CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL

Concrete is a composite construction material composed primarily of

aggregate, cement and water. Generally Concrete is strong in compression and
weak in tension. The aggregate is generally coarse gravel or crushed rocks such as
limestone, or granite, along with a fine aggregate such as sand. The cement,
commonly Portland cement, and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and
slag cement, serve as a binder for the aggregate. Various chemical admixtures are
also added to achieve varied properties. Water is then mixed with this dry
composite which enables it to be shaped (typically poured) and then solidified and
hardened into rock-hard strength through a chemical process known as hydration.
The water reacts with the cement which bonds the other components together,
eventually creating a robust stone-like material. Concrete is usually reinforced
with materials that are strong in tension (often steel). Concrete can be damaged by
many processes, such as the freezing of trapped water.

Concrete is acknowledged to be a relatively brittle material when subjected

to normal stresses and impact loads, where tensile strength is only approximately
one tenth of its compressive strength. As a result for these characteristics,
concrete member could not support such loads and stresses that usually take
place, majority on concrete beams and slabs.

Historically, concrete member reinforced with continuous reinforcing bars

to withstand tensile stresses and compensate for the lack of ductility and strength.
Steel reinforcement adopted to overcome high potentially tensile stresses and
shear stresses at critical location in concrete member.

1
1.2 DEVELOPMENT IN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
The improvements in the performance of concrete can be grouped as
follows:
Better mechanical properties than that of conventional concrete
such as compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength,
impact and toughness, etc.
Better durability attained by means of increased chemical and
freeze-thaw resistances, Improvements in selected properties of
interest, such as impermeability, adhesion, thermal insulation and
abrasion etc

1.3 RECYCLED AGGREGATE

Some of the important elements in this respect are the reduction of the
consumption of energy and natural raw materials and consumption of waste
materials. The use of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition
wastes is showing prospective application in construction as alternative to
primary (natural) aggregates The enormous quantities of demolished concrete
are available at various construction sites, which are now posing a serious
problem of disposal in urban areas. It conserves natural resources and reduces
the space required for the landfill disposal.

The cement concrete remains the main construction material used in

construction industries. For its suitability and adaptability with respect to the
changing environment, the concrete must be such that it can conserve resources,
protect the environment, economize and lead to proper utilization of energy.

To achieve this, major emphasis must be laid on the use of wastes

and by products in cement and concrete used for new construction.

2
1.3.1 Source

The main reasons for increase of volume of demolition concrete

masonry waste are as follows

Many old buildings, concrete pavements, bridges and

other structures have overcome their age and limit of use
due to structural deterioration beyond repairs and need to be
demolished;
The structures, even adequate to use are under demolition
because they are not serving the needs in present scenario;
New construction for better economic growth;

Structures are turned into debris resulting from natural

disasters like earthquake, cyclone and floods etc.
Creation of building waste resulting from manmade disaster/war.

In study conducted by authors for RCC buildings, the

approximate percentage of various construction materials in
demolition waste is mentioned. This may vary depending upon the
type of structure.

1.3.2 Procedure for the use of recycled aggregates in concrete

The challenges to maintaining stringent mechanical performance
standards while using RA in concrete mixes have been overcome
by adapting either the batching process or reducing the proportion of
recycled material. (2005) have adapted the mixing process into two
stages - the first to coat the aggregate in a rich cement slurry, and the
second to complete the addition of mixing water.
3
1.3.3 Advantages of recycled aggregate

Recycling and reuse of building wastes have been found to

be an appropriate solution to the problems of dumping
hundred of thousands tons of debris accompanied with
shortage of natural aggregates.

The use of recycled aggregates in concrete prove to be

a valuable building materials in technical,
environment and economical respect.

Recycled aggregate posses relatively lower bulk

density, crushing and impact values and higher water
absorption as compared to natural aggregate.

The compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete is

relatively lower up to 15% than natural aggregate concrete.
The variation also depends on the original concrete from
which the aggregates have been obtained.

Recycled aggregates are aggregates derived from the

processing of materials previously used in a product and/or
in construction.

