.62 4.34 53.04
Japan 100.00 3.10 92.70 4.20
Germany 100.00 57.45 3.14 39.41
OMEC 100.00 64.49 31.79 3.72
OALC 100.00 74.01 19.43 6.56
OEC 100.00 48.20 32.84 18.96
OAC 100.00 59.55 23.63 16.82
OAfC 100.00 48.77 31.55 19.68
ONAC 100.00 50.89 22.93 26.18
OSAC 100.00 45.37 33.95 20.68
OAuC 100.00 80.34 2.38 17.29
Table 02: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Operated

Land and Division
Size of Operated Division
Land National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Landless 0.28 0.20 0.00 0.59 0.07 0.15 0.53 0.33
00.01 - 00.49 acre 48.62 37.33 56.9 51.2 47.36 44.14 33.96 27.27
00.50 - 00.99 acre 16.05 15.39 17.50 16.23 17.5 15.09 16.46 8.02
01.00 - 02.49 acres 23.77 29.19 20.3 22.56 23.88 28.3 32.62 28.26
02.50 - 07.49 acres 10.18 15.79 4.90 8.75 10.62 11.85 13.70 30.26
07.50 + 1.10 2.10 0.40 0.68 0.58 0.47 2.730 5.86
59
Table 03: Percentage Distribution of Operated Land by Type of Use and Division
Operated land
Division Commercial Uncultivated
Total Homestead land Agricultural land Others land
land land
National 100.00 13.71 78.38 0.72 3.72 3.48
Barisal 100.00 17.77 77.40 0.38 2.21 2.24
Chittagong 100.00 17.42 76.53 0.49 1.98 3.58
Dhaka 100.00 14.72 73.57 1.13 6.22 4.36
Khulna 100.00 13.92 79.74 0.45 3.44 2.46
Rajshahi 100.00 9.64 83.39 0.19 2.22 4.57
Rangpur 100.00 8.05 80.68 0.93 7.71 2.64
Sylhet 100.00 10.07 84.81 0.84 1.46 2.82
Table 04: Percentage Distribution of Religious Status of Expatriates by Division

Religious Status
Division
Total Muslim Hindu Buddhist Christians Others
National 100.00 97.80 2.18 0.00 0.01 0.01
Barisal 100.00 96.66 3.31 0.00 0.03 0.00
Chittagong 100.00 97.96 2.03 0.01 0.00 0.00
Dhaka 100.00 97.29 2.69 0.00 0.01 0.00
Khulna 100.00 98.40 1.51 0.00 0.01 0.08
Rajshahi 100.00 98.79 1.21 0.00 0.00 0.00
Rangpur 100.00 98.85 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sylhet 100.00 97.75 2.25 0.00 0.00 0.00
Table 05: Percentage Distribution of Marital Status of Expatriates by Division

Marital Status
Division
Total Unmarried Married Widowed Separated Divorced
National 100.00 32.36 67.09 0.27 0.14 0.14
Barisal 100.00 30.33 68.96 0.17 0.27 0.28
Chittagong 100.00 32.85 66.89 0.25 0.01 0.00
Dhaka 100.00 32.49 66.86 0.29 0.19 0.17
Khulna 100.00 31.89 67.10 0.34 0.25 0.42
Rajshahi 100.00 31.37 67.67 0.28 0.34 0.33
Rangpur 100.00 30.04 69.44 0.35 0.12 0.05
Sylhet 100.00 34.00 65.82 0.17 0.00 0.00
Table 06: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Educational Status and Living Country
Educational Status
Country Degree
Total Illiterate I - IX SSC HSC Masters MBBS/Eng.
/Hons
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Saudi Arabia 34.11 38.93 33.78 34.10 31.28 31.05 11.60 40.70
UAE 17.71 16.82 19.86 14.35 12.01 5.77 1.70 22.26
Malaysia 11.48 13.81 12.63 10.6 6.17 5.41 7.70 1.90
Oman 5.86 7.50 6.85 3.38 2.34 3.19 3.30 4.60
Kuwait 4.52 5.27 4.67 4.63 3.94 2.92 1.20 1.03
Singapore 5.08 2.11 3.86 9.03 12.1 4.53 9.50 0.00
United Kingdom 2.13 0.86 1.49 2.15 4.51 10.15 24.70 2.13
60
Educational Status
Country Degree
Total Illiterate I - IX SSC HSC Masters MBBS/Eng.
/Hons
Italy 4.40 1.84 3.17 7.96 9.51 8.42 11.40 0.66
Bahrain 1.97 2.68 2.08 1.62 1.13 1.67 0.00 2.06
Qatar 1.57 1.34 1.58 1.48 1.89 1.89 0.40 1.60
United States 1.38 0.23 0.41 2.16 3.83 10.87 14.20 5.35
Maldives 0.93 1.56 1.07 0.41 0.36 0.62 0.00 0.55
Libya 0.58 0.80 0.71 0.19 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.95
South Africa 0.58 0.40 0.40 0.92 1.07 0.89 1.50 1.83
France 0.32 0.00 0.12 0.79 0.92 0.72 0.40 1.05
Canada 0.16 0.00 0.07 0.13 0.05 1.16 2.60 1.96
Korea South 0.31 0.00 0.06 0.62 1.49 0.73 0.60 1.51
Australia 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.34 1.75 3.60 0.28
Japan 0.16 0.00 0.06 0.23 0.13 2.13 0.70 0.78
Germany 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.48 0.05 0.00 0.58
OMEC 0.16 0.00 0.19 0.21 0.00 0.16 0.60 0.00
OALC 2.93 3.68 3.36 2.14 0.42 2.11 0.20 3.52
OEC 1.38 0.18 1.36 1.34 2.92 0.92 2.40 2.46
OAC 0.78 1.12 0.88 0.26 0.68 0.06 0.40 1.59
OAfC 0.55 0.51 0.54 0.58 0.46 1.60 0.70 0.11
ONAC 0.31 0.05 0.24 0.31 1.44 0.06 0.00 0.04
OSAC 0.27 0.16 0.27 0.30 0.12 0.68 0.00 0.49
OAuC 0.21 0.10 0.25 0.11 0.27 0.48 0.40 0.00

Table 07: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Frequency of Visit to Home Country

No. of Visit
Country
Total 0-2 3-5 6-9 10 - 24 25 +
Total 100.00 73.11 20.99 4.40 1.47 0.04
Saudi Arabia 100.00 61.43 30.77 6.23 1.57 0.00
UAE 100.00 81.53 14.88 2.92 0.68 0.00
Malaysia 100.00 90.67 8.43 0.81 0.09 0.00
Oman 100.00 88.83 8.29 1.86 1.02 0.00
Kuwait 100.00 49.53 39.95 7.99 2.48 0.05
Singapore 100.00 76.88 19.39 2.21 1.51 0.00
United Kingdom 100.00 72.03 17.40 4.99 4.15 1.43
Italy 100.00 67.28 22.42 7.09 3.16 0.05
Bahrain 100.00 77.60 16.06 4.92 1.43 0.00
Qatar 100.00 73.67 14.82 8.57 2.94 0.00
United States 100.00 55.44 27.25 10.99 6.32 0.00
Maldives 100.00 92.50 6.58 0.91 0.00 0.00
Libya 100.00 91.39 1.86 6.76 0.00 0.00
South Africa 100.00 85.75 5.21 9.04 0.00 0.00
France 100.00 64.50 35.19 0.31 0.00 0.00
Canada 100.00 79.86 15.76 0.00 4.38 0.00
Korea South 100.00 81.55 18.45 0.00 0.00 0.00
Australia 100.00 76.46 21.62 0.00 1.92 0.00
Japan 100.00 73.05 18.17 6.34 2.44 0.00
Germany 100.00 57.93 42.07 0.00 0.00 0.00
61
No. of Visit
Country
Total 0-2 3-5 6-9 10 - 24 25 +
OMEC 100.00 93.91 4.86 1.23 0.00 0.00
OALC 100.00 86.80 11.96 0.64 0.60 0.00
OEC 100.00 74.87 17.57 3.14 4.41 0.00
OAC 100.00 69.75 19.76 4.67 5.18 0.63
OAfC 100.00 89.20 7.47 2.51 0.82 0.00
ONAC 100.00 60.77 21.15 17.72 0.36 0.00
OSAC 100.00 78.12 14.63 0.00 7.26 0.00
OAuC 100.00 70.11 25.83 0.45 3.61 0.00
Table 08: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Ownership of Business Enterprise by Sex

and Living Country
Ownership of Business Enterprise
Country
Total Male Female
Total 6.64 4.31 2.33
Saudi Arabia 6.66 4.15 2.51
UAE 3.58 2.44 1.14
Malaysia 10.10 1.01 9.09
Oman 3.93 3.93 0.00
Kuwait 4.02 4.02 0.00
Singapore 1.18 1.18 0.00
United Kingdom 10.84 10.02 0.82
Italy 21.27 21.27 0.00
Bahrain 5.99 5.99 0.00
Qatar 0.26 0.26 0.00
United States 13.72 7.59 6.13
Maldives 0.00 0.00 0.00
Libya 0.00 0.00 0.00
South Africa 19.55 19.55 0.00
France 14.52 14.52 0.00
Canada 0.00 0.00 0.00
Korea South 0.00 0.00 0.00
Australia 2.06 2.06 0.00
Japan 25.48 25.48 0.00
Germany 1.47 1.47 0.00
OMEC 0.00 0.00 0.00
OALC 8.23 5.42 2.81
OEC 6.50 6.50 0.00
OAC 7.44 7.44 0.00
OAfC 9.99 9.99 0.00
ONAC 0.35 0.35 0.00
OSAC 4.96 4.96 0.00
OAuC 2.56 2.56 0.00
62
Table 09: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Ownership of Business Enterprise and
Educational Status and by Living Country
Ownership of Business Enterprise

