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NFPA1006

Standardfor
RescueTechnicianProfessionalQualifications
2003Edition

Copyright2003,NationalFireProtectionAssociation,AllRightsReserved

ThiseditionofNFPA1006,StandardforRescueTechnicianProfessionalQualifications,
waspreparedbytheTechnicalCommitteeonRescueTechnicianProfessionalQualifications,
releasedbytheTechnicalCorrelatingCommitteeonProfessionalQualifications,andacted
onbyNFPAatitsNovemberAssociationTechnicalMeetingheldNovember1620,2002,in
Atlanta,GA.ItwasissuedbytheStandardsCouncilonJanuary17,2003,withaneffective
dateofFebruary6,2003,andsupersedesallpreviouseditions.
ThiseditionofNFPA1006wasapprovedasanAmericanNationalStandardonJanuary17,
2003.

OriginandDevelopmentofNFPA1006
In1994,theNFPAStandardsCouncil,afterreceiptofarequestforthedevelopmentofa
standardfortheprofessionalqualificationsofrescuetechnicians,approvedtheestablishment
ofatechnicalcommitteeonRescueTechnicianProfessionalQualificationsunderthe
ProfessionalQualificationsproject.ThecommitteedevelopedthefirsteditionofNFPA
1006,StandardforRescueTechnicianProfessionalQualifications,whichestablished
generaljobperformancerequirementsforarescuetechnicianaswellasspecificjob
performancerequirementsforspecialrescueoperations.Theseperformancerequirements
includeroperescue,surfacewaterrescue,vehicleandmachineryrescue,confinedspace
rescue,structuralcollapserescue,andtrenchrescue.
Inthe2003editionofNFPA1006,allofthechapterswerereviewedandchangesweremade
tocomplywiththeNFPA ManualofStyle.Threenewchapterswereaddedtothe
document:SubterraneanRescue,DiveRescue,andWildernessRescue.
InMemoriam,September11,2001
Wepaytributetothe343membersofFDNYwhogavetheirlivestosavecivilianvictimson
September11,2001,attheWorldTradeCenter.TheyaretrueAmericanheroesindeath,
buttheywerealsoAmericanheroesinlife.Wewillkeeptheminourmemoryandinour
hearts.Theyaretheembodimentofcourage,bravery,anddedication.Maytheyrestin

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peace.

TechnicalCorrelatingCommitteeonProfessionalQualifications(PQUAAC)

DouglasP.Forsman,Chair
UnionColonyFire&RescueAuthority,CO[E]
Rep.LouisianaStateUniversity

FredG.Allinson,Seattle,WA[L]
Rep.NationalVolunteerFireCouncil

StephenP.Austin,StateFarmFire&CasualtyCo.,DE[I]
Rep.InternationalAssociationofArsonInvestigatorsInc.

TimothyL.Bradley,NorthCarolinaFireCommission,NC[E]
(VLtoProfessionalQualificationsSystemManagement)
Rep.TConFireServiceInstructorProfessionalQualifications

BoydF.Cole,SunnyCorIncorporated,CA[M]
(VLtoProfessionalQualificationsSystemManagement)
Rep.TConEmergencyVehicleMechanicTechniciansProfessionalQualifications

YvesDesjardins,EcolenationaledespompiersduQuebec,Canada[U]

DavidT.Endicott,Stevensville,MD[U]
(VLtoProfessionalQualificationsSystemManagement)
Rep.TConFireFighterProfessionalQualifications

GeraldC.Evans,SaltLakeCityFireDepartment,UT[L]
(VLtoProfessionalQualificationsSystemManagement)
Rep.TConPublicSafetyTelecommunicatorProfessionalQualifications

JonC.Jones,JonJones&Associates,MA[SE]
(VLtoProfessionalQualificationsSystemManagement)
Rep.TConIndustrialFireBrigadesProfessionalQualifications

AlanE.Joos,UtahFireandRescueAcademy,UT[E]
Rep.InternationalFireServiceAccreditationCongress

CharlesE.Kirtley,CityofGuymon,Oklahoma,FireDepartment,OK[U]
(VLtoProfessionalQualificationsSystemManagement)
Rep.TConPublicFireEducatorProfessionalQualifications

BarbaraKoffron,PhoenixFireDepartment,AZ[U]
(VLtoProfessionalQualificationsSystemManagement)
Rep.TConFireInspectorProfessionalQualifications

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MichaelJ.McGovern,LakewoodFireDepartment,WA[U]

GerardJ.Naylis,FMGlobal,NJ[I]
(VLtoProfessionalQualificationsSystemManagement)

ChrisNeal,OklahomaStateUniversity,OK[M]
(VLtoProfessionalQualificationsSystemManagement)
Rep.TConFireOfficerProfessionalQualifications

DavidK.Nelson,DavidKNelsonConsultants,CA[SE]
(VLtoProfessionalQualificationsSystemManagement)
Rep.TConWildfireSuppressionProfessionalQualifications

WilliamE.Peterson,PlanoFireDepartment,TX[M]
Rep.InternationalFireServiceTrainingAssociation

HughA.Pike,U.S.AirForceFireProtection,FL[E]
(VLtoProfessionalQualificationsSystemManagement)
Rep.TConRescueTechnicianProfessionalQualifications

RichardPowell,SaginawTownshipFireDepartment,MI[L]
(VLtoProfessionalQualificationsSystemManagement)
Rep.TConAccreditationandCertificationProfessionalQualifications

JohnnyG.Wilson,GAFirefighterStandards&TrainingCouncil,GA[E]
Rep.NationalBoardonFireServiceProfessionalQualifications

Alternates

MichaelW.Robinson,BaltimoreCountyFireDepartment,MD[E]
(Alt.toJ.G.Wilson)

FrankE.Florence, NFPAStaffLiaison

CommitteeScope:ThisCommitteeshallhaveprimaryresponsibilityforthemanagementof
theNFPAProfessionalQualificationsProjectanddocumentsrelatedtoprofessional
qualificationsforfireservice,publicsafety,andrelatedpersonnel.

TechnicalCommitteeonRescueTechniciansProfessionalQualifications(PQURES)

HughA.Pike,Chair
U.S.AirForceFireProtection,FL[E]

WayneBailey,NorthCarolinaOfficeofStateFireMarshal,NC[E]

B.KurtBozenhardt,WackenhutServices,Inc.,AL[U]

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MichaelP.Brink,MadisonHeightsFireDepartment,MI[U]
Rep.MichiganTechnicalRescueOperationsTeam

MichaelCarpenter,GarnerEnvironmentalServices,TX[SE]

ThomasWysongConnellII,SpecialRescueServices,MA[SE]

CarlGoodson,OklahomaStateUniversity,OK[M]
Rep.InternationalFireServiceTrainingAssociation

WesleyV.Kitchel,SantaRosaFireDepartment,CA[L]

TimothyJ.Lombardi,CuyahogaFallsFireDepartment,OH[L]
Rep.NFPAFireServiceSection

MichaelS.Mayers,HiltonHeadIslandFireandRescue,SC[U]

GregoryA.Milewski,EquivaServicesLLC(Texaco),TX[U]

RobertN.Moody,MontgomeryCounty,Maryland,MD[L]

WilliamL.Renaker,Ingleside,IL[U]
Rep.IllinoisFireServiceInstitute/UniversityofIllinois

RobertE.Rhea,FairfaxCountyFireandRescue,VA[U]

BrianE.Rousseau,StateofNewYork,NY[E]

RobertJ.Schappert,III,MarylandFireandRescueInstitute,MD[SE]

PeterM.Schecter,WarringtonTownshipFireDepartment,PA[SE]
Rep.VolunteerChiefOfficersSection

RalphSproul,ChevronProductsCompany,CA[U]

CharlesA.Wehrli,CityofNapervilleFireDepartment,IL[E]
Rep.OfficeoftheIllinoisStateFireMarshal

ErnestR.(Richey)Wright,WrightRescueSolutions,Inc.,FL[SE]

Alternates

BradEveland,U.S.AirForce,TX[E]
(Alt.toH.A.Pike)

PaulMoledor,CuyahogaFallsFireDepartment,OH[L]

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(Alt.toT.J.Lombardi)

TerryM.Sutphen,IllinoisFireServiceInstitute,IL[U]
(Alt.toW.L.Renaker)

FrankE.Florence, NFPAStaffLiaison

CommitteeScope:Thiscommitteeshallhavetheprimaryresponsibilityfordocumentson
theProfessionalQualificationsforfireserviceandrelatedpersonnelwhowillperformrescue
operations.
TheselistsrepresentthemembershipatthetimetheCommitteeswereballotedonthefinal
textofthisedition.Sincethattime,changesinthemembershipmayhaveoccurred.Akeyto
classificationsisfoundatthebackofthedocument.
NOTE:Membershiponacommitteeshallnotinandofitselfconstituteanendorsementof
theAssociationoranydocumentdevelopedbythecommitteeonwhichthememberserves.

NFPA1006
Standardfor
RescueTechnicianProfessionalQualifications
2003Edition
NOTICE:Anasterisk(*)followingthenumberorletterdesignatingaparagraphindicates
thatexplanatorymaterialontheparagraphcanbefoundinAnnexA.
Changesotherthaneditorialareindicatedbyaverticalrulebesidetheparagraph,table,or
figureinwhichthechangeoccurred.Theserulesareincludedasanaidtotheuserin
identifyingchangesfromthepreviousedition.Whereoneormorecompleteparagraphshave
beendeleted,thedeletionisindicatedbyabullet()betweentheparagraphsthatremain.
Areferenceinbrackets[]followingasectionorparagraphindicatesmaterialthathasbeen
extractedfromanotherNFPAdocument.Asanaidtotheuser,AnnexIliststhecomplete
titleandeditionofthesourcedocumentsforbothmandatoryandnonmandatoryextracts.
Editorialchangestoextractedmaterialconsistofrevisingreferencestoanappropriate
divisioninthisdocumentortheinclusionofthedocumentnumberwiththedivisionnumber
whenthereferenceistotheoriginaldocument.Requestsforinterpretationsorrevisionsof
extractedtextshallbesenttothetechnicalcommitteeresponsibleforthesourcedocument.
InformationonreferencedpublicationscanbefoundinChapter2andAnnexI.

Chapter1Administration

1.1*Scope.
Thisstandardestablishestheminimumjobperformancerequirementsnecessaryforfire
serviceandotheremergencyresponsepersonnelwhoperformtechnicalrescueoperations.

1.2Purpose.

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Thepurposeofthisstandardistospecifytheminimumjobperformancerequirementsfor
serviceasarescuerinanemergencyresponseorganization.Itisnottheintentofthis
standardtorestrictanyjurisdictionfromexceedingtheseminimumrequirements.

1.3*General.
1.3.1 Eachperformanceobjectiveshallbeperformedsafely,competently,andinitsentirety.
1.3.2 Jobperformancerequirementsneednotbemasteredintheorderinwhichtheyappear.
Theauthorityhavingjurisdictionshallestablishtheinstructionalpriorityandthetraining
programcontenttoprepareindividualstomeettheperformancerequirementsofthis
standard.
1.3.3* Itisincumbentontheauthorityhavingjurisdictiontodeterminewhichdisciplinesare
requiredtoachievethedesiredtypesofserviceandtoprovidetrainingorcertificationas
necessarytosatisfytheserviceneeds.
1.3.4 Performanceofeachrequirementshallbeevaluatedbyindividualsapprovedbythe
authorityhavingjurisdiction.Evaluatorsshallbeindividualswhowerenotinvolvedas
instructorsfortheperformancerequirementsbeingevaluated.
1.3.5 Whereverinthisstandardthetermsrules,regulations,procedures,supplies,
apparatus,andequipmentarereferredto,theyshallimplythattheyarethoseavailabletoor
usedbytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.
1.3.6 PerformanceofeachrequirementshallbeinaccordancewithapplicableNFPA
standardsandoccupationalhealthandsafetyregulations.

Chapter2ReferencedPublications(Reserved)

Chapter3Definitions

3.1*General.
Thedefinitionscontainedinthischaptershallapplytothetermsusedinthisstandard.Where
termsarenotincluded,commonusageofthetermsshallapply.

3.2NFPAOfficialDefinitions.
3.2.1*Approved.Acceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.
3.2.2*AuthorityHavingJurisdiction(AHJ).Theorganization,office,orindividual
responsibleforapprovingequipment,materials,aninstallation,oraprocedure.
3.2.3Labeled.Equipmentormaterialstowhichhasbeenattachedalabel,symbol,orother
identifyingmarkofanorganizationthatisacceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdictionand
concernedwithproductevaluation,thatmaintainsperiodicinspection ofproductionof
labeledequipmentormaterials,andbywhoselabelingthemanufacturerindicatescompliance

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withappropriatestandardsorperformanceinaspecifiedmanner.
3.2.4*Listed.Equipment,materials,orservicesincludedinalistpublishedbyan
organizationthatisacceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdictionandconcernedwith
evaluationofproductsorservices,thatmaintainsperiodicinspectionofproduction oflisted
equipmentormaterialsorperiodicevaluationofservices,andwhoselistingstatesthateither
theequipment,material,orservicemeetsappropriatedesignatedstandardsorhasbeentested
andfoundsuitableforaspecifiedpurpose.
3.2.5Shall.Indicatesamandatoryrequirement.
3.2.6Should.Indicatesarecommendationorthatwhichisadvisedbutnotrequired.

3.3GeneralDefinitions.
3.3.1Abrasion.Thedamagingeffectonropeandotherequipmentcausedbyfriction.
3.3.2Access.Seedefinition 3.3.27,ConfinedSpaceApproach.
3.3.3AnchorPoint.Asinglestructuralcomponentusedeitheraloneorincombinationwith
otherstocreateananchorsystemcapableofsustainingtheactualorpotentialloadonthe
roperescuesystem.
3.3.3.1HighPointAnchor.Apointabovethetrenchusedforattachmentofrescue
systems.
3.3.4AnchorSystem.Oneormoreanchorpointsriggedinsuchawayastoprovidea
structurallysignificantconnectionpointforroperescuesystemcomponents.
3.3.4.1*MultiplePointAnchorSystem.Systemconfigurationprovidingloaddistribution
overmorethanoneanchorpoint,eitherproportionallyordisproportionally.Thereare
basicallytwocategoriesofmultiplepointanchorsystems:loaddistributingandloadsharing.
3.3.4.2*SinglePointAnchorSystem.Anchorsystemrelyingonasingleanchorpointto
sustaintheentireload.
3.3.5AscentDevice.Anauxiliaryequipmentsystemcomponentafrictionormechanical
deviceutilizedaloneorincombinationtoallowapersontoascendafixedrope.
3.3.6AtmosphericMonitoring.Amethodofevaluatingtheambientatmosphereofaspace,
includingbutnotlimitedtoitsoxygencontent,flammability,andtoxicity.
3.3.7*Attendant.Atermusedtodescribeapersonwhoisqualifiedtobestationedoutside
oneormoreconfinedspaces,whomonitorsauthorizedentrants,andwhoperformsspecified
duties.
3.3.8*AuthorizedEntrant.AtermusedtodescribeaU.S.federallyregulatedindustrial
workerdesignatedtoenterconfinedspaceswhomeetsspecifiedtrainingrequirementsfor
eachspecificspaceheorsheenters.
3.3.9*BasicFirstAidKit.Equipmentordevicesformanaginginfectionexposure,airways,
spinalimmobilization,fractureimmobilization,shock,andbleedingcontrol.
3.3.10*Belay.Themethodbywhichapotentialfalldistanceiscontrolledtominimize
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damagetoequipmentand/orinjurytoaliveload.
3.3.11Belayer.Therescuerwhooperatesthebelaysystem.
3.3.12Belt.Asystemcomponentmaterialconfiguredasadevicethatfastensaroundthe
waistonlyanddesignatedasaladderbelt,anescapebelt,oraladder/escapebelt.