1.3.4 Recycled Aggregate Characteristics

4
 1. The crushing characteristics of hardened concrete are similar to those of
natural rock and are not significantly affected by the grade or quality of the
original concrete.
2. Recycled concrete aggregates produced from all but the poorest quality
original concrete can be expected to pass the same tests required of
conventional aggregates.

3. Recycled concrete aggregates contain not only the original aggregates, but
also hydrated cement paste. This paste reduces the specific gravity and
increases the porosity compared to similar virgin aggregates. Higher
porosity of RCA leads to a higher absorption.

1.4 CONSTRUCTION WASTE CRUSHING PROCESS

Production process of concrete in construction waste, waste bricks, stones,
etc. in the jaw crusher in a simple, crushing, and then carried into the crushing of
concrete crusher, vibrating screen and then enter the screening. Qualified by the
belt conveyor into the stone dry magnetic separator for iron treatment, failed to
re-enter stone crusher for crushing of construction waste, to form closed loop,
ensuring the quality of stone specifications.

1.4.1 Construction Waste Crushing Production Line Operating

Advantages
Construction waste from the broken is the old hammer crusher based on the
improvement by a two combination of hammer crusher, reasonable and combined
into whole, construction waste grinder that looks good, practical. Uses a double-
rotor two-stage crushing up and down the principle.

5
 1. Construction waste crusher does not mesh with the grate at the end,
crushing a wide range of raw materials, materials for wet and dry
moisture content without any requirement
2. Construction waste crusher is down by two-stage crushing, crushed
material through the first into the second after the crushing of
construction waste material crusher in the cavity to form a hammer
powder, the effect of powder material and then discharged directly to the
discharge port
3. Construction waste crusher gap adjustment with unique two-way
technology, when the hammer wear and tear, regulating the location of
hammer to ensure that the gap between the hammer and the liner to
ensure that the effect of particle size
4. Construction waste crusher plant a balanced device, can save 20%
electricity, while also enhancing the hammer of crushing force increased
production.
5. Construction waste crushers have changed their mouth oiling butter.
Improved lubrication system becomes, can also be non-stop oiling.
6. Construction waste crushers with hydraulic launch case, a person can
easily open, convenient to maintain and inspect parts.

1.4.2 Impact Crusher

Impact crusher is optimized after adopting advanced techniques used and
the capability of impact crusher got advanced very much. Impact crusher is
mainly used to crush many kinds of large, medium, small materials whose side
length is less than 500mm, and compression resistance should not be more than
350Mpa. Them impact crusher is widely used in building material, hydro
electricity, artificial stone and sand, high way etc.,,

6
1.4.3 Working Principle of the Impact crusher
When the impact crusher works, the motor drives the rotor rotate of the
impact crusher with high speed, on the rotor where installed the hammers. When
the materials get into the area which the hammers effect, under the impact
function of the hammer at a high speed, the materials are thrown to the impact
device above the rotor continuously. And then the materials are rebounded from
the impact liner to the area where the hammers effects for being recrushed. The
materials from large to small all to be crushed impact chamber repeatedly. The
process wont stop till the material for crushed to the required size and then
discharge from outlet of the impact crusher.

7
 FIG 1.1 SEPARATION PROCESS

1.5 APPLICATIONS OF RECYCLED COARSE AGGREGATE

In general, applications without any processing include:

1. Many types of general bulk fills

2. Bank protection

3. Base or fill for drainage structures

4. Road construction

8
 5. Noise barriers and embankments

After removal of contaminants through selective demolition, screening, and

air separation and size reduction in a crusher to aggregate sizes, crushed concrete
can be used as:

6. New concrete for pavements, shoulders, median barriers, sidewalks,

curbs and gutters, and bridge foundations

7. Structural grade concrete

8. Soil-cement pavement bases

9. Lean-concrete

10. Bituminous concrete

1.6 NEED FOR STUDY

For reusing the waste resource in concrete
For minimizing the cost of construction
For reducing the environment pollution
For minimizing the effect of landfill

1.7 SCOPE
Eco friendly
Alternate for coarse aggregates
Reduces the cost of making concrete

9
 As base for building foundations
As fill for utility trenches
In concrete as a replacement for aggregates

10
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL
The published research works by various authors that are closely
related to the topic are discussed in this chapter.

