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HydroHelp 1- Turbine selection - EAGLE issue, July 2014

Enter data in blue cells only.


EAGLE CREEK Comment.
Project input data. Date of estimate --- > 15-Jul-14
4 Headpond full supply level, m. 637.00
5 Headpond low supply level, m. 633.00
6 Head loss to turbine, % of gross head, at full load. 4.50 Comment
7 Normal tailwater level, m. 473.30 Comment
8 Flood tailwater level, m. 486.20 Comment
9 Design powerplant flow, cubic meters per second. 664.32
10 Desired number of units. 8
11 Summer water temperature, degrees Celsius. 15
12 System frequency, Hz. 50
13 Generator power factor. 0.90
14 Maximum allowable gearbox power, MW. 2 Comment
15 Design standard & generator quality, industrial = 0, utility = 1. 1 Comment
16 Inflation ratio since 2014 1.00
17
18 Program output - turbine heads and flow. Reaction unit. Impulse unit.
19 Maximum gross head FSL to normal and flood TWL, m. 163.70 150.80
20 Rated net head 1/3 drawdown to normal and flood TWL, m. 155.06 140.24
21 Rated flow per unit, cubic meters per second. 83.04 83.04
22
23 Recommended type of reaction turbine.
If no suitable
Vertical axis Francis turbine, steel casing. turbines,
24
change
25 Recommended type of impulse turbine. number of
units.
No suitable impulse turbine, select reaction turbine.
26
27
28 Generating equipment details. Reaction unit. Impulse unit.
29 Turbine runner speed, rpm. 250.0 0.0
30 Reaction turb. runner throat, impulse turb. outside diameter, m. 3.105 0.000
31 Required powerhouse crane capacity, tonnes. Comment. 296.0 0.0
32 Reaction unit vertical axis, casing centerline elevation. 470.98 ------------------
33 Impulse turbine runner centerline elevation. ------------------ 0.00
34 Generating unit capacity, MW. 115.17 0.00

35 Powerplant capacity, MW. 921.33 0.00


36 Comment.

37 Water to wire cost of generating units. $US, millions. 347.66 0.00


38
39 If there is an option for either reaction units or impulse units, select impulse if water silty, or if
40 reaction runner diameter less than about 1.4m. Also, if option available, reaction unit DOES INCLUDE
41 a turbine inlet valve for direct cost comparison.
42
43 Reaction weighted efficiency, % (=0.2x50,65,80,90,100%flow) 91.81
Comment
44 Impulse weighted efficiency, % (=0.2x30,45,60,80,100%flow) 0.00
45
46
47 Page 1.
48
49
50
EAGLE CREEK Comment
51 Reaction turbine selection to include powerhouse costs, ancilliary equipment and effect of
52 tailwater level.
53 Additional input data.
54 Unit cost of overburden excavation, $/m3. 50
55 Unit cost of rock excavation, $/m3. 200
56 Unit cost of concrete, including forms and reinforcing, $/m3. 1500
57 Unit cost of walls and roof, $/m2. 200
58 Unit cost of steel in superstructure, $/ton. 11,000
59 Average rock level at powerhouse, elevation, m. 480.0 Comment
60 Average depth of overburden at powerhouse, m. 2.0
61
62 Powerhouse statistics. Reaction unit. Impulse unit.
63 Overburden excavation volume, m3. 5,185 0
64 Rock excavation volume, m3. 26,744 0
65 Concrete volume, m3. 19,128 0
66 Additional concrete required to counter floatation, m3. 1,077 Not applicable
67 Steel superstructure weight, metric tonnes. 699 0
68 Powerhouse length, m. 115.0 0.0
69 Powerhouse footprint area, m2. 1,964 0
70 Distance between unit centerlines, m. 12.78 0.00
71 Approximate turbine floor level, Elevation, m. 474.08 0.00
72 Draft tube sill level, elevation, m. 462.8 0.00
73
74 Powerhouse and ancilliary equipment cost, $millions. Reaction unit. Impulse unit.
75 Powerhouse excavation, concrete and superstructure. 42.85 0.01
76 Total cost of draft tube gate guide and hoist equipment. 2.84 0.00
77 Total cost of powerhouse crane, HVAC and water systems. 7.21 0.00
78 Cost of powerhouse and miscellaneous equip. - no units 51.22 0.01
79 Comment
80 Recommended type of reaction turbine, including effect of powerhouse cost.

Vertical axis Francis turbine, steel casing. Comment


81
82
83 Water to wire cost of generating units. $US, millions. 302.31 Comment
84 Reaction unit. Impulse unit.
85 Cost of civil work on powerhouse, crane, draft tube
86 gates/hoist and generating equipment. $US millions. 353.54 0.01
87
88 Generating equipment details. Reaction unit. Impulse unit.
89 Turbine runner speed, rpm. 250.0 0.0
90 Reaction turbine runner throat diameter, m. 3.10 ------------------
91 Required powerhouse crane capacity, tonnes. Comment. 296.0 0.0
92 Crane span, m. 17.1 0.00
93 Reaction unit vertical axis, casing centerline elevation. 470.98 ------------------
94 Generating unit capacity, MW. 115.17 0.00
95
Powerplant capacity, MW. 921.33 0.00
96
97 Page 2.
98
99 If SAXO, shaft Comment
100
EAGLE CREEK slope, degrees 0
101
102 Efficiencies of selected units. (reaction with powerhouse) Reaction unit. Impulse unit.
103 Percent of rated flow. Efficiency, %. Efficiency, %.
104 Calc. flow and efficiency at 100 % rated flow = 93.15 0.00
105 Calc. flow and efficiency at 95 % rated flow = 94.12 0.00
106 Calc. flow and efficiency at 90 % rated flow = 94.71 0.00
107 Calc. flow and efficiency at 85 % rated flow = 94.72 0.00
108 Calc. flow and efficiency at 80 % rated flow = 94.59 0.00
109 Calc. flow and efficiency at 75 % rated flow = 94.20 0.00
110 Calc. flow and efficiency at 70 % rated flow = 93.45 0.00
111 Calc. flow and efficiency at 65 % rated flow = 92.21 0.00
112 Calc. flow and efficiency at 60 % rated flow = 90.37 0.00
113 Calc. flow and efficiency at 55 % rated flow = 87.80 0.00
114 Calc. flow and efficiency at 50 % rated flow = 84.40 0.00
115 Calc. flow and efficiency at 45 % rated flow = 80.05 0.00
116 Calc. flow and efficiency at 40 % rated flow = 74.64 0.00
117 Calc. flow and efficiency at 30 % rated flow = 60.20 0.00
118 Calc. flow and efficiency at 20 % rated flow = 40.20 0.00
119
120 100
Efficiency %

121 95
122 Reaction turbine efficiency 90
123 100 85
124 80
125 80 75
126 70
127 60 65
128 60
129 55
40
130 50
131 45
132 20 40
133 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 30 90 100
134 Flow ratio % 20
135
136
E fficiency %

137
138
139
Impulse turbine efficiency
140
95
141
142
85
143
144 75

65
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Flow ratio %
E ffici
Impulse turbine efficiency
95

85

75
145
146 65
147 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Flow ratio %
148
149 Page 3.
150