3.3.13BenchingorBenchingSystem.Amethodofprotectingemployeesfromcaveinsby
excavatingthesideofatrenchorexcavationtoformoneoraseriesofhorizontallevelsor
steps,usuallywithverticalornearverticalsurfacesbetweenlevels.

3.3.14BeneficialSystem.Auxiliarypoweredequipmentinmotorvehiclesormachinesthat
canenhanceorfacilitaterescuessuchaselectric,pneumatic,orhydraulicseatpositioners,
doorlocks,windowoperatingmechanisms,suspensionsystems,tiltsteeringwheels,
convertibletops,orotherdevicesorsystemstofacilitatethemovement(extension,
retraction,raising,lowering,conveyorcontrol)ofequipmentormachinery.
3.3.15Bight.Theopenloopinaropeorpieceofwebbingformedwhenitisdoubledback
onitself.
3.3.16*Bombproof.Atermusedtorefertoasingleanchorpointcapableofsustainingthe
actualorpotentialforcesexertedontheroperescuesystemwithoutpossibilityoffailure.
3.3.17Breach.Anopeningmadeinthewall,floor,orceilingofastructure,basedon
constructiontype,thatcanbeusedformovingrescuers,equipment,orvictimsintooroutof
thestructure.
3.3.18BreachingTechniques.Methodsthatutilizebreakingandcuttingtoolstocreatesafe
openingsinmasonry,concrete,andwoodstructures.
3.3.19BuoyancyControlDevice.Jacketorvestthatcontainsaninflatablebladderforthe
purposesofcontrollingbuoyancy.
3.3.20Cavein.Theseparationofamassofsoilorrockmaterialfromthesideofan
excavationortrench,orthelossofsoilfromunderatrenchshieldorsupportsystem,andits
suddenmovementintotheexcavation,eitherbyfallingorsliding,insufficientquantitythatit
couldentrap,bury,orotherwiseinjureandimmobilizeaperson.
3.3.21CollapseSupportOperations.Operationsperformedatthescenethatinclude
providingforrescuercomfort,scenelighting,scenemanagement,andequipmentreadiness.
3.3.22CollapseType.Fivegeneraltypesofcollapseincludeleantocollapse,Vshape
collapse,pancakecollapse,cantilevercollapse,andAframecollapse.(SeeAnnexB.)
3.3.23CollapseZone.Seedefinition 3.3.137,RescueArea.
3.3.24CommunityResourceList.Alistthatincludesallprivateandpubliccontact
numbersthatwillprovidetheavailablecommunityresourcestomitigateaspecifiedtypeor
rangeofrescueincidentsandhazardousconditionsinthecommunity.Aformofagreement
orcontractnegotiatedpriortothepotentialincidentwithparticipatingconcernswillenhance

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reliabilityoftheresources.
3.3.25CompetentPerson.Onewhoiscapableofidentifyingexistingandpredictable
hazardsinthesurroundingsorworkingconditionsthatareunsanitary,hazardous,or
dangeroustoemployees,andwhohasauthorizationtotakepromptcorrectivemeasuresto
eliminatethem.
3.3.26*ConfinedSpace.Aspacethatislargeenoughandsoconfiguredthatapersoncan
enterandperformassignedwork,thathaslimitedorrestrictedmeansforentryorexit(e.g.,
tanks,vessels,silos,storagebins,hoppers,vaults,andpits),andthatisnotdesignedfor
continuoushumanoccupancy.

3.3.27ConfinedSpaceApproach.Themeansofapproachtotheentryopeningofa
confinedspace.
3.3.28ConfinedSpaceEntry.Includesensuingworkactivitiesinaconfinedspaceandis
consideredtohaveoccurredassoonasanypartoftheentrantsbodybreakstheplaneofan
openingintothespace.
3.3.29ConfinedSpaceEntryOpening.Theportoropeningusedtoenteraconfined
space.
3.3.30ConfinedSpaceEntryPermit.Awrittenorprinteddocumentestablishedbyan
employerinapplicableU.S.federallyregulatedindustrialfacilitiesfornonrescueentryinto
confinedspaces,thatauthorizesspecificemployeestoenteraconfinedspaceandcontains
specificinformationasrequired.(SeeAnnexC.)
3.3.31*ConfinedSpaceRescuePreplan.Aninformationaldocumentcompletedbyrescue
personnelpertainingtoaspecificspace.Thedocumentshouldincludebutisnotlimitedto
informationconcerninghazardabatementrequirements,accesstothespace,sizeandtypeof
entryopenings,internalconfigurationofthespace,andasuggestedactionplanforrescueof
personsinjuredwithinthespace.
3.3.32ConfinedSpaceRescueTeam.Acombinationofindividualstrainedandavailableto
respondtoconfinedspaceemergenciesandperformrescues.
3.3.33ConfinedSpaceRetrievalEquipment.Seedefinition 3.3.143,RetrievalEquipment.

3.3.34*ConfinedSpaceType.Aclassificationofconfinedspacesthatincorporatesthe
size,configuration,andaccessibilityofanentryopeningaswellastheinternal
configuration/entanglementstructureswithinthespace.
3.3.35ConstructionGradeLumber.Lumberproductsthatarereadilyavailableinsizes
andlengthsforgeneralconstructionapplications.
3.3.36*ConstructionType.Basedonmajorconstructioncategories,thesecategories
include,butarenotlimitedto,woodframe,steel,unreinforcedmasonry(URM),tiltup
precast,highrise,andformedinplace.
3.3.37Cribbing.Shortlengthsoftimber/compositematerials,usually101.60mm 101.60
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mm(4in.4in.)and457.20mm 609.60mm(18in.24in.)longthatareusedinvarious
configurationstostabilizeloadsinplaceorwhileloadismoving.
3.3.38*CriticalAngle.Aninternalangleinasystemof120degreesorgreaterthatresults
inanamplificationofaforceappliedtothesystem.
3.3.39CriticalIncidentStressDebriefing(CISD).Apostincidentmeetingdesignedto
assistrescuepersonnelindealingwithpsychologicaltraumaastheresultofanemergency.
3.3.40Critique.Apostincidentanalysisoftheeffectivenessoftherescueeffort.
3.3.41CrossBraces.Theindividualhorizontalmembersofashoringsysteminstalled
perpendiculartothesidesoftheexcavation,theendsofwhichbearagainsteitheruprightsor
wales.
3.3.42*CrushSyndrome.Aconditioninwhichmuscledeathoccursbecauseofpressure
appliedbyanexternalload(e.g.,avehicle,partsofafallenbuilding,arock,orasqueezeina
tighthole).
3.3.43*CutSheet.Adocumentthatspecifiesthedimensions,slope,andotherpertinent
informationregardingaparticularexcavation.
3.3.44CutStation.Afunctionalareaorsectorthatutilizeslumber,timber,andan
assortmentofhandandpowertoolstocompleteoperationalobjectivesforstabilizingor
shoringatarescueincidentortrainingevolution.
3.3.45Decontamination.Theremovalorneutralizationofahazardousmaterialfrom
equipmentand/orpersonnel.
3.3.46DescendingaLine.Ameansoftravelingdownafixedlineusingadescentcontrol
device.
3.3.47DescentControlDevice.Anauxiliaryequipmentsystemcomponentafrictionor
mechanicaldeviceutilizedwithropetocontroldescent.
3.3.48Disentanglement.Theprocessoffreeingavictimfromentrapment.
3.3.49DiveProfile.Planforadive,includingthedepthanddurationofthedive,inorderto
determinethelevelofnitrogeninthebloodstream.
3.3.50*DiveTables.Formatutilizedbydivers,baseduponvariousacceptedstudies,which
calculatenitrogenlevelsandconvertthemtotabulardatafordeterminingasafediveprofile.
3.3.51Divemaster.Diveprofessionaldemonstratinganadvancedlevelofcompetency,
chargedwithcoordinatingandleadingdivers.
3.3.52DoubleBlockandBleed.Theclosureofaline,duct,orpipebyclosing,locking,and
taggingtwovalvesinlineandopening,locking,andtaggingadrainorventvalveinline
betweenthetwoclosedvalves.
3.3.53EdgeProtection.Ameansofprotectingsoftwarecomponentswithinaroperescue
systemfromthepotentiallyharmfuleffectsofexposedsharporabrasiveedges.

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3.3.54Emergency.Anyconditionendangeringorthoughttobeendangeringlifeor
property.
3.3.55EmergencyMedicalCare.Prehospitalcaregiventoavictimofanaccidentor
suddenillness.
3.3.56Entrant.Seedefinition 3.3.8,AuthorizedEntrant.
3.3.57Entry.Includesensuingworkactivitiesintheentryspaceandisconsideredtohave
occurredassoonasanypartoftheentrantsbodybreakstheplaneofanopeningintothe
space.(Seealso3.3.28,ConfinedSpaceEntry.)
3.3.58EntryOpening.Seedefinition 3.3.29,ConfinedSpaceEntryOpening.
3.3.59EnvironmentalControls.Seedefinition 3.3.21,CollapseSupportOperations.
3.3.60Excavation.Anymanmadecut,cavity,trench,ordepressioninanearthsurface,
formedbytheremovalofearth.
3.3.61*ExtinguishingDevices.Devicesusedtosuppressfire,including,butnotlimitedto,
CO2 extinguishers,drychemicalextinguishers,hoselines,andfirefightingfoam.

3.3.62Face(s)(alsoWall,Side,orBelly).Theverticalorinclinedearthsurfaceformedasa
resultofexcavationwork.
3.3.63Failure.Thebreakage,displacement,orpermanentdeformationofastructural
memberorconnectionsoastoreduceitsstructuralintegrityanditssupportivecapabilities.
3.3.64FireControlMeasures.Methodsusedtosecureignitionsourcesatanincidentscene
thatcanincludehoselineplacementandutilizationofchemicalagentstosuppressfire
potential.
3.3.65FixedLineSystem.Aroperescuesystemconsistingofanonmovingropeattached
toananchorsystem.
3.3.66FloodInsuranceRateMaps.MapsproducedbytheNationalFloodInsurance
Program,undertheauspicesoftheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA),that
illustrategeographicareasthataresubjecttoflooding.
3.3.67FlotationAids.Devicesthatprovidesupplementalflotationforpersonsinthewater
butdonotmeetU.S.CoastGuardperformancecriteriasuchasbreakingstrengthofthe
threadusedinsewingthedevice,theusablelifeoftheflotationmaterialsincluding
compressibilityfactors,thecolorsandfadingpotentialofcertaindyesusedinthefabrication
ofthedevice,andthestrengthandbreakingforcerequiredforbucklesandtiestraps.
3.3.68*GeneralArea.Sometimescalledthewarmzone,anareasurroundingtheincident
site(e.g.,collapsedstructureortrench)thathasasizeproportionaltothesizeandnatureof
theincident.
3.3.69Hardware.Atypeofauxiliaryequipmentthatincludesbutisnotlimitedtoascent
devices,carabiners,descentcontroldevices,pulleys,rings,andsnaplinks.[1983:1.3]
3.3.70Harness.Seedefinition 3.3.93,LifeSafetyHarness.
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3.3.71HaulingSystem.Aropesystemgenerallyconstructedfromlifesafetyrope,pulleys,
andotherroperescuesystemcomponentscapableofliftingormovingaloadacrossagiven
area.
3.3.72HazardMitigation.Activitiestakentoisolate,eliminate,orreducethedegreeofrisk
tolifeandpropertyfromhazards,eitherbefore,during,orafteranincident.
3.3.73*HazardousAtmosphereforConfinedSpace.Anyatmospherethatcanexpose
personneltotheriskofdeath,incapacitation,injury,acuteillness,orimpairmentofthe
abilitytoselfrescue.
3.3.74HazardousAtmospheres.Anyatmospherethatcanexposepersonneltotheriskof
death,incapacitation,injury,acuteillness,orimpairmentofabilitytoselfrescue.
3.3.75HazardousMaterial.Asubstance(solid,liquid,orgas)thatwhenreleasediscapable
ofcreatingharmtopeople,theenvironment,andproperty.
3.3.76HeavyConstructionType.Constructionthatutilizesmasonry,steel,andconcretein
variouscombinations,includingtiltup,steelframewithinfill,concretemomentresisting
frame,concreteshearwall,unreinforcedmasonryinfillinconcreteframe,andprecast
concrete.(SeeAnnexD.)
3.3.77HeavyEquipment.Typically,constructionequipmentthatcanincludebutisnot
limitedtobackhoes,trachoes,gradealls,andcranes.
3.3.78HeavyLoad.Anyloadover3175.15kg(7000lb).
3.3.79HeavyStructuralCollapse.Collapseofheavyconstructiontypebuildingsthat
requirespecialtoolsandtrainingtogainaccessintothebuilding.
3.3.80HighAngle.Anenvironmentinwhichtheloadispredominatelysupportedbythe
roperescuesystem.
3.3.81HighlineSystem.Asystemofusingropesuspendedbetweentwopointsfor
movementofpersonsorequipment,includingsystemscapableofmovementbetweenpoints
ofequalorunequalheight.
3.3.82Hitch.Aknotthatattachestoorwrapsaroundanobject,andwhentheobjectis
removed,theknotwillfallapart.
3.3.83Hydrology.Effectofwater,itsmovementandmechanics,inrelationtobodiesof
water.
3.3.84IncidentManagementSystem.Anorganizedsystemofroles,responsibilities,and
standardoperatingproceduresusedtomanageemergencyoperations,oftenreferredtoas
incidentcommandsystem(ICS).
3.3.85IncidentTermination.Theprocedurenecessarytoreturnthesceneofanemergency
toastateofsafetyfollowingarescuethrougheliminationorisolationofhazards,sothat
rescuepersonnelandequipmentcanberemovedfromthesceneandreturnedtoastateof
readiness.
3.3.86InclinePlane.Aliftingmethodthatprovidesmechanicaladvantagebydistributing
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theworkrequiredtoliftaloadoveradistancealonganinclineratherthanstraightupand
down.
3.3.87*Isolation.Theprocessbywhichanareaisrenderedsafethroughmitigationof
dangerousenergyforms.
3.3.88*IsolationSystem.Anarrangementofdevices,includingisolationdevices,applied
withspecifictechniques,thatcollectivelyservetoisolateavictimofatrenchorexcavation
emergencyfromthesurroundingproduct(e.g.,soil,gravel,sand).
3.3.89JobPerformanceRequirement.Astatementthatdescribesaspecificjobtask,lists
theitemsnecessarytocompletethetask,anddefinesmeasurableorobservableoutcomes
andevaluationareasforthespecifictask.
3.3.90*Knot.Afastening,includingbights,bends,andhitches,madebytyingtogether
lengthsofropeorwebbinginaprescribedway.
3.3.91LaserTarget.Asquareorrectangularplasticdeviceusedinconjunctionwithalaser
instrumenttosetthelineandgradeofpipe.
3.3.92Levers.Toolsthathavearelationshipofload/fulcrum/forcetocreatemechanical
advantageandmoveaload.
3.3.93LifeSafetyHarness.Asystemcomponentanarrangementofmaterialssecured
aboutthebodyusedtosupportapersonduringfireservicerescue.
3.3.94LifeSafetyRope.Ropededicatedsolelyforthepurposeofsupportingpeopleduring
rescue,firefighting,otheremergencyoperations,orduringtrainingevolutions.
3.3.95LiftingTools.Hydraulic,pneumatic,mechanical,ormanualtoolsthatcanliftheavy
loads.
3.3.96LightFrameConstruction.Structuresthathaveframeworkmadeoutofwoodor
otherlightweightmaterials.(SeeAnnexD.)
3.3.97LineAscending.Ameansofsafelytravelingupafixedlinewiththeuseofoneor
moreascentdevices.
3.3.98Lip(TrenchLip).Thearea2fthorizontaland2ftvertical(0.61m 0.61m)from
thetopedgeofthetrenchface.
3.3.99LipCollapse.Acollapseofthetrenchlip,usuallysubsequenttosurchargeloading,
impactdamagefromtheexcavatingbucket,and/orinherentcohesivepropertiesofthesoil
type.
3.3.100LipIn.Seedefinition 3.3.99,LipCollapse.
3.3.101Litter.Atransferdevicedesignedtosupportavictimduringmovement.
3.3.102LoadStabilization.Theprocessofpreventingaloadfromshiftinginanydirection.
3.3.103LoadTest.Amethodofpreloadingaroperescuesystemtoensureallcomponents
aresetproperlytosustaintheexpectedloadgenerallyperformedbymultiplepersonnelto
exertforceonthesystemattheloadattachmentpointinthemanneroffunctionbeforelife
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loading.
3.3.104LocatingDevices.Devicesutilizedtolocatevictimsinrescueincidentsand
structuralcomponents,includingbutnotlimitedtovoice,seismic,video,K9,andfiber
optic.
3.3.105Loop.Anelementofaknotcreatedbyformingacompletecircleinarope.
3.3.106LowAngle.Referstoanenvironmentinwhichtheloadispredominatelysupported
byitselfandnottheroperescuesystem(e.g.,flatlandormildslopingsurface).
3.3.107LoweringSystem.Aroperescuesystemusedtoloweraloadundercontrol.
Loweringsystemsshouldincorporateamechanismtopreventtheuncontrolleddescentof
theloadduringtheloweringoperation.Thismechanismshouldreducetheneedforexcessive
forcetocontrolthelower.
3.3.108MaintenanceKits.Itemsrequiredformaintenanceandinspectionthatinclude,but
arenotlimitedto,thefollowing:manufacturerproductspecificationspreventive
maintenancechecklistsperiodiclogbookrecordsinventoryequipmentlistsappropriate
fluids,parts,andhardwareandtestinginstrumentsasrequired.
3.3.109MarkingSystems.Varioussystemsusedtomarkhazards,victimlocation,and
pertinentstructuralinformation.(SeeAnnexE.)
3.3.110MaximumWorkingLoad.Weightsupportedbythelifesafetyropeandsystem
componentsthatmustnotbeexceeded.
3.3.111MechanicalAdvantage(M/A).Aforcecreatedthroughmechanicalmeans,
includingbutnotlimitedto,asystemoflevers,gearing,orropesandpulleysusually
creatinganoutputforcegreaterthantheinputforceandexpressedintermsofaratioof
outputforcetoinputforce.
3.3.112MechanicalAdvantageSystem.
3.3.112.1CompoundRopeMechanicalAdvantageSystem.Acombinationofindividual
ropemechanicaladvantagesystemscreatedbystackingtheloadendofoneropemechanical
advantagesystemontothehaullineofanotherorotherstomultiplytheforcescreatedbythe
individualsystem(s).
3.3.112.2*SimpleRopeMechanicalAdvantageSystem.Aropemechanicaladvantage
systemcontainingasingleropeandoneormoremovingpulleys(orsimilardevices),all
travelingatthesamespeedandinthesamedirection,attacheddirectlyorindirectly tothe
load.
3.3.113Member.Apersonperformingthedutiesandresponsibilitiesofanemergency
responseorganizationonafulltimeorparttimebasis,withorwithoutcompensation.
3.3.114ModeofTransmission.Thephysicalmeansofentryofahazardousmaterialinto
thehumanbody,includinginhalation,absorption,injection,andingestion.
3.3.115MSDS.Materialsafetydatasheets.

