200 TOP MECHANICAL Engineering Interview Questions and Answers Mechanical Interview Questions

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PostedonMarch9,2017 byengineer 298

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MECHANICALEngineeringInterview
QuestionsandAnswers:
1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenscavengingandsupercharging
?
2.Whatarethenamesgiventoconstanttemperature,constant
pressure,constantvolume,constantinternalenergy,constant
http://engineeringinterviewquestions.com/mechanicalengineeringinterviewquestionsandanswers/ 1/104
enthalpy,andconstantentropyprocesses.
3.InaRankinecycleifmaximumsteampressureisincreased
keepingsteamtemperatureandcondenserpressuresame,what
willhappentodrynessfractionofsteamafterexpansion?
4.Whyentropychangeforareversibleadiabaticprocessiszero
?
5.Whataretwoessentialconditionsofperfectgas?
6.Enthalpyandentropyarefunctionsofonesingleparameter.
Whichisthat?
7.Whyrateofcondensationishigheronapolishedsurface
comparedtorustysurface?
8.Howmuchresistanceisofferedtoheatflowbydropwise Engineering
condensation?
Questions
9.WhatistherelationshipbetweenCOPofheatingandcooling
EngineeringQuestions
? 4,115likes
10.Howmuchistheworkdoneinisochoricprocess?
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11.Whenmaximumdischargeisobtainedinnozzle?
Bethefirstofyourfriendstolikethis
12.Underwhatconditiontheworkdoneinreciprocating
compressorwillbeleast?
13.Whatisthedifferencebetweenstallingandsurginginrotary
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compressions?
Plus
14.Whytheelectricmotorofafanwithbackwardcurved
Engineering intervie
bladesisnevergotoverloadedunderanycondition?
Follow
15.Whytheworkperkgofairflowinaxialflowcompressoris 560 followers

lesscomparedtocentrifugalcompressorforsamepressure
ratio?
16.Whatisthenamegiventoportionofthermalenergytobe
necessarilyrejectedtoenvironment?
17.Whatispitting?Howitiscaused?
18.Whatiscausticembrittlement?
19.Whichimpuritiesformhardscaleandwhichimpuritiessoft
scale?
20.Whatisthedifferencebetweenhardwaterandsoftwater?
21.Whichtwoelementsinfeedwatercancausecorrosionof
tubesandplatesinboiler?
Ans:Acidandoxygeninfeedwaterleadtocorrosion.
22.Whatshouldbedonetopreventasafetyvalvetosticktoits
seat?
Ans:Safetyvalveshouldbeblownoffperiodicallysothatno
corrosioncantakeplaceonvalveandvalveseat.
23.Whylargeboilersarewatertubetype?
Ans:Watertubeboilersraisesteamfastbecauseoflargeheat
transferareaandpositivewatercirculation.Thustheyrespond
fastertofluctuationsindemand.Furthersingletubefailure
doesnotleadtocatastrophy.
24.Whattypeofboilerdoesnotneedasteamdrum?
Ans:Supercriticalpressureboiler.
25.Whymanholesinvesselsareusuallyellipticalinshape?
Ans:Ellipticalshapehasminimumareaofopeningandthus
plateisweakenedtheleast.Furtheritisveryconvenientto
insertandtakeoutthecoverplatefromellipticalopening.
26.Lowwaterinboilerdrumisunsafebecauseitmayresultin
overheatingofwatertubesinfurnace.Whyitisunsafetohave
highwaterconditioninboilerdrum?
Ans:Highdrumleveldoesnotallowsteamseparationtobe
effectiveandsomewatercanbecarriedoverwithsteamwhich
isnotdesirableforsteamturbine.
27.Whyboilerispurgedeverytimebeforestartingfiringoffuel
?
Ans:Purgingensuresthatanyunburntfuelinfurnaceis
removed,otherwiseitmayleadtoexplosion.
28.Whatistheprincipleofmechanicalrefrigeration?
Axis.Avolatileliquidwillboilundertheproperconditionsand
insodoingwillabsorbheatfromsurroundingobjects.
29.Whyhighlatentheatofvaporisationisdesirableina
refrigerant?
Ans:Ahighlatentheatofvaporisationofrefrigerantresultsin
smallamountofrefrigerantandthuslessercirculationsystemof
refrigerantforsametonnage.
30.Whatisthecriticaltemperatureofarefrigerant?
Ans:Criticaltemperatureisthemaximumtemperatureofa
refrigerantratwhichitcanbecondensedintoliquidandbeyond
thisitremainsgasirrespectiveofpressureapplied.
31.Maximumcombustiontemperatureingasturbinesisofthe
orderof1100to10Cwhereassameisaround00CinI.C.
engine?Why?
Ans:HightemperatureinI.C.enginecanbetoleratedbecauseit
lastsforafractionofsecondbutgasturbineshavetofaceit
continuouslywhichmetalscantwithstand.
32.WhyefficiencyofgasturbinesislowercomparedtoI.C.
engines?
Ans:Ingasturbines,70%oftheoutputofgasturbineis
consumedbycompressor.I.C.engineshavemuchlower
auxiliaryconsumption.FurthercombustiontemperatureofI.C.
enginesismuchhighercomparedtogasturbine.
33.Whatdoyouunderstandbytimedcylinderlubrication?
Ans:Foreffectivelubrication,luboilneedstobeinjected
betweentwopistonringswhenpistonisatbottomofstrokeso
thatpistonridesinoiduringupwardmovement.Thiswaylotof
luboilcanbesavedandusedproperly.
34.WhatisIIUCRinrelationtopetrolengine?
Ans:HUCRishighestusefulcompressionratioatwhichthefuel
canbeusedinaspecifictestengine,underspecifiedoperating
conditions,withoutknocking.
35.Insomeenginesglycerineisusedinplaceofwaterfor
coolingofengine.Why?
Ans:Glycerinehasboilingpointof90Cwhichincreasesitsheat
carryingcapacity.Thusweightofcoolantgetsreducedand
smallerriadiatorcanbeused.
36.Whyconsumptionoflubricatingoilismoreintwostroke
cyclepetrolenginethanfourstrokecyclepetrolengine?
Ans:Intwostrokeengineluboilismixedwithpetrolandthus
someluboilisblownoutthroughtheexhaustvalvesby
scavengingandchargingair.Thereisnosuchwastageinfour
strokepetrolengine.
37.Ascompressionratioincreases,thermalnincreases.Howis
thermalnaffectedbyweakandrichmixturestrength?
Ans:Thermalnishighforweakmixtureanditdecreasesas
mixturestrengthbecomesrich.
38.Howenginedesignneedstobechangedtoburnlean
mixture?
Ans:Enginetoburnleanmixtureuseshighcompressionratio
andthehighlyturbulentmovementofthechargeisproduced
bythegeometryofthecombustionchamber.
39.HorsepowerofI.C.enginescanbeexpressedasRACrating,
SAErating,orDINrating.Towhichcountriesthesestandards
belong?
Ans:U.K.,USAandGermanyrespectively.
40.Whatistheuseofflashchamberinavapourcompression
refrigerationcycletoimprovetheCOPofrefrigerationcycle?
Ans:Whenliquidrefrigerantasobtainedfromcondenseris
throttled,therearesomevapours.Thesevapoursifcarried
throughtheevaporatorwillnotcontributetorefrigerating
effect.Usingaflashchamberatsomeintermediatepressure,the
flashvapouratthispressurecanbebledoffandfedbacktothe
compressionprocess.Thethrottlingprocessisthencarriedout
instages.Similarlycompressionprocessisalsodoneintwo
separatecompressorstages.
41.Whypistonsareusuallydishedattop?
Ans:Pistonsareusuallyhollowedattopto(i)providegreater
spaeforcombustion,(ii)increasesurfaceforfluegasestoact
upon,and(iii)betterdistributionofstresses.
42.Whatisthefunctionofthermostatincoolingsystemofan
engine?
Ans:Thermostatensuresoptimumcoolingbecauseexcessive
coolingdecreasestheoverallefficiency.Itallowscoolingwater
togotoradiatorbeyondapredeterminedtemperature.
43.Whatarethecausesoffailureofboilertubes?
Ans:Boilertubes,usuallyaremadefromcarbonsteelandare
subjectto(a)highratesofheattransfer,(b).bendingstresses
duetounevenheating,especiallyatexpandedorweldedjoints
intoheadersordrums,externalerosionfromburnersand
fluegas,(d)possiblecorrosionontheboilerside,and(e)
occasionalmanufacturingdefects.
Failuremayoccurduetofollowingreasons:
(a)Highthermalratingsmayleadtorapidfailureiftheinternal
fluidflowisreducedforanyreason.Theresultantoverheating
leadstoafailurebycreep,characterisedbythebulgingofthe
tubewiththeeventualdevelopmentofalongitudinalsplit.
(b)Fatiguecrackingduetobendingstressesoccur.Theseare
associatedwithchangeofsectionand/orweldundercut,where
tubesareexpandedorweldedintoheaders.
Failuremayariseduetooverstressingofareducedsectionof
metal.
(d)Suddenfailureoftheboilertubeduetocorrosionarises
fromembrittlementofthecarbonsteelduetointeraction
betweenatomichydrogenfromthecorrosionprocessandthe
ironcarbidepresentinthesteel.
(e)Defectsintubemanufacture,althoughfarfrombeinga
regularoccurrence,canbeacauseofserioustrouble.
Laminationinboilertubesorscoremarksarisingfromthecold
drawingoftubes,giverisetoprematurefailureandmay
promotecorrosionattheseregions.
44.Whatarethecausesoffailureofsuperheatertubes?
Ans:Superheatertubesaresubjectedtothemostsevere
combinationofstress,temperatureandcorrosiveenvironment.
Inadditiontohightemperaturestrength,resistanceto
corrosionisalsoimportant.Forexample,lowalloyferriticsteel
suchas1/%Cr,1%Mowouldnotbeusedatmetal
temperaturesabove580Cbecauseofinadequateresistanceto
corrosionandoxidationoverafullservicelifeof
100,000/150,000hr.
Failuresinsuperheatertubesmayarisefrom:
(a)Priorfabricationhistory(b)Faultyheattreatment
Consequencesofwelding(d)Overheatingofthetubemetal
(e)Gassidecorrosion(f)Stresscorrosion(austeniticsteels).
45.Whysupercriticalboilersuselessamountofsteelcompared
tononsupercriticalboilers?
Ans:Supercriticalboilersdonotheadheavydrumfor
separationofsteamfrommixtureofwaterandsteam.
46.Outofelectricheaterandheatpump,whichiseconomicalin
operation?
Ans:Heatpump.
47.Whichfurnaceburnslowashfusioncoalandretainsmostof
thecoalashintheslag?
Ans:Cyclonefurnace.
48.Howthethicknessofthermalboundarylayerandthickness
ofhydrodynamicboundarylayerrelated?
Ans:Ratiooftheirthickness=(Prandtlnumber)1/3.
49.Whatistheeffectoffrictiononflowofsteamthrougha
nozzle?
Ans:Todecreasebothmassflowrateandwetnessofsteam.
50.Whygasturbinepowerplantneedsefficientcompressor?
Ans:Becausealargeportionofturbineworkiseatenawayby
compressoranditsinefficiencywillaffectnetpoweroutputand
costofgeneration.
51.Whyrocketsusingliquidhydrogenhavehigherspecific
impulsecomparedtoliquidhydrocarbon?
Ans:Liquidhydrogenhashigherburningvelocity.
52.Whyaxialflowcompressorispreferredforgasturbinesfor
aeroplanes?
Ans:Becauseithaslowfrontalarea.
53.Whatistheeffectofintercoolingingasturbines?
Ans:Itdecreasesthermalefficiencybutincreasesnetoutput.
54.WhyisooctaneischosenasreferencefuelforS.I.engines
andallotted100valueforitsoctanenumber?
Ans:Isooctanepermitshighestcompressionwithoutcausing
knocking.
55.WhythermalefficiencyofI.C.enginesismorethanthatof
gasturbineplant?
Ans:InI.C.enginemaximumtemperatureattainedishigher
thaningasturbine.
56.WhicharethereferencefuelsforknockratingofS.I.engines
?
Ans:nheptaneandISOoctane.
57.Wheneffectofvariationsinspecificheatsisconsideredthen
howdomaximumtemperatureandpressurevarycomparedto
airstandardcycle?
Ans:Temperatureincreasesandpressuredecreases.
58.Quantitieslikepressure,temperature,density,viscosity,etc.
areindependentofmass.Whatarethesecalled?
Ans:Intensiveproperties.
59.Theamountofradiationemittedperscmperseciscalled.
?
Ans:Emissivepower.
60.Inconvectionheattransfer,ifheatfluxintensityisdoubled
thentemperature
differencebetweensolidsurfaceandfluidwill?
Ans:Getdoubled.
61.Howyoucandefinecoal?
Ans:Coalisanaturallyoccurringhydrocarbonthatconsistsof
thefossilisedremainsofburiedplantdebristhathave
undergoneprogressivephysicalandchemicalalteration,called
coalification,inthecourseofgeologictime.
62.Whichpollutantismajorgreenhousegasandwhatisits
effect?
Ans:COismajorgreenhousegasandittrapstheradiationof
heatfromthesunwithinearthsatmosphere.
63.InordertoincreaseefficiencyandreduceCOemissionsand
otheremissions,clearcoaltechnologiesarereceivingmajor
attention.Whatarethese?
Ans:(i)Advancedpulverisedandpressurisedpulverisedfuel
combustion.