151
EAGLE CREEK
152
153
If the recommended turbine is not satisfactory, a second recommendation (based on cost) can be
154 obtained by eliminating the recommended turbine from consideration with a zero (0) placed opposite
155 the recommended turbine in Column E. Suitable turbines are shown in column D.
156
157 REACTION TURBINES
158 Column D Column E
159 Propeller turbines
160 Horizontal axis "S" type propeller turbine. ------------------ 1
161 Horizontal axis pit type propeller turbine. ------------------ 1
162 Vertical axis propeller turbine, concrete casing. ------------------ 1
163 Vertical axis propeller turbine, steel casing. ------------------ 1
164
165 Kaplan turbines
166 Inclined axis very low head Kaplan gear turbine. ------------------ 1
167 Horizontal axis pit or mini bulb Kaplan turbine unit. ------------------ 1
168 Horizontal axis "S" type Kaplan turbine. ------------------ 1
169 Vertical axis small Kaplan turbine, elbow draft tube. ------------------ 1
170 Vertical or inclined axis "Saxo" axial flow Kaplan turbine. ------------------ 1
171 Vertical axis Kaplan turbine, concrete casing. ------------------ 1
172 Vertical axis Kaplan turbine, steel casing. ------------------ 1
173
174 Francis turbines.
175 Horizontal axis Francis turbine. ------------------ 1
176 Horizontal axis double runner Francis turbine. ------------------ 1
177 Vertical axis Francis turbine, concrete casing. ------------------ 1
178 Vertical axis Francis turbine, steel casing. ---- YES ---- 1
179
180 IMPULSE TURBINES
181
182 Horizontal axis low head impulse turbines. Comment Comment
183 Horizontal axis BANKI (Ossberger) turbine. ------------------ 1
184 Horizontal axis, 1 jet, 1 turgo runer turbine. ------------------ 1
185 Horizontal axis, 2 jet, 1 turgo runner turbine. ------------------ 1
186
187 Horizontal axis impulse turbines. Comment
188 Horizontal axis, 1 jet, 1 runner impulse turbine. ------------------ 1
189 Horizontal axis, 2 jet, 1runner impulse turbine. ------------------ 1
190 Horizontal axis, 1 jet per runner, 2 runner impulse turbine. ------------------ 1
191 Horiz. axis, 2 jets per runner, 2 runner impulse turbine. ------------------ 1
192
193 Vertical axis impulse turbines.
194 Vertical axis, 1 jet, 1 runner impulse turbine. ------------------ 1
195 Vertical axis, 2 jet, 1 runner impulse turbine. ------------------ 1
196 Vertical axis, 3 jet, 1 runner impulse turbine. ------------------ 1
197 Vertical axis, 4 jet, 1 runner impulse turbine. ------------------ 1
198 Vertical axis, 5 jet, 1 runner impulse turbine. ------------------ 1
199 Vertical axis, 6 jet, 1 runner impulse turbine. ------------------ 1
200 Page 4.

EAGLE CREEK

Headpond full supply level, m. 637.00


Headpond low supply level, m. 633.00
Basic input
Normal tailwater level, m. 473.30
data
Design powerplant flow, cubic meters per second. 664.32
Desired number of units. 8

Recommended type of reaction turbine, including effect of tailwater.

Vertical axis Francis turbine, steel casing.

Recommended type of impulse turbine.

No suitable impulse turbine, select reaction turbine.

Reaction unit. Impulse unit.

Powerplant capacity, MW. 921.33 0.00

Reaction unit. Impulse unit.


Water to wire cost of generating units. $US, millions. 302.31 0.00
HYDROHELP 1 A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SELECTION AND COSTING
HYDROELECTRIC GENERATING EQUIPMENT

Transformer cost.
Powerplant capacity, MW. 30.00
Generator power factor. 0.90
Number of transformers 1
Transformer high voltage. kV 25
Transformer MVA 33
Number of phases. 3
Phase factor 1
Inflation index - 7.07
Transformer cost $M 1.182
Approximate weight, tons. 29

Station service transformer cost.


Transformer capacity, MW. 0.20
Generator power factor. 0.90
Number of transformers 1.00
Transformer high voltage. kV 13.8
Transformer MVA 0.22
Number of phases. 3
Phase factor 1
Inflation index 7.07
Transformer cost $M 0.193
Approximate weight, tons. 8

Transformer cost.
Powerplant capacity, MW. 30.00
Generator power factor. 0.90
Number of transformers 1
Transformer high voltage. kV 25
Transformer MVA 33
Number of phases. 3
Phase factor 1
Inflation index - (Mech equip L4) 7.07
Transformer cost $M 1.182
Approximate weight, tons. 29

Station service transformer cost.


Transformer capacity, MW. 0.20
Generator power factor. 0.90
Number of transformers 1.00
Transformer high voltage. kV 13.8
Transformer MVA 0.22
Number of phases. 3
Phase factor 1
Inflation index 7.07
Transformer cost $M 0.193
Approximate weight, tons. 8
PRINT FIRST 5 PAGES ONLY

READ ALL YELLOW COMMENT


CELLS FIRST
Program crashes if flood tailwater below normal tailwater.

After unit selection, proceed to


HydroHelp 2 Francis units, or
HydroHelp 3 Impulse units, or
HydroHelp 4 Kaplan units for
detailed design and cost analysis of
prospective hydro site.

For use in Cell D6

Optional optimum head loss


calculation module
Gross head on turbine, m. 163.70
Total conduit length intake to powerhouse, m. 3,300
Plant capacity factor (0.4 to 0.8) 0.44

Calculated probable optimum conduit


head loss intake to powerhouse, %. --- > 12.6
Note - in HydroHelp 2, 3 and 4, the cost of
the generating equipment may differ slightly
from the cost estimated by this program.
This is due to the different turbine
submergence, usage and installation cost
factors used in HydroHelp 2, 3 or 4, where
these factors are user-defined, and not
determined by the program.

Red quantity in cell indicates INCORRECT data entry.


See powerhouse rock levels and overburden
excavations. Negative numbers could result in wrong
turbine selection.

Note - If a different turbine is selected


when the powerhouse cost is
included, and this recommendation
is accepted, de-select all other
turbines in Cells E160 to E178, to
ensure the correct generating data is
shown in Cells D63 to D71.
This sheet is
protected. To
remove protection,
password is open

Due to normal variations in


flow, the program will reject
propeller units where there are
less than 3 required, and/or
where the drawdown exceeds
10% of the gross head.
Due to normal variations in
flow, the program will reject
propeller units where there are
less than 3 required, and/or
where the drawdown exceeds
10% of the gross head.

Estimated
cost
$M
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
The estimated cost
0.00
is shown for all
0.00 suitable turbines,
0.00 and is for
0.00 comparison only, to
0.00 facilitate unit
selection.
Where there is a
choice between
0.00
horizontal and
0.00 vertical units,
0.00 remember that
302.31 access for
maintenance on
small units is easier
with a horizontal
shaft. This is
particularly
0.00 important for
0.00 impulse units,
0.00 where maintenace
on runners and
spear jets may be
0.00 required to counter
0.00 sand erosion
effects.
0.00
0.00
required to counter
sand erosion
effects.

Comment 0.00
0.00
Comment 0.00
0.00
Comment 0.00
0.00

COVER SHEET IF REQUIRED.


Inflation
ratio 1.810 Comment
correction
factor
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
57
58

60
61

63
64

66
67

69
70

72
73

75
76

78
79

81
82

84
85
86
87
88

90
91

93
94

96
97

99
100
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138 Inclined axis Kaplan gear turbine ef iciency versus flow
139
140 100
141
ny
c%

80
c
Ee
i

142
i
f
f

143
60
144
145
40
146
147
20
148
149
0
0.2 0.7
Flow ratio to rated flow
40

20

0
150 0.2 0.7
151
Flow ratio to rated flow
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187 Inclined axis Kaplan gear turbine efficiency versus power
188
96
189
190
%

191
n
ey
c.

92
E
i
f
fc
i

192
193
194
88
195
196
197
84
198
199
80
20406080100
Turbine power ratio to rated power %
88

84

200 80
201 20406080100
202
Turbine power ratio to rated power %
203

204
205
206
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138 Horizontal axis Kaplan turbine efficiency versus flow
139 100
140
%

141
E
i
fc
in
ey
c

142 90
f

143
144 80
145
146
70

60
0.20.40.60.81.0
Flow ratio to rated flow
E
i
fc
i
90

f
80

147 70
148
149 60
150 0.20.40.60.81.0
151
152 Flow ratio to rated flow
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187 Horizontal axis Kaplan efficiency versus power
188 96
189
190
y
c%.

191 92
E
i
f
fce
in

192
193
194 88
195
196
84

80
20406080100
Turbine power ratio to rated power %
92

ii
E
f
f
88

197 84
198
199
200 80
201 20406080100
202
Turbine power ratio to rated power %
203

204
205
206
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138 Horizontal axis "S" Kaplan turbine efficiency versus flow
139 100
140
%

141
Ec
in
ey
c

142 90
i
f
f

143
80

70
Horizontal axis "S" Kaplan turbine efficiency versus flow
100

Ec
in
ey
c%
90

144 80 i
f
f

145
146
147 70
148
149
60
150
0.20.40.60.81.0
151
152 Flow ratio to rated flow
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187 Horizontal axis "S" Kaplan efficiency versus power
188 96
189
190
ny
c%.

191 92
E
i
f
fc
ie

192
193
88

84
96

cn
ey
c%.
92

E
i
f
fi
194 88
195
196
197 84
198
199
200 80
201 20406080100
202
Turbine power ratio to rated power %
203

204
205
206
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138 Vertical axis small Kaplan turbine efficiency versus flow
139 100
140
Ec
in
ey
c%

90
i
f
f

80
Vertical axis small Kaplan turbine efficiency versus flow
100

ny
c%
141 Ec
ie

90
i
f
f

142
143
144 80
145
146
70
147
148
149 60
150 0.20.40.60.81.0
151 Flow ratio to rated flow
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187 Vertical axis small Kaplan turbine efficiency versus power
188 96
189
190
n
ey
c%
.

92
E
i
f
fc
i

88
Vertical axis small Kaplan turbine efficiency versus power
96

n
ey
c%
.
191 92 E
i
f
fc
i

192
193
194 88
195
196
197 84
198
199
200 80
201 20406080100
202
Turbine power ratio to rated power %
203

204
205
206
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
Horizontal axis "S" propeller turbine ef iciency versus flow
100
c
n%
y

80
E
i
f
fc
ie
138 Horizontal axis "S" propeller turbine ef iciency versus flow
139 100
140
%

141 80
E
i
f
fc
ic
n
ey

142
143 60
144
145 40
146
147 20
148
149 0
150 0.20.40.60.81.0
151
Flow ratio to rated flow
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187 Horizontal axis "S" propeller turbine efficiency versus power

96

92
E
f
i
fe
c
ic
n%
y.

88
Horizontal axis "S" propeller turbine efficiency versus power
188
189 96
190
191 92
E
f
i
fe
c
ic
n%
y.

192
88
193
194 84
195
196 80
197
198 76
199
200 72
201 40 60 80100
202 Turbine power ratio to rated power %
203

204
205
206
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138 Horizontal axis pit propeller turbine efficiency versus flow
139 100
140
y%

141 80
E
i
f
fc
in
ec

142
143 60
144
145 40
146
147 20
148
149 0
150 0.20.40.60.81.0
151
Flow ratio to rated flow
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187 Horizontal axis pit propeller turbine efficiency versus power
188
189 96
190
191 92
E
i
f
fc
in
ey
c%
.

192
88
193
194
84
195
196 80
197
198 76
199
200 72
201 40 60 80100
202
Turbine power ratio to rated power %
203
204
205
206
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138 Horizontal axis small Francis turbine efficiency versus flow
139 100
140
%

141
E
i
f
fc
ic
n
ey

142
80
143
144
145
146 60
147
148
149
150 40
151 0.20.40.60.81.0
Flow ratio to rated flow
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187 Horizontal axis small Francis efficiency versus power
96
188
189
190
%
.

191 92
E
i
f
fc
in
ey
c

192
193
194 88
195
196
197
84
198
199
200
201 80
202 40 60 80 100
Turbine power ratio to rated power %
203
204
205
206
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150 Double runner Francis turbine efficiency versus flow
E
f
fice
iny
c %

151
152 Flow rati o to rated flow

153

154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189 Double runner Francis turbine efficiency versus power
190
96
191
%

192 92
E
i
f
fc
in
ey
c.

193
194 88
195
84
196
197 80
198
199 76
200
72
201
202
203 Turbine power ratio to rated power %
204
205
206
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138 Kaplan turbine with concrete casing efficiency versus flow
139
100
140
%

141
E
f
ic
ic
n
ey

142
f

143
144
80
145
146
147
148
149
60
150
0.20.40.60.81.0
151
Flow ratio to rated flow
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187 Kaplan turbine with concrete casing ef iciency versus power
188 96
189
190
y%
.

191 92
E
f
i
fc
in
ec

192
193
194 88
195
196
197 84
198
199
200 80
201 20406080100
202 Turbine power ratio to rated power %
203
204
205
206
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138 Kaplan turbine with steel casing efficiency versus flow
139
100
140
%

141
E
i
f
fc
in
ey
c

142
143
144
80
145
146
147
148
149
60
150
0.20.40.60.81.0
151
152 Flow ratio to rated flow
153

154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187 Kaplan with steel casing efficiency versus power
188
96
189
190
%
.

191
n
ey
c

92
E
i
f
fc
i

192
193
194 88
195
196
197 84
198
199
200 80
201
202
Turbine power ratio to rated power %
203
204
205
206
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150 Vertical axis "Saxo" Kaplan turbine effic iency versus fl ow
c n
ey
c%

151
E
f
fii

152 Flow rati o to rated flow

153

154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187 Vertical axis "Saxo" Kaplan efficiency versus power
188
96
189
190
y%.

191
cn
ec

92
E
i
f
fi

192
193
194 88
195
196
197 84
198
199
200 80
201 20406080100
202
Turbine power ratio to rated power %
203
204
205
206
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138 Propel er turbine with concrete casing ef iciency versus flow
139
10
140
141
e
cc
n%
y

142 80
E
i
f
fi

143
144
145 60
146
147 40
148
149
150 20
151 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
152 Flow ratio to rated flow
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187 Propel er turbine with concrete casing ef iciency versus power
188
96
189
190
%

191
c
ny.

92
c
E
f
i
fe
i

192
193
194 8
195
196
197 84
198
199
200 80
201 50 70 90
202
Turbine power ratio to rated power %
203
204
205
206
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138 Propeller turbine with steel casing efficiency versus flow
139
100
140
141
Ec
in
ey
c%

142 80
i
f
f

143
144
145 60
146
147 40
148
149
150 20
151 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
152 Flow ratio to rated flow
153

154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187 Propeller turbine with steel casing efficiency versus power
188
189 96
190
ny
c%
.

191
E
i
fc
ie

92
f

192
193
194
88
195
196
197
84
198
199
200
80
201
50 70 90
202
203 Turbine power ratio to rated power %
204
205
206
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138 Francis turbine with concrete casing efficiency versus flow
139
100
140
%

141
Ee
c
ic
ny

142
f
i
f

143 80
144
145
146 60
147
148
149
40
150
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
151
152 Flow ratio to rated flow
153

154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
Francis turbine with concrete casing ef iciency versus power
188
189 10
190
c
n%
y.

191
c
E
f
i
fe
i

192
193 80
194
195
196
197 60
198
199
200
40
201
202
Turbine power ratio to rated power %
203
204
205
206
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138 Francis turbine with steel casing efficiency versus flow
139 100
140
%

141
E
i
f
fc
in
ey
c

142
80
143
144
145
146 60
147
148
149 40
150 0.20.40.60.81.0
151
Flow ratio to rated flow
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187 Francis with steel casing efficiency versus power
188
100
189
%

190
ceny
c .

191
E
i
f
f i

192
193
194 80
195
196
197
198
199
200 60
201 40 60 80100
202
203 Turbine power ratio to rated power %
204
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
ef fic ien cy -
83
flo w

84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
f f ic ie n c y -
98
p o we r

99
100
101
102
103
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
e ff ic ie n cy - f lo w

84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
f f ic ie n cy -
98
p o we r

99
f f ic ie n cy - p o we r

100
101
102
103
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
ef fic ie nc y -
83
flo w

84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
ff ic ie n c y -
98
p o we r
ff ic ie n c y - p o we r

99
100
101
102
103
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
r ef fic ien cy - flo w

85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
f f ic ie n cy - p o we r
f f ic ie n cy -
98
p o we r

99
100

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
eff ic ien cy - 83
f lo w

84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96

f f ic ien c y - p o we r
97
f f ic ien c y - 98
p o we r

99
100

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
ef fic ien cy -
83
flo w

84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95

f f ic ien c y - p o we r
96
97
f f ic ien c y -
98
p o we r

99
100

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
ef fic ien cy -
82
flo w

83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
ef fic ien cy -
82
flo w

83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93

f fic ien cy - po wer


94
95
96
97
f fic ien cy - po wer
98
99
100

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
e ff ic ie n cy -
82
f lo w

83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71 Vertical axis impulse turbine with 6 jets, efficiency - flow
72
73 0.92
74
cn
ey
c

75 0.90
E
i
f
fi

76
77
0.8
78
79
80 0.86
81
82 0.84
83
84 Flow ratio
85
86
Vertical axis impulse turbine with 6 jets, efficiency - power
87
88
89 0.92
90
E
i
f
fc
in
ey
c

91
0.91

0.90
Vertical axis impulse turbine with 6 jets, efficiency - power

0.92

E
i
f
fc
in
ey
c
92 0.91
93
94
95 0.90
96
97
98 0.89
99
Power ratio
100

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72 Horizontal axis, 1 - jet turgo efficiency - flow
73
74 0.88
75
c n
ey
c

76
E
f
fii

0.84
77
78
0.80
79
80
81 0.76
82
83 0.72
84 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Flow ratio
85
86
87 Horizontal axis, 1 - jet turgo efficiency - power
88
89
90 0.88
E
i
f
fce
iny
c

0.84

0.80

0.76
Horizontal axis, 1 - jet turgo efficiency - power

0.88

ceny
c
91
0.84 E
i
f
f i
92
93
94 0.80
95
96 0.76
97
98 0.72
99 Power ratio
100

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72 Horizontal axis, 2 - jet 1 - turgo runner, efficiency - flow
73
74 0.88
75
E
i
f
fce
iny
c

76 0.84
77
78 0.80
79
80 0.76
81
82 0.72
83 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
84 Flow ratio
85
86
87 Horizontal axis, 2 - jet 1 - turgo runner, efficiency - power
88
89 0.88
E
i
f
fc
in
ey
c

0.84

0.80
Horizontal axis, 2 - jet 1 - turgo runner, efficiency - power

0.88
90
E
i
f
fc
in
ey
c
91 0.84
92
93 0.80
94
95
0.76
96
97
0.72
98
99 Power ratio
100

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69 Francis turbine efficiency versus flow
70
71 100
%

72
cin
ey
c

73
E
f
fi

80
74
75 60
76
77 40
78
79 20
80
81 0
82
83 Flow ratio to rated flow
84
85
86 Francis efficiency versus power
87
88
%.

96
E
f
fc
iin
ecy

92

88
Francis efficiency versus power

%.
96
ncy
89
E
f
fc
iie
90
92
91
92
93 88
94
95 84
96
97
80
98
0 2 4 6 81012
99
Turbine power ratio to rated power %
100

53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72 Banki turbine efficiency - flow
73 0.90
e c
ny

74
E
fi
fci

75
76 0.70
77
78
79 0.50
80
81
82 0.30
83
Flow ratio
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

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