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3.3.116NonintersectingTrench.See3.3.210.2.
3.3.117OneCallUtilityLocationService.Aservicefromwhichcontractors,emergency
servicepersonnel,andotherscanobtaininformationonthelocationandtypeofunderground
utilitiesinanarea.

3.3.118Packaging.Theprocessofsecuringavictiminatransferdevice,withregardto
existingandpotentialinjuriesorillness,soastopreventfurtherharmduringmovement.
3.3.119Parbuckling.Atechniqueformovingaloadutilizingasimple2:1mechanical
advantagesysteminwhichtheloadisplacedinsideabightformedinalengthofrope,
webbing,tarpaulin,blanket,netting,andsoforththatcreatesthemechanicaladvantage,
ratherthanbeingattachedtotheoutsideofthebightwithancillaryroperescuehardware.
3.3.120PermitRequiredConfinedSpace.Seedefinition 3.3.26,ConfinedSpace.
3.3.121PersonalEscape.Seedefinition 3.3.160,SelfRescue.
3.3.122*PersonalFlotationDevice(PFD).AdevicemanufacturedinaccordancewithU.S.
CoastGuardspecificationsthatprovidessupplementalflotationforpersonsinthewater.
3.3.123*PersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE).Theequipmentprovidedtoshieldor
isolateapersonfromthechemical,physical,orthermalhazardsthatcanbeencounteredata
specificrescueincident.
3.3.123.1*WaterRescuePersonalProtectiveEquipment.Personalequipmentrequiredto
protectrescuersfromphysicaldangersposedbyexposuretoinwaterhazardsandalsothose
hazardsthatareassociatedwiththeclimateandtheadjacentarea.
3.3.124*PneumaticStruts.Pneumaticorgasfilledtubeandpistonassembliesinvehicles
ormachinery.
3.3.125Postbriefing.Attheterminationofanincident,afterbreakdownandcleanuphas
occurred,reviewstheeffectivenessofstrategies,tactics,equipment,andpersonnelatan
incident,aswellasprovidesanopportunitytodetectthepresenceofcriticalincidentstress
syndrome.
3.3.126Prebriefing.Atthebeginningofanincident,aftersizeupinformationhasbeen
assessed,giventotherescueteamtoprovideassignments,selectandnotifyofstrategyand
tacticstobeperformed,andstatethemissionobjective.
3.3.127 PreentryMedicalExam.Abaselinemedicalevaluationoftherescueentrants
performedimmediatelypriortoarescueentry.
3.3.128*PreincidentPlan.Awrittendocumentresultingfromthegatheringofgeneraland
detaileddatatobeusedbyrespondingpersonnelfordeterminingresourcesandadditions
necessarytomitigateanticipatedemergenciesataspecificfacility.
3.3.129*ProtectiveSystem.Amethodofprotectingemployeesfromcaveins,from
materialthatcouldfallorrollfromanexcavationfaceorintoanexcavation,orfromthe
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3.3.130PublicSafetyDiving.Underwaterdivingrelatedtoteamoperationsandtraining,
performedbyanymember,group,oragencyofacommunityoragovernmentrecognized
publicsafetydivingorwaterrescueteam.
3.3.131*RapidInterventionCrew/Company(RIC).Aminimumoftwofullyequipped
personnelonsite,inareadystate,forimmediaterescueofdisoriented,injured,lost,or
trappedrescuepersonnel.
3.3.132Reach/ExtensionDevice.Anydeviceforwaterrescuethatcanbeextendedtoa
personinthewatersothatheorshecangraspitandbepulledtosafetywithoutphysically
contactingtherescuer.
3.3.133Recovery.Nonemergencyoperationstakenbyresponderstoretrievepropertyor
remainsofvictims.
3.3.134RedundantAirSystem.Anindependentsecondaryunderwaterbreathingsystem
(i.e.,aponybottlewithfirstandsecondstage,oraponybottlesupplyingabailoutblock).
3.3.135*RegisteredLicensedProfessionalEngineer.Apersonwhoisregisteredasa
professionalengineerinthestatewheretheworkistobeperformed.
3.3.136RequisiteEquipment.Specifictoolsandequipmentthatarecriticaltoperforminga
specifictypeoftechnicalrescue.
3.3.137RescueArea.Sometimescalledthehot,danger,orcollapsezone,anarea
surroundingtheincidentsite(e.g.,collapsedstructureortrench)thathasasizeproportional
tothehazardsthatexist.
3.3.138RescueAttendant.Seedefinition 3.3.7,Attendant.
3.3.139RescueEntrant.Seedefinition 3.3.8,AuthorizedEntrant.

3.3.140RescueService.TherescueteamdesignatedforconfinedspacerescuebytheAHJ.
3.3.141*RescueTeam.Acombinationofrescuetrainedindividualswhoareequippedand
availabletorespondtoandperformtechnicalrescues.
3.3.142RescueTechnician.Apersonwhoistrainedtoperformordirectthetechnical
rescue.
3.3.143*RetrievalEquipment(RetrievalSystem).Combinationsofrescueequipment
usedfornonentry(external)rescueofpersonsfromconfinedspaces.
3.3.144Rigging.Theprocessofbuildingasystemtomoveorstabilizeaload.
3.3.145RiggingSystems.Systemsusedtomovepeopleorloadsthatcanbeconfigured
withrope,wirerope,orcableandutilizedifferentmeans,bothmechanicalandmanual,to
movetheload.
3.3.146RiskBenefitAnalysis.Anassessmentoftherisktorescuersversusthebenefits
thatcanbederivedfromtheirintendedactions.

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3.3.147Rope.Seedefinition 3.3.94,LifeSafetyRope.
3.3.148RopeRescueEquipment.Componentsusedtobuildroperescuesystems,
includinglifesafetyrope,lifesafetyharnesses,andauxiliaryroperescueequipment.
3.3.149RopeRescueSystem.Asystemcomposedofroperescueequipmentandan
appropriateanchorsystemintendedforuseintherescueofasubject.
3.3.150SafeZone.Inatrench,theareathatprojects0.61m(2ft)inalldirectionsaroundan
installedcrossbraceorwalethatisacomponentofanexistingapprovedshoringsystem.
3.3.151Safetied(SafetyKnot).Asecurementoflooseropeendissuingfromacompleted
knot,usuallyfashionedbytyingthelooseendaroundanothersectionofropetoformaknot.
Themeansbywhichthelooseendispreventedfromslippingthroughtheprimaryknot.
3.3.152SceneSecurity.Themeansusedtopreventorrestrictentrytothesceneofarescue
incident,eitherduringorfollowingtheemergency.
3.3.153ScrewJack.Shoringsystemcomponentmadeofsectionsofthreadedbarstockthat
areincorporatedwithlengthsofpipeorwood.
3.3.154SCUBA.Selfcontainedunderwaterbreathingapparatus.
3.3.155SearchFunctions.Generalareasearch,reconnaissance,victimlocation
identification,andhazardidentificationorflagging.
3.3.156SearchMeasures.
3.3.156.1*ActiveSearchMeasures.Thisphaseofsearchmeasuresincludesthosethatare
formalizedandcoordinatedwithotheragencies.
3.3.156.2*PassiveSearchMeasures.Searcheffortsthatdonotrequireactivesearchingby
therescuers.
3.3.157SearchParameters.Thedefinedsearchareaandscope.
3.3.158*SecondaryCollapse.Causesorconditionsthatcouldcontributetoasubsequent
collapseinabuilding.
3.3.159SecurityMeasures.Seedefinition 3.3.152,SceneSecurity.
3.3.160SelfRescue.Escapingorexitingahazardousareaunderonesownpower.
3.3.161SheetingorSheathing.Acomponentofashoringsystemwithalargesurfacearea
supportedbytheuprightsandcrossbracingoftheshoringsystemthatisusedtoretainthe
earthinpositionwhenlooseorrunningsoilsareencountered.
3.3.162SheetingandShoring.
3.3.162.1SupplementalSheetingandShoring.Sheetingandshoringoperationsthat
involvetheuseofcommercialsheeting/shoringsystemsand/orisolationdevicesorthat
involvecuttingandplacementofsheetingandshoringwhengreaterthan0.61m(2ft)of
shoringexistsbelowthebottomofthestrongback.[1670:1.3]
3.3.162.2TraditionalSheetingandShoring.Theuseof1.22m 2.44m(4ft8ft)sheet
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panels,withastrongbackattachment,supplementedbyavarietyofconventionalhydraulic,
screw,and/orpneumaticshoringoptions.
3.3.163*ShieldorShieldSystem.Anengineeredstructurethatisabletowithstandthe
forcesimposedonitbyacaveinandtherebyprotectpersonswithinthestructures.
3.3.164ShoreBasedRescue.Anytechniqueorprocedurethatprovidesameansfor
extractingapersonfromthewaterthatdoesnotrequireanymemberoftherescueteamto
leavethesafetyoftheshore.
3.3.165ShoringSystem.Asystemthatsupportsunstablesurfacesbyplacingatension
memberbetweenanunstablesurfaceandbase.
3.3.166ShoringTeam.Thegroupofindividuals,withestablishedcommunicationsand
leadership,assignedtoconstruct,move,place,andmanagetheshoringorshoringsystem
insidethespace,trench,orexcavation.
3.3.167Sides.Seedefinition 3.3.62,Face.
3.3.168*SignalingDevice.Anyresourcethatprovidesadistinctandpredictabledisplay,
noise,orsensationthatcanbeusedtocommunicateapredeterminedmessageortoattract
theattentionofotherpersonsasdesiredbytheinitiatorofthesignal.
3.3.169SiteOperations.Theactivitiestobeundertakenataspecificsitetomanagethe
rescueefforts.
3.3.170SizeUp.Theongoingobservationandevaluationoffactorsthatareusedtodevelop
strategicgoalsandtacticalobjectives.
3.3.171SlopingSystem.Aprotectingsystemthatusesinclinedexcavatingtoformsides
thatareinclinedawayfromtheexcavationsoastopreventcaveintheangleofincline
requiredtopreventacaveinvarieswiththedifferencesinsuchfactorsassoiltype,
environmentalconditionsofexposure,andapplicationofsurchargeloads.
3.3.172SloughIn.Atypeofcollapsecharacterizedbyaninteriorportionofthetrenchwall
spallingoutandpotentiallyleavinganoverhangingledgeorvoidthatneedstobefilled.
3.3.173Software.Aflexiblefabriccomponentofroperescueequipment.
3.3.174SoldierShoringorSkipShoring.Ashoringsystemthatemploysaseriesof
uprightsspacedatintervalswiththeexposedsoilofthetrenchwallshowing.
3.3.175SpanofControl.Themaximumnumberofpersonneloractivitiesthatcanbe
effectivelycontrolledbyoneindividual(usuallythreetoseven).
3.3.176SpecializedEquipment.Equipmentthatisuniquetotherescueincidentandmade
available.
3.3.177*SpecializedTeams.Emergencyresponseteamswithspecificskillsandequipment
thatcanbeneededonthescene.
3.3.178SpoilPile(Spoil).Apileofexcavatedsoilnexttotheexcavationortrench.
3.3.179StabilizationPoints.Keypointswherestabilizationdevicescanbeinstalledona
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vehicleormachinetokeepthevehicleorobjectfrommovingduringrescueoperations.
3.3.180StabilizationSystem.Seedefinition 3.3.37,Cribbing.
3.3.181SteelCuttingTools.Handtools,circularsaw,exothermictorch,oxyacetylene
torch,andplasmacutter.
3.3.182Stiffbacks.Seedefinition 3.3.214,TrenchUpright.
3.3.183Strongbacks.Seedefinition 3.3.214,TrenchUpright.

3.3.184StructuralLoadCalculations.Loadcalculationsbasedontheweightpercubic
footofconstructionmaterialssuchasconcrete,steel,andwood.
3.3.185StructuralSupportSystem.Seedefinition 3.3.165,ShoringSystem.
3.3.186Strut.Thetensionedmemberplacedbetweentwoopposingsurfaces.
3.3.187SubterraneanRescue.Extractionfromanyenvironmentnaturalormanmadethat
existsbelowgradeasanenclosedenvironmentwithlimitedmeansofaccessoregress,
includingcaves,tunnels,andmines.
3.3.188SuperimposedLoad.Seedefinition 3.3.190,SurchargeLoad.
3.3.189SupportSystem.Astructuresuchasunderpinning,bracing,orshoringthat
providessupporttoanadjacentstructure,undergroundinstallation,orthesidesofan
excavation.
3.3.190SurchargeLoad.Anyweightintheproximityofthetrenchthatincreasesinstability
orthelikelihoodofsecondarycavein.
3.3.191Surface.Abasethatissecureandconducivetosupportingandstabilizingavehicle
orobject.
3.3.192SurfaceEncumbrance.Anaturalormanmadestructuralobjectadjacenttoorin
theimmediatevicinityofanexcavationortrench.
3.3.193SurfaceWaterRescue.Rescueofavictimwhoisafloatonthesurfaceofabodyof
water.
3.3.194SwiftWater.Watermovingatarategreaterthan1knot[1.85km/hr(1.15mphor
1.69ft/sec)].
3.3.195*Swim.Topropeloneselfthroughwaterbymeansofpurposefulbodymovements
andpositioning.
3.3.196*SwimAids.Itemsofpersonalequipmentthataugmenttheindividualrescuers
abilitytopropelthroughwater.
3.3.197*SystemSafetyCheck.Amethodinvolvingthreecomponentsphysicalorusual
check,loadtest,andaudibleorvisualconfirmationthatevaluatesthesafeassemblyofa
rescuesystem.
3.3.198*TabulatedData.Anysetofsitespecificdesigndatausedbyaprofessional
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engineertodesignaprotectivesystemataparticularlocation.
3.3.199Task.Anessentialstepofaworkoperationrequiredtocompletetheperformance
ofaduty.
3.3.200Team.Seedefinition 3.3.32,ConfinedSpaceRescueTeam.
3.3.201TechnicalRescue.Theapplicationofspecialknowledge,skills,andequipmentto
safelyresolveuniqueorcomplexrescuesituations.
3.3.202ThrowBag.Awaterrescuesystemthatincludes15.24mto22.86m(50ftto75ft)
ofwaterrescuerope,anappropriatelysizedbag,andaclosedcellfoamfloat.
3.3.203TidalWater.Oceanwaterorbodiesofwaterthatareconnectedtooceansthat
eitherexperienceatwicedailyriseandfalloftheirsurfacecausedbythegravitationalpullof
themoonorexperienceacorrespondingebbandflowofwaterinresponsetothetides.Due
totheconnectiontotheocean,alltidalwaterhassomedegreeofsalinity,whichnontidal
waterlacks.
3.3.204TideTables.Scheduleofpredictedriseandfallofthesurfaceoftidalwatersabove
orbelowameanwaterlevelatpredictabletimesofeachdayoftheyear.
3.3.205Toe.Thepointwherethetrenchwallmeetsthefloorofthetrench.

3.3.206*ToolKit.Equipmentavailabletotherescuerasdefinedinthisdocument.
3.3.207TrafficControl.Thedirectionormanagementofvehicletrafficsuchthatscene
safetyismaintainedandrescueoperationscanproceedwithoutinterruption.
3.3.208TrafficControlDevices.Ancillaryequipment/resourcesusedattherescuesceneto
facilitatetrafficcontrolsuchasflares,barricades,trafficcones,orbarriertape.
3.3.209TransferDevice.Equipmentusedtopackageandallowremovalofavictimfroma
specificrescueenvironment.
3.3.210*Trench(TrenchExcavation).Anexcavation,narrowinrelationtoitslength,
madebelowthesurfaceoftheearth.
3.3.210.1*IntersectingTrench.Atrenchwheremultipletrenchcutsorlegsconvergeata
singlepoint.
3.3.210.2NonintersectingTrench.Atrenchcutinastraightornearlystraightlinewithno
crossingorconvergingtrenchlegsorcuts.
3.3.211TrenchBox.Seedefinition 3.3.163,ShieldorShieldSystem.
3.3.212TrenchEmergency.Anyfailureofhazardcontrolormonitoringequipmentorother
event(s)insideoroutsideatrenchorexcavationthatcouldendangerentrantswithinthe
trenchorexcavation.
3.3.213TrenchFloor.Thebottomofthetrench.

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3.3.214TrenchUpright.Averticalsupportmemberthatspansthedistancebetweenthetoe
ofthetrenchandthetrenchliptocollectanddistributethetensionfromtheopposingwall
overalargearea.
3.3.215Triage.Thesortingofcasualtiesatanemergencyaccordingtothenatureand
severityoftheirinjuries.
3.3.216TriageTag.Atagusedintheclassificationofcasualtiesaccordingtothenatureand
severityoftheirinjuries.
3.3.217TwoPersonLoad.272kg(600lb).
3.3.218Upright.Seedefinition 3.3.214,TrenchUpright.
3.3.219VictimManagement.Themanneroftreatmentgiventothoserequiringrescue
assistance.
3.3.220VictimRemovalSystem.Thosesystemsusedtomoveavictimtoasafelocation.
3.3.221Wales.Alsocalledwalersorstringershorizontalmembersofashoringsystem
placedparalleltotheexcavationfacewhosesidesbearagainsttheverticalmembersofa
shoringsystemorearth.
3.3.222WaterBoundVictim.Avictimthatisinthewaterneedingassistance.
3.3.223*Watercraft.Mannedvesselsthatarepropelledacrossthesurfaceofabodyof
waterbymeansofoars,paddles,waterjets,propellers,towlines,oraircushionsandareused
totransportpersonnelandequipmentwhilekeepingtheiroccupantsoutof thewater.
3.3.224*WatercraftConveyance.Devicesintendedforthepurposeoftransporting,
moving,lifting,orloweringwatercraftthatmayberequiredtobeoperatedpriortoandat
theconclusionofeverywatercraftdeployment.
3.3.225WaterRescueRope.Ropethatfloats,hasadequatestrengthforanticipateduse,is
notweakenedtothepointofinadequacyforthetaskbysaturationorimmersioninwater,
andisofsufficientdiametertobegrippedbybarewethands.

3.3.226WatermanshipSkills.Capabilitiesthatincludeswimming,surfacediving,treading
water,andstayingafloatwithareasonabledegreeofcomfortappropriatetotherequired
task.
3.3.227WedgesandShims.Seedefinition 3.3.37,Cribbing.

Chapter4RescueTechnician

4.1*GeneralRequirements.
Becausetechnicalrescueisinherentlydangerousandrescuetechniciansarefrequently
requiredtoperformrigorousactivitiesinadverseconditions,regionalandnationalsafety
standardsshallbeincludedinagencypoliciesandprocedures.Rescuetechniciansshall

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completeallactivitiesinthesafestpossiblemannerandshallfollownational,federal,state,
provincial,andlocalsafetystandardsastheyapplytotherescuetechnician.

4.2*EntranceRequirements.
Beforebeginningtrainingactivitiesorengaginginrescueincidents,thefollowing
requirementsshallbecompliedwith:
(1) AgerequirementestablishedbytheAHJ
(2) MedicalrequirementsestablishedbytheAHJ
(3) MinimumphysicalfitnessasrequiredbytheAHJ
(4) Emergencymedicalcareperformancecapabilitiesforentrylevelpersonneldeveloped
andvalidatedbytheAHJ
(5) MinimumeducationalrequirementsestablishedbytheAHJ
(6) Minimumrequirementsforhazardousmaterialincidentandcontactcontroltraining
forentrylevelpersonnel,validatedbytheAHJ

4.3*MinimumRequirements.
Forcertification,therescuetechnicianshallperformallofthejobperformancerequirements
inChapter5andalljobperformancerequirementslistedinatleastoneofthespecialtyareas
(Chapters6through 14).

Chapter5JobPerformanceRequirements

5.1GeneralRequirements.
ThejobperformancerequirementsdefinedinSections5.2through 5.5shallbemetpriorto
certificationasarescuetechnician.

5.2SiteOperations.
5.2.1 Identifytheneededsupportresources,givenaspecifictypeofrescueincident,sothat
aresourcecacheismanaged,scenelightingisprovidedforthetaskstobeundertaken,
environmentalconcernsaremanaged,personnelrehabilitationisfacilitated,andthesupport
operationfacilitatesrescueoperationalobjectives.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Equipmentorganizationandtrackingmethods,lightingresource
type(s),shelterandthermalcontroloptions,andrehabcriteria.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytotrackequipmentinventory,identifylightingresources
andstructuresforshelterandthermalprotection,selectrehabareas,andmanagepersonnel
rotations.
5.2.2 Sizeuparescueincident,givenbackgroundinformationandapplicablereference
materials,sothatthetypeofrescueisdetermined,thenumberofvictimsisidentified,thelast

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reportedlocationofallvictimsisestablished,witnessesareidentifiedandinterviewed,
resourceneedsareassessed,searchparametersareidentified,andinformationrequiredto
developanincidentactionplanisobtained.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Typesofreferencematerialsandtheiruses,availabilityand
capabilityoftheresources,elementsofanactionplanandrelatedinformation,relationshipof
sizeuptotheincidentmanagementsystem,andinformationgatheringtechniquesandhow
thatinformationisusedinthesizeupprocess.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoreadtechnicalrescuereferencematerials,gather
information,relayinformation,anduseinformationgatheringsources.
5.2.3 Manageincidenthazards,givenscenecontrolbarriers,personalprotectiveequipment,
requisiteequipment,andavailablespecializedresources,sothatallhazardsareidentified,
resourceapplicationfitstheoperationalrequirements,hazardisolationisconsidered,risksto
rescuersandvictimsareminimized,andrescuetimeconstraintsaretakenintoaccount.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Resourcecapabilitiesandlimitations,typesandnatureofincident
hazards,equipmenttypesandtheiruse,isolationterminology,methods,equipmentand
implementation,operationalrequirementconcerns,commontypesofrescuerandvictimrisk,
riskbenefitanalysismethodsandpractices,andtypesoftechnicalreferences.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoidentifyresourcecapabilitiesandlimitations,identify
incidenthazards,assessvictimviability(riskbenefit),utilizetechnicalreferences,placescene
controlbarriers,andoperatecontrolandmitigationequipment.
5.2.4 Manageresourcesinarescueincident,givenincidentinformation,ameansof
communication,resources,tacticalworksheets,personnelaccountabilityprotocol,applicable
references,andstandardoperatingprocedures,sothatreferencesareutilized,personnelare
accountedfor,deployedresourcesachievedesiredobjectives,incidentactionsare
documented,rescueeffortsarecoordinated,thecommandstructureisestablished,task
assignmentsarecommunicatedandmonitored,andactionsareconsistentwithapplicable
regulations.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Incidentmanagementsystem,tacticalworksheetapplicationand
purposes,accountabilityprotocols,resourcetypesanddeploymentmethods,documentation
methodsandrequirements,availability,capabilities,andlimitationsofrescuersandother
resources,communicationproblemsandneeds,communicationsrequirements,methods,and
means,typesoftasksandassignmentresponsibilities,policiesandproceduresoftheagency,
andtechnicalreferencesrelatedtothetypeofrescueincident.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoimplementanincidentmanagementsystem,complete
tacticalworksheets,usereferencematerials,evaluateincidentinformation,matchresources
tooperationalneeds,operatecommunicationsequipment,manageincidentcommunications,
andcommunicateinamannersothatobjectivesaremet.
5.2.5 Conductasearch,givenhazardspecificpersonalprotectiveequipment,equipment
pertinenttosearchmission,anincidentlocation,andvictiminvestigativeinformation,sothat
searchparametersareestablished,victimprofileisestablished,theentryandexitofall
peopleeitherinvolvedinthesearchoralreadywithinthesearchareaarequestionedandthe
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informationisupdatedandrelayedtocommand,thepersonnelassignmentsmatchtheir
expertise,allvictimsarelocatedasquicklyaspossible,applicabletechnicalrescueconcerns
aremanaged,riskstosearchersareminimized,andallsearchersareaccountedfor.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Localpoliciesandproceduresandhowtooperateinthe
sitespecificsearchenvironment.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoenter,maneuverin,andexitthesearchenvironmentand
provideforandperformselfescape/rescue.
5.2.6* Performgroundsupportoperationsforhelicopteractivities,givenarescue
scenario/incident,helicopter,operationalplans,personalprotectiveequipment,requisite
equipment,andavailablespecializedresources,sothatrescuepersonnelareawareofthe
operationalcharacteristicsoftheaircraftanddemonstrateoperationalproficiencyin
establishingandsecuringlandingzonesandcommunicatingwithaircraftpersonneluntilthe
assignmentiscomplete.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Groundsupportoperationsrelatingtohelicopteruseand
deployment,operationplansforhelicopterserviceactivities,typespecificpersonal
protectiveequipment,aircraftfamiliarizationandhazardareasspecifictohelicopter,scene
controlandlandingzonerequirements,aircraftsafetysystems,andcommunications
protocols.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoprovidegroundsupportoperations,reviewstandard
operatingproceduresforhelicopteroperations,usepersonalprotectiveequipment,establish
andcontrollandingzones,andcommunicatewithaircrews.
5.2.7 Terminatetheincident,givenisolationbarriersandspecializedteamsandequipment
sothatallpersonnelareaccountedforandremovedfromthescene,hazardsaremitigated,
furtherentryisdenied,thevictimistransportedtothedefinitivecarefacility,rescue
personnelarereturnedtoastateofreadiness,appropriatereportinganddocumentationof
theincidentiscompleted,andacritiqueandcriticalincidentstressdebriefingisconducted
withrescuepersonnel.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Howtoidentifyandmitigateascene,formsfordocumentation,
resourcesforcriticalincidentstressdebriefing,andlocalmedicaltransportationprotocol.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoprovidescenesecurity,completereporting
documentationoftheincident,andapplylocalmedicaltransportationprotocol.

5.3VictimManagement.
5.3.1 Accessavictim,giventoolkits,personalprotectiveequipment,andotherequipment
designedtoallowphysicalapproachtothevictim,sothathazardsaremanaged,therescuer
canapproachthevictim,theaccesspointisdetermined,themeansofaccessismaintained
andstabilized,andanescaperouteisidentified.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Recognitionofandmethodstomanagepotentialhazardswithin
therescueenvironment,methodsandmeanstogainaccess,useofpersonalprotective
equipmentandtoolkit(s)usedtogainaccesstothevictim,andfactorsusedtoidentify

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escaperoutes.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytomanagehazards,useprovidedtools,usepersonal
protectiveequipment,andchoosesafeentryandescaperoutesandtechniquesandtools
(specifictotherescueenvironment)tomakeaccesstothevictim.
5.3.2 Assessavictim,givenpersonalprotectiveequipmenttoincludeprotectionfrom
airborneandbloodbornepathogensandabasicfirstaidkit,sothatrequiredresourcescanbe
identifiedandobtained,injuriesareidentified,riskstorescuersareminimized,victimviability
isestablished,andtreatmentprioritiesareestablished.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Victimassessmentprocedures,universalprecautionsfor
infectiousdisease,emergencymedicalcare,criteriarelatedtomechanismsofinjuries,issues
relatingtoprotocol,andtypesofresourcesandavailability.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytousepersonalprotectiveclothing,usepersonalprotective
equipment,followestablishedassessmentprocedures,relatemechanismofinjuryto
assessment,andevaluatescenehazards.
5.3.3 Stabilizethevictim,givenabasicfirstaidkit,sothatthevictimsairwayisestablished
andmaintained,ventilationisprovidedasrequired,circulationismaintained,severebleeding
iscontrolled,spinalimmobilizationprecautionsaretaken,andthevictimistreatedforshock.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Emergencymedicalcareandusesforpersonalprotective
equipment.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoinitiateemergencymedicalcareandusepersonal
protectiveequipment.
5.3.4 Triagevictims,giventriagetagsandlocalprotocol,sothatrescueversusrecovery
factorsareassessed,triagedecisionsreflectresourcecapabilities,severityofinjuriesis
determined,andvictimcareandrescueprioritiesareestablishedinaccordancewithlocal
protocol.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Typesandsystemsoftriageaccordingtolocalprotocol,resource
availability,methodstodetermineinjuryseverity,waystomanageresources,and
prioritizationrequirements.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytousetriagematerials,techniques,andresourcesandto
categorizevictimsproperly.
5.3.5* Packageanillorinjuredvictim,givenabasicfirstaidkitandotherspecialized
equipment,sothatenvironmentalconditionsareassessed,illnessesorinjuriesaremanaged,
andthepotentialforfurtherinjuryisminimized.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Effectsofenvironmentalconditionsonpackaging,emergency
medicalcare,packagingequipmentandmethods,waystominimizeadditionalinjuries,
immobilizationtechniques,andapplicationofvictimpersonalprotectiveequipment.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectandapplypackagingequipment,protectavictim,
immobilizeinjuries,andapplypersonalprotectiveequipmenttoavictim.

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5.3.6 Moveavictiminalowangleenvironment,givenvictimtransportequipment,litters,
otherspecializedequipment,andvictimremovalsystemsspecifictotherescueenvironment,
sothatthevictimismovedwithoutunduefurtherinjuries,riskstorescuersareminimized,
theintegrityofthevictimssecurementwithinthetransferdeviceisestablishedand
maintained,themeansofattachmenttotheroperescuesystemismaintained,andthevictim
isremovedfromthehazard.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Typesoftransportequipmentandremovalsystems,selection
factorswithregardtospecificrescueenvironments,methodstoreduceandpreventfurther
injuries,typesofriskstorescuers,waystoestablishandmaintainvictimsecurement,
transporttechniques,roperiggingapplicationsandmethods,andtypesofspecialized
equipmentandtheiruses.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytosecureavictimtotransportequipment,assembleand
operateenvironmentspecificvictimremovalsystems,andchooseanincidentspecific
transportdevice.
5.3.7 Transferavictimtoemergencymedicalservices(EMS),givenlocalmedicalprotocols,
sothatallpertinentinformationispassedfromrescuertoEMSprovider,andthevictimcan
betransportedtoamedicalcarefacility.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Medicalprotocolsforvictimtransfer,usesforchecklists,triage
tagsorreportformsutilizedforthispurposebytheAHJ,risks,lawsandliabilitiesrelatedto
victimtransfer,andinformationneedsoftheEMSprovider.
(B) RequisiteSkills:TheabilitytoreportvictimconditionandhistorytotheEMSprovider
andtocompletereportsandchecklists,andverbalcommunicationsskills.

5.4Maintenance.
5.4.1* Inspectandmaintainhazardspecificpersonalprotectiveequipment,givenclothingor
equipmentfortheprotectionoftherescuers,includingrespiratoryprotection,cleaningand
sanitationsupplies,maintenancelogsorrecords,andsuchtoolsandresourcesasare
indicatedbythemanufacturersguidelinesforassemblyordisassemblyofcomponentsduring
repairormaintenance,sothatdamage,defects,andwearareidentifiedandreportedor
repaired,equipmentfunctionsasdesigned,andpreventivemaintenancehasbeenperformed
anddocumentedconsistentwiththemanufacturersrecommendations.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Functions,construction,andoperationofpersonalprotective
equipmentuseofrecordkeepingsystemsoftheAHJrequirementsandproceduresfor
cleaning,sanitizing,andinfectiousdiseasecontroluseofprovidedassemblyanddisassembly
toolsmanufactureranddepartmentrecommendationspreuseinspectionproceduresand
waystodetermineoperationalreadiness.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoidentifywearanddamageindicatorsforpersonal
protectiveequipmentevaluateoperationalreadinessofpersonalprotectiveequipment
completelogsandrecordsusecleaningequipment,supplies,andreferencematerialsand
selectandusetoolsspecifictothetask.
5.4.2* Inspectandmaintainrescueequipment,givenmaintenancelogsandrecords,tools,
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andresourcesasindicatedbythemanufacturersguidelines,anequipmentreplacement
protocol,andorganizationalstandardoperatingprocedure,sothattheoperationalstatusof
equipmentisverifiedanddocumented,allcomponentsarecheckedforoperation,
deficienciesarerepairedorreportedasindicatedbystandardoperatingprocedure,anditems
subjecttoreplacementprotocolarecorrectlydisposedofandchanged.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Functionsandoperationsofrescueequipment,useof
recordkeepingsystems,manufacturerandorganizationalcareandmaintenance
requirements,selectionanduseofmaintenancetools,replacementprotocolandprocedures,
disposal methods,andorganizationalstandardoperatingprocedures.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoidentifywearanddamageindicatorsforrescue
equipment,evaluateoperationreadinessofequipment,completelogsandrecords,andselect
andusemaintenancetools.

5.5Ropes/Rigging.
5.5.1 Tieknots,bends,andhitches,givenropesandwebbing,sothattheknotsaredressed,
recognizable,andbackupasrequired.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Knotefficiency,knotutilization,ropeconstruction,andrope
terminology.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytotierepresentativeknots,bends,orhitchesforthe
followingpurposes:
(1) Endoflineloop
(2) Midlineloop
(3) Securingropearounddesiredobjects
(4) Joiningropeorwebbingendstogether
(5) Grippingrope
5.5.2 Constructasinglepointanchorsystem,givenlifesafetyrope,edgeprotection,and
otherauxiliaryroperescueequipment,sothatthechosenanchorsystemfitstheincident
needs,meetsorexceedstheexpectedload,anddoesnotinterferewithrescueoperations,the
criticalangleisnotexceeded,anefficientanchorpointischosen,theneedforredundant
anchorpointsisassessedandusedasrequired,theanchorsystemisinspectedandloaded
priortobeingplacedintoservice,andtheintegrity ofthesystemismaintainedthroughout
theoperation.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Applicationofknots,riggingprinciples,anchorselectioncriteria,
systemsafetycheckprocedures,ropeconstruction,androperescueequipmentapplications
andlimitations.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectropeandequipmenttieknotsrigsystems
evaluateanchorpointsforrequiredstrength,location,andsurfacecontourandperforma
systemsafetycheck.
5.5.3 Constructasimpleropemechanicaladvantagesystem,givenlifesafetyrope,
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carabiners,pulleys,ropegrabdevices,andauxiliaryroperescueequipment,sothatthe
systemconstructedcanaccommodatetheload,isefficient,andisconnectedtoananchor
systemandtheload.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Principlesofmechanicaladvantage,capabilitiesandlimitationsof
varioussimpleropemechanicaladvantagesystems,applicationofknots,riggingprinciples,
andsystemsafetycheckprocedures.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectropeandequipment,tieknots,chooseandrig
systems,attachthemechanicaladvantagesystemtotheanchorsystemandload,andperform
asystemsafetycheck.
5.5.4 Directateamintheoperationofasimpleropemechanicaladvantagesystem,given
rescuepersonnel,anestablishedroperescuesystemincorporatingasimpleropemechanical
advantagesystem,aloadtobemoved,andananchorsystem,sothatthemovementis
controlled,theloadcanbeheldinplacewhenneeded,operatingmethodsdonotstressthe
systemtothepointoffailure,commandsareusedtodirecttheoperation,andpotential
problemsareidentified,communicated,andmanaged.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Principlesofmechanicaladvantage,capabilitiesandlimitationsof
varioussimpleropemechanicaladvantagesystems,properoperationofsimplerope
mechanicaladvantagesystems,personnelassignments,andoperationalcommands.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytodirectpersonneleffectively,useoperationalcommands,
analyzesystemefficiency,identifysafetyconcerns,andperformsystemsafetycheck.
5.5.5 Constructaloweringsystem,givenananchorsystem,lifesafetyrope(s),descent
controldevice,andauxiliaryroperescueequipment,sothatthesystemcanaccommodatethe
load,isefficient,iscapableofcontrollingthedescent,iscapableofholdingtheloadinplace
orloweringwithminimaleffortovertherequireddistance,andisconnectedtoananchor
systemandtheload.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Capabilitiesandlimitationsofvariousdescentcontroldevices,
capabilitiesandlimitationsofvariousloweringsystems,applicationofknots,rigging
principles,andsystemsafetycheckprocedures.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytotieknots,performrigging,attachtodescentcontrol
device,anchorsystem,andload,andperformasystemsafetycheck.
5.5.6 Directaloweringoperation,givenrescuepersonnel,anestablishedloweringsystem,
andaloadtobemoved,sothatthemovementiscontrolled,theloadcanbeheldinplace
whenneeded,operatingmethodsdonotstressthesystemtothepointoffailure,rope
commandsareusedtodirecttheoperation,andpotentialproblemsareidentified,
communicated,andmanaged.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Applicationanduseofdescentcontroldevices,capabilitiesand
limitationsofvariousloweringsystems,operationofloweringsystems,personnel
assignments,andoperationalcommands.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytodirectpersonnel,useoperationalcommands,analyze
systemefficiency,managemovementoftheload,identifysafetyconcerns,andperforma
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systemsafetycheck.
5.5.7 Constructabelaysystem,givenlifesafetyrope,anchorsystems,personalprotective
equipment,androperescueequipment,sothatthesystemiscapableofarrestingafall,afall
willnotresultinsystemfailure,thesystemisnotloadedunlessactuated,actuationofthe
systemwillnotinjureorrenderthebelayerineffective,thebelayerisnotriggedintothe
equipmentcomponentsofthesystem,andthesystemissuitabletothesiteandisconnected
toananchorsystemandtheload.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Principlesofbelaysystems,capabilitiesandlimitationsofvarious
belaydevices,applicationofknots,riggingprinciples,andsystemsafetycheckprocedures.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectasystem,tieknots,performrigging,attachto
anchorsystemandload,donandusetaskspecificpersonalprotectiveequipment,and
performasystemsafetycheck.
5.5.8 Operateabelaysystemduringaloweringorraisingoperation,givenanoperating
loweringorhaulingsystem,abelaysystem,andaload,sothatthebelaylineisnotloaded
duringoperationoftheprimaryroperescuesystem,thebelaysystemispreparedfor
actuationatalltimesduringtheoperation,thebelayerisattentiveatalltimesduringthe
operation,theloadspositioniscontinuallymonitored,andthebelayermovesropethrough
thebelaydeviceasdesigned.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Applicationanduseofbelaydevices,properoperationofbelay
systemsinconjunctionwithnormalloweringandhaulingoperations,andoperational
commands.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytotendabelaysystemasdesigned,tieapprovedknots,
assesssystemeffectiveness,properlyattachabelaylinetoabelaydevice,donanduse
taskspecificpersonalprotectiveequipment,performasystemsafetycheck,andmanageand
communicatebelaysystemstatuseffectively.
5.5.9 Belayafallingload,givenabelaysystemandadroppedload,sothatthebelaylineis
nottautuntiltheloadisfalling,thebelaydeviceisactuatedwhentheloadfalls,thefallis
arrested,thebelayerutilizesthebelaysystemasdesigned,andthebelayerisnotinjuredor
renderedineffectiveduringactuationofthebelaysystem.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Applicationanduseofbelaydevices,effectiveemergency
operationofbelaydevicestoarrestfalls,personalprotectiveequipment,andoperating
procedures.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytooperateabelaysystemasdesigned,tieapprovedknots,
usetaskspecificpersonalprotectiveequipment,recognizeandarrestafallingload,and
communicatebelaysystemactuation.
5.5.10 Conductasystemsafetycheck,givenaroperescuesystemandrescuepersonnel,so
thataphysical/visualcheckofthesystemismadetoensureproperrigging,aloadtestis
performedpriortolifeloadingthesystem,andverbalconfirmationoftheseactionsis
announcedandacknowledgedbeforelifeloadingtheroperescuesystem.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Systemsafetycheckprocedures,constructionandoperationof
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roperescuesystemsandtheirindividualcomponents,personalprotectiveequipment,
equipmentinspectioncriteria,signsofequipmentdamage,principlesofrigging,and
equipmentreplacementcriteria.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoapplyandusepersonalprotectiveequipment,inspect
roperescuesystemcomponentsfordamage,assessaroperescuesystemforconfiguration,
secureequipmentcomponents,inspectallrigging,andperformasystemsafetycheck.

Chapter6RopeRescue

6.1GeneralRequirements.
Thejobperformancerequirementsdefinedin 6.1.1through 6.1.10shallbemetpriorto
certificationinroperescue.
6.1.1 Constructamultiplepointanchorsystem,givenlifesafetyropeandotherauxiliary
roperescueequipment,sothatthechosenanchorsystemfitstheincidentneeds,thesystem
strengthmeetsorexceedstheexpectedloadanddoesnotinterferewith rescueoperations,
equipmentisvisuallyinspectedpriortobeingputinservice,thecriticalangleisnot
exceeded,thenearestanchorpointthatwillsupporttheloadischosen,theanchorsystemis
systemsafetycheckedpriortobeingplacedintoservice,theintegrityofthesystemis
maintainedthroughouttheoperation,andweightwillbedistributedbetweenmorethanone
anchorpoint.
(A)* RequisiteKnowledge:Criticalanglesandeffectsandrisksofexceedingthecritical
angle,safetyissuesinchoosinganchorpoints,systemsafetycheckmethodsthatallowfor
visualandphysicalassessmentofsystemcomponents,methodstoevaluatethesystemduring
operations,integrityconcerns,weightdistributionissuesandmethods,knotsand
applications,selectionandinspectioncriteriaforhardwareandsoftware,formulasneededto
calculatesafetyfactorsforloaddistribution,andtheconceptsofstaticloadsversusdynamic
loads.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytodetermineincidentneedsasrelatedtochoosinganchor
systems,selecteffectiveknots,calculateexpectedloads,evaluateincidentoperationsas
relatedtointerferenceconcernsandsetup,chooseanchorpoints,performsystemsafety
check,andevaluatesystemcomponentsforcompromisedintegrity.
6.1.2 Constructacompoundropemechanicaladvantagesystem,givenaload,ananchor
system,lifesafetyrope,carabiners,pulleys,ropegrabdevices,androperescueequipment,
sothatthesystemconstructedaccommodatestheload,reducestheforcerequiredtoliftthe
load,operationalinterferenceisfactoredandminimized,thesystemisefficient,asystem
safetycheckiscompleted,andthesystemisconnectedtoananchorsystemandtheload.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Determinationofincidentneedsasrelatedtochoosingcompound
ropesystems,theelementsofefficientdesignforcompoundropesystems,knotselection,
methodsforreducingexcessiveforcetosystemcomponents,evaluationofincident
operationsasrelatedtointerferenceconcernsandsetup,ropecommands,riggingprinciples,
systemsafetycheckprocedures,andmethodsofevaluatingsystemcomponentsfor
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compromisedintegrity.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytodetermineincidentneedsasrelatedtochoosing
compoundropesystems,selecteffectiveknots,calculateexpectedloads,evaluateincident
operationsasrelatedtointerferenceconcernsandsetup,performsystemsafetycheck,and
evaluatesystemcomponentsforcompromisedintegrity.
6.1.3 Constructafixedropesystem,givenananchorsystem,lifesafetyrope,andrope
rescueequipment,sothatthesystemconstructedcanaccommodatetheload,isefficient,and
isconnectedtoananchorsystemandtheload,andasystemsafetycheckisperformed,and
theresultsmeettheincidentrequirementsfordescendingorascendingoperations.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Knotselection,calculatingexpectedloads,incidentevaluation
operationsasrelatedtointerferenceconcernsandsetup,riggingprinciples,systemsafety
checkprocedures,andmethodsofevaluatingsystemcomponentsforcompromisedintegrity.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselecteffectiveknots,calculateexpectedloads,use
riggingprinciples,evaluateincidentoperationsasrelatedtointerferenceconcernsandsetup,
performsystemsafetycheck,andevaluatesystemcomponentsforcompromisedintegrity.
6.1.4 Directtheoperationofacompoundropemechanicaladvantagesystem,givenarope
rescuesystemincorporatingacompoundropemechanicaladvantagesystemandaloadtobe
moved,sothatasystemsafetycheckisperformedthemovementiscontrolled theloadcan
beheldinplacewhenneededoperatingmethodsdonotstressthesystemtothepointof
failureoperationalcommandsareclearlycommunicatedandpotentialproblemsare
identified,communicated,andmanaged.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Methodstodetermineincidentneeds,typesofinterference
concerns,ropecommands,systemsafetycheckprotocol,proceduresforcontinued
evaluationofsystemcomponentsforcompromisedintegrity,commonpersonnelassignments
andduties,commonandcriticalcommands,methodsforcontrollingaloadsmovement,
systemstressissuesduringoperations,andmanagementmethodsforcommonproblems.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytodetermineincidentneeds,evaluateincidentoperationsas
relatedtointerferenceconcerns,completeasystemsafetycheck,continuallyevaluatesystem
componentsforcompromisedintegrity,directpersonneleffectively,communicate
commands,analyzesystemefficiency,manageloadmovement,andidentifyconcerns.
6.1.5 Completeanassignmentwhilesuspendedfromaroperescuesystem,givenarope
rescuesystem,anassignment,lifesafetyharnesses,litters,bridles,andspecializedequipment
necessaryfortheenvironment,sothatriskstovictimsandrescuersareminimized,themeans
ofattachmenttotheroperescuesystemissecure,selectedspecializedequipmentfacilitates
efficientrescuermovement,andspecializedequipmentdoesnotundulyincreaserisksto
rescuersorvictims.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Taskspecificselectioncriteriaforlifesafetyharnesses,personal
protectiveequipmentselectioncriteria,variationsinlitterdesignandintendedpurpose,
riggingprinciples,techniquesandpracticesforhighangleenvironments,andcommon
hazardsposedbyimpropermaneuveringandharnessing.

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(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectanduserescuerharnessandpersonalprotective
equipmentforcommonenvironments,attachthelifesafetyharnesstotheroperescue
system,maneuveraroundexistingenvironmentandsystemspecificobstacles,performwork
whilesuspendedfromtheroperescuesystem,andevaluatesurroundingsforpotential
hazards.
6.1.6 Moveavictiminahighangleorverticalenvironment,givenaroperescuesystem,
victimtransferdevices,andspecializedequipmentnecessaryfortheenvironment,sothat
riskstovictimsandrescuersareminimized,undesirablevictimmovementwithinthetransfer
deviceisminimized,themeansofattachmenttotheroperescuesystemismaintained,the
victimisremovedfromthehazard,selectedspecializedequipmentfacilitatesefficientvictim
movement,andthevictimcanbetransportedtothelocalEMSprovider.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Taskspecificselectioncriteriaforpatienttransferdevices,
variouscarryingtechniques,personalprotectiveequipmentselectioncriteria,design
characteristicsandintendedpurposeofvarioustransferdevices,riggingprinciples,methods
tominimizecommonenvironmentalhazardsandhazardscreatedinhighangleenvironments.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytochoosepatienttransferdevices,selectandusepersonal
protectiveequipmentappropriatetotheconditions,attachatransferdevicetotherope
rescuesystem,reducehazardsforrescuersandvictims,anddeterminespecializedequipment
needsforvictimmovement.
6.1.7 Directateamintheconstructionofahighlinesystem,givenrescuepersonnel,life
safetyrope,roperescueequipment,andsuitableanchorsystemcapableofsupportingthe
load,sothatpersonnelassignmentsaremadeandclearlycommunicated,thesystem
constructedcanaccommodatetheload,tensionappliedwithinthesystemwillnotexceedthe
ratedcapacityofanyofitscomponentparts,systemsafetycheckisperformed,movementon
thesystemisefficient,andloadscanbeheldinplaceormovedwithminimaleffortoverthe
desireddistance.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Determinationofincidentneedsasrelatedtooperationof
highlinesystems,capabilitiesandlimitationsofvarioushighlinesystems(includingcapacity
ratings),incidentsiteevaluationasrelatedtointerferenceconcernsandobstaclenegotiation,
riggingprinciples,systemsafetycheckprotocol,commonpersonnelassignmentsandduties,
commonandcriticaloperationalcommands,andcommonhighlineproblemsandwaysto
minimizetheseproblemsduringconstruction.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytodetermineincidentneedsasrelatedtoconstructionof
highlinesystems,evaluateanincidentsiteasrelatedtointerferenceconcernsandsetup,
identifytheobstaclesorvoidstobenegotiatedwiththehighline,selectahighlinesystemfor
definedtask,performsystemsafetychecks,useriggingprinciples,andcommunicatewith
personneleffectively.
6.1.8 Directateamintheoperationofahighlinesystem,givenrescuepersonnel,an
establishedhighlinesystem,aloadtobemoved,andpersonalprotectiveequipment,sothat
themovementiscontrolled,theloadisheldinplacewhenneeded,operatingmethodsdonot
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communicated,andpotentialproblemsareidentified,communicated,andmanaged.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Waystodetermineincidentneedsasrelatedtotheoperationof
highlinesystems,capabilitiesandlimitationsofvarioushighlinesystems,incidentsite
evaluationasrelatedtointerferenceconcernsandobstaclenegotiation,systemsafetycheck
protocol,procedurestoevaluatesystemcomponentsforcompromisedintegrity,common
personnelassignmentsandduties,commonandcriticaloperationalcommands,common
highlineproblemsandwaystominimizeormanagethoseproblems,andwaystoincreasethe
efficiencyofloadmovement.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytodetermineincidentneeds,completeasystemsafety
check,evaluatesystemcomponentsforcompromisedintegrity,selectpersonnel,
communicatewithpersonneleffectively,managemovementoftheload,andevaluatefor
potentialproblems.
6.1.9 Ascendafixedrope,givenananchoredfixedropesystem,asystemtoallowascentof
afixedrope,astructure,abelaysystem,alifesafetyharnesswornbythepersonascending,
andpersonalprotectiveequipment,sothatthepersonascendingissecuredtothefixedrope
inamannerthatwillnotallowhimorhertofall,thepersonascendingisattachedtotherope
bymeansofascentcontroldevice(s)withatleasttwopointsofcontact,injurytotheperson
ascendingisminimized,thepersonascendingcanstopatanypointonthefixedropeandrest
suspendedbyhisorherharness,thesystemwillnotbestressedtothepointoffailure,the
personascendingcanconverthisorherascendingsystemtoadescendingsystem,andthe
systemissuitableforthesiteandobjectiveisreached.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Taskspecificselectioncriteriaforlifesafetyharnessesand
systemsforascendingafixedrope,personalprotectiveequipmentselectioncriteria,design
andintendedpurposeofascentcontroldevicesutilized,riggingprinciples,techniquesfor
highangleenvironments,convertingascendingsystemstodescendingsystems,andcommon
hazardsposedbymaneuveringandharnessing.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectanduserescuerharness,asystemforascendinga
fixedrope,andpersonalprotectiveequipmentforcommonenvironmentsattachthelife
safetyharnesstotheroperescuesystemconfigureascentcontroldevicestoformasystem
forascendingafixedropemakeconnectionstotheascendingsystemmaneuveraround
existingenvironmentandsystemspecificobstaclesconverttheascendingsystemtoa
descendingsystemwhilesuspendedfromthefixedropeandevaluatesurroundingsfor
potentialhazards.
6.1.10 Descendafixedrope,givenananchoredfixedropesystem,asystemtoallow
descentofafixedrope,abelaysystem,alifesafetyharnesswornbythepersondescending,
andpersonalprotectiveequipment,sothatthepersondescendingisattachedtothefixed
ropeinamannerthatwillnotallowhimorhertofall,thepersondescendingisattachedto
theropebymeansofadescentcontroldevice,thespeedofdescentiscontrolled,injuryto
thepersondescendingisminimized,thepersondescendingcanstopatanypointonthefixed
ropeandrestsuspendedbyhisorherharness,thesystemwillnotbestressedtothepointof
failure,andthesystemissuitableforthesiteandobjectiveisreached.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Taskspecificselectioncriteriaforlifesafetyharnessesand
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systemsfordescendingafixedropepersonalprotectiveequipmentselectioncriteriadesign,
intendedpurpose,andoperationofdescentcontroldevicesutilizedsaferiggingprinciples
techniquesforhighangleenvironmentsandcommonhazardsposedbymaneuveringand
harnessing.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectanduserescuerharness,asystemfordescendinga
fixedrope,andpersonalprotectiveequipmentforcommonenvironmentsattachthelife
safetyharnesstotheroperescuesystemmakeattachmentofthedescentcontroldeviceto
theropeandlifesafetyharnessoperatethedescentcontroldevicemaneuveraround
existingenvironmentandsystemspecificobstaclesandevaluatesurroundingsforpotential
hazards.

Chapter7SurfaceWaterRescue

7.1GeneralRequirements.
Thejobperformancerequirementsdefinedin 7.1.1through 7.1.14shallbemetpriorto
certificationinsurfacewaterrescue.
7.1.1* Developasitesurveyforanexistingwaterhazard,givenhistoricaldata,specific
personalprotectiveequipmentforconductingsiteinspections,floodinsuranceratemaps,
tidetables,andmeteorologicalprojections,sothatlifesafetyhazardsareanticipated,
riskbenefitanalysisisincluded,siteinspectionsarecompleted,waterconditionsare
projected,sitespecifichazardsareidentified,routesofaccessandegressareidentified,boat
ramps(putinandtakeoutpoints)areidentified,andareaswithhighprobabilityforvictim
locationaredetermined.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Requisitecontentsofasitesurveytypes,sources,and
informationprovidedbyreferencematerialshydrologyandinfluenceofhydrologyon
rescuestypesofhazardsassociatedwithwaterrescuepracticesscenarios,inspections
practices,andconsiderationstechniquesriskbenefitanalysisidentificationof
hazardspecificpersonalprotectiveequipmentfactorsinfluencingaccessandegressroutes
behavioralpatternsofvictimsandenvironmentalconditionsthatinfluencevictimlocation.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytointerpretreferencematerials,evaluatesiteconditions,
completeriskbenefitanalysis,selectandusenecessarypersonalprotectiveequipmentfor
performingsiteinspections,anticipaterescuespecificpersonalprotectiveequipmentand
specializedequipmentneeds,andpredictvictimbehaviorandmovement.
7.1.2* Selectwaterrescuepersonalprotectiveequipment,givenasurfacewaterrescue
assignmentandassorteditemsofwaterrescuepersonalprotectiveequipment,sothatthe
rescuerwillbeprotectedfromtemperatureextremesandblunttrauma,therescuerwillhave
flotationfortaskstobeperformed,swimmingabilitywillbemaximizedduringrescue
activities,selfrescueneedshavebeenevaluatedandprovidedfor,andameansof
summoninghelphasbeenprovided.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Classesofpersonalflotationdevicesselectioncriteriafor
inwaterinsulationgarments,personalflotationdevices,andwaterrescuehelmetspersonal
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escapetechniquesapplicationsforandcapabilitiesofpersonalescapeequipmentand
equipmentandproceduresforsignalingdistress.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectpersonalflotationdevices,donanddoffpersonal
flotationdevices,selectwaterrescuehelmets,donanddoffwaterrescuehelmets,select
inwaterinsulatinggarments,donanddoffinwaterinsulatinggarments,proficiencyin
emergencyescapeprocedures,andproficiencyincommunicatingdistresssignals.
7.1.3* Swimadesignatedwatercourse,givenacoursethatisrepresentativeofthebodies
ofwaterexistingoranticipatedwithinthegeographicconfinesoftheAHJ,waterrescue
personalprotectiveequipment,andswimmingaidsasrequired,sothatthespecifiedobjective
isreached,allperformanceparametersareachieved,movementiscontrolled,hazardsare
continuallyassessed,distresssignalsarecommunicatedandrapidinterventionfortherescuer
hasbeenstagedfordeployment.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Hydrologyandspecifichazardsanticipatedforrepresentative
waterrescueenvironments(shoreline,inwater,andclimatic),selectioncriteriaforwater
rescuepersonalprotectiveequipmentandswimaidsforanticipatedwaterconditionsand
hazards,andswimmingtechniquesforrepresentativebodyofwater.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoswimandfloatindifferentwaterconditionswithand
withoutflotationaidsorswimmingaids(asrequired),applywatersurvivalskills,donand
doffpersonalprotectiveequipment,selectanduseswimaids,utilizecommunications
systems,andevaluatewaterconditionstoidentifyentrypointsandhazards.
7.1.4* Definesearchparametersforawaterrescueincidentgiventopographicalmapsofa
searcharea,descriptionsofallmissingpersonsandincidenthistory,hydrologicdata
includingspeedanddirectionofcurrentortides,sothatareaswithhighprobabilityof
detectionaredifferentiatedfromotherareas,witnessesareinterviewed,criticalinterview
informationisrecorded,passiveandactivesearchtacticsareimplemented,personnel
resourcesareconsideredandused,andsearchparametersarecommunicated.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Topographicalmapcomponents,hydrologicfactors,methodsto
determinehighprobabilityofdetectionareas,criticalinterviewquestionsandpractices,
methodstoidentifytracktraps,waystoidentifyspotterareasandpurposesforspotters,
personnelavailableandeffectsonparameterdefinition,theeffectofsearchstrategydefining
theparameter,communicationmethods,andreportingrequirements.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoreadtopographicmaps,determinehydrology,conduct
interviews,readandinterpretpassivesearchindicators,correlatepersonnelavailability,
definesearchstrategy,andevaluateconditionsusedtodefinethesearch area.
7.1.5* Developanactionplanforashorebasedrescueofasingle,waterboundvictim,
givenanoperationalplanandawaterrescuetoolkit,sothatallinformationisfactored,
riskbenefitanalysisisconducted,protocolsarefollowed,hazardsareidentifiedand
minimized,personnelandequipmentresourceswillnotbeexceeded,assignmentsare
defined,considerationisgiventoevaluatingchangingconditions,andtheselectedstrategy
andtacticsfittheconditions.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Elementsofanactionplantypesofandinformationprovidedby
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referencematerialsandsizeuphydrologytypesofhazardsassociatedwithwaterrescue
practices,riskbenefitanalysis,identificationofhazardspecificpersonalprotective
equipment,factorsinfluencingaccessandegressroutesbehavioralpatternsofvictims
environmentalconditionsthatinfluencevictimlocationsafety,communications,and
operationalprotocolsandresourcecapabilityandavailability.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytointerpretandcorrelatereferenceandsizeupinformation
evaluatesiteconditionscompleteriskbenefitanalysisapplysafety,communications,and
operationalprotocolsspecifypersonalprotectiveequipmentrequirementsanddetermine
rescuepersonnelrequirements.
7.1.6* Deployawaterrescueropetoawaterboundvictim,givenawaterrescueropeina
throwbagandpersonalprotectiveequipment,sothatthedeployedropelandsinthevictims
hands,therescueropedoesnotslipthroughtherescuershands,thevictimismovedtothe
rescuersshoreline,thevictimisnotpulledbeneaththesurfacebyrescuerefforts,therescuer
isnotpulledintothewaterbythevictim,andneithertherescuernorthevictimistiedtoor
entangledinthethrowline.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Typesandcapabilitiesofpersonalprotectiveequipment,effects
ofhydrodynamicforcesonrescuersandvictims,hydrologyandcharacteristicsofwater,
behaviorsofwaterboundvictims,waterrescueropehandlingtechniques,incidentspecific
hazardidentification,criteriaforselectingvictimretrievallocationsbasedonwater
environmentandconditions,hazardsandlimitationsofshorebasedrescue,local
policies/proceduresforrescueteamactivation,andinformationonlocal waterenvironments.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectpersonalprotectiveequipmentspecifictothewater
environment,donpersonalprotectiveequipment,identifywaterhazards(i.e.,upstreamor
downstream,currentortides),identifyhazardsdirectlyrelatedtothespecificrescue,and
demonstrateappropriateshorebasedvictimremovaltechniques.
7.1.7* Deployawaterrescueropetoawaterboundvictim,givenacoiledwaterrescue
ropeof15.24mto22.86m(50ftto75ft)inlengthandpersonalprotectiveequipment,so
thatthedeployedropelandsinthevictimshands,therescueropedoesnotslipthroughthe
rescuershands,thevictimismovedtotherescuersshoreline,thevictimisnotpulled
beneaththesurfacebyrescuerefforts,therescuerisnotpulledintothewaterbythevictim,
andneithertherescuernorthevictimistiedtoorentangledinthethrowline.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Typesandcapabilitiesofpersonalprotectiveequipment,effects
ofhydrodynamicforcesonrescuersandvictims,hydrologyandcharacteristicsofwater,
behaviorsofwaterboundvictims,safewaterrescueropehandlingtechniques,
incidentspecifichazardidentification,criteriaforselectingvictimretrievallocationsbasedon
waterenvironmentandconditions,hazardsandlimitationsofshorebasedrescue,local
policies/proceduresforrescueteamactivation,andinformationonlocalwaterenvironments.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectpersonalprotectiveequipmentspecifictothewater
environment,donpersonalprotectiveequipment,identifywaterhazards(i.e.,upstreamor
downstream,currentortides),identifyhazardsdirectlyrelatedtothespecificrescue,and
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7.1.8 Deploywatercraft,givenwatercraftsupportvehicleswatercraftconveyanceslaunch
andrecoverysites,docks,marinasormooringssupportpersonnelandoperational
protocolssothatthewatercraftislaunchedandrecoveredwithoutdamageorinjury
trailers,conveyances,andsupportvehiclesareutilizedwithinthescopeoftheirdesigned
specificationsandtherescueeffortisnotdelayed.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Motorvehiclelawsandoperationalprotocolsforsupport
vehicleswithwatercraftconveyances,designedapplicationsandlimitationsforsupport
vehicleswithwatercraftconveyancesduringlaunchandrecoveryoperations,location and
routesofaccesstoandegressfromwatercraftlaunch/recoverysites,supportofvehicle
operations,andlaunch/recoveryprotocols.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytosupportvehicleoperationswithandwithout
trailers/conveyances,proceduresforlaunching/recoveringwatercraftfromthewater,and
operationofwatercraftconveyances.
7.1.9* Negotiateadesignatedwatercourseinawatercraft,givenawatercraftthatis
availabletotheteam,acoursethatisrepresentativeofthebodiesofwaterexistingor
anticipatedwithinthegeographicconfinesoftheAHJ,arangeofassignmentsandwater
rescuepersonalprotectiveequipment,sothatthespecifiedobjectivesareattained,all
performanceparametersareachieved,movementiscontrolled,hazardsarecontinually
assessed,launchdoesnotproceedifthewatercraftisnotadequateorincapableofoperating
intheexistingcondition,distresssignalsarecommunicated,andrapidinterventionforthe
watercraftcrewhasbeenstagedfordeployment.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Limitationsandusesofavailablewatercraft,dynamicsofmoving
wateranditseffectsonwatercrafthandling,launchanddockingprocedures,conditional
requirementsforpersonalprotectiveequipment,applicationsformotorizedand
nonmotorizedcraft,operatinghazardsasrelatedtoconditions,andcrewassignmentsand
duties.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytonavigatewatercraftwithandwithoutprimarymeansof
propulsion,evaluateconditionsforlaunch,donwaterrescuepersonalprotectiveequipment,
utilizecommunicationssystems,applyproceduresforbroachingandrightingwatercraft,and
applyproceduresforcastingandrecoveringpersonnelfromwatercraft.
7.1.10 Asamemberofateam,useaparbucklingtechniquetoextricateanincapacitated
waterboundvictimfromthewatertoawatercraft,givenawaterhazardthatis
representativeofthebodiesofwaterexistingoranticipatedwithinthegeographicconfines
oftheAHJ,awatercraftthatisavailabletotheteam,nets,webbing,blankets,tarpaulinsor
ropes,ameansofsecurement,andwaterrescuepersonalprotectiveequipment,sothatthe
watercraftisnotbroached,controlofthewatercraftismaintained,riskstovictimand
rescuersareminimized,andthevictimisremovedfromthehazard.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Limitationsandusesofavailablewatercraft,parbuckling(rollup)
techniques,dynamicsofmovingwateranditseffectsonwatercrafthandling,conditional
requirementsforpersonalprotectiveequipment,andeffectsofextrication onwatercraft
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(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoconstructasimplemechanicaladvantageand
demonstrateliftingtechniques.
7.1.11 Extricateanincapacitatedwaterboundvictimfromthewatertotheshoreasa
memberofateam,givenspinalstabilizationdevices,patienttransferdevices,awaterhazard
thatisrepresentativeofthebodiesofwaterexistingoranticipatedwithinthegeographic
confinesoftheAHJ,andwaterrescuepersonalprotectiveequipment,sothatpositive
buoyancyforthevictimandtherescuersismaintained,thevictimsairway,respiratory
efforts,andventilatorysupportarenotcompromised,thevictimscervicalspineis
maintainedinalignment,riskstovictimandrescuersisminimized,andthevictimisremoved
fromthehazard.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Effectsofenvironmentalconditionsonspinalstabilizationand
transferdevices,emergencymedicalcare,packagingequipmentandmethods,waysto
minimizeadditionalinjuries,immobilizationtechniques,hydrologyandspecifichazards
anticipatedforspecificwaterrescueenvironment,andselectionproceduresforwaterrescue
personalprotectiveequipment.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytosecureavictimtospinalstabilizationandtransfer
devices,stabilizeavictimsspinemanuallywhileinthewater,donanddoffpersonal
protectiveequipment,rollavictimfromfacedowntofaceupposition,andevaluatewater
conditionstoselectexitpointsandidentifyhazards.
7.1.12* Performaswimmingsurfacewaterrescue,givenwaterrescuepersonalprotective
equipment,swimaidsasrequired,flotationaidsforvictims,andreach/extensiondevices,so
thatvictimcontactismaintained,therescuermaintainscontrolofthevictim,therescuerand
thevictimreachsafetyatapredeterminedarea,andmedicalconditionsandtreatmentoptions
areconsidered.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Hydrologyandspecifichazardsanticipatedforrepresentative
waterrescueenvironment(shoreline,inwater,andclimatic),victimbehaviorpatterns,
emergencycountermeasuresforcombativevictims,selectioncriteriaforwaterrescue
personalprotectiveequipment,swimaidsandflotationaidsforanticipatedwaterconditions,
victimabilitiesandhazards,swimmingtechniquesforrepresentativebodiesofwater,and
signs,symptoms,andtreatmentofaquaticmedicalemergencies.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoswimandfloatindifferentwaterconditionswithand
withoutflotationaidsorswimmingaidsapplywatersurvivalskillsmanagecombative
waterboundvictimsdonanddoffpersonalprotectiveequipmentselectandusepersonal
protectiveequipment,flotationaids,andswimaidsutilizecommunicationssystemsselect
equipmentandtechniquesfortreatmentofaquaticmedicalemergenciesandevaluatewater
conditionstoidentifyentrypointsandhazards.
7.1.13 Directateamintheoperationofahighlinesystemasamemberofateam,given
rescuepersonnel,anestablishedhighlinesystem,aloadtobemoved,andpersonalprotective
equipment,sothatthemovementiscontrolled,theloadisheldinplacewhenneeded,
operatingmethodsdonotstressthesystemtothepointoffailure,personnelassignmentsare
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andpotentialproblemsareidentified,communicated,andmanaged.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Waystodetermineincidentneedsasrelatedtotheoperationof
highlinesystems,capabilitiesandlimitationsofvarioushighlinesystems,incidentsite
evaluationasrelatedtointerferenceconcernsandobstaclenegotiation,systemsafetycheck
protocol,procedurestoevaluatesystemcomponentsforcompromisedintegrity,common
personnelassignmentsandduties,assignmentconsiderations,commonandcritical
operationalcommands,commonhighlineproblemsandwaystominimizeormanagethem,
andwaystoincreasetheefficiencyofloadmovement.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytodetermineincidentneeds,completeasystemsafety
check,evaluatesystemcomponentsforcompromisedintegrity,selectpersonnel,
communicatewithpersonnel,managemovementoftheload,andevaluateforpotential
problems.
7.1.14* Defineapplicationsforhelicopteraquaticrescueoperationswithintheareaof
responsibilityfortheAHJ,givenahelicopterservice,operationalprotocols,helicopter
capabilitiesandlimitations,rescueprocedures,andriskfactorsinfluencinghelicopter
operations,sothatairtogroundcommunicationsareestablishedandmaintained,
applicationsarewithinthecapabilitiesandskilllevelsofthehelicopterservice,the
applicationsfacilitatevictimextractionfromwaterhazardsthatarerepresentativeofthe
bodiesofwaterexistingoranticipatedwithinthegeographicconfinesoftheAHJ,aircrew
andgroundpersonnelsafetyarenotcompromised,landingzonesaredesignatedandsecured,
andfiresuppressionresourcesareavailableatthelandingzone.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Localaircraftcapabilitiesandlimitations,landingzone
requirements,hazardstoaircraft,localprotocols,proceduresforoperatingaroundaircraft,
dynamicsofrescueoptions,crashsurvivalprinciples,personalprotectiveequipment
limitationsandselectioncriteria,andancillaryhelicopterrescueequipment.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytodetermineapplicabilityofairoperations,establishand
controllandingzones,assessfireprotectionneeds,communicatewithaircrews,identify
hazards,rigaircraftforanticipatedrescueprocedures,applycrashsurvivalprocedures,and
selectandusepersonalprotectiveequipment.

Chapter8VehicleandMachineryRescue

8.1GeneralRequirements.
Thejobperformancerequirementsdefinedin 8.1.1through 8.1.10shallbemetpriorto
certificationinvehicleandmachineryrescue.
8.1.1 Planforavehicle/machineryincident,givenagencyguidelines,planningforms,a
vehicle/machineryincidentorsimulation,sothatastandardapproachisusedduringtraining
andoperationalscenarios,emergencysituationhazardsareidentified,isolationmethodsand
scenesecuritymeasuresareconsidered,firesuppressionandsafetymeasuresareidentified,
vehicle/machinerystabilizationneedsareevaluated,andresourceneedsareidentifiedand
documentedforfutureuse.
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(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Operationalprotocols,specificplanningforms,typesofvehicles
andmachinerycommontotheAHJboundaries,vehicles/machineryhazards,incidentsupport
operationsandresources,vehicle/machineryanatomy,andfiresuppressionandsafety
measures.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoapplyoperationalprotocols,selectspecificplanning
formsbasedonthetypesofvehicle/machinery,identifyandevaluatevarioustypesof
vehicle/machinerywithintheAHJboundaries,requestsupportandresources,identify
vehicle/machineryanatomy,anddeterminetherequiredfiresuppressionandsafetymeasures.
8.1.2* Establishscenesafetyzones,givenscenesecuritybarriers,incidentlocation,
incidentinformation,andpersonalprotectiveequipment,sothatactionhot,warm,andcold
safetyzonesaredesignated,zoneperimetersareconsistentwithincidentrequirements,
perimetermarkingscanberecognizedandunderstoodbyothers,zoneboundariesare
communicatedtoincidentcommand,andonlyauthorizedpersonnelareallowedaccesstothe
rescuescene.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Useandselectionofpersonalprotectiveequipment,traffic
controlflowandconcepts,typesofcontroldevicesandtools,typesofexistingandpotential
hazards,methodsofhazardmitigation,organizationalstandardoperatingprocedure,and
typesofzonesandstaffingrequirements.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectandusepersonalprotectiveequipment,apply
trafficcontrolconcepts,positiontrafficcontroldevices,identifyandmitigateexistingor
potentialhazards,andapplyzoneidentificationandpersonalsafetytechniques.
8.1.3* Establishfireprotection,givenanextricationincidentandfirecontrolsupport,so
thatfireandexplosionpotentialismanagedandfirehazardsandrescueobjectivesare
communicatedtothefiresupportteam.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Typesoffireandexplosionhazards,incidentmanagement
system,typesofextinguishingdevices,agencypoliciesandprocedures,typesofflammable
andcombustiblesubstancesandtypesofignitionsources,andextinguishmentorcontrol
options.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoidentifyfireandexplosionhazards,operatewithinthe
incidentmanagementsystem,useextinguishingdevices,applyfirecontrolstrategies,and
manageignitionpotential.
8.1.4* Stabilizeavehicleormachine,givenabasicextricationtoolkitandpersonal
protectiveequipment,sothatthevehicleormachineryispreventedfrommovingduringthe
rescueoperationsentry,exit,andtoolplacementpointsarenotcompromisedanticipated
rescueactivitieswillnotcompromisevehicleormachinerystabilityselectedstabilization
pointsarestructurallysoundstabilizationequipmentcanbemonitoredandtheriskto
rescuersisminimized.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Typesofstabilizationdevices,mechanismofvehicleand
machinerymovement,typesofstabilizationpoints,typesofstabilizationsurfaces,AHJ
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applytostabilization.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoapplyandoperatestabilizationdevices.
8.1.5* Isolatepotentiallyharmfulenergysources,givenbasicextricationtoolkitand
personalprotectiveequipment,sothatallhazardsareidentified,systemsaremanaged,
beneficialsystemuseisevaluated,andhazardstorescuepersonnelandvictimsare
minimized.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Typesandusesofpersonalprotectiveequipment,typesofenergy
sources,systemisolationmethods,specializedsystemfeatures,toolsfordisablinghazards,
andpoliciesandproceduresoftheAHJ.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectandusetaskandincidentspecificpersonal
protectiveequipment,identifyhazards,operatebeneficialsystemsinsupportoftactical
objectives,andoperatetoolsanddevicesforsecuringanddisablinghazards.
8.1.6 Determinethevehicleaccessandegresspoints,giventhestructuralanddamage
characteristicsandpotentialvictimlocation(s),sothatvictimlocation(s)isidentifiedentry
andexitpointsforvictims,rescuers,andequipmentaredesignatedflowofpersonnel,
victim,andequipmentisidentifiedexistingentrypointsareusedtimeconstraintsare
factoredselectedentry/egresspointsdonotcompromisevehiclestabilitychosenpointscan
beprotectedequipmentandvictimstabilizationisinitiatedandAHJsafetyandemergency
proceduresareenforced.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Vehicleconstruction/features,entryandexitpoints,routesand
hazardsoperatingsystems,AHJstandardoperatingprocedure,andemergency
evacuation/safetysignals.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoidentifyentryandexitpointsandprobablevictim
locationsandassessandevaluateimpactofvehiclestabilityonthevictim.
8.1.7 Createaccessandegressopeningsforrescue,givenbasicextricationtoolkit,
specializedtoolsandequipment,personalprotectiveequipment,andanassignment,sothat
themovementofrescuersandequipmentcomplementsvictimcareandremoval,an
emergencyescaperouteisprovided,thetechniquechosenisexpedient,victimandrescuer
protectionisafforded,andvehiclestabilityismaintained.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Vehicleconstructionandfeatures,electrical,mechanical,
hydraulic,pneumatic,andalternativeentryandexitequipment,pointsandroutesofingress
andegress,techniquesandhazards,agencypoliciesandprocedures,andemergency
evacuationandsafetysignals.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoidentifyvehicleconstructionfeatures,selectandoperate
toolsandequipment,applytacticsandstrategybasedonassignment,applyvictimcareand
stabilizationdevices,performhazardcontrolbasedontechniquesselected,anddemonstrate
safetyproceduresandemergencyevacuationsignals.
8.1.8 Disentanglevictim(s),givenanextricationincident,abasicextricationtoolkit,
personalprotectiveequipment,andspecializedequipment,sothatunduevictiminjuryis
prevented,victimprotectionisprovided,andstabilizationismaintained.
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(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Toolselectionandapplication,stabilizationsystems,protection
methods,disentanglementpointsandtechniques,anddynamicsofdisentanglement.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytooperatedisentanglementtools,initiateprotective
measures,identifyandeliminatepointsofentrapment,andmaintainincidentstabilityand
scenesafety.
8.1.9 Asamemberofateam,removeapackagedvictimtoadesignatedsafeareagivena
victimtransferdevice,designatedegressroute,andpersonalprotectiveequipment,sothat
theteameffortiscoordinated,thedesignatedegressrouteisused,thevictimisremoved
withoutcompromisingvictimpackaging,undueinjuryisprevented,andstabilizationis
maintained.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Patienthandlingtechniquesincidentmanagementsystemtypes
ofimmobilization,packaging,andtransferdevicestypesofimmobilizationtechniquesand
usesofimmobilizationdevices.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Useofimmobilization,packaging,andtransferdevicesforspecific
situations,immobilizationtechniques,applicationofmedicalprotocolsandsafetyfeaturesto
immobilize,package,andtransferandallliftingtechniquesofthepatient.
8.1.10* Terminateavehicle/machineryincident,givenpersonalprotectiveequipment
specifictotheincident,isolationbarriers,extricationtoolkit,sothatrescuersandbystanders
areprotectedduringterminationoperationsthepartyresponsiblefortheoperation,
maintenance,orremovaloftheaffectedvehicle/machineryisnotifiedofanymodificationor
damagecreatedduringtheextricationprocessscenecontrolistransferredtoaresponsible
partypotentialorexistinghazardsarecommunicatedtothatresponsiblepartyand
commandisterminated.

Chapter9ConfinedSpaceRescue

9.1GeneralRequirements.
Thejobperformancerequirementsdefinedin 9.1.1through 9.1.9shallbemetpriorto
certificationinconfinedspacerescue.
9.1.1 Preplanaconfinedspaceincident,givenapplicableguidelinesandregulationsanda
preplanform,sothatastandardapproachisusedduringaconfinedspacerescueemergency,
hazardsarerecognizedanddocumented,isolationmethodsareidentifiedanddocumented,
allaccessestothelocationoftheentryopeningareidentifiedanddocumented,alltypesof
entryopeningsareidentifiedanddocumented,andinternalconfigurationsandspecial
resourceneedsaredocumentedforfuturerescueruse.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Operationalprotocols,specificpreplanforms,typesofhazards
commontojurisdictionalboundaries,hazardsthatshouldandmustbeidentifiedonpreplans,
isolationmethodsandissuesrelatedtopreplanning,issuesandconstraintsrelatingtothe
typesofconfinedspaceopenings,internalconfigurationspecialresourceneedsofaconfined
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(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectaspecificpreplanformdraftordrawasketchof
confinedspacescompletesuppliedformsidentifyandevaluatevariousconfigurationsof
confinedspaces,accesspoints,entryopenings,isolationprocedures,andenergycontrol
locationsrecognizegeneralandsitespecifichazardsdocumentalldataandapplyall
regulatorycompliancereferences.
9.1.2* Assesstheincident,givenapreplanofthespaceorsizeupinformation,information
fromtechnicalresources,monitoringequipment,andpersonalprotectiveequipmentrequired
toperformtheassessment,sothatgeneralareaandspacespecifichazardsareidentified,
bystandersandvictimsareinterviewed,immediateandongoingmonitoringofthespaceis
performed,thevictimsconditionsandlocationaredetermined,ariskbenefitanalysisis
performed,methodsofingressandegressforrescuerandvictimsareidentified,rescue
systemsforvictimremovalaredetermined,andanemergencymeansofretrievalforrescue
entrantsisestablished.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Useofpreplans,sizeup,andinterviewingtechniquestypesof
personalprotectiveequipmentmonitoringequipmentprotocols,rescueandretrieval
systemspermitprogramstypesofandusesforavailableresourcesriskbenefitanalysis
methodscommonhazardsandtheirinfluenceontheassessmentmethodstoidentifyegress
fromandingressintothespaceandprocessestoidentifysize,type,andconfigurationofthe
opening(s)andinternalconfigurationofthespace.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectandinterpretpreplanandsizeupinformation,
conductinterviews,chooseandutilizepersonalprotectiveequipment,operatemonitoring
equipment,identifyhazardmitigationoptions,identifyprobablevictimlocation,perform
riskbenefitanalysis,recognizecharacteristicsandhazardsofconfinedspaces,andevaluate
specificrescuesystemsforentryandretrievalofrescuersandvictimsduringconfinedspace
incidents.
9.1.3* Conductmonitoringoftheenvironment,givenmonitoringequipmentreference
material,personalprotectiveequipment,accuratelycalibrateddetectionandmonitoring
equipment,andsizeupinformation,sothatarepresentativesampleofthespaceisobtained,
accuratereadingsaremade,readingsaredocumented,andeffectsofventilationin
determiningatmosphericconditionsandtheconditionsofthespacehavebeendeterminedfor
exposurestoexistingorpotentialenvironmentalhazards.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Capabilitiesandlimitationsofdetectionandmonitoring
equipment,waystoconfirmcalibration,definingconfinedspaceconfigurationasitappliesto
obtainingarepresentativesampleofspace,basicphysicalpropertiesofcontaminants,and
howtodeterminecontentsofaconfinedspace.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytouseandconfirmcalibrationofdetectionandmonitoring
equipmentandacquirerepresentativesampleofspace.
9.1.4 Controlhazards,givenpersonalprotectiveequipmentandaconfinedspacetoolkit,so
thattherescueareaisestablishedaccesstotheincidentsceneiscontrolledrescuersare
protectedfromexposuretohazardousmaterialsandatmospheres,all formsofharmful
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(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Properpersonalprotectiveequipmentsafetyprotocols
monitoringequipmentandproceduresventilationequipmentandproceduresincident
hazardstypesofhazardousmaterialsexposurerisksforms,sources,andcontrolofharmful
energyandphysicalhazardsintheconfinedspace.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoutilizepersonalprotectiveequipment,placescenecontrol
barriers,operateatmosphericmonitoringequipment,isolatedangerousformsofenergy,and
mitigatephysicalandatmospherichazards.
9.1.5 Prepareforentryintotheconfinedspace,givenaconfinedspaceandaconfinedspace
rescuetoolkit,sothatvictimcommunicationisestablishedwhenpossible,continuous
atmosphericmonitoringisinitiated,rescuerreadinessisverified,rescuerslimitationsare
identifiedandevaluated,rescuersunsuitabletoentryoperationsarereassignedandreplaced,
routeandmethodsofentryaredetermined,andrescuerevacuationisplanned.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Effectsofhazardousatmospheresonvictimsandrescuers,types
andoperationofrequiredhazardspecificmonitoringequipment,organizationprotocolfor
medicalandpsychologicalevaluationrelatedtoentry,methodsofentryintoconfinedspace
inaccordancewithoperationalprotocols,andrescuerevaluationmethods.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytooperatemonitoringequipment,performrescuerpreentry
medicalexam,evaluaterescuercapabilitiesandlimitations,identifyvictimcommunication
needs,evaluateforpointandrouteofentry,andselectevacuationmethods.
9.1.6 Enteraconfinedspace,givenpersonalprotectiveequipmentsafety,communication,
andoperationalprotocolsandaconfinedspacerescuetoolkit,sothatthevictimis
contacted,controlledentryisestablishedandmaintained,atmosphereiscontinuously
monitored,thevictimsmentalandphysicalconditionisfurtherassessed,patientcareis
initiated,thepatientispackagedtorestrictionsofthespace,andpatientremovalcanbe
initiated.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Principlesofoperationforatmosphericmonitoringequipment
methodsforpatientcareinconfinedspacessafety,communication,medical,andoperational
protocolsandcontrolledentryandegressproceduresforconfinedspaces.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytouseandapplypersonalprotectiveequipmentand
rescuerelatedsystemsandequipmentimplementsafety,communication,andoperational
protocolsusemedicalprotocolstodeterminetreatmentprioritiesusemedicalequipment
specifictoconfinedspacevictimneedsandreassessandconfirmmodeofoperation.
9.1.7* Packagethevictimforremovalfromaconfinedspace,givenaconfinedspacerescue
toolkit,sothatdamagetotherescue/retrievalequipmentisprevented,thevictimisgiventhe
smallestpossibleprofile,andfurtherharmtothevictimisminimized.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Spinalmanagementtechniques,victimpackagingtechniques,
howtouselowprofilepackagingdevicesandequipment,methodstoreduceoravoid
damagetoequipment,andthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenpackagingforconfined
spacesandothertypesofrescue.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoimmobilizeavictimsspinepackagevictimsinharnesses,

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lowprofiledevices,andlittersrecognizeandperformbasicmanagementofvarious
traumaticinjuriesandmedicalconditionssupportrespiratoryeffortsandperform
cardiopulmonaryresuscitationasrequiredbasedontheenvironment.
9.1.8 Removeallentrantsfromaconfinedspace,givenpersonalprotectiveequipment,rope
andrelatedrescueandretrievalsystems,personneltooperaterescueandretrievalsystems,
andaconfinedspacerescuetoolkit,sothatinternalobstaclesandhazardsarenegotiated,all
personsareextricatedfromaspaceintheselectedtransferdevice,thevictimandrescuers
aredecontaminatedasnecessary,andthevictimisdeliveredtotheemergencymedical
services(EMS)provider.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Personnelandequipmentresourcelists,specificpersonal
protectiveequipment,typesofconfinedspacesandtheirinternalobstaclesandhazards,
rescueandretrievalsystemsandequipment,operationalprotocols,medicalprotocols,EMS
providers,anddecontaminationprocedures.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectandusepersonalprotectiveequipment,selectand
operaterescueandretrievalsystemsusedforvictimremoval,utilizemedicalequipment,and
useequipmentandproceduresfordecontamination.
9.1.9 Terminatetheconfinedspaceincident,givