SPECIAL PURPOSE OP-AMP CIRCUITS

SPECIAL PURPOSE OP-AMP CIRCUITS

1. Provides dc isolation between input and output

Isolation amplifier

2. Ratio of the output current to the input voltage

Transconductance

3. Transconductance is __________ of an OTA

Gain

4. A comparator with hysteresis where the input voltage is large enough to drive the device into its
saturated states
Schmitt trigger

5. The ______________ of a number is the power to which the base must be raised to get that
number.
Logarithm

6. An amplifier that produces an output that is proportional to the logarithm of the input.
Log amplifier

7. Used in applications where it is necessary to have an output current that is controlled by an input
voltage.
Voltage-to-current converter

8. The circuit used to detect the peak of the input voltage and store that peak voltage on a
capacitor.
Peak detector

9. The exponent to which the base e must be raised in order to equal a given quantity.
Natural logarithm

10. In an OTA, transconductance varies with _________.

Bias current

11. Amplifiers that are often used in HF communication systems, including fiber optics, for
processing wide dynamic range signals.
Log and antilog amplifiers

12. The key characterisctic of an instrumentation amplifier

CMRR

13. The voltage gain of instrumentation amplifier is set by a

Resistor

14. The log amplifier may use the ___________ junction of a BJT in the feedback loop
Base-emitter

15. The main purpose of an instrumentation amplifier is to amplify _____ signals that are riding on
_____ common-mode voltages.
small, large

16. The ___________ of an OTA is the input voltage times the transconductance
Output current

17. The operation of log and antilog amplifiers is based on the __________ characteristics of a pn
junction
Nonlinear
(logarithmic)

18. A log amplifier has a pn junction in the feedback loop, and an antilog amplifier has a pn junction
in __________ with the input
Series
19. In a peak detector, an op-amp is used as a __________ to charge a capacitor through a diode to
the peak value of the input voltage.
Comparator

20. A basic instrumentation amplifier is formed by three op-amps and ________ resistors, including
the gain setting resistor.
Seven (7)

21. An oscillator that can be either amplitude or pulse modulated by the signal from the input
amplifier
High-frequency oscillator

BASIC OP-AMP CIRCUITS

BASIC OP-AMP CIRCUITS

1. A common interfacing process often used when a linear analog system must provide inputs to a
digital system.
A/D conversion

2. Method of A/D conversion that uses parallel comparators to compare the linear input signal with
various reference voltages developed by a voltage divider
Flash

3. Produces an output that is proportional to the rate of change of the input voltage
Differentiator

4. The difference between the UTP and the LTP

Hysteresis voltage

5. Used to generate pulse waveform from the sine wave output of the audio generator.
Voltage comparator
6. When the output is at the maximum positive voltage and the input exceeds UTP, the output
switches to the _________ negative voltage
Maximum

7. Uses a capacitor in the feedback path which is open to dc. This implies that the gain at dc is the
open-loop gain of the op-amp.
Practical integrator

8. Gives an op-amp noise immunity

Hysteresis

9. Used to detect positive and negative voltages by connecting a fixed reference voltage source to
the inverting input of a zero-level detector.
Nonzero-Level detection

10. A good example of hysteresis

Thermostat

11. A comparator with three trigger points

Schmitt Trigger

12. The output of Schmitt trigger is

Pulse waveform

13. In a comparator with output bounding, what type of diode is used in the feedback loop?
Zener

14. Necessary components for the design of a bounded comparator

Rectifier and zener diodes

15. Type of circuit that uses comparators

Nonzero-level detector
16. Variations of the basic summing amplifier
Averaging and scaling amplifier

17. Differentiation of a ramp input produces a step output with an amplitude proportional to the
_________
Slope

18. Another term for flash

Simultaneous

19. Integration of a step input produces a ramp output with the slope proportional to the _________
Amplitude

THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

1. The measure of an amplifiers ability to reject common-mode signals

CMRR

2. It is the typical value of input offset voltage in the ideal case.

0V

3. It is the dc current required by the inputs of the amplifier to properly operate the first stage.
Input bias current

4. It is the resistance viewed from the output terminal of the op-amp

Output impedance

5. The total resistance between the inverting and noninverting inputs

Differential input impedance

6. Differential impedance is measured by determining the change in ___________ for a given

change in differential input voltage.
Bias current

7. Common temperature coefficient for the offset current

0.5nA/C

8. Functions of negative feedback in an op-amp

Stabilize gain and increase frequency response

9. The voltage gain of an op-amp with external feedback

Closed-loop voltage gain

10. A special case of the noninverting amplifier where all of the output voltage is fed back to the
inverting input by a straight connection
Voltage-follower configuration