2.1 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE

[1] INFLUENCE OF AMOUNT OF RECYCLED COARSE
AGGREGATE AND PRODUCTION PROCESS ON PROPERTIES
OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE by M Etxeberria, E.
Vzquez, A. Mar, M. Barra, Cement and Concrete Research 37
(2007) 735742.
In the study specified recycled coarse aggregates obtained by
crushed concrete were used for concrete production. Four different
recycled aggregate concretes were produced; made with 0%, 25%, 50%
9
and 100% of recycled coarse aggregates, respectively. The mix
proportions of the four concretes were designed in order to achieve the
same compressive strength. In general the workability of recycled
aggregate concretes is affected by the absorption capacity of the recycled
aggregates. The shape and texture of the aggregates can also affect the
workability of the concrete. Concrete crushed by an impact crusher
achieves a high percentage of recycled coarse aggregates without adhered
mortar. Concrete made with 100% of coarse recycled aggregate requires
high amount of cement to achieve a high compressive strength and
consequently is not an economic proposition as it is not cost effective.
Concrete made with 100% of recycled coarse aggregates has 2025%
less compression strength than conventional concrete at 28 days, with the
same effective w/c ratio and cement quantity.

[2] MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE WITH

RECYCLED COARSE AGGREGATE by Khaldoun rahal,Building
and Environment 42 (2007) 407415.
In this study compared the mechanical properties of recycled
aggregate concrete (RAC) and conventional normal aggregate concrete
(NAC). Ten mixes of concrete with target compressive cube strength
ranging from 20 to 50MPa were cast using normal or recycled coarse
aggregates. The development of the cube compressive strength and the
indirect shear strength at ages of 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days, the
compressive strength, the strains at maximum compressive stress and the
modulus of elasticity tested by using concrete cylinders at 28 days are
reported. The 28-day target compressive strength for all five mixes was
achieved except for the 40 and 50MPa RAC where the observed strength
was slightly lower than the target strength. On the average, the 56-day

10
cube strength was 5% and 3% higher than the 28-day strength for RAC
and NAC respectively.

[3] INFLUENCE OF PARENT CONCRETE ON THE

PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE by
A.K.Padmini, Construction and Building Materials 23 (2009) 829
836.
In this study investigated the water absorption of recycled
aggregate increases with an increase in strength of parent concrete from
which the recycled aggregate is derived, while it decreases with an
increase in maximum size of aggregate. Higher water absorption of
recycled aggregate necessitates adjustment in mix water content to obtain
the desired workability. For achieving a design compressive strength,
recycled aggregate concrete requires lower watercement ratio and higher
cement content to be maintained as compared to concrete with fresh
granite aggregate. For a given target mean strength, the achieved strength
increases with an increase in maximum size of recycled aggregate used.
For a given compressive strength of concrete, the split tensile and flexural
strengths are lower for RAC than parent concrete.

[4] MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETES MADE OF

RECYCLED-CONCRETE COARSE AGGREGATES by Valeria
corinaldesi, Construction and Building Materials 24 (2010) 1616
1620.
In this paper shows that structural concrete up to strength class can
be manufactured by replacing 30% virgin aggregate with recycled-
concrete aggregate. Moreover, a correlation between elastic modulus and
compressive strength of recycled-aggregate concrete was found showing
that 15% lower elastic modulus is achieved by using 30% recycled
11
aggregates. Finally, on the basis of the results obtained it seems that,
particularly if finer coarse recycled-concrete aggregate is used, lower
shrinkage strains are detected especially for earlier curing times. This last
aspect, when considered together with a lower elastic modulus, predicts a
lower tendency to crack in the recycled-aggregate.

[5] BOND BEHAVIOUR BETWEEN RECYCLED AGGREGATE

CONCRETE by H. Falkner, Jianzhuang Xiao, Construction and
Building Materials 21 (2007) 395401.
In this paper had investigated For the recycled aggregate concrete,
the bond Strength between deformed steel rebars and concrete is
approximately 100% higher than the one between plain steel rebars and
concrete.

[6] RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE by Katrina McNeil,

and Thomas H.-K. Kang, International Journal of Concrete
Structures and Materials, Vol.7, No.1, pp.6169, March 2013.
This paper has discussed properties of RCA, the effects of RCA use
on concrete material properties, and the large scale impact of RCA on
structural members. The modulus of elasticity is also lower than
expected, caused by the more ductile aggregate. Full scale beams did not
seem to be as affected by RCA content as small scale materials tests.
Beams with RCA did experience greater midspan deflections under a
service load, but the deflections were still much less than the codified
maximums.

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[7] ASSESSMENT OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE by
Ismail Abdul Rahman, Hasrudin Hamdam, Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad
Zaidi,Modern Applied Science,Vol.3,No.10,October 2009.
This paper has discussed An angular shape and rough texture in
RA leads to better bonds and a higher strength value of concrete. RAC
can also have a higher compressive strength when RA is oven dried, due
to the interfacial bond between cement paste and aggregate particles.

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 METHODOLOGY

TITLE SELECTION

LITERATURE COLLECTION

MATERIAL COLLECTION

TESTING OF MATERIALS

MIX DESIGN M20 GRADE

REPLACEMENT OF CA BY RCA
20%, 40%, 60%, 80% & 100%

CASTING OF SPECIMEN

TESTING OF SPECIMEN

13
Compressive Flexural Split Tensile
Strength Test Strength
RESULTS ANDTest
DISCUSSION Strength Test
CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER 4
MATERIAL STUDY

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most widely used man made materials in the
construction world. It contains following materials
1. Cement
2. Aggregate
3. Water
4.1.1Cement
Cement is used as a binding material in the concrete.
Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grades is used. The cement should
be used within 3 months of manufacture. Cement mortar at the age
of 3 days should have a compressive strength of 11.5N/mm 2 at the
age of 7 days the compressive should not be less than 17.5N/mm 2
and tensile strength should not be less than 2.5N/mm 2. The initial
setting time of cement should not be less than 30 minutes and final
setting time shall be around 10 hours.

4.1.2 Aggregate
Aggregates can also be classified on the basis of the size of the
aggregates as
1. Fine aggregate.

14
 2. Coarse aggregate.

4.1.2.1 Fine aggregate

The sand passes through 2.36mm and retained on 900 micron sieve
are used. The purpose of the fine aggregate is to fill the voids in the
coarse aggregate and to act as a workability agent. In this work zone-III
grade sand is used.

4.1.2.2 Coarse aggregate

The Coarse aggregate used was broken crushed stone which of size
pass through 40 mm sieve and retained in 20 mm sieve. It is well graded
i.e., different particle size and cubical in shape.

4.1.3 water
The water used for mixing and curing the concrete is the potable
water available in the campus.

4.2 Recycled Concrete Aggregate

Recycling and reuse of building wastes have been found to be
an appropriate solution to the problems of dumping hundreds of
thousands tons of debris accompanied with shortage of natural
aggregates. The use of recycled aggregates in concrete proves to be
valuable building materials in technical, environment and
economical respect.
The recycled aggregate used in this project are taken from the
demolished concrete members in and around the campus. Use of
recycled aggregates in concrete can be useful for environmental
15
protection and economical aspects. Recycled aggregates are the
materials for the future.

4.3 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

As per IS10262-1982 the concrete mix design prepared for M20
grade.
Concrete the water cement ratio is taken as 0.45 from IS10262-1982 for
Maintain workability.
Nominal size of aggregate = 20mm
Degree of workability = 0.9(compaction factor)
Type of exposure = mild
Specific gravity of cement = 3.15
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.64
Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.56

Free surface moisture

Coarse aggregate = Nil
Fine aggregate = 2%
Target mean strength
Fck = fck + ( t x s)
Fck = 20 N/mm2
t = 1.65
s =4
= 20 + (1.65 X 4)
= 26.6N/mm2
Selection of water cement ratio
From IS10262-1982, fig-1,
For-26.6 N/mm2 strength
Water cement ratio = 0.45
16
Form table 4 of IS10262-1982,
For 20mm size aggregate water content = 186 kg/m3
Total fine aggregate by absolute volume = 35%
Reduction factor for zone III fine aggregat

Change in Percentage of adjustment required

condition Water content Sand content
For sand
conforming to 0 -2
zone-III
Total 0 -1.5
Table 4.1 Percentage of adjustment required for Mix design

Percentage of sand in total volume = 31.5%

Determination of cement content

Water cement ratio = 0.45
Water = 186 + 5.90 =191.904 kg/m3
Cement = 191.904/0.45
= 426.453 kg /m3
Determination of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate
Entrapped air for 20mm aggregate = 20%
Calculation of fine aggregate:
V = (W +(C/Sa) + ((1/p) X (fa / Spa))) X (1/1000)
0.98 = (191.904 + (426.453/3.15) + ((1/0.315) X (fa/2.64)) X
(1/1000))
17
 fa = 639.68 kg/m3
Ca = ((1-p)/p) X ( fa X (Sca / Sfa))
Ca = (1-0.315/0.315) X (639.68 X (2.64/2.56))
Ca =1279.34 kg/m3
For cubic meter of concrete
Water = 191.90 kg/m3
Cement = 426.453 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1279.34 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 639.68 kg/m3
Mix Proportion Ratio
1:1.5:3
W/C = 0.45

4.4 TEST FOR CEMENT

Table 4.2 Tested value for Cement
TEST VALUE
Specific gravity 3.13
Consistency value 32
Initial setting time 27min
Final setting time 1hr 24min

4.5 TEST FOR FINE AGGREGATE

Table 4.3 Tested value Fine Aggregate
TEST VALUE
Specific gravity 2.5

4.6 COMPARISION OF NATURAL AND RECYCLED

COARSE AGGREGATE
18
 Table 4.4 Comparision Of Natural And Recycled
Coarse Aggregate
Natural Recycle coarse
Description
aggregate aggregate
Impact value 18.16 25.46
Crushing value 32.5 29.16
Flakiness index 15.6 16.12
Elongation
Index 7.23 4.76
Water abrasion 2 4
Bulk density
(Kg/m3) 1469.8 1325.93
As per IS As per IS
Sieve analysis
specification specification
Specific gravity 2.8 2.64
Abrasion test 16.13 14.6

CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

5.1 CASTING OF SPECIMEN

5.1.1. Preparation of mould

19
Before casting, all the moulds were fully tightened. The inner sides
of the moulds were coated with oil to prevent adhesion of concrete.

5.1.2 Casting Of Specimen

Concrete cube of size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm were
casted using M20 grade concrete with hand mix and Cylindrical
moulds of size 150mm diameter and Prism moulds of size 500mm x
100mm x 100mm.The mould was filled with three layers and each
layer was compacted using damping rod of standard size.
Specimens with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and
Specimens with coarse aggregate incorporating Recycled Coarse
Aggregate (RCA) at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% levels were
cast. For each proportion three cubes, cylinders and prism were
casted.

5.2 CURING
Curing is the process of keeping the set concrete damp for
some days in order to enable the concrete gain more strength. After
24 hours, the specimens were removed from the mould and allowed
to curing for 28 days.

20
 Fig 5.1 Curing of specimen

5.3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR COMPRESSION TEST

5.3.1 Compression test
The specimen is placed at the centre of the pads located at the
top and bottom portion of compression testing machine. The
experimental setup is shown in fig 5.2

5.3.2 Testing of specimen

Compression test procedure
After placing the specimen in the testing machine, the load is
applied gradually, increasing at a constant rate. The ultimate load at
which the cube fails was noted and the compressive strength was
calculated.
Compressive strength= (P/A) (N/mm2)

Where
P =Applied load (N)

21
 A=Area of the specimen (mm2)

Fig 5.2 Ultimate failure of cube

5.4 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR SPLIT TENSILE TEST

5.4.1 Split Tensile Strength
The specimen is placed at the centre of the pads horizontally,
located at the top and bottom portion of compression testing
machine. The experimental setup is shown in Fig 5.3
5.4.2 Split tensile test procedure
After placing the specimen in the testing machine, the load
is applied gradually, increasing at a constant rate. Magnitude of this
tensile stress acting in a direction perpendicular to the line of action
of applied compressive force is given by
Split tensile strength test= (2 x P) / ( x D x L) (N/mm2)

Where

22
 P =Applied load (N)
D = Diameter of the cylinder (mm)
L = Length of the cylinder (mm)

Fig 5.3 Ultimate failure of cylinder

5.5 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

5.5.1 Preparation of Concrete Prisms
For this study, experimental work involves casting of
concrete prisms of size 50cm X 10cm X 10cm for determination of
flexural strength for 7 days and 28 days curing. The mix design
procedure for M20 grade concrete is shown in Appendix-I.
Cylinders were casted for various percentage of replacement of fine
aggregate with steel slag. Replacement made for 20%, 40%, 60%,
80%, and 100%. For the study the water cement ratio of 0.45 is
maintained uniformly.

23
 Figure 5.4 - Two point loading for Prism

Flexural strength = (N/mm2)

Where,
a = distance between the loads,
b = measured width of the specimen,
d = measured depth at the point of failure.
The concrete for designed mix is mixed homogeneously by
means of hand mixing.
Before casting the prism the entire mould is oiled. So the
prism can be easily removed from the mould after the desired
period. The concrete is filled in the prism three layers and each
layer tamped evenly by tamping rod.

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

24
6.1. INTRODUCTION
The test results of the conventional concrete specimens were
discussed in this chapter.
Table 6.1 Compressive Strength at 7, 28 Days
Compressive Compressive Average
Days strength in strength in in
kN N/mm2 N/mm2
550 24.44
7 564 25.06 24.5
540 24
680 30.22
28 636 28.26 28.64
618 27.46

6.2.1 Graph for compressive strength

Table 6.2 split tensile strength at 7, 28 days

Tensile Tensile Average
Days strength in strength in in
kN N/mm2 N/mm2

25
 180 2.547
7 177 2.505 2.56
186 2.632
232 3.28
28 190 2.69 3.04
208 2.94

6.2.2 Graph for split tensile strength

Table 6.3 flexural strength at 7, 28 days

Compressive Compressive Average
Days strength in strength in in
kN N/mm2 N/mm2
7 1.92 1.92 2.32
26
 2.55 2.55
2.49 2.49
2.89 2.89
28 2.78 2.78 2.75
2.59 2.59

6.2.3 Graph for split tensile strength

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

The conventional M20 grade concrete cube, cylinder, prism, were

casted in this phase and the average compressive, split tensile and flexural
strength of concrete on 7 days 24.5 N/mm 2 , 2.56 N/mm2 , 2.32 N/mm2
respectively and on 28 days 28.64 N/mm2 , 3.04 N/mm2 , 2.75 N/mm2
respectively were found. In the second phase the replacement of recycled

27
coarse aggregate will be done as planned in the methodology. If the
project becomes success it will help to minimize the waste and will create
an eco-friendly environment.

REFERENCE
1. IS: 10262-1982, Indian Guidelines for concrete Mix Design, March
1998, Fifth edition.

2. Shetty M.S, Concrete Technology Theory and Practice 2008, S.Chand

& company Ltd.

28
3. M Etxeberria, (2007), Influence of amount of recycled coarse
aggregate and production process on properties of recycled aggregate
concrete, Cement and Concrete Research 37,PP.NO 735742.

4. Khaldoun Rahal, (2007), Mechanical properties of concrete with

recycled coarse aggregate, Building and Environment 42, PP.NO 407
415.

5. H. Falkner, (2007), Bond behaviour between recycled aggregate

concrete,Construction and Building Materials 21, PP.NO 395401.

6. A.K. (2009), Padmini, Influence of parent concrete on the properties

of recycled aggregate concrete, Construction and Building Materials 23
PP.NO 829836.

7. Valeria Corinaldesi, (2010), Mechanical and elastic behaviour of

concretes made of recycled-concrete coarse aggregates , Construction
and Building Materials 24 PP.NO 16161620.

29