(ii)Atmosphericfluidisedbedcombustionandpressurised
fluidisedbedcombustion.
(iii)Supercriticalboilers.
(iv)Integratedgasificationcombinedcyclesystems.
(v)Advancedintegratedgasification,includingfuelcellsystems.
(vi)Magnetohydrodynamicelectricitygeneration.
64.Whataretheimportantoperationalperformance
parametersindesignoffuelfiringequipment?
Ans:Fuelflexibility,electricalloadfollowingcapability,
reliability,availability,andmaintenanceease.
65.Whatisthedifferencbetweentotalmoistureandinherent
moistureincoal?
Ans:Themoisturecontentofthebulkassampledisreferredto
astotalmoisture,andthatoftheairdriedsampleiscalled
inherentmoisture.
66.Proximityanalysisofcoalprovidesdataforafirst,general
assessmentofacoalsqualityandtype.Whatelementsitreports
?
Ans:Moisture,volatilematter,ashandfixedcarbon.
67.Ultimateanalysisofcoaliselementaryanalysis.Whatitis
concernedwith?
Ans:Carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,andsulphurincoalona
weightpercentagebasis.
68.ExplainthedifferencebetweenAFBC,BFBC,PFBCand
PCFBinregardtofluidisedbedtechnologies.
Ans:AFBC(Atmosphericfluidisedbedcombustion)process
consistsofformingabedofinertmaterialslikefinelysizedash
orashmixedwithsand,limestone(forsulphurremoval),and
solidfuelparticlesinacombustorandfluidisingitbyforcing
combustionairupthroughthebedmixture.Thegasflows
thorughbedwithoutdisturbingparticlessignificantlybutgas
velocityishighenoughtosupportthetotalweightofbed
(fluidisation).Atslightlyhighervelocityexcessgaspasses
throughthebedasbubbles(fluidisedbed)andgivesthebedthe
appearanceofaboilingliquid.
Bubblingfluidisedbedcombustion(BFBC)hasadefinedheight
ofbedmaterialandoperatesatornearatmosphericpressurein
thefurnace.
Pressurisedfluidisedbedcombustion(PFBC)systemoperates
thebedatelevatedpressure.Exhaustgaseshavesufficient
energytopoweragasturbine,ofcourse,gasesneedtobe
cleaned.
Influidisedcombustion,asashisremovedsomeunburned
carbonisalsoremovedresultinginlowerefficiency.In
circulatingfluidisedbedcombustion(CFBC)system,bedis
operatedathigherpressureleadingtohighheattransfer,higher
combustionefficiency,andbetterfuelfeed.Circulatingfluidised
bedsoperatewithrelativelyhighgasvelocitiesandfineparticle
sizes.Themaintenanceofsteadystateconditionsinafast
fluidisedbedrequiresthecontinuousrecycleofparticles
removedbythegasstream(circulatingbed).Theterm
circulatingbedisoftenusedtoincludefluidisedbedsystems
containingmultipleconventionalbubblingbedsbetweenwhich
bedmaterialisexchanged.
69.WhatforSchmidtplotforisusedinheattransferproblems?
Ans:Schmidtplotisagraphicalmethodfordeterminingthe
temperatureatanypointinabodyataspecifiedtimeduringthe
transientheatingorcoolingperiod.
70.Inwhichreactorthecoolantandmoderatorarethesame?
Ans:Pressurisedwaterreactor.
71.Whichreactorhasnomoderator?
Ans:Fastbreederreactor.
72.Whatarethermalneutrons?
Ans:Thermalneutronsareslowneutrons(havingenergybelow
1eV)whichareinthermalequilibriumwiththeirsurroundings.
73.Whatisbigadvantageoffastbreederreactor?
Ans:Ithasrapidselfbreedingoffissilefuelduringtheoperation
ofthereactor,andthus,itoffersaboutsixtytimestheoutput
withsamenaturaluraniumresourcesthroughordinarynon
breedernuclearreactor.
74.Whatisthepurposeofbiologicalshieldinnuclearplants?
Ans:Biologicalshieldofheavyconcretepreventsexposureto
neutrons,betaraysandgammarayswhichkilllivingthings.
75.Whichtwoelementshavesamepercentageinproximateand
ultimateanalysisofcoal?
Ans:Moistureandash.
76.OnwhichanalysisisbasedtheDulongsformulaforthe
heatingvalueoffuel?
Ans:Onultimateanalysis.
77.Whichelementcausesdifferenceinhigherandlowerheating
valuesoffuel?
Ans:Hydrogen.
78.Whichheatingvalueisindicatedbyacalorimeterandwhy?
Ans:Grossheatingvaluebecausesteamiscondensedandheat
ofvapourformedisrecovered.
79.Statethedifferencebetweenultimateandproximate
analysisofcoal?
Ans:Inultimateanalysis,chemicaldeterminationoffollowing
elementsismadebyweight:Fixedandcombinedcarbon,H,O,
N,S,waterandash.HeatingvalueisduetoC,HandS.
Inproximateanalysisfollowingconstituentsaremechanically
determinedbyweight.Moisture,volatilematter,fixedcarbon
andash.Heatingvalueisduetofixedcarbonandvolatile
matter.
80.Whatisfuelratio?
Ans:Fuelratioistheratioofits%ageoffixedcarbontovolatile
matter.
81.Howtheanalysesandcalorificvaluesoffuelscanbe
reported?
Ans:Itmaybereportedas
(a)asreceivedorfired(wet)basis
(b)dryormoisturefreebasis
combustibleorashandmoisturefreebasis
82.Whatisthedifferencebetweennuclearfissionandfission
chainreaction.
Ans:Theprocessofsplittingofnucleusintotwoalmostequal
fragmentsaccompaniedbyreleaseofheatisnuclearfission.
Selfsustained,continuing,sequenceoffissionreactionsina
controlledmannerisfissionchainreaction.
83.Explaindifferencebetweenfissileandfertilematerials.
Ans:Thematerialswhichcangivenuclearfissione.g.U35,Pu
39,U33arefissilematerials.Fertilematerialitselfisnot
fissionable,butitcanbeconvertedtoafissionablematerialby
irradiationofneutronsinanuclearreactor.
84.Whatdoyouunderstandbyfuelcycleinnuclearplants?
Ans:Fuelcycleaseriesofsequentialstepsinvolvedinsupplying
fueltoanuclearpowerreactor.Thestepsinclude:Mining,
refininguranium,fabricationoffuelelements,theirusein
nuclearreactor,chemicalprocessingtorecoverremaining
fissionablematerial,reenrichmentoffuelfromrecovered
material,refabricationofnewfuelelements,wastestorageetc.
85.Whatisheavywaterandwhatisitsuseinnuclearplants?
Ans:Watercontainingheavyisotopesofhydrogen(Deuterium)
isknownasheavywater.Heavywaterisusedasamoderator.
Heavywaterhaslowcrosssectionforabsorptionofneutrons
thanordinarywater.Heavywaterslowsdownthefastneutrons
andthusmoderatesthechainreaction.
86.Whatisaconverterreactor?
Ans:Areactorplantwhichisdesignedtoproducemorefuel
thanitconsumes.Thebreedingisobtainedbyconvertingfertile
materialtofissilematerial.
87.Explainnuclearreactorinbrief.
Ans:Aplantwhichinitiates,sustains,controlsandmaintains
nuclearfissionchainreactionandprovidesshieldingagainst
radioactiveradiationisnuclearreactor.
88.Whatisthedifferencebetweenconversionandenrichment?
Ans:TheprocessofconvertingthenonfissileU38tofissileU
35isalsocalledConversion.ThemateriallikeU38whichcan
beconvertedtoafissilematerialbytheneutronfluxiscalled
fertilematerial.Theconversionisobtainedwithinthenuclear
reactorduringthechainreaction.
Enrichmentistheprocessbywhichtheproportionoffissile
uraniumisotope(U35)isincreasedabove0.7%(original%in
naturaluranium).
TheconcentrationofU35intheuraniumhexafluorideis
increasedfromthe0.7%innaturaluraniumtoto4%.Thisis
calledenrichmentandisaccomplishedinanenrichmentplant.
89.Disposalofradioactivewastematerialsandspentfuelisa
majorandimportanttechnology.Howthewasteradioactive
materialisdisposedoff?
Ans:Nonusablefissionproductsareradioactiveandtake
short/medium/longtimeforradioactivedecaytoreachsafe
levelofradioactivity.Accordinglythreemethodsofdisposalare
:
(a)Zeroorlowradioactivitymaterialisdispersedorstored
withoutelaborateshielding.
(b)Mediumradioactivitymaterialisstoredforshortduration
ofabout5yearstoallowdecayofradioactivity.
Highradioactivematerial.Theyarestoredinwaterfor
severalmonthstopermitradioactivedecaytoanaccepetable
lowlevel.
90.Whichnuclearreactoruseswaterasacoolant,moderator
andreflector?
Ans:Pressurisedwaterreactor.
91.Whichreactorproducesmorefissionablematerialthanit
consumes?
Ans:Breederreactor.
92.Whichreactorusesnaturaluraniumasfuel?
Ans:Gascooledreacator.
93.Whichreactorusesheavywaterasmoderator?
Ans:CANDU.
94.Whichreactorrequiresnomoderator?
Ans:Breederreactor.
95.Whichreactorusesprimarycoolantasfluoridesaltsof
lithium,beryllium,thoriumanduranium?
Ans:Moltensaltbreederreactor.
96.Whyanincreaseinareaisrequiredtoproduceanincrease
ofvelocityincaseofsupersonicflow?
Ans:Increaseinareaforincreaseinvelocityforsupersonicflow
isrequiredbecausethedensitydecreasesfasterthanvelocity
increasesatsupersonicspeedsandtomaintaincontinuityof
mass,areamustincrease.
97.Underwhatcircumstanceswouldtherebeanincreasein
pressureinadivergentnozzle?
Ans:Forsubsonicflowatinletsectionofadiffuseralower
velocityandhigherpressurewillexistattheexitsection.For
supersonicisentropicflowattheinletsectionahighervelocity
andlowerpressurewillexistattheexitbutifashockwave
occursinthediffuserthenahigherpressurewillexistatthe
exit.
98.Whywatercantbeusedasrefrigerantforsmall
refrigeratingequipment?
Ans:Therefrigerantshouldbesuchthatvapourvolumeislow
sothatpumpingworkwillbelow.Watervapourvolumeis
around4000timescomparedtoRforagivenmass.
99.Whichparameterremainsconstantinathrottlingprocess?
Ans:Enthalpy.
100.Whatisthedifferencebetweenisentropicprocessand
throttlinglprocess?
Ans:Inisentropicprocess,heattransfertakesplaceandin
throttlingprocess,enthalpybeforeandaftertheprocessissame.
MECHANICALInterviewQuestionswith
Answersbook:
1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenisotropicandanisotropic
materials?
Ans:Ifamaterialexhibitssamemechanicalproperties
regardlessofloadingdirection,itisisotropic,e.g.,homogeneous
castmaterials.Materialslackingthispropertyareanisotropic.
2.Whatareorthotropicmaterials?
Ans:Itisaspecialclassofanisotropicmaterialswhichcanbe
describedbygivingtheirpropertiesinthreeperpendicular
directionse.g.woodcomposites.
3.Whatisviewfactor?
Ans:Viewfactorisdependentupongeometryofthetwo
surfacesexchangingradiation.
4.Whatpropertiesneedtobeconsideredforapplicationscalling
forfollowingrequirements:
(i)rigidity
(ii)strengthfornoplasticdeformationunderstaticload
(iii)strengthtowithstandoverloadwithoutfracture.
(iv)wearresistance
(v)reliabilityandsafety.
Ans:(i)RigidityElasticmodulusandyieldstrength
(ii)Strength(fornoplasticdeformationunderstaticloading)
yieldpoint
(iii)Strength(overload)Toughnessandimpactresistance
(iv)WearresistanceHardness
(v)ReliabilityandsafetyEndurancelimitandyieldpoint.
5.Explaintheeffectsofalloyingchromiumandnickelin
stainlesssteel.
Ans:Additionofnickelandchromiumincreasesthetensile
strengthandincreaseinresistancetocorrosiontakesplace.
6.Mentiontwotypesofdislocations.
Ans:Dislocationreferstoabreakinthecontinuityofthelattice.
Inedgedislocation,oneplaneofatomsgetssqueezedout.In
screwdislocationthelatticeatomsmovefomtheirregularideal
positions.
7.Whataretheprincipalconstituentsofbrass?
Ans:Principalconstituentsofbrassarecopperandzinc.
8.WhatisCuriepoint?
Ans:Curiepointisthetemperatureatwhichferromagnetic
materialscannolongerbemagnetisedbyoutsideforces.
9.Specificstrengthofmaterialsisveryhighwhentheyarein
fibresizebutlowerwhentheyareinbarformWhy?
Ans:Crystalstructurehasordered,repeatingarrangementof
atoms.Fibresareliabletomaintainthisandthushavehigh
specificstrength.Assizeincreases,theconditionoforderedand
repeatingarrangementscantbeguaranteedbecauseofseveral
typesofdefectsanddislocationsandthusthespecificstrength
getslower.
10.Whatisthepercentageofcarbonincastiron?
Ans:2.5%.
11.Whichelementisaddedinsteeltoincreaseresistanceto
corrosion?
Ans:Chromium.
12.Whetherindividualcomponentsincompositematerials
retaintheircharacteristicsornot?
Ans:yes.
13.Anelastomerisapolymerwhenitspercentageelongation
rateis?
Ans:Greaterthan100%.
14.Ifpercentageelongationofamaterialismorethan200%,it
isclassedas?
Ans:Rubber.
15.Whyisitthatthemaximumvaluewhichtheresidualstress
canreachistheelasticlimitofthematerial?
Ans:Astressinexcessofelasticlimit,withnoexternalforceto
opposeit,willrelieveitselfbyplasticdeformationuntilit
reachesthevalueoftheyieldstress.
16.Whyfatiguestrengthdecreasesassizeofapartincreases
beyondaround10mm?
Ans:Perfectionofmaterialconditionsispossibleatlowersizes
andassizeincreases,itisnotpossibletoattainuniform
structureofthematerial.
17.Distinguishbetweencreepandfatigue.
Ans:Creepislowandprogressivedeformationofamaterial
withtimeunderaconstantstressathightemperature
applications.Fatigueisthereducedtendencyofmaterialtooffer
resistancetoappliedstressunderrepeatedorfluctuating
loadingcondition.
18.Whilenormalcarburisingandnitridingsurfacetreatments
increasefatiguestrength,excessivetreatmentmaydecreasethe
fatiguestrength.Why?
.Ans:Normalcarburising/nitridingtreatmentsincreasevolume
duetophasetransformationatSurfaceandintroduceresidual
compressivesurfacestressandthusincreasethefatigue
strength.Byexcessivetreatmentthehighcompressivestresses
areintroducedbutthesearebalancedbyhighinternaltensile
stressesofequalvalueandthesubsurfacefatiguecracksmay
developintheregionsofhightensilestressandleadtoearly
fatiguefailure.
19.Listatleasttwofactorsthatpromotetransitionfromductile
tobrittlefracture.
Ans:Mannerofloading,andtherateofloadingpromote
transitionfromductiletobrittlefracture.Amachinemember
mayhaveductilefailureunderstaticloadingbutmayfailin
brittlefashionwhentheloadisfluctuating.Similarlyamaterial
mayevidenceductilefailureundertensileloadingatordinary
testingspeedbutifloadisappliedatahighvelocitythenfailure
maybebrittle.
20.Whichtheoriesoffailureareusedfor(a)ductilematerials,
and(B)brittlematerials?
Ans:Forductilematerials,theoriesoffailureusedare
maximumshearstresstheory,andmaximumenergyof
distortiontheorywhileforbrittlematerials,theoryof
maximumprincipalstress,andmaximumstrainareused.
21.Whatdoesthermaldiffusivityofmetalssignify.
Ans:Thermaldiffusivityisassociatedwiththespeedof
propagationofheatintosolidsduringchangesintemperature
withtime.
22.Forconductionofheat,theinstantaneousrateofheatflowis
productofthreefactors.Whatarethese?
Ans:(i)Areaofthesectionoftheheatflowpath,perpendicular
tothedirectionofheatflow.
(ii)temperaturegradient,i.e.changeoftemperaturew.r.t.
lengthofpath.
(ii)Thermalconductivityofmaterial.
23.Howconvectiveheattransferiseffectedandonwhatfactors
itdepends?
Ans:Convectiveheattransferiseffectedbetweenasolidand
fluidbyacombinationofmolecularconductionwithinthefluid
incombinationwithenergytransportresultingfromthemotion
offluidparticles.Itdependsonboundarylayerconfiguration,
fluidpropertiesandtemperaturedifference.
24.Whichisthecommonelementbetweenbrassandbronze?
Ans:Copper.
25.WhatdoesfollowingalloydesignationindicateFG250?
Ans:Greycastironwithtensilestrengthof250MPa.
26.Howisceramicdefined?
Ans:Itisasolidformedbycombinationofmetallicandnon
metallicelements.
27.GiveoneexampleofmetalclassifiedasperstructureasBCC,
FCC,HCPandCCP.
Ans:BCC(bodycentredcubic)structureMolybdenum
FCC(facecentredcubic)structureAluminium
HCP(hexagonalclosedpacked)structureZinc
CCP(cubicdosedpacked)structureCopper.
28.Whatisthenameofsolidsolutionofcarboninalphairon
anddeltairon?
Ans:Ferriteandausteniterespectively.
29.Explainthedifferencebetweenpearliteandcementile?
Ans:Pearliteiseutectoidmixtureofferriteandcementile.
Cementiteischemicalcompoundofironandcarbon.
30.Giveoneexampleeachofthefollowingproportionof
materialsdimensional,physical,technologicalandmechanical.
Ans:Roughness,enthalpy,toughness,andhardness
respectively.
31.ForwhichpartstheWahlfactorandLewisformfactorused
?
Ans:Forspringsandgearsrespectively.
32.Howoxygencanberemovedfromsteelduringmelting?
Whatarefullykilledsteels?
Ans:Oxygencanberemovedbyaddingelementssuchas
manganese,siliconoraluminiumwhich,becauseoftheirhigh
affinityforoxygen,reactwithittoformnonmetallicoxides
whichriseintotheslag.Steelswhichhavehadmostoftheir
dissolvedoxygenremovedarecalledfullykilledsteels.
33.Hydrogencannotberemovedeasilyfrommoltensteel.What
harmhydrogenhasonpropertyofsteel?
Ans:Execessivehydrogenresultsintheformationofsmall
fissuresoftendescribedashairlinecracksorflakesinthesteel.
Largeforgingsinalloysteelareparticularlysensitivetothis
phenomenon.
34.Whatisallotrope?Inwhatformsofcubicpattern,iron
exists?
Ans:Someelementsexistinmorethanonecrystallineform.
Eachformisknownasallotrope.Ironexistsintwoformsof
cubicpattern,namelybodycenteredcubic(bcc)andface
centeredcubic(fee).
35.Whatisthedifferencebetweenalphairon,deltaironand
gammairon?
Ans:Thebccformofironexistsbetweenroomtemperatureand
910C,andbetween1400Candthemeltingpointat1539C.
Thelowertemperatureformisknownasalphaironandthe
highertemperatureformasdeltairon.Thefacecentered
cubicformexistingbetween910Cand1400Cisreferredtoas
gammairon.
36.Metals,ingeneralareoflowstrengthanddonotpossess
requiredphysiochemicalandtechnologicalpropertiesfora
definitepurpose.Alloysarethereforemorethanmetalsalone.
Discussthearrangementofatomsandstructuresofalloys.
Ans:Alloysareproducedbymeltingorsinteringtwooremore
metals,ormetalsandanonmetal,together.Alloyspossess
typicalpropertiesinherentinthemetallicstate.Thechemical
elementsthatmakeupanalloyarecalleditscomponents.An
alloycanconsistoftwoormorecomponents.Thephaseand
structuresofalloysdescribetheconstitution,transformations
andpropertiesofmetalsandalloys.Acombinationofphasesin
astateofequilibriumiscalledasystem.Aphaseisa
homogeneousportionofasystemhavingthesamecomposition
andthesamestateofaggregationthroughoutitsvolume,and
separatedfromtheotherportionsofthesystembyinterfaces.
Forinstance,ahomogeneouspuremetaloralloyisasingle
phasesystem.Astateinwhichaliquidalloy(ormetal)coexists
withitscrystalsisatwophasesystem.Structurereferstothe
shape,sizeorthemutualarrangementofthecorresponding
phasesinmetalsoralloys.Thestructuralcomponentsofan
alloyareitsindividualportions,eachhavingasinglestructure
withitscharacteristicfeatures.
37.Whatisthedifferencebetweenisotropicmaterialand
homogeneousmaterial?
Ans:Inhomogeneousmaterialthecompositionissame
throughoutandinisotropicmaterialtheelasticconstantsare
sameinalldirections.
38.Explainthedifferencebetweenthepointsofinflexionand
contraflexure.
Ans:Atpointsofinflexioninaloadedbeamthebending
momentiszeroandatpointsofcontraflexureinloadedbeam
thebendingmomentchangessignfromincreasingto
decreasing.
39.Whatisthedifferencebetweenproofresilienceandmodulus
ofresilience?
Ans:Proofresilienceisthemaximumstrainenergythatcanbe
storedinamaterialwithoutpermanentdeformation.Modulus
ofresilienceisthemaximumstrainenergystoredinamaterial
perunitvolume.
40.Whatisthedifferencebetweencolumnandstrut?
Ans:Bothcolumnandstrutcarrycompressiveload.Columnis
alwaysverticalbutstrutasmemberofstructurecouldcarry
axialcompressiveloadinanydirection.
41.Explainthedifferencebetweenferrite,austeniteand
graphite?
Ans:Ferriteisthesolidsolutionofcarbonandother
constituentsinalphairon.Itissoft,ductileandrelativelyweak.
Austeniteisthesolidsolutionofcarbonandotherconstituents
ingammairon.Itexistsinordinarysteelsatelevated
temperatures,butitisalsofoundatordinarytemperaturesin
somestainlesssteels.
Graphitehasahexagonallayerlattice.
42.Explainthetermssolidsolution,eutectic,eutectoidand
peritectic.
Ans:SolidSolution.Whenahomogeneousmixtureoftwo(or
more)atomicformsexistsinsolidstate,itisknownassolid
solution.
Eutectic.Amixtureoftwo(ormore)phaseswhichsolidify
simultaneouslyfromtheliquidalloyiscalledaneutectic.
Alloysinwhichthecomponentssolidifysimultaneouslyata
constanttemperaturethelowestforthegivensystem,are
calledeutecticalloys.
Eutectoid.Eutectoidalloysarethealloysforwhichtwosolid
phaseswhicharecompletelysolublebecomecompletely
insolubleoncoolingbeforeacertaintemperaturecalled
eutectoidtemperature.
Peritectic.Aperitectictransformationinvolvesareaction
betweenasolidandliquidthatformadifferentandnewsolid
phase.Thisthreephasetransformationoccursatapointcalled
peritecticpoint.
43.Whatdoyouunderstandbycriticalpointsiniron,iron
carbidediagram?
Ans:Thetemperaturesatwhichthephasechangesoccurare
calledcriticalpoints(ortemperatures).
45.WhyPERTispreferredoverCPMforevaluationofproject?
Ans:PERTisbasedontheapproachofmultipletimeestimates
foreachactivity.
46.Whatisthepercentageofchromiumin18:4:1IISS?
Ans:4%.
47.Whatisstellite?
Ans:Itisanonferrouscastalloycontainingcobalt,chromium
andtungsten.
48.Whichraysareproducedbycobalt60inindustrial
radiography?
Ans:Gammarays.
49.Whatarekilledsteelsandwhatfortheseareused?
Ans:Killedsteelsaredeoxidisedintheladlewithsiliconand
aluminium.Onsolidificationnogasevolutionoccursinthese
steelsbecausetheyarefreefromoxygen.
50.Whatiscriticaltemperatureinmetals?
Ans:Itisthetemperatureatwhichthephasechangeoccursin
metals.
MECHANICALEngineeringInterviewQuestionsand
Answerspdfforfreshers:
51.Cartyresareusuallymadeof?
Ans:Styrenebutadinerubber.
52.Whatisthestructureofpureironandwhetheritissoftor
hard?
Ans:Ferriteanditissoft.
53.Whichelementsincreasethecorrosionresistanceofsteel?
Ans:Chromiumandnickel.
54.Whatcauseshardnessinsteel?Howheattreatmentalters
propertiesofsteel?
Ans:Theshapeanddistributionofthecarbidesintheiron
determinesthehardnessofthesteel.Carbidescanbedissolved
inausteniteisthebasisoftheheattreatmentofsteel.Ifsteelis
heatedabovetheAcriticaltemperaturetodissolveallthe
carbides,andthencooled,suitablecoolingthroughthecooling
rangewillproducethedesiredsizeanddistributionofcarbides
intheferrite,impartingdifferentproperties.
55.Explaintheformationofmicrostructuresofpearlite,bainite
andmartensiteinsteel.
Ans:Ifaustenitecontainingabout0.80percentcarbonisslowly
cooledthroughthecriticaltemperature,ferriteandcementite
arerejectedsimultaneously,formingalternateplatesor
lamellae.Thismicrostructureiscalledpearlite.Attemperatures
justbelottheA1,thetransformationfromaustenite.topearlite
maytakeanappreciabletimetoinitiateandcomplete,butthe
productwillbelamellerpearlite.Asthetransformation
temperatureislowered,thetimetoinitiatetransformation
shortensbuttheproductispearliteofincreasingfineness,and
attemperaturesapproaching550Citcannotberesolvedinto
itslamellarconstituents.Furtherdeereaseintransformation
temperaturecausesalengtheningofthencubationperiodanda
changeinstructureoftheproducttoaformknownasbainite.
Ifthetemperatureisloweredsufficiently,thediffusion
controllednucleationandgrowthmodesoftransformationare
suppressedcompletelyandtheaustenitetransformsbya
diffusionlessprocessinwhichthecrystallatticeeffectively
shearstoanewcrystallographicconfigurationknownas
martensite.Thisphasehasatetragonalcrystalstructureand
containscarboninsupersaturatedsolidsolution.
56.Howwithalloyingofsteelitispossibletoaachieve
propertieswhichcannotbeachievedwithheattreatment?
Ans:Aprerequisitetothehardeningofsteelsisthatmartensite
shouldbeformedoncooling,butthiscanonlybeachievedifthe
rateofcoolingisgreatenoughtosuppresstheformationof
pearliteorbainiteandinplaincarbonsteelsthiscanbe
achievedbyquenchingrelativelysmallspecimens
57.Whatarethemajoreffectsofalloyingelements?
Ans:(1)Toalterthetransformationtemperaturesandtimes
(2)Tomodifytheroomtemperatureandelevatedtemperature
strengthsofgivenstructuresby(a)stiffeningthecrystalsand
(B)introducingcomplexprecipitateswhichtendtohardenthe
steel.
(3)Tomodifythetypeofoxidefilmformedonthesurfaceofthe
steelandtherebyaffectitscorrosionresistance.
58.Whatisthedifferencebetweenaustenitestabilisersand
ferritestabilisers?
Ans:Austenitestabilisershavetheeffectofextendingthe
temperaturerangeoverwhichausteniteisformed.Such
elementsarecarbon,manganese,nickel,copperandcobalt.
Ferritestabilisershavetheeffectofextendingthetemperature
rangeoverwhichalphaanddeltaferriteareformed,which
consequentlyreducestemperaturerangeoverwhichausteniteis
formed.Suchelementsaresilicon,chromium,molybdenum,
tungsten,titaniumandniobium.
59.Whataretheeffectsofcarbononthepropertiesofsteel.
Ans:Ingeneral,anincreaseincarboncontentproduceshigher
ultimatestrengthandhardnessbutlowersductilityand
toughnessofsteelalloys.Carbonalsoincreasesairhardening
tendenciesandweldhardness,especiallyinthepresenceof
chromium.Inlowalloysteelforhightemperatureapplications,
thecarboncontentisusuallyrestrictedtoamaximumofabout
0.15%inordertoassureoptimumductilityforwelding,
expanding,andbendingoperations.Tominimizeintergranular
corrosioncausedbycarbideprecipitation,thecarboncontent
ofaustenitic(188type)alloysislimitedincommercial
specificationstoamaximumof0.08%,orevenless,i.e.0.03%
intheextremelylowcarbongradesusedincertaincorrosion
resistantapplications.
Inplaincarbonsteelsinthenormalisedcondition,the
resistancetocreepattemperaturesbelow440Cappearsto
increasewithcarboncontentupto0.4%carbon,athigher
temperaturesthereis
butlittlevariationofcreeppropertieswithcarboncontent.
Anincreaseincarboncontentlessensthethermalandelectrical
conductivitiesofsteelandincreasesitshardnessonquenching.
60.Whatistheroleofsiliconasalloyingelementinsteels?
Ans:Siliconcontributesgreatlytotheproductionofsoundsteel
becauseofitsdeoxidizinganddegasifyingproperties.When
addedinamountsupto2.5%,theultimatestrengthofthesteel
isincreasedwithoutlossinductility.Siliconinexcessof2.5%
causesbrittleness,andamountshigherthan5%makethesteel
nonmalleable.
Resistancetooxidationandsurfacestabilityofsteelare
increasedbytheadditionofsilicon.Thesedesirableeffects
partiallycompensateforthetendencyofsilicontolowerthe
creeppropertiesofsteel.Siliconincreasestheelectrical
resistivityofsteelanddecreaseshysteresislosses.
61.Discusstheroleofmanganeseinalloyingsteels.
Ans:Manganeseisanexcellentdeoxidizerandsulfur
neutralizer,andimprovesthemechanicalpropertiesofsteel,
notablytheratioofyieldstrengthtotensilestrengthatnormal
temperatures.Asanalloyingelement,manganeseservesasan
inexpensivemeansofpreventinghotshortness.Itimproves
rollingproperties,hardenability,andresistancetowear.
Howevermanganeseincreasesthecracksensitivityof
weldments,particularlywithsteelsofhighercarboncontent.
62.Definebucklingfactor.
Ans:Itistheratiooftheequivalentlengthofcolumntothe
minimumradiusofgyration.
63.Whatdoyouunderstandbycatenarycable?
Ans:Acableattachedtothesupportsandcarryingitsown
weight.
64.Whatiscoaxing?
Ans:Itistheprocessofimprovingfatiguepropertiesbyfirst
understressingandthenincreasingthestressinsmall
increments.
65.Whatisdifferencebetweenconjugatebeamandcontinuous
beam?
Ans:Aconjugatebeamisanimaginarybeamofsamesizeas
originalbeamandcarryingadistributedloadinaccordance
withthebendingmomentdiagram.
Acontinuousbeamisonewhichisrestingonmorethantwo
supports.
66.Whatisisotropicmaterial?
Ans:Itisamaterialhavingsameelasticconstantsinall
directions.
67.Explaindifferencebetweenmodulusofresilienceand
modulusofrigidity?
Ans:Modulusofresilienceisthemaximumstrainenergystored
inamaterialperunitvolumeandmodulusofrigidityistheratio
ofshearingstresstotheshearingstrainwithintheelasticlimit.
68.Whatisthedifferencebetweenbasicholeandbasicshaft?
Ans:Abasicholeisonewhoselowerdeviationiszeroandin
caseofbasicshafttheupperdeviationiszero.
69.Whatforpyranometerisused?
Ans:Itisusedtomeasurethetotalhemisphericalsolar
radiation.
70.Describetransfermachinesinbrief.
Ans:Itisanautomaticmachineinwhichworkpiecealongwith
fixtureistransferredfromonestationtootherautomatically
andseveraloperationonworkpieceareperformedateach
station.
71.Whatisburntoutpoint?
Ans:Itcorrespondstomaximumheatfluxatwhichtransition
occursfromnucleateboilingtofilmboiling.
72.Whatdoyouunderstandbyeutectic?
Ans:Itismechanicalmixtureoftwoormorephaseswhich
solidifysimultaneouslyfromtheliquidalloy.
72.Explainthedifferencebetweengreyironandwhiteiron.
Whatismottlediron?
Ans:Thecarbonincastironcouldexistatroomtemperatureas
eitherironcarbide,orasgraphitewhichisthemorestableform.
Ironscontainingcarbonasgraphitearesoft,easilymachinable
andarecalledgreyirons.Ironswithcarbonpresentasiron
carbideareextremelyhard,difficulttomachineandarecalled
whiteirons.Ironswithfairlyequalproportionsofgraphite
andironcarbidehaveintermediatehardnessandarecalled
mottledirons.
73.Thegraphiteingreyironsexistsintheformofflakeswhich
actasstressraisersundertensileloadingandconsequentlygrey
ironshaverelativelylowtensilestrengthandductility.Stillgrey
ironisextensivelyusedinengineering.Why?
Ans:Greyironisextensivelyusedinengineeringbecauseof
followingcharacteristics.
(a)Cheapness.
(B)Lowmeltingpointandhighfluiditymakingitsuitablefor
castingsofintricateshape.
Relativelygooderosionandcorrosionresistance.
(d)Highdampingcapacity,withrespecttovibration.
(e)Relativelygoodmechanicalpropertiesundercompressive
loading.
74.Underwhatconditionaconvergentdivergentnozzle
required?
Ans:Whenpressureratioisgreaterthancriticalpressureratio.
75.Whatisendurancelimitandwhatisitsvalueforsteel?
Ans:Endurancelimitisthemaximumleveloffluctuatingstress
whichcanbetoleratedindefinitely.Inmoststeelsthisstressis
approximately50%oftheultimatetensilestrengthanditis
definedasthestresswhichcanbeenduredfortenmillion
reversalsofstress.
76.Howthenetworktodriveacompressoranditsvolumetric
efficiencybehavewithincreaseinclearancevolume?
Ans:Workremainsunalteredandvolumetricefficiency
decreases.
77.Whatdoyouunderstandbysulphurprint?
Ans:Sulphides,whenattachedwithdiluteacid,evolvehydrogen
sulphidegaswhichstainsbromidepaperandthereforecanbe
readilydetectedinordinarysteelsandcastirons.Whilesulphur
isnotalwaysasharmfulasissometimessupposed,asulphur
printisareadyguidetothedistributionofsegregated
impuritiesingeneral.
78.Whatisthedifferentbetweenbrassandbronze?
Ans:Brassisanalloyofcopperwithzincandbronzeisalloyof
copperwithtin.
79.Whatistheeffectofadditionofzincincopper?Whatisthe
useof70/30brass?
Ans:Byadditionofzincincopper,bothtensilestrengthand
elongationincreases.The70/30brasshasexcellentdeep
drawingpropertyandisusedformakingradiatorfins.
80,Whatforadmiralitybrassused?
Ans:Admiralitybrasswith29%zincand1%tinhasgood
corrosionresistanceandisusedforcondenserandfeedheater
tubes.Aluminiumisalsoaddedtobrasstoimprovecorrosion
resistance.
81.Whatisthemaximumuseofmagnesium?
Ans:Magnesiumisusedtoalloywithaluminiumandasan
additiveformakingSG(SpheroidalGraphite)iron.
82.Whatforzincfindsapplications?
Ans:Galvanizingconsumesthelargestproportionofzinc.Zinc
isresistanttocorrosionbutisattackedbyacidsandalkalies.
Zincalloy.saresuitedformakingdiecastingsincethemelting
pointisreasonablylow.
83.Whichfactorsinfluencethetypeoffractureinfailureofa
material?
Ans:Sevenfactorsinfluencingtypeoffailureare:
(i)Typeofmaterial(inherentstructureproperties),
(ii)Mannerofloading(Staticversusdynamic),
(iii)Rangeofimposedstress,
(iv)Strainrate(static,dynamic,impact),
(v)Stressdistribution(discontinuityinmaterial/shape),
(vi)temperature,and
(vii)surfacetreatment.
84.Whatisthenamegiventoratioofactualcycleefficiencyand
idealcycleefficiency.
Ans:Efficiencyratio.
85.Listtwoeffectsofmanganeseinplaincarbonsteels.,
Ans:Manganeseincreasestensilestrengthandhardness.It
decreasesweldability.
86.Namethestrongestandweakesttypeofatomicbonds.
Ans:Metallicbondisstrongestandmolecularbondalsoknown
asVanderWaalsbondisweakest.
87.Inwhichprocessinternalenergyremainsconstant?
Ans:Isothermalprocess.
88.Whatistemperembrittlementinalloysteelsandwhatare
itseffects?
Ans:Embrittlementattackisusuallyintergranularinmetals,i.e.
cracksprogressbetweenthegrainsofthepolycrystalline
material.Itimpartsatendencytofailunderastaticloadaftera
givenperiodoftimeinthosealloysteelswhicharesusceptible
toembrittlement.
89.Whatarewhiskers?
Ans:Whiskersareverysmallcrystalswhicharevirtuallyfree
fromimperfectionsanddislocations.
90.WhatisBauschingereffect?
Ans:AccordingtoBauschinger,thelimitofproportionalityof
materialdoesnotremainconstantbutvariesaccordingtothe
directionofstressundercyclicstresses.
91.Whatisthedifferencebetweenheatcapacityandspecific
heatofamaterial?
Ans:Theheatcapacityofamaterialistheamountofheat
transformedtoraiseunitmassofamaterial1degreein
temperature.
Thespecificheatofamaterialistheratiooftheamountofheat
transferredtoraiseunitmassofamaterial1degreein
temperaturetothatrequiredtoraiseunitmassofwater1degree
oftemperatureatsomespecifiedtemperature.
Formostengineeringpurposes,heatcapacitiesmaybeassumed
numericallyequaltospecificheats.
92.Explaintheruletofindspecificheatofaqueoussolutions.
Ans:Foraqueoussolutionsofsalts,thespecificheatcanbe
estimatedbyassumingthespecificheatofthesolutionequalto
thatofthewateralone.Thus,fora15%byweightsolutionof
sodiumchlorideinwater,thespecificheatwouldbe
approximately0.85.
93.Whatdoyouunderstandbylatentheat?Givefourexamples
oflatentheats.
Ans:Forpuresubstances,theheateffectsaccompanying
changesinstateatconstantpressure(notemperaturechange
beingevident)areknownaslatentheats.Examplesoflatent
heatsare:heatoffusion,vaporisation,sublimation,andchange
incrystalform.
94.Definethetermsfreeenergyandfreeenthalpy.Whatistheir
significanceandimportance?
Ans:Freeenergy(orHelmholtzfunction)isdefinedas/=uTs.
Itisequaltotheworkduringaconstantvolumeisothermal
reversiblenonflowprocess.
Freeenthalpy(orGibbsfunction)isdefinedasg=hTs
(whereu=internalenergy,h=enthalpy,T=temperature,s=
entropy)
Gibbsfunctionisofparticularimportanceinprocesseswhere
chemicalchangesoccur.Forreversibleisothermalsteadyflow
processesorforreversibleconstantpressureisothermal
nonflowprocesses,changeinfreeenergyisequaltonetwork.
95.Whichparameterremainsconstantinisochoricprocess?
Ans:Volume.
96.Whatispolytropicprocess?Underwhatconditionsit
approachesisobaric,isothermal,andisometricprocess?In
whichreversibleprocessnoworkisdone?
Ans:Apolytropicprocessisonethatfollowstheequationpun=
constant(indexnmayhavevaluesfromocto+oo.This
processapproachesisobaricwhenn=0,isothermalwhenn=1,
andisometricwhenn=<x>.Noworkisdoneinisometric
process.
97.Whethersuperheatedsteamcanbetreatedlikeidealgas?
Ans:Yes.
98.OutofconstantpressureandconstantvolumelinesonTS
diagramwhichlinehashigherslope?Andwhetherslopeis
constantorvariable?
Ans:Constantvolumeline.Slopeisvariable.
99.Whetherentropyisintensivepropertyorextensiveproperty
?
Ans:Entropyisextensiveproperty.
100.Inwhichprocessfluidexpandsbutdoesnowork?
Ans:Throttlingprocess.
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