11. The value of the frequency at which the gain steadily decreases to a point where it is equal to
unity
Unity-gain frequency Or unity gain bandwidth

12. It is always equal to the frequency at which the op-amps open- loop gain is unity or 0 dB.
Gain-bandwidth product

13. The relative angular displacement of a time-varying function relative to a reference.

Phase shift

14. The three terminals of the basic op-amp not including power and ground
Inverting input, noninverting input, and output

15. It has the highest input impedance and the lowest output impedance of the three amplifier
configurations
Voltage-follower

16. The _________ of an op-amp equals the upper critical frequency.

Bandwidth

17. Two types of op-amp input operation.

Differential mode and common-mode

18. A ____________ differentiator uses a capacitor in series with the inverting input.
Ideal
19. An ideal op-amp has ___________ value for voltage gain, bandwidth, and input impedance.
Infinite

20. What should be the output voltage of an op-amp when the differential input is zero
Zero

21. The ideal op-amp has __________ output impedance

Zero

22. The three basic op-amp configurations

Inverting, noninverting, and voltage follower

23. The closed-loop voltage gain is _________ than the open-loop voltage gain. (more or less)
Less

24. Does the gain of an op-amp decreases or increases as frequency increases above the critical
frequency
Decreases

25. Devices such as the diode and the transistor which are separate devices that are individually
packaged and interconnected in a circuit with other devices to form a complete, functional unit.
Discrete components

26. Most op-amps operate with how many dc supply voltage?

2 (positive and negative)
27. Datasheets often refer to the open-loop voltage gain as the ______________
Large-signal voltage gain

AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY RESPONSE

AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY RESPONSE

1. The frequency at which the output power drops to one-half of its midrange value
Corner frequency

2. At the critical frequencies the output voltage is 70.7% of its midrange value. What is the value of
voltage gain in dB?
-3 dB

3. What is the other term for lower critical frequency?

All of the above

4. The condition where the gain is down 3 dB is logically called _________ of the amplifier response
-3 dB point

5. The upper and lower dominant critical frequencies are sometimes called
Half-power frequencies

6. A characteristic of an amplifier in which the product of the voltage gain and the bandwidth is
always constant when the roll-off is -20 dB/ decade.
Gain-bandwidth product

7. Critical frequencies are values of frequency at which the RC circuits reduce the voltage gain to
____________ of its midrange value.
70.7%

8. An octave of frequency change is a ________ -times change

2
9. Which of the following has no effect on the low-frequency response?
Internal transistor capacitances

10. What is the gain that occurs for the range of frequencies between the lower and upper critical
frequencies?
Midrange gain
11. Which of the following is not a method in frequency response measurement?
Roll-off measurement

12. If the voltage gain is less than one, what is the value of the dB gain?
Negative

13. A plot of dB voltage gain versus frequency on semilog graph paper

Bode plot

14. The critical frequency at which the curve breaks into a -20dB/decade drop
Lower break frequency

15. The change in gain or phase shift over a specified range of input signal frequencies
Frequency response

16. A unit of logarithmic gain measurement and is commonly used to express amplifier response
Decibel

17. The lower and upper critical frequencies of an amplifier can be determined using the
_____________ method by applying a voltage step to the input of the amplifier and measuring the
rise and fall times of the resulting output voltage
Step-response method

18. The coupling an bypass capacitors of an amplifier affect the _________ frequency response:
high or low
Low
19. The internal transistor capacitances affect the _________ frequency response: high or low
High

20. Two frequency response measurement

Frequency/amplitude and step

21. The Miller input and output capacitances for a BJT inverting amplifier depends on
Voltage gain

22. When dB is negative, it is usually called_______

Attenuation

FET AMPLIFIERS AND SWITCHING CIRCUITS

FET AMPLIFIERS AND SWITCHING CIRCUITS

1. An amplifier that primarily uses only MOSFETs.

Class D

2. A process in which an input signal is converted to a series of pulses with widths that varies
proportionally to the amplitude of the input signal.
PWM

3. It removes the modulating frequency and harmonics and passes only the original signal to the
output.
Low-Pass Filter

4. The voltage gain of a common-drain amplifier is always

Slightly less than 1

5. The load resistance connected to the drain of a common-source amplifier reduces ____________
Voltage gain

6. What is the relationship between the input resistance of a common-gate amplifier to its
transconductance?
They are inversely proportional

7. The efficiency of a class D amplifier approaches

100%

8. The input signal is applied to the gate and the output is taken from source
Common-drain

9. A nonlinear amplifier in which the transistors are operated as switches

Class D

10. A device that switches an analog signal on and off

Analog switch

11. Consists of two or more analog switches that connect sample portions of their analog input
signals to single output in a time sequence
Analog multiplexer