Educational status
Country
Degree MBBS/En
Total Illiterate I - IX SSC HSC Masters
/Hons. g.
Total 100.00 7.15 50.05 21.61 11.83 6.02 0.95 2.39
Saudi Arabia 100.00 7.57 54.23 20.09 12.06 4.26 0.13 1.67
UAE 100.00 0.52 65.45 26.14 3.85 0.96 0.00 3.08
Malaysia 100.00 7.21 20.17 15.18 24.73 32.72 0.00 0.00
Oman 100.00 12.57 73.74 5.57 2.08 0.00 6.04 0.00
Kuwait 100.00 21.57 49.19 13.17 16.07 0.00 0.00 0.00
Singapore 100.00 0.00 41.38 15.47 43.15 0.00 0.00 0.00
United Kingdom 100.00 0.00 62.19 10.54 7.91 4.25 4.28 10.83
Italy 100.00 10.18 41.07 29.21 11.73 7.19 0.63 0.00
Bahrain 100.00 0.00 95.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.33
Qatar 100.00 0.00 75.06 24.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
United States 100.00 0.00 0.00
28.50 1.95 69.55 0.00 0.00
Maldives 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Libya 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
South Africa 100.00 0.00 26.45 22.67 32.37 4.73 8.46 5.32
France 100.00 0.00 33.25 66.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Canada 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Korea South 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Australia 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00
Japan 100.00 0.00 87.28 0.00 12.72 0.00 0.00 0.00
Germany 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
OMEC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
OALC 100.00 7.48 23.13 46.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.13
OEC 100.00 1.11 24.92 35.33 37.53 1.11 0.00 0.00
OAC 100.00 32.83 26.10 4.25 36.69 0.13 0.00 0.00
OAfC 100.00 4.45 68.21 0.00 27.34 0.00 0.00 0.00
ONAC 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
OSAC 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
OAuC 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
63
Table 10: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates Received Training (at Home Country) before
Going Abroad by Type of Training
Type of Training
Country No
Total Training Vocational Language Computer Driving Others
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Saudi Arabia 34.11 34.83 24.99 24.32 29.60 45.44 31.10
UAE 17.71 18.16 15.90 9.02 3.31 14.15 16.63
Malaysia 11.48 11.99 10.17 10.43 1.64 1.87 5.10
Oman 5.86 6.35 1.48 1.70 2.06 2.69 4.47
Kuwait 4.52 4.59 2.50 6.22 0.26 10.38 2.45
Singapore 5.08 2.45 36.45 9.89 13.31 3.55 18.76
United Kingdom 2.13 2.14 0.86 7.65 7.81 0.58 0.93
Italy 4.40 4.75 0.10 5.42 14.24 1.19 1.97
Bahrain 1.97 2.08 1.07 0.72 2.21 0.60 2.14
Qatar 1.57 1.62 0.60 1.13 0.00 3.80 1.25
United States 1.38 1.38 0.29 4.09 2.19 3.22 0.76
Maldives 0.93 1.01 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26
Libya 0.58 0.57 0.45 0.06 0.00 0.87 1.47
South Africa 0.58 0.59 0.38 0.83 0.00 1.19 0.42
France 0.32 0.25 0.76 0.00 0.00 2.48 0.63
Canada 0.16 0.14 0.00 1.05 4.60 0.00 0.08
Korea South 0.31 0.25 0.18 2.86 4.48 0.00 0.16
Australia 0.10 0.10 0.17 0.00 1.33 0.00 0.00
Japan 0.16 0.06 0.00 5.83 0.00 0.00 0.16
Germany 0.07 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05
OMEC 0.16 0.17 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.19 0.24
OALC 2.93 2.82 1.36 4.87 12.37 5.56 6.29
OEC 1.38 1.46 0.76 0.97 0.00 0.00 1.52
OAC 0.78 0.84 0.04 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.13
OAfC 0.55 0.55 0.23 0.60 0.00 0.00 1.80
ONAC 0.31 0.30 0.49 0.06 0.00 0.71 0.04
OSAC 0.27 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.54 1.05
OAuC 0.21 0.22 0.18 0.12 0.60 0.00 0.12
Table 11: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Mode of Going Abroad

Mode of Going Abroad
Division Officially Unofficially
Total Male Female Total Male Female
National 74.57 72.38 2.19 25.43 24.99 0.44
Barisal 81.65 79.11 2.54 18.35 18.08 0.27
Chittagong 76.59 75.23 1.36 23.41 23.25 0.15
Dhaka 74.87 72.02 2.85 25.13 24.87 0.26
Khulna 64.86 64.07 0.79 35.14 33.84 1.30
Rajshahi 57.39 55.56 1.83 42.61 42.07 0.54
Rangpur 80.87 78.83 2.04 19.13 18.34 0.79
Sylhet 88.19 83.55 4.64 11.81 10.76 1.05
64
Table 12: Percentage Distribution of Trained Expatriates by Income Groups
Type of Training
Income group No
Total Vocational Language Computer Driving Others
Training
Total 100 87.64 6.08 1.83 0.36 1.67 2.42
Less than 20000 100 95.19 2.27 2.2 0 0 0.34
20000-49999 100 91.64 3.26 1.4 0.4 0.69 2.61
50000-99999 100 91.21 4.8 1.31 0.15 1 1.53
100000-499999 100 86.26 6.74 2.02 0.44 1.91 2.63
500000 + 100 79.2 9.31 2.23 0.55 4.09 4.61
Table 13: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Goods Send from Abroad and by Country
Goods
Country Electronic Production Agricultural
Total Food Medicine Toy Car Ware Ornaments Cosmetics Others
goods equipment equipment
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Saudi Arabia 38.97 43.11 16.43 42.34 31.36 39.61 43.13 37.89 25.34 45.27 30.31
UAE 18.66 19.89 20.83 16.61 21.75 19.86 14.82 18.23 28.19 5.85 20.32
Malaysia 11.10 7.74 6.13 17.46 18.13 9.83 13.83 9.30 4.50 21.73 20.95
Oman 4.35 6.93 6.94 4.77
0.94 5.01 2.67 3.56 0.00 1.37 4.64
Kuwait 5.32 3.30 7.53 4.88 8.11 4.92 7.95 5.07 0.00 2.96 7.32
Singapore 5.99 5.06 7.73 4.02 1.09 5.45 4.11 7.62 27.34 0.00 7.20
United Kingdom 2.37 1.61 22.70 2.91 7.28 2.24 0.35 1.53 0.00 22.82 2.01
Italy 3.20 1.21 2.94 1.08 0.00 3.41 3.40 4.37 0.00 0.00 2.63
Bahrain 1.86 2.92 0.70 0.62 2.83 1.41 3.41 2.40 0.37 0.00 0.24
Qatar 1.21 3.63 0.84 1.14 0.43 1.17 0.77 1.15 0.59 0.00 0.45
United States 0.49 0.47 5.35 0.77 0.00 0.54 0.03 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.15
Maldives 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.32 0.89 0.39 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.37
Libya 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.53
South Africa 0.21 0.00 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00
France 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.86 0.21 0.20 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00
Canada 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
Korea South 0.28 1.18 0.20 0.45 0.00 0.24 0.09 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00
Australia 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
Japan 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00
Germany 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
OMEC 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
OALC 2.06 0.43 0.00 0.48 4.99 1.55 1.92 3.82 0.00 0.00 1.89
OEC 1.33 0.48 0.13 0.17 0.00 1.45 2.02 1.23 13.66 0.00 0.77
OAC 0.33 0.19 0.00 0.31 0.31 0.52 0.04 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.22
OAfC 0.30 0.19 0.65 0.17 0.00 0.24 0.33 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00
ONAC 0.25 1.63 0.00 0.17 0.14 0.26 0.10 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00
OSAC 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.31 0.25 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00
OAuC 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.32 0.14 0.19 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00
65
Table 14A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Non-food Expenditure from Remittance
and Division
Division Bed Home Sending
Cosmeti Treatme Transpo Marriag Birth Khatn Educati Law- Loan Grant/ Religious
Wears sheets & maintenan Fuel Utensil Haj relatives to Akika Lending Gift Fine festival Others
others ce cs nt rt abroad e day a on suit repayment charity
National 84.53 44.53 53.28 46.14 30.94 57.17 78.57 58.51 0.99 2.25 9.38 4.14 1.47 1.65 46.78 1.11 26.01 2.45 18.47 30.22 0.37 18.49 21.37
Barisal 86.43 37.63 35.36 24.50 17.15 51.60 76.90 53.87 0.48 0.96 4.01 0.34 0.59 0.35 55.24 1.76 15.14 2.80 9.31 20.80 0.00 14.00 34.92
Chitta. 85.87 45.50 59.82 65.66 38.55 58.64 82.26 64.15 1.50 2.97 11.54 5.78 2.13 3.23 47.78 1.16 32.78 2.39 17.35 37.35 0.56 19.67 22.54
Dhaka 83.34 47.20 51.93 45.55 30.50 60.14 76.41 57.05 0.89 2.09 10.44 3.62 0.88 0.75 43.48 0.99 23.69 2.52 23.00 34.55 0.52 25.04 20.85
Khulna 82.52 45.77 58.37 37.22 31.86 53.80 76.89 56.23 0.85 1.14 9.53 5.96 1.73 0.92 46.52 1.05 29.79 2.46 2.28 15.28 0.14 3.69 12.98
Rajshahi 83.20 38.54 53.02 19.64 24.85 50.54 78.89 56.41 0.29 0.96 4.92 1.53 1.22 1.59 44.04 0.76 21.97 2.65 24.91 17.81 0.09 15.65 27.38
Rangpur 84.29 46.40 44.00 25.92 24.10 61.89 78.19 54.82 0.00 3.09 7.81 2.81 2.81 0.31 55.44 1.91 29.79 1.55 27.61 32.18 0.18 23.60 37.56
Sylhet 88.15 37.45 43.55 44.63 21.85 51.77 76.66 53.59 1.51 3.87 5.85 3.85 0.98 2.33 49.55 0.94 12.38 2.44 20.35 25.20 0.00 9.92 2.47
Table 14B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Non-food Expenditure and Division
(Remittance & Others; Last One Year)
Division Bed Home Sending Loan Religiou

Cosmet Treatme Transp Marriag Birth Khatn Educati Law- Grant/
Wears sheets & maintena Fuel Utensil Haj relatives to Akika repaym Lending Gift Fine s Others
ics nt ort e day a on suit charity
others nce abroad ent festival
National 99.24 59.29 70.97 61.27 44.75 77.60 96.40 81.87 1.25 3.02 10.95 5.01 1.82 1.97 56.45 1.62 28.10 2.82 26.12 39.31 0.41 20.92 25.86
Barisal 98.75 49.60 53.80 45.01 30.23 80.19 93.76 82.96 0.61 1.13 4.84 0.70 0.59 0.41 65.36 2.84 16.06 2.85 16.08 27.47 0.00 15.87 40.05
Chittagong 98.51 55.98 72.91 80.33 49.93 70.71 95.96 80.30 1.84 4.16 12.44 6.92 2.48 3.36 55.09 1.20 35.87 2.81 22.55 44.44 0.56 21.85 24.67
Dhaka 99.81 64.68 71.96 61.65 46.67 86.19 96.79 84.38 1.07 2.97 12.49 4.37 1.27 1.16 54.54 1.86 25.25 2.75 31.49 45.99 0.53 27.75 25.06
Khulna 99.71 62.31 78.25 46.99 46.04 73.13 96.48 81.85 0.94 1.60 12.54 7.09 2.11 1.65 57.21 1.68 32.76 2.76 3.84 19.97 0.14 6.28 18.20
Rajshahi 99.20 56.74 74.91 29.58 35.11 71.51 95.86 77.07 0.51 1.32 6.34 1.65 1.58 2.16 53.63 1.32 23.18 3.69 45.74 27.67 0.11 19.18 41.24
Rangpur 99.02 68.35 58.47 41.27 41.99 86.58 98.57 79.61 0.24 3.16 9.89 4.81 3.50 0.39 65.98 2.50 32.32 2.24 41.92 49.09 0.46 26.46 44.36
Sylhet 99.51 47.39 62.68 68.56 36.74 73.55 97.62 83.80 2.21 4.22 5.99 4.28 1.13 2.45 60.41 1.06 12.95 2.45 23.17 34.32 0.32 10.40 2.89
66
Table 15A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Expenditure for Durable and Other Items
from Remittance
Division Other
Land Computer
Purchase
TV Iron Refrigerator AC Fan Telephone Mobile Computer equipment Furniture Ornaments Vehicle Repair electronic Oven Others
goods
National 14.54 0.30 0.47 2.62 0.03 0.82 0.28 13.78 0.42 0.19 10.88 2.05 0.45 2.28 6.05 0.72 2.27
Barisal 15.04 0.33 0.45 2.31 0.00 0.50 0.00 11.66 0.23 0.08 6.58 1.43 0.33 1.13 2.34 0.11 0.45
Chittagong 14.13 0.38 0.39 3.25 0.01 1.91 0.55 23.74 0.42 0.16 16.17 1.86 0.51 5.58 10.72 2.17 4.09
Dhaka 11.70 0.13 0.55 2.49 0.00 0.19 0.13 7.70 0.33 0.15 7.27 1.82 0.20 0.44 4.08 0.04 2.16
Khulna 19.35 0.19 0.84 1.25 0.02 0.43 0.06 7.89 0.52 0.26 10.06 4.67 0.95 1.18 1.17 0.04 0.45
Rajshahi 18.62 0.59 0.05 2.52 0.00 0.70 0.03 11.59 0.72 0.45 7.69 1.21 0.51 0.80 3.23 0.40 2.27
Rangpur 21.12 0.28 0.08 1.04 0.00 0.63 0.61 13.17 0.57 0.37 15.74 1.65 0.81 1.46 3.94 0.12 0.67
Sylhet 11.66 0.57 0.63 4.35 0.38 0.24 0.53 14.07 0.38 0.00 10.57 1.61 0.22 1.95 11.21 0.04 0.41
Table 15B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Expenditure for Durable and Other Items
and by Division (Remittance and Others; Last One Year)
Division Other
Land Computer
purchase TV Iron Refrigerator AC Fan Telephone Mobile Computer equipment Furniture Ornaments Vehicle Repair electronic Oven Others
goods
National 15.81 0.31 0.48 2.77 0.03 0.97 0.30 16.16 0.47 0.23 12.31 2.34 0.51 2.54 8.68 0.83 2.51
Barisal 15.62 0.33 0.45 2.31 0.00 0.50 0.00 12.46 0.23 0.08 7.13 1.76 0.33 1.40 2.80 0.11 0.45

Chittagong 14.66 0.39 0.39 3.46 0.01 2.25 0.58 26.61 0.46 0.25 17.80 2.16 0.62 5.63 16.19 2.51 4.24
Dhaka 13.08 0.14 0.56 2.51 0.00 0.31 0.18 10.15 0.41 0.15 8.47 2.10 0.27 0.67 5.81 0.04 2.44
Khulna 22.34 0.19 0.86 1.70 0.02 0.43 0.06 8.94 0.58 0.26 11.16 5.15 0.95 1.64 1.32 0.10 0.86
Rajshahi 19.59 0.61 0.05 2.53 0.00 0.70 0.03 12.82 0.72 0.45 8.80 1.36 0.55 1.03 5.27 0.44 2.65
Rangpur 23.33 0.28 0.13 1.14 0.00 0.75 0.61 18.30 0.57 0.37 19.51 1.65 0.93 2.43 7.12 0.22 0.82
Sylhet 12.97 0.58 0.77 4.55 0.38 0.42 0.53 16.99 0.38 0.14 12.21 1.86 0.28 2.43 11.99 0.04 0.54
67
Table 15C: Percentage Distribution of Total Expenditure from Remittance (Continued...)
Non-food Expenditure
Total Food Sending
Division Expendi Expendi Bed Home Loan
Cosmeti Transpo relative Birth Law- Grant/ Religious
ture Wears sheet & maintena Fuel Utensil Treatment Haj Akika Khatna Education repaym- Lending Gift Fine
Marriage
ture cs rt s to day suit charity festival
others nce ent
abroad
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
National 100.00 38.84 4.58 0.40 1.88 1.48 0.23 0.81 4.88 1.02 0.50 1.28 3.57 0.13 0.14 0.08 3.59 0.20 9.26 0.84 0.53 0.72 0.02 2.06
Barisal 100.00 48.14 5.54 0.38 2.10 0.66 0.22 0.76 4.95 0.90 0.25 1.22 1.47 0.05 0.03 0.04 5.30 0.44 6.37 0.39 0.14 0.41 0.00 1.58
Chittagong 100.00 50.81 3.95 0.34 2.12 1.68 0.25 0.64 3.78 0.97 0.12 1.31 2.41 0.17 0.25 0.07 2.75 0.06 5.84 0.50 0.51 0.68 0.01 1.78
Dhaka 100.00 31.14 4.97 0.40 1.72 1.81 0.23 1.02 5.79 1.05 0.82 0.99 4.29 0.15 0.06 0.08 4.10 0.24 12.33 1.28 0.56 1.02 0.02 2.63
Khulna 100.00 31.79 4.01 0.42 1.70 1.19 0.18 0.54 4.99 0.89 0.55 0.46 3.92 0.10 0.07 0.07 3.22 0.40 13.82 0.64 0.28 0.22 0.09 0.64
Rajshahi 100.00 24.18 3.69 0.32 2.14 0.33 0.19 0.60 5.94 1.17 0.45 1.32 2.68 0.05 0.19 0.15 4.73 0.21 10.85 1.21 0.62 0.42 0.00 2.17
Rangpur 100.00 29.07 6.03 0.47 1.04 0.44 0.15 1.04 5.61 0.84 0.00 3.00 6.83 0.04 0.13 0.01 3.74 0.38 8.38 0.28 0.48 0.49 0.00 2.82
Sylhet 100.00 49.35 6.37 0.72 1.94 1.71 0.28 1.09 3.40 1.32 1.48 3.08 5.73 0.18 0.03 0.07 3.04 0.15 2.51 0.70 1.20 0.88 0.00 2.52
Table 15C: Percentage Distribution of Total Expenditure from Remittance
Durables & Others
Division
Other electronic
Land purchase Refrigerator Mobile Furniture Ornaments Vehicle Repair Oven Others
goods
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

National 17.39 0.84 0.82 1.29 0.52 0.53 0.36 0.16 0.10 0.96
Barisal 14.62 0.54 0.42 0.61 0.52 0.09 0.19 0.07 0.02 1.57
Chittagong 10.29 1.21 1.82 1.82 0.34 0.98 0.80 0.34 0.28 1.11
Dhaka 20.17 0.59 0.25 0.79 0.56 0.05 0.13 0.05 0.00 0.71
Khulna 24.65 0.81 0.23 1.30 1.19 0.77 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.72
Rajshahi 31.42 0.73 0.40 1.16 0.35 0.45 0.15 0.09 0.05 1.60
Rangpur 22.74 0.67 0.37 2.12 0.22 0.97 0.20 0.03 0.01 1.40
Sylhet 7.61 0.77 0.78 1.26 0.49 0.52 0.22 0.28 0.01 0.31
68
Table 16: Percentage Distribution of Expenditure by Division (Remittance & Others; Last One
Year)
Division Expenditure Food Non-food Durable & Others

National 100.00 42.01 38.83 19.16
Barisal 100.00 50.39 35.04 14.58
Chittagong 100.00 51.31 32.85 15.84
Dhaka 100.00 36.46 44.39 19.15
Khulna 100.00 35.98 37.43 26.59
Rajshahi 100.00 28.67 41.14 30.19
Rangpur 100.00 33.01 42.86 24.12
Sylhet 100.00 54.83 35.60 9.57
Table 17: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Savings

Remittance
Category of Saving
Last one year Cumulative
Purchase of savings bond 2.32 2.74
Insurance 9.20 9.65
Savings account 27.70 28.74
DPS/SDPS 12.68 13.07
Permanent deposit (one year & above) 1.25 1.59
Co-operative society 0.30 0.32
Friends & others 0.63 0.83
Savings at home 12.34 12.46
Others 1.33 1.37
Table 18A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Savings Category

and Division (Remittance; Last One Year)
Category of Savings
Division Purchase Permanent

Savings Co-operative Friends & Savings
of savings Insurance DPS/SDPS deposit (one Others
account society others at home
bond year & above)
National 0.30 1.07 3.19 1.45 0.18 0.04 0.09 1.38 0.15
Barisal 0.30 0.71 3.87 2.55 0.62 0.03 0.07 0.51 0.11
Chittagong 0.41 1.62 3.25 1.24 0.30 0.06 0.10 0.76 0.03
Dhaka 0.29 1.03 3.14 1.23 0.09 0.05 0.08 1.73 0.13
Khulna 0.31 0.80 3.34 2.75 0.08 0.00 0.09 1.91 0.14
Rajshahi 0.28 0.55 3.17 1.25 0.09 0.02 0.14 2.27 0.82
Rangpur 0.07 0.76 2.27 2.01 0.09 0.01 0.12 1.68 0.08
Sylhet 0.12 0.52 3.14 0.32 0.06 0.00 0.03 0.89 0.03
69
Table 18B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative Savings
from Remittance by Category and Division
Category of Savings
Division Purchase of Permanent

Savings Co-operative Friends & Savings
savings Insurance DPS/SDPS deposit (one year Others
account society others at home
bond & above)
National 0.26 1.02 3.08 1.41 0.14 0.03 0.07 1.37 0.15
Barisal 0.30 0.71 3.56 2.50 0.31 0.01 0.03 0.51 0.11
Chittagong 0.40 1.62 3.16 1.23 0.24 0.06 0.10 0.75 0.03
Dhaka 0.22 0.88 2.95 1.12 0.08 0.04 0.03 1.71 0.13
Khulna 0.12 0.80 3.33 2.75 0.07 0.00 0.09 1.88 0.14
Rajshahi 0.28 0.55 3.08 1.24 0.09 0.02 0.13 2.26 0.78
Rangpur 0.07 0.76 2.23 1.98 0.09 0.01 0.12 1.68 0.07
Sylhet 0.12 0.52 3.13 0.32 0.06 0.00 0.02 0.88 0.03
Table 19A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Savings Category

and Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year)
Category of Savings
Permanent
Division Purchase of Savings Co-operative Friends & Savings
Insurance DPS/SDPS deposit (one Others
savings bond account society others at home
year & above)
National 0.29 1.08 3.22 1.59 0.16 0.04 0.08 1.61 0.21
Barisal 0.31 0.79 3.78 2.81 0.54 0.02 0.03 0.70 0.14
Chittagong 0.44 1.65 3.32 1.37 0.26 0.06 0.11 0.79 0.05
Dhaka 0.25 0.95 3.07 1.39 0.08 0.06 0.04 2.16 0.23
Khulna 0.14 0.84 3.45 2.89 0.08 0.00 0.11 2.24 0.20
Rajshahi 0.31 0.58 3.24 1.28 0.09 0.02 0.15 2.45 0.79
Rangpur 0.10 0.94 2.45 2.15 0.09 0.03 0.12 1.97 0.25
Sylhet 0.14 0.56 3.21 0.34 0.07 0.00 0.03 0.92 0.03
Table 19B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative Savings

by Category and Division (Remittance & Others)
Category of Savings
Division Permanent
Purchase of Savings Co-operative Friends & Savings at
Insurance DPS/SDPS deposit (one Others
savings bond account society others home
year & above)
National 0.33 1.13 3.35 1.62 0.20 0.04 0.10 1.63 0.21
Barisal 0.31 0.79 4.10 2.86 0.86 0.05 0.07 0.70 0.14
Chittagong 0.45 1.65 3.41 1.38 0.32 0.06 0.11 0.80 0.05
Dhaka 0.32 1.11 3.28 1.50 0.09 0.06 0.09 2.18 0.23
Khulna 0.32 0.84 3.48 2.89 0.09 0.00 0.12 2.25 0.20
Rajshahi 0.31 0.59 3.33 1.28 0.09 0.02 0.18 2.46 0.84
Rangpur 0.10 0.94 2.50 2.19 0.09 0.03 0.12 1.97 0.26
Sylhet 0.14 0.56 3.21 0.34 0.07 0.00 0.03 0.92 0.03
70
Table 20A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Total Savings
by Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year)
Division
Group (In Tk.)
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Less than 20000 42.79 43.95 41.5 42.81 52.26 34.73 52.81 29.52
20000-49999 22.03 25.98 24.2 17.18 20.7 29.53 20.07 26.42
50000-99999 16.06 17.59 17.2 16.83 8.82 18.13 13.51 19.39
100000-499999 17.86 11.15 15.4 22.43 17.56 16.28 13.28 20.01
500000 + 1.27 1.34 1.7 0.75 0.67 1.34 0.34 4.66
Table 20B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Cumulative

Savings by Division (Remittance & Others)
Division
Group (In Tk.)
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Less than 20000 27.17 26.91 21.7 30.22 34.7 24.41 32.85 20.42

20000-49999 21.67 23.73 22.6 18.87 20.96 28.11 20.97 22.86
50000-99999 17.38 19.68 18.3 17.35 12.87 18.31 18.33 17.4
100000-499999 27.28 25.49 30.9 27.17 21.2 24.66 26.26 29.21
500000 + 6.5 4.19 6.4 6.38 10.27 4.51 1.58 10.11
Table 21: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Savings from
Cumulative Remittance by Division
Division
Group (In Tk.)
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Less than 20000 30.26 30.69 26.4 31.8 36.73 28.74 37.49 22.7
20000-49999 21.76 23.19 22.7 18.28 21.29 29.21 21.23 25.36
50000-99999 17.53 22.18 19.1 17.22 12.83 17 18.51 15.72
100000-499999 25.67 21.37 28.5 27.19 20.9 21.77 21.71 26.47
500000 + 4.78 2.57 3.3 5.52 8.25 3.28 1.06 9.75
71
Table 22A: Percentage Distribution for Total Savings by Category and Division (Remittance &
Others; Last One Year)
Category of Savings
Division Purchase Permanent Co-
Savings Friends & Savings
Total of savings Insurance DPS/SDPS deposit (one operative Others
account others at home
bond year & above) society
National 100 5.85 4.84 63.79 8.91 5.37 0.2 0.96 8.85 1.22
Barisal 100 3.01 4.91 54.21 19.94 13.57 0.1 0.17 3.51 0.61
Chittagong 100 6.92 7.94 60.2 8.91 8.36 0.5 1.12 5.81 0.22
Dhaka 100 7.16 4.12 66.81 5.51 3.24 0.1 0.46 10.43 2.19
Khulna 100 3.04 2.64 67.88 10.36 2.34 0.1 0.38 11.86 1.43
Rajshahi 100 6.74 1.56 56.12 15.77 2.35 0 2.67 12.84 1.92
Rangpur 100 1.01 5.84 59.32 11.96 2.33 0 2.05 16.32 1.13
Sylhet 100 2.82 2.4 79.84 2.86 7.59 0 0.92 3.47 0.08
Table 22B: Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Savings by Category and Division

(Remittance & Others)
Category of Savings
Division Permanent
Purchase of Insuran Savings Co-operative Friends & Savings
Total DPS/SDPS deposit (one Others
savings bond ce account society Others at home
year & above)

National 100 7.85 5.85 63.78 10.64 5.11 0.2 0.66 5.06 0.85
Barisal 100 1.97 7.05 49.59 20.62 16.11 0.4 0.78 2.52 0.99
Chittagong 100 10.32 8.11 58.82 10.46 7.09 0.4 0.58 4.04 0.17
Dhaka 100 8.41 5.63 68.81 6.9 3.62 0.1 0.35 5.16 1.05
Khulna 100 8.13 3.32 68.37 12.25 1.48 0.1 0.2 5.46 0.73
Rajshahi 100 4.69 2.37 58.98 17.02 4.23 0 1.74 8.19 2.76
Rangpur 100 1.14 5.85 50.95 21.9 1.28 0.2 3.78 12.04 2.82
Sylhet 100 1.96 3.06 81.19 5.49 4.45 0 0.54 3.27 0.05
Table 23: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Investment by

Category
Remittance
Investment Category
Last year Cumulative
Own business/industry 3.41 3.76
Joint business/industry 1.36 1.38
Purchase of agriculture equipment 0.40 0.41
Purchase of share 0.59 0.62
Purchase of bond* 0.10 0.14
MLM 0.28 0.29
Purchase of flat 12.12 12.14
Commercial building purchase/construction 0.28 0.31
Dwelling house construction 16.03 16.03
Others 1.93 2.07
(* Purchase of bond includes Premium/Investment/Wage earners development bond)
72
Table 24A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Investment by
Category and Division (Remittance; Last One Year)
Investment Category
Commercial
Division Own Joint Purchase of Purchase Purchase Purchase Dwelling
building
Business/ Business/ agriculture of of MLM of house Others
purchase/
industry industry equipment share bond* flat construction
construction
National 0.34 0.14 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.03 1.21 0.03 1.60 0.19
Barisal 0.32 0.04 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.01 1.42 0.02 1.43 0.05
Chittagong 0.29 0.27 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.08 0.05 0.02 1.14 0.33
Dhaka 0.35 0.11 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.01 1.65 0.03 1.65 0.17
Khulna 0.48 0.05 0.04 0.28 0.01 0.01 2.38 0.06 2.27 0.03
Rajshahi 0.34 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 2.00 0.13
Rangpur 0.44 0.13 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.01 2.70 0.01 2.70 0.10
Sylhet 0.26 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.06 1.10 0.21
Table 24B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative

Investment from Remittance by Category and Division
Investment Category
Commercial
building
purchase/
construction

National 0.38 0.14 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.03 1.21 0.03 1.60 0.21
Barisal 0.39 0.04 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.01 1.42 0.04 1.43 0.05
Chittagong 0.33 0.27 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.08 0.05 0.02 1.14 0.33
Dhaka 0.39 0.11 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.01 1.65 0.03 1.65 0.21
Khulna 0.51 0.05 0.04 0.28 0.05 0.01 2.38 0.06 2.27 0.03
Rajshahi 0.37 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 2.02 0.00 2.00 0.14
Rangpur 0.44 0.13 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.01 2.70 0.01 2.70 0.12
Sylhet 0.26 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.06 1.10 0.21
Table 25A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Total Investment by

Category and Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year)
Investment Category
Commercial
building
purchase/
construction
National 0.40 0.14 0.07 0.07 0.01 0.03 1.21 0.03 1.75 0.20
Barisal 0.40 0.05 0.11 0.06 0.03 0.01 1.42 0.02 1.46 0.05
Chittagong 0.36 0.28 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.09 0.05 0.02 1.29 0.33
Dhaka 0.41 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.00 0.01 1.65 0.03 1.83 0.19
Khulna 0.52 0.09 0.04 0.28 0.01 0.01 2.38 0.06 2.41 0.04
Rajshahi 0.42 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 2.14 0.16
Rangpur 0.48 0.13 0.11 0.04 0.06 0.01 2.70 0.01 2.99 0.11
Sylhet 0.28 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.06 1.14 0.22
73
Table 25B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative
Investment by Category and Division (Remittance & Others)
Investment Category
Division Commercial
Own Joint Purchase of Purchase Purchase Purchase Dwelling
building
purchase/
construction
National 0.44 0.15 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.04 1.21 0.03 1.75 0.22
Barisal 0.47 0.05 0.11 0.06 0.03 0.01 1.42 0.04 1.46 0.05
Chittagong 0.39 0.28 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.10 0.05 0.02 1.29 0.33
Dhaka 0.46 0.11 0.06 0.05 0.00 0.01 1.65 0.03 1.83 0.23
Khulna 0.55 0.09 0.04 0.28 0.05 0.01 2.38 0.06 2.41 0.04
Rajshahi 0.47 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.01 2.02 0.00 2.14 0.16
Rangpur 0.48 0.13 0.12 0.04 0.06 0.01 2.70 0.02 2.99 0.13
Sylhet 0.28 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.06 1.14 0.22
Table 26A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Total

Investment by Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year)
Division
Group (In Tk.)
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Less than 20000 18.17 11.42 28.70 14.15 11.10 15.77 24.20 6.24
20000-49999 12.20 25.07 11.90 10.32 11.96 13.26 17.59 4.75
50000-99999 16.03 14.75 15.50 14.77 19.59 10.94 20.19 22.67
100000-499999 36.76 36.21 28.90 36.69 46.69 45.47 32.20 44.34
500000 + 16.83 12.55 15.00 24.06 10.66 14.57 5.82 21.99
Table 26B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Cumulative

Investment by Division (Remittance & Others)
Division
Group (In Tk.)
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Less than 20000 15.76 8.18 25.60 11.60 9.07 14.94 22.09 5.40
20000-49999 10.91 19.29 10.30 11.47 8.42 11.69 14.32 2.90
50000-99999 14.08 16.75 11.50 11.80 18.69 11.20 22.78 22.18
100000-499999 39.68 40.08 34.20 38.75 49.81 46.02 33.29 45.00
500000 + 19.58 15.70 18.40 26.38 14.01 16.15 7.52 24.53
74
Table 27: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Cumulative
Investment (In Tk.) from Remittance and Division
Division
Group (In Tk.)
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Less than 20000 15.41 9.49 24.50 10.84 10.38 15.61 21.03 6.27
20000-49999 11.66 22.69 11.90 10.52 9.24 12.87 17.53 3.09
50000-99999 16.51 13.57 15.90 13.86 22.12 11.77 22.30 25.16
100000-499999 39.24 42.69 32.00 40.02 46.52 44.97 32.64 48.27
500000 + 17.19 11.57 15.60 24.76 11.73 14.77 6.50 17.22
Table 28A: Percentage Distribution of Total Investment by Category and Division (Remittance
& Others; Last One Year)
Investment Category
Division Commercial
building
Total Business/ Business/ agriculture of of MLM of
purchase/
house Others
construction
National 100.00 11.60 1.85 0.23 0.35 0.08 0.55 19.03 1.05 62.60 2.63
Barisal 100.00 6.40 2.66 0.78 2.76 0.11 0.05 14.30 0.07 71.40 1.46

Chittagong 100.00 21.70 2.26 0.02 0.28 0.06 1.41 13.39 2.02 56.70 2.22
Dhaka 100.00 5.00 2.06 0.11 0.10 0.01 0.03 30.46 0.79 58.20 3.26
Khulna 100.00 8.10 1.50 1.13 0.48 0.02 0.02 14.54 0.08 73.00 1.08
Rajshahi 100.00 7.80 0.45 0.36 0.83 0.01 0.03 13.19 0.02 72.80 4.52
Rangpur 100.00 6.60 1.63 0.40 0.04 1.22 0.10 13.80 0.20 73.80 2.19
Sylhet 100.00 2.90 0.19 0.53 0.57 0.09 0.06 6.60 0.12 86.60 2.34
Table 28B: Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Investment by Category and Division

(Remittance & Others)
Investment Category
Commercial
Division building
Total Business/ Business/ agriculture of of MLM of
purchase/
house Others
construction
National 100.00 16.54 2.61 0.54 0.56 0.25 0.53 17.84 1.25 55.60 4.26
Barisal 100.00 14.38 3.24 1.68 2.42 0.16 0.04 11.84 5.64 59.10 1.51
Chittagong 100.00 25.33 3.42 0.02 0.61 0.16 1.37 13.98 1.90 50.90 2.26
Dhaka 100.00 10.34 2.20 0.55 0.20 0.06 0.04 26.95 1.00 51.20 7.51
Khulna 100.00 16.52 2.56 2.20 1.21 1.25 0.06 13.41 0.08 61.10 1.61
Rajshahi 100.00 13.27 2.38 0.41 0.74 0.01 0.07 12.73 0.03 65.20 5.12
Rangpur 100.00 11.67 2.91 0.67 0.07 1.42 0.10 12.56 0.22 67.20 3.14
Sylhet 100.00 7.33 0.18 0.68 0.54 0.09 0.06 6.28 0.15 82.40 2.30
75
Table 29: Percentage Distribution of Investment and Savings as the Percentage of Income by
Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year)
Division Income Investment Savings

National 100.00 44.96 17.39
Barisal 100.00 25.37 17.59
Chittagong 100.00 53.00 16.55
Dhaka 100.00 45.10 16.45
Khulna 100.00 34.30 17.21
Rajshahi 100.00 40.76 24.80
Rangpur 100.00 34.02 16.45
Sylhet 100.00 49.81 19.08
Table 30: Percentage Distribution of Investment and Savings by Division (Remittance &
Others; Last One Year)
Division Investment & Savings Investment Savings
National 100.00 72.11 27.89
Barisal 100.00 59.06 40.94
Chittagong 100.00 76.21 23.79
Dhaka 100.00 73.27 26.73

Khulna 100.00 66.59 33.41
Rajshahi 100.00 62.18 37.82
Rangpur 100.00 67.40 32.60
Sylhet 100.00 72.31 27.69
76
Bibliography
1. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2013, National Strategy for the Development of Statistics,
Dhaka, October 2013.
2. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2013, Preliminary Report on Economic Census 2013, Dhaka,
November 2013.
3. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2012, Report on Pilot Study on Cultural & Recreational
Activities-2010, Dhaka March 2012.
4. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, September 2010, Report on the Cost of Production of Jute
Crop 2008-2009, Dhaka, September 2010.
5. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011, Household Income Expenditure Survey 2010, Dhaka.
6. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2010, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2009, Volume -1,
Dhaka June 2010.
7. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2013, National Accounts Statistics, (Provisional estimates of

GDP, 2012-13 and Final estimates of GDP, 2011-12), Dhaka, June 2013.
8. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2010, Report of the Household-based Livestock and Poultry
Survey 2009, Dhaka, September 2010.
9. System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA 1993), UN Publication
10. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2010, Census of Agriculture 2008, National Series, Volume-
1, Dhaka, November 2010.
11. World Bank. (2011). Consolidating and Accelerating Exports in Bangladesh. Dhaka: World
Bank.
12. International Organization for Migration, 2002, A Study on Remittance Inflows and Utilization,
Dhaka, November 2002.
13. Unnayan Onneshan, 2012, Bangladesh Economic Update, Dhaka, October, 2012.
14. Bangladesh Bank, 2011, The Use of Remittances: Future Guideline, Dhaka, June 2011.
15. International Organization for Migration, 2010, The Bangladesh Household Remittance Survey
2000, Dhaka.
77

78
Annex
Annex-I: List of Other Countries Where Migrant Workers are Insignificant
Other Middle East Countries
1. Iran 2. Turkey 3. Cyprus
Other Arab League Countries

1. Lebanon 4. Jordan 7. Sudan 10. Somalia
2. Syrian Arab Republic 5. Egypt 8. Yemen 11. Morocco
3. Algeria 6. Iraq 9. Djibouti 12. Palestine
Other Countries of Europe
1. Greece 7. Albania 13. Finland 19. Ireland 25. AelandIlands
2. Romania 8. Andorra 14. Iceland 20. Luxembourg 26. Latvia
3. Spain 9. Switzerland 15. Monaco 21. Netherlands 27. Guernsey
4. Moldova 10. Armenia 16. San Marino 22. Poland 28. Slovakia
5. Bulgaria 11. Austria 17. Belgium 23. Portugal 29. Slovenia
6. Sweden 12. Denmark 18. Hungary 24.Serbia 30. British Indian Ocean Territory
31. Bouvet Island
Other Countries of Asia
1. Brunei Darussalam 6. Nepal 11. Cambodia 16. Tajikistan
2. Afghanistan 7. China 12. Hong Kong 17. Timor-Leste
3. Pakistan 8. Russian Federation 13. Kyrgyzstan
4. Taiwan Province of china 9. Thailand 14. Mongolia

5. Bhutan 10. Turkmenistan 15. Sri Lanka
Other Countries of Africa
11. Congo Democratic
1. Malawi 6. Lesotho 16. Gabon 21. Togo
Republic of
2. Mauritius 7. Sao Tome and Principe 12. Nigeria 17. Guinea 22. Zimbabwe
3. Liberia 8. Angola 13. Senegal 18. Seychelles
4. Tanzania 9. Mali 14. Burkina 19. Sierra Leone
5. Ghana 10. Central African Republic 15. Cameroon 20. Swaziland
Other Countries of North America

1. American Samoa 6. Virgin Islands British 11. Guatemala 16. Virgin Islands US
2. Aruba 7. Dominica 12. Honduras 17. Northern Mariana Islands
18. United States Minor
3. Barbados 8. Nicaragua 13. Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Outlying Islands
4. El Salvador 9. Anguilla 14. Sint Maarten
5. Haiti 10. Belize 15. Turks and Caicos Islands
Other Countries of South America
1. Guyana 3. Brazil
2. Uruguay 4. Argentina
Other Countries of Australia
1. Papua New Guinea 6. Marshall Islands
2. Christmas Island 7. Samoa
3. Heard Island and Mcdonald Islands 8. Micronesia
4. New Zealand 9. Palau
5. Kiribati 10. Tokelau
79
Annex-II: Questionnaire
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90
Annex-III: Manual
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99
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/+ J K :; K , C ,AW D &1 h $
{ :k > 1 2m f; n
+) { W $ D/ > '$ Y' 1 2m f; n / / :

/ /+ W \ 1 , R&1 - ( 3T D ) AW
&1 h $ {> : 1 : { A W b D T / W - 1 +D/ $ +
W \ $ 0 $ - 1 { T D / 10 1 $ +
W \ $ 0 $
# { :k > ' ' 1 2m f; n

9-o: + 1 L \ : > + \ 1 L / : / /
9 :F+ AB{ / : / $
9 :F+ , +, , R 1 : F + AW 1 1{ : de , W >
AW W $ 0 $ / : / : / $
9-)(: 9 : F + *(m N K { # 1 N K > AW W A : F+ n / 13

/ K :; $
100
1 -' + (+ W) ( 9 -)) $ 9 -)Z)
L & @ (: 1> 0 ) AB > + K AW W , AW W
,$ $
9-)): + : -* / : F + + AB{ m& @ (: 1> 0 )
AB > @ g + K 2 + K 1 H 5 # $ (:; {
5 ) FARID / @ , @ + K /J + K 1 4
#+ $ SHAMMI 1D L O $ n AW W O / { & AW W
# AW W A $ 1 2 @ + 1{ ,$ 1
+ : > A> { $ 0 #D /D + G $
*** + 1{ X AK (' D A K )1 A D 1 -' /
AOG& $ / 3 W1 -' 1 -* / 0 A 8 $
*** + 1{ ,$ m (X )1 A D
1 -' / AO& $
*** + 1{ X & W 1 A D /
$ 0 / D 1 -' / AOG& $ / 3 W1 -' 1 -* /
A 8 $
( : : & > + K AW W , + K J / , & d/ W , 1
d- W , / d/ W J / O (1D L 1> V), / / , @-1 , - V , A ^
AW W # -J , <$ 0 /<$ 0 AW W AW W ,$ $ A > #
$ )
9-)': + K > % :& + K > % & om 1 $ D {> :
1 = + K
2 = J /
3 = d/ W
4 = /
5 = @/
6 = /
7 = AW W #
8 = A
9 = <$
+ W / om % & 1{ % & { 1 m : @
101
9-)*: :
dn^ $ 1
$ $ 2
AW W $ 3
/+ AW W $ V 1 h $ D
9-)b: (8 & D ): / m A O qn8 & ^ AK 1 / l

$ l W Probing 9 $ / 13 1D L O , $
, JK , , )oZ( hV, )oii W / $ RL > l
n / K& R $ $ 0 AW 1 > {0@
$ ) (/ ) D $ 00 / )(( (/ ) D & $ 99
9-)T: 3 ( 1 ): + K $ n W n , 1 1 D ? :;
9 0 ; 1 1 2 U@ A 1 2 3 N K >& & 1 1 2 j
$ -
00 = { / ) 1
01-09 = & ^ 1
10 = / /
12 = /@0/

15 =
16 = ( )
18 = ;
19 = / / /@ w /
88 =
99 = X D
+ { A> > 1 3 1 2 00 1 05
/+ 2, h $ / 1 3 1 2 15 A & %[ ( ) D
$ 0 $ / 1 3 1 2 16 / / @w 1 2 19 +
1 { X D $ 1 2 99
9-)X: K :& K & Tm 1 $ D
K &@ $ 1
K & $ $ 2
K & 1 E $ 3
K & $ 4
K & AW W $ 5
102
9-)Z: $ A : $ A Tm 1 $ D
A $ $ 1
$ $ 2
K / $ 3
# / [ $ 4
/ $ 5
)( 4 : & { 13 + $
1 -* ( ) + 1{ > % & ( 9 -)o $ 9 -*b)
9-)i: + A /m # ( & X ) : m& @ AB >

@ g A /m # ( & X ) g @
1 + & > + $ / / { & AW + $
+ 1{ X AK (' D A K )1 A D 1 -' /
AO& $ / 9 -)) 1 + $ ( 9-)i 1 + $ ) $ z @
( ) AB 9 -)' $ )Z 8 $
9 )o-'b 8 13 1 '/ 9 )'-)Z 8 AB $
9-'T: A : D { 4 #D 1 m& @ AB 1 m
W K& R A 8 & g A @ 8 & + $ 1{ : 1 :
{ T )( { > 1 3 A T + $ # 1 :{ T
'i { 4 > 1 3 A T + $ A> & 4 *( 8 & $ 1 @
) $ K { T 8 13 005 8 $ { () 4 (T $ $
017 8 $
1 -' / AO & 1 @I K { X AK { 41 A D (' D AK )

W1 -' / @ I AB{ 1 -* / AO & 9 'T-*T $ z @ ( ) AB
8 $ :; 9 'T-*T 9A $
9-'X: 1 D 1 ( A ) {> : 1 : { U @ 1 )' D { 4

> )' D * 1 1 V / > 003
9-'Z: 1 1 > : :; L$ 1 1 j & D $

g 1 1 21 l 1 2m :
103
. . .
1 Afghanistan 001 84 Ghana 084 167 Oman 167
2 land Islands 002 85 Gibraltar 085 168 Pakistan 168
3 Albania 003 86 Greece 086 169 Palau 169
4 Algeria 004 87 Greenland 087 170 Palestine, State Of 170
5 American Samoa 005 88 Grenada 088 171 Panama 171
6 Andorra 006 89 Guadeloupe 089 172 Papua New Guinea 172
7 Angola 007 90 Guam 090 173 Paraguay 173
8 Anguilla 008 91 Guatemala 091 174 Peru 174
9 Antarctica 009 92 Guernsey 092 175 Philippines 175
10 Antigua and Barbuda 010 93 Guinea 093 176 Pitcairn 176
11 Argentina 011 94 Guinea-Bissau 094 177 Poland 177
12 Armenia 012 95 Guyana 095 178 Portugal 178
13 Aruba 013 96 Haiti 096 179 Puerto Rico 179
Heard Island and
14 Australia 014 97 097 180 Qatar 180
Mcdonald Islands
Holy See (Vatican
15 Austria 015 98 098 181 Runion 181
City State)
16 Azerbaijan 016 99 Honduras 099 182 Romania 182
17 Bahamas 017 100 Hong Kong 100 183 Russian Federation 183
18 Bahrain 018 101 Hungary 101 184 Rwanda 184
19 Bangladesh 019 102 Iceland 102 185 Saint Barthlemy 185
Saint Helena,
20 Barbados 020 103 India 103 186 Ascension and 186
Tristan Da Cunha
Saint Kitts and
21 Belarus 021 104 Indonesia 104 187 187
Nevis
Iran, Islamic
22 Belgium 022 105 105 188 Saint Lucia 188
Republic Of
Saint Martin
23 Belize 023 106 Iraq 106 189 189
(French Part)
Saint Pierre and
24 Benin 024 107 Ireland 107 190 190
Miquelon
Saint Vincent and
25 Bermuda 025 108 Isle Of Man 108 191 191
The Grenadines
26 Bhutan 026 109 Israel 109 192 Samoa 192
Bolivia, Plurinational
27 027 110 Italy 110 193 San Marino 193
State Of
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius Sao Tome and
28 028 111 Jamaica 111 194 194
and Saba Principe
Bosnia and
29 029 112 Japan 112 195 Saudi Arabia 195
Herzegovina
30 Botswana 030 113 Jersey 113 196 Senegal 196
31 Bouvet Island 031 114 Jordan 114 197 Serbia 197
32 Brazil 032 115 Kazakhstan 115 198 Seychelles 198
British Indian Ocean
33 033 116 Kenya 116 199 Sierra Leone 199
Territory
34 Brunei Darussalam 034 117 Kiribati 117 200 Singapore 200
Sint Maarten (Dutch
35 Bulgaria 035 118 North Korea 118 201 201
Part)
36 Burkina Faso 036 119 South Korea 119 202 Slovakia 202
104
. . .
37 Burundi 037 120 Kuwait 120 203 Slovenia 203
38 Cambodia 038 121 Kyrgyzstan 121 204 Solomon Islands 204
Lao People's
39 Cameroon 039 122 Democratic 122 205 Somalia 205
Republic
40 Canada 040 123 Latvia 123 206 South Africa 206
South Georgia and
41 Cape Verde 041 124 Lebanon 124 207 The South Sandwich 207
Islands
42 Cayman Islands 042 125 Lesotho 125 208 South Sudan 208
Central African
43 043 126 Liberia 126 209 Spain 209
Republic
44 Chad 044 127 Libya 127 210 Sri Lanka 210
45 Chile 045 128 Liechtenstein 128 211 Sudan 211
46 China 046 129 Lithuania 129 212 Suriname 212
Svalbard and Jan
47 Christmas Island 047 130 Luxembourg 130 213 213
Mayen
Cocos (Keeling)
48 048 131 Macao 131 214 Swaziland 214
Islands
Macedonia, The
49 Colombia 049 132 Former Yugoslav 132 215 Sweden 215
Republic Of
50 Comoros 050 133 Madagascar 133 216 Switzerland 216
Syrian Arab
51 Congo 051 134 Malawi 134 217 217
Republic
Congo, The
Taiwan, Province Of
52 Democratic Republic 052 135 Malaysia 135 218 218
China
Of The
53 Cook Islands 053 136 Maldives 136 219 Tajikistan 219
Tanzania, United
54 Costa Rica 054 137 Mali 137 220 220
Republic Of
55 Cte D'ivoire 055 138 Malta 138 221 Thailand 221
56 Croatia 056 139 Marshall Islands 139 222 Timor-Leste 222
57 Cuba 057 140 Martinique 140 223 Togo 223
58 Curaao 058 141 Mauritania 141 224 Tokelau 224
59 Cyprus 059 142 Mauritius 142 225 Tonga 225
Trinidad and
60 Czech Republic 060 143 Mayotte 143 226 226
Tobago
61 Denmark 061 144 Mexico 144 227 Tunisia 227
Micronesia,
62 Djibouti 062 145 Federated States 145 228 Turkey 228
Of
Moldova,
63 Dominica 063 146 146 229 Turkmenistan 229
Republic Of
Turks and Caicos
64 Dominican Republic 064 147 Monaco 147 230 230
Islands
65 Ecuador 065 148 Mongolia 148 231 Tuvalu 231
66 Egypt 066 149 Montenegro 149 232 Uganda 232
67 El Salvador 067 150 Montserrat 150 233 Ukraine 233
United Arab
68 Equatorial Guinea 068 151 Morocco 151 234 234
Emirates
69 Eritrea 069 152 Mozambique 152 235 United Kingdom 235
70 Estonia 070 153 Myanmar 153 236 United States 236
105
. . .
71 Ethiopia 071 154 Namibia 154 237 United States Minor 237
Outlying Islands
72 Falkland Islands 072 155 Nauru 155 238 Uruguay 238
(Malvinas)
73 Faroe Islands 073 156 Nepal 156 239 Uzbekistan 239
74 Fiji 074 157 Netherlands 157 240 Vanuatu 240
Venezuela,
75 Finland 075 158 New Caledonia 158 241 Bolivarian Republic 241
Of
76 France 076 159 New Zealand 159 242 Viet Nam 242
Virgin Islands,
77 French Guiana 077 160 Nicaragua 160 243 243
British
78 French Polynesia 078 161 Niger 161 244 Virgin Islands, U.S. 244
French Southern
79 079 162 Nigeria 162 245 Wallis and Futuna 245
Territories
80 Gabon 080 163 Niue 163 246 Western Sahara 246
81 Gambia 081 164 Norfolk Island 164 247 Yemen 247
Northern Mariana
82 Georgia 082 165 165 248 Zambia 248
Islands
83 Germany 083 166 Norway 166 249 Zimbabwe 249
9-'i: 1 % & :/3 Zm 1 $ D
( 2 1-5 / 1 2 9 dn^ $ : 13 { 1 2 6 $ 13 { )

A :F+ AB{ { 1 ,J ; A> K & >
1 13 0e $ 0 $ / / 13 1 1 2m
{ d J-: 1 $ 0 $ / / 3 2 1 2m
{> : 1 1 , , Spouse $ 1 { 1 :{ R
A> & & V > 1 13 $ 0 $
A :F+ AB{ { 1 AK 3 1 2m
{> : ~ 0 , @ ~ 0 { ~ $ 1 31 22
{ 1 3 3 A > D $ 0 $ / / 13 4 1 2m
{ 3 A V + 1 + > 5 1 2m
{> : V + ~ 0 ,1 1$ L 1 z Part time @
{ <$ 0 ,1 m / @ A> & : & <$ & $ 0 $

/ / 13 6 1 2m
{ : :F+ AW 1 > 1 3 AW W / 1 2 9 {> : < $
106
9-'o: 1 : A :F+ AB{ { 1
1 $ > 1 13 1 2 1 f; n 1 22 f; n
:F { 1 1 R , , L, V 0
$ 0 $
9-*(: { 8 & 3 D 1 O : { { 8 &1 ,

1 J ; $ 1 1L 5 , 1{ : y @ , ,@ t ,
, %:L O, 1 ^ 3 > 1 13 1 2 1
f; n 1 3 > 1 2 2 f; n 9 *( / :; $ 9 *) 1
1 @ 9 *' n
9-*): 3 O : { { 8 &1 ,1 J ; $
1 1t > 1 2 1 /+ 1 1t , @ t ,
, %:L Hardware O ,1 , _ , 1 , em ,1 @
1 h $
{ 8 & ^ 1 3 > 2
{ 8 & %:L Software Programming / 1 3 > 1 23
{ 8 &y @ -/ 3 > 1 24
{ : :F+ 3 AW 1 3 > 1 3 AW W-/ 1 2 9
9-*': % & :1{ 1 1 @1 $ A>

(PR) $ 1 13 1 2 1 f; n
1 2 2 f; n /+ $ A>
(PR) 1 L &K h $ D {> : # 13 , 2 &K A> 2,
A @ 1 13 1 PR K /Citizen h $ D
9-**: { K: > 1 3 1 2 1 /+ K : A5
{ A> & 4 L - 1 , 1 / & $ , / @m
(BMET), (BAIRA)/ m / a/ @ : { h $ D # -A 5
A K { h $ D/ 1 31 22
9-*b: & 1 A D 1 O : ,$ { 1 A 1
13 1 2 1 f; n ,1 A 1 2 2 f; n
9-*T: & 1 > % & : { m 1 A D

# { / $ 1 13 1 2 1
107
{ AN 1 A D # { / $ 1
13 1 2 2
{ 1{ 1 1 1 1 , $ & 1 A D
1 J $ # 1 5 { , / 13 1 2 3
{ V + 1 ^ & 1 A D # { / $
1 24
{ 1 AB > A> AB W >

1 A 1 25
{ 1 1 ^$ { 1 A > 1 26
{ 1 5 / D / $ 1 27
: F+ AW 1 { 1 A > 1 13 1 2 9

1 -b + # O

1 -* / { X AK { 41 A D (' D AK ) W1 -b ( )
1 1 @
)1 La $ # % & ( 9 -*X $ 9 -b'): 1 b/ ( )/ 9-*Z $ 9-b' 1 -
*-/ @ AB 8 $
9-*X: ,$ $ 1 1 La ,$ D : { :; $ Y $ 1 21
f; n { :; $ 1 2 2 f; n
{ 9-*X / :; $ 9 -*Z $ b' 1 1 @
9-*X / :; $ Y $ 9 -*Z $ b' n
9-*Z: L l D 1 % & :1 */ m& @ AB {

/ L l > 1 / :; L l D
1 l m
9-*i: _ L :$ z @ ( ) AB
L$ + m1 La # L # D : F+ n
108
9-*o: 1 A> & ,$ % & :1 A> & 1{ # ,$ 1 2 j +
Tm $ D:
1 = /J /d/ W
2 = /
3 = / V
4 = @/
: : bm % & A> & ,$ 13 1{ % & { 1 m : @ ,{ A> & ,$
: : % & 1 m $ > AW W 1 2 T
9-b(: 1 La _ % & : $ L _ l q ( 9 0 q
1 $ D) :; D$ 1 l 1 2q / 13 & Y0m :; $ & 3 1{
q ()') L l D 1 q 1 2 $ 1 2 9 : F+ 13 m
g 9 0 AW W A
3 N K > & 1 2q j $ -
1 2: 1- & @: , 2- , , 3-2 R , 4- , 5- - , 6- , 7- 0 1 , 9-
AW W (: F+ n )
9-b): 1 $ l D 1 % & :/ 9 / K :; $
{ $
+ , l > 1 13 1 2 1
^K , l > 1 13 1 2 2
<$ \ U , 3
V l > 1 13 1 2 4
- V/ / + @ l > 1 13 1 2 5
A , l > 1 13 1 2 6
K , l > 1 13 1 2 7
:4 ; { l > 1 13 1 2 8
C^ { l > 1 13 1 2 9
: F+ { AW 1 $ l > 1 13 : F+ 1 2 10
/ 1 9 0 AW W A : F+ n
109
<$ \ U , , x ,1 1 ,/ L ,# , %:L , 1 @ , ,
@ 1{ V \ U40 $ 1 q h $ D
, 1 , 1 @ :4 ; { $ h $ D
C^ { tv , %1 @ h $ D
9-b': 1 , | % & : 9-b) / 1{ : F+ $ D1

L & | : F+ $
+) 1 La + AW :4 1> # O ( 9 -b* $ 9 -bb)
9-b*: 1 La + AW 1 # :4 # D 1 O : { :; :; $ Y $
1 2 1 f; n / qn8 & bm 1 2 f; n :; $ 1 2 2 f; n 9-bT/ {
9-bb: 1 La AW W :4 1> + # 1 L L O : { 9-b* / :; $ Y

$ 1{ bm 1 2 9-b* / f; $ D 1 1 2q $ z @ ( ) AB #
L / ^ q :4 $ # 1 L (L )
1 -T ( ) + O (+ ) () $ )( 9 -bT $ 9 -bi)

9-bT: ) (/ ) + + $ D1 O : 9 : F+ +
$ $ 1{ + $ D1 q f; n /3/ K :; $ 1 La 1 La
AW :4 $ $ D- : @ $ + $
9-bX: ) (/ ) C O : 9-bT / 1{ + 1 2 f; $ D1
+ 1 + { : ( La 1 La AW :4 $ ) A> 1{ 1 / m :4
$ A> & + 0 $ > $ z @ ( ) AB g R 1 +
/ g
/3 > & 13 / L , 2 13 / $ AW W 13 / , : F+
$
@ + 1$ L , 1 z @ / + 1 2 14 1 / / : F+ $ : 1 2m W
9-bZ / L + @$
9-bZ: | 1 L + 0C L % & : 9-bT / 1{ + / 1 2 f; $ D
1 + { : ( La 1 La AW :4 $ ) A> 1{ 1 / m :4
$ A> & + 0 $ > $ z @ ( ) AB g R + 1 L
L + 0$ D L
+ | g $ z @ ( ) AB + 1 ^ 1 L + 0 : F+ $
110
9-bi: 1 La $ + 0C L O : 9-bT / 1{ + 1 2 f; $ D1
+ { 1 La $ A> & + 0 $ > + $ L + 0$ D
(%) /
1 -T (+) + + 0 O H (+ , AW W) ( 9 - bo $ 9 -Tb)
9-bo: )' + , + AW W + 0 O : 9 :F+
, 1 $ $ 1{ , 1 $ )' $ D1 q f; n /3
/ K :; $ 1 La 1 La AW :4 $ $ D- : @ $ + $
/+ [R $ {& , U { 1{ H , x ,@ t ,1 ,/ L , @ e
@ , $
A :F+ L # AB{ L # A> AW : 1 { A> & + 0
$ > / + 0C A> & # + 15 1 $ & A> & $ > / 3 1 2 10
f; n
{ + 0C A> & 15 1 & A :F+ L # AB{ L # A> AW

: _ W A> & + 0 $ > 1 @ A> & $ 0 $ / 1 2 18 f;
n
9-T(: 1 L + 0C L O : 9-bo / 1{ , 1 $ / 1 2 f;
$ D1 , 1 $ { : ( La 1 La AW :4 $ ) A>
1{ 1 / m :4 $ A> & + 0 $ > $ z @ ( ) AB 1
1 L L + 0$ D g , 1 $ R L
9-T): 1 La $ + 0C L O : 9-bo / 1{ 1 2 $ D1 ,
1 $ 1 La $ { A> & + 0 $ > $ z @ ( ) AB
L + 0$ D g , 1 $ R L
9-T': )' + : $ D1 O : 9 :F+ : $ $

1{ $ D1 q f; n / 3 / K :; $ 1 La 1 La AW
:4 $ $ D- : @ $ + $
9-T*: 1 L + 0C L O : 9-T' / 1{ : 1 2 f; $ D1
: { : ( La 1 La AW :4 $ ) A> 1{ 1 / m :4 $ A> &
+ 0 $ > $ z @ ( ) AB : 1 L L + 0$ D
g : R L
111
9-Tb: 1 La $ + 0C L O : 9-T'1 1{ : 1 2 $ D1 :
{ 1 La $ A> & + 0 $ > $ z @ ( ) AB
L + 0$ D g : R L
1 -X O :( 9 - TT $ 9 -Ti)
9-TT: + O :+ + K A> AW 1 { ) D 1 +
A> & > 1 2 1 f; n # { 1 + > 1 2 2 f;
n 9-To / {
/ 13 + : :4 ( La 1 La AW :4 ) $ # $
9-TX: + O : 9-TT / :; { $ Y $ + 1 1 + #D
g 1 2m f; n / 13 / K :; $ / 13 + : :4 ( La
1 La AW :4 ) $ # $
/+ Premium bond, Investment bond, Wage earners development bond 1 h $ D
9-TZ: 1 La 1> C L O : 9-TX 1 1{ + 1 2 $ D1

+ W{ 1 La $ A> & + 0 $ > m& @ AB + L )

D / 1 L( { $ ,$ { &O) $ D L
g $ z @ ( ) AB + 1 ^1 L : F+ $
9-Ti: C 1 L L O : 9-TX 1 1{ + 1 2 $ D 1 +
W{ : ( La 1 La AW :4 $ # ) A> 1{ 1 / m# :4
$ A> & $ > $ z @ ( ) AB + L ) D /
1 L $ D L
g $ z @ ( ) AB + 1 ^1 L : F+ $
1 -Z O :( 9 - To $ 9 -X')
9-To: + & O :+ + K A> AW 1 { 1 + A> & >

1 2 1 f; n # { 1 + A> & > 1 2 2 f; n 9 $
9; & n
/ 13 + 1{ 1 :4 ( La 1 La AW :4 ) $ # $
112
9-X(: K % & : 9-To / :; { $ Y $ + 1 1 + $ D
g 1 2m f; n / 13 + 1{ 1 :4 ( La 1 La AW :4 ) $
# $
9-X): 1 La $ C L O : 9-X( 1 1{ + 1 2 f; $ D1
+ { 1 La $ $ > $ z @ ( ) AB + L
) D / 1 L( { $ ,$ { &O) $ D L
g $ z @ ( ) AB + 1 ^ 1 L : F+ $
9-X': C L O : 9-X( 1 1{ + 1 2 $ D1 + W
{ : ( La 1 La AW :4 $ # ) A> 1{ 1 / m # :4 $ A> &
$ > $ z @ ( ) AB + L ) D / 1 L $ D
L
g $ z @ ( ) AB + 1 ^ 1 L : F+ $
**AW W- 13 : F+8 & 1 2
113
Annex IV: Standard Error
Linearized Standard Relative Standard Error 95% Confidence

Division Estimate
Error (RSE) Interval
Barisal 192609.6 14901.18 7.74 163351 221868.2

Chittagong 215707.7 18032.58 8.36 180300.5 251114.9
Dhaka 219739.8 9856.285 4.49 200386.8 239092.7
Khulna 194093.3 11891.22 6.13 170744.7 217441.8
Rajshahi 167700.8 16016.65 9.55 136252 199149.7
Rangpur 182926.3 20023.57 10.95 143609.8 222242.8
Sylhet 189358.7 17330.27 9.15 155330.6 223386.9
Bangladesh 205641.3 7016.686 3.41 191864 219418.7
Survey: Mean estimation

Number of strata = 7 Number of observations = 9961
Number of PSUs = 677 Population size = 1525111
Linearized Standard Relative Standard

Variable Estimate 95% Confidence Interval
Error Error (RSE)

Income from
205641.3 7016.686 191864 219418.7
Remittance 3.41
Total Income 261604.8 8399.272 245112.7 278096.8
3.21
Expenditure
from 166729 7756.608 4.65 152430.4 182891.8
Remittance
Invest from
66035 10668.86 16.16 45085.58 86983.99
Remittance
Cumulative
Invest from 79734 10979.81 13.77 58173.9 101293.4
Remittance
Savings from
27126.1 2029.954 7.48 23140.26 31111.94
Remittance
Cumulative
Savings from 61710.6 5846.158 9.47 50231.61 73189.6
Remittance
114
Annex-V: Persons Involved in Preparation of the Report
List of SUR-2013 Team:

Sl. No. Name Designation
1. Mr. Md. Dilder Hossain, Programme Director Deputy Director
2. Ms. Reshma Jesmin Statistical Officer
3. Ms. Aklima Khatun Statistical Officer
Technical Committee:
Sl. No. Name Designation
1. Mr. Golam Mostafa Kamal, Director General, BBS Chairperson
2. Representative, Finance Division, Ministry of Finance Member
3. Representative, Banking & Financial Institute Division, Ministry of Finance Member
4. Representative, Bangladesh Bank Member
5. Representative, Ministry of Expatriates Welfare & Overseas Employment Member
6. Representative, Ministry of Youth & Sports Member
7. Representative, Ministry of Labour & Employment Member
8. Representative, Rural Development & cooperation Division Member

9. Representative, Bureau of Manpower, Employment & Training Member
10. Chairman, Social Science Department, University of Dhaka Member
11. Dr. Syed Shahadat Hossain, ISRT, University of Dhaka Member
12. Representative, a2i Project, Prime Ministers Office Member
13. Deputy Secretary (Administration), Statistics and Informatics Division (SID) Member
14. Representative, Bangladesh Tourism Board Member
15. Director, National Accounting Wing, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Member
16. Representative, Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation Member
17. Senior Assistant Secretary, Statistics and Informatics Division Member
18. PS to Secretary, Statistics and Informatics Division Member
19. Representative, Bangladesh Overseas Employment & Services Ltd. (BOESL) Member
Representative, Bangladesh Association of International Recruiting Agencies Member
20.
(BAIRA)
Mr. Md. Dilder Hossain, Programme Director Member
21.
Secretary
115
Working Committee
Sl. Designation in
Name & Designation
No. the Committee
Mr. Satya Ranjan Mondal, Deputy Secretary (Ex-Director, National
1 Chairperson
Accounting Wing, BBS), SID
2 Mr. Abul Kalam Azad, Director, National Accounting Wing, BBS Member
3 Mr. Md. Ziauddin Ahmed, Join Director, National Accounting Wing, BBS Member
4 Dr. Dipankar Roy, Deputy Director, National Accounting Wing, BBS Member
5 Mr. Kabir Uddin Ahmed, Deputy Director, Industry & Labour Wing, BBS Member
6 Mr. A.K.M Ashraful Haque, Deputy Director, Industry & Labour Wing, BBS Member
7 Mr. Abdul Khaleque, Deputy Director, National Accounting Wing, BBS Member
8 Ms. Reshma Jesmin, Statistical Officer, FA & MIS, BBS Member
Member
9 Mr. Md. Dilder Hossain, Deputy Director, National Accounting Wing, BBS
Secretary
116

Sur 2013

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Secretary

Statistics and Informatics Division (SID)

Asharh, 1421 Md. Nojibur Rahman

Asharh, 1421 Golam Mostafa Kamal

Asharh, 1421 Md. Dilder Hossain

Detailed Statistical Tables:

Objectives of the Survey

Data Editing and Coding

Data Processing, Tabulation and Dissemination

Female headed households get dominance in case of RRHHs.

RRHHs enjoy comparatively better socio-economic conditions.

Occupation of migrant workers varies from country to country.

Parents, spouse and offspring are the main recipient of remittance.

More than half of the total RRHHs makes saving.

Bank is as the biggest custodian of savings made out of remittances.

Insignificant part of remittance receiving households engaged in investment from remittance.

Summary findings and policy implications

1.1 Remittance from a global perspective

Table 1.1: Top 15 Recipient Countries of Remittance (In Billion US Dollar)

Table 1.2: Modes of Service Exports under GATS

1.2 Remittance in Bangladesh

In addition to macro-level effects, remittance is also a significant contributor to poverty

Besides, remittance has a pro-poor distributional effect, which is significant determinant of

1.3 Background of the Survey

1.4 Objectives of the Survey

to estimate the share of investment, savings, and consumption in total remittances;

2.1 Sample Design

2.1.1 Universe and Study Population

2.1.2 Sampling Technique

2.1.3 Sampling Frame

2.1.4 Detailed Sample Design

Table 2.1: Distribution of Samples by Division for Dominant Villages

Here, Sampling Fraction= n/N= 0.17

N=2320 & n=400

RS (Random Sample); RN + SI; RN + 2SI was independently applied to select the

Selection Procedure of 400 PSUs of IMPS (Integrated Multi-purpose Sample)

Table 2.2: Distribution of Samples by Division for PSUs

Sl. No. Name of Division No. of PSUs No. of Sample PSUs

2.1.5 Sample Size Determination

2.1.6 Selection Procedure of Ultimate Sampling Units (RRHHs)

2.1.7 Weighting Procedure

Wi = (1/P (Yi))*(1/ P (Yij))*6 for village

2.2.1 Questionnaire Design:

Process of Questionnaire Design

Pre-test of the Questionnaire

Findings from the Pre-test

Finalization of the Questionnaire

2.2.2 Data collection

Training of the Supervising Officer and Enumerators

Data Collection and Supervision

2.2.4 Data Processing

ii. Appending and Merging Files

iii. Data Validation

iv. Final Decision on Errors

v. Completion of Data Processing and Generation of Data File

vi. Data Preservation

vii. Software Used

2.2.6 Data Analysis

2.2.7 Data Dissemination

2.3 Scope and Coverage of the Survey

2.4 Limitations of the Survey

Table 3.1: Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Division

Division/RMO Estimated RRHHs Enumerated RRHHs

Wi = (1/P (Yi))(1/ P (Yij))6 for village