12. Used in low-power digital switching circuits

CMOS

13. Amplifier commonly used as frequency multiplier

Class C

14. The least efficient amplifier

Class A

15. An amplifier that is biased below cutoff

Class c

16. A class of amplifier that operates in the linear region for only a small part of the input cycle
Class C
17. In a class AB amplifier, if the VBE drops are not matched to the diode drops or if the diodes are
not in thermal equilibrium with the transistors, this can result in
Thermal runaway

POWER AMPLIFIERS

POWER AMPLIFIERS

1. It is the product of Q-point current and voltage of a transistor with no signal input
Power dissipation

2. The ____________ of an amplifier is the ratio of the output signal power supplied to a load to the
total power from the dc supply.
Efficiency

3. Which amplifier operates in the linear region for 180 deg. Of the input cycle when biased in cutoff
and is in cutoff for 180 deg?
Class B

4. These amplifiers are biased to conduct for slightly more than 180 deg.
Class AB

5. An amplifier that is generally used in Radio Frequency applications

Class C

6. Implemented with a laser diode

Current mirror

7. An amplifier that is biased below cutoff and is normally operated with resonant circuit load
Class C

8. The four classes of power amplifiers are classified based on the percentage of the
____________which the amplifier operates in its ________region
Input cycle, linear

9. It is the ratio of the output power to the input power

Power gain

10. Product of the rms load current and the rms load voltage
Output power

11. A type of class B amplifier with two transistors in which one transistor conducts for one half-cycle
and the other conducts for the other half-cycle
Push-pull

12. Amplifiers that are generally used in Radio Frequency Applications.

Class C amplifiers

13. Another term for complementary Darlington

Sziklai pair

14. An advantage of push-pull class B and class AB amplifiers over class A

Efficiency

15. The Q-point is at _________ at class B operation

Cutoff

16. Operates in the linear region where the output signal is an amplified replica of the input signal
Class A

17. Amplifiers that have the objective of delivering power to a load

Power amplifers

18. When the Q-point is at the center of the ac load line, a maximum class ________ signal can be
obtained.
A
19. The maximum efficiency of capacitively coupled class A amplifier cannot be higher than
25%

20. The low efficiency of class A amplifiers limits their usefulness to small power applications that
require usually less than ________.
1W

BJT AMPLIFIERS

BJT AMPLIFIERS

1. Amplifiers designed to handle small __________ signals are referred to as small-signal

amplifiers.
ac only

2. Which of the r parameters is the most important?

re

3. Determine the ac emitter resistance that is operating with a dc emitter current of 5mA.
5.0

4. If ac=hfe, ac=?
hfb

5. Which of the three amplifier configurations exhibit high voltage gain and high current gain?
Common-emitter

6. An amplifier configuration which has a voltage gain of approximately 1, a high input resistance
and current gain,
Common-collector

7. An amplifier configuration which provides high voltage gain with a maximum current gain of 1.
Common-base
8. Which of the amplifier configurations is the most appropriate for certain applications where
sources tend to have low-resistance outputs?
Common-base

9. In a common-emitter amplifier, any change in input signal voltage results in

Opposite change in collector signal voltage

10. The ac voltage gain is the ratio of

ac output voltage at the collector to ac input voltage at the base

11. the reduction in signal voltage as it passes through a circuit

attenuation

12. the overall voltage gain of the common-emitter amplifier is the product of the voltage gain from
base to collector and
reciprocal of the attenuation

13. Without the bypass capacitor, the CE amplifiers emitter is no longer at ac ground. How does this
affect the amplifier?
It decreases the ac voltage gain

14. The measure of how well an amplifier maintains its design values over changes in temperature,
Stability

15. Swamping is a method used to minimize the effect of the ____________without reducing the
voltage gain to its minimum value.
ac emitter resistance

16. ___________ contains two transistors. The collectors of two transistors are connected and the
emitter of the first drives the base of the second.
Darlington pair
17. _____________ consists of two types of transistors, npn and a pnp.
Complementary Darlington

18. An amplifier configuration in which the input signal is capacitively coupled to the emitter and the
output is capacitively coupled from the collector,
Common-base

19. Which of the amplifier configurations is/are useful at high frequencies when impedance matching
is required?
Common-base

20. The power gain of a common-base amplifier is approximately equal to

Voltage gain

21. BJT amplifier that produces output that are a function of the difference between two input
voltages,
Differential amplifier

22. Ideally, a diff-amp provides a very high gain for single-ended or differential signals and
_____________ gain for common-mode signals.
0

23. Input signals are out of phase

Differential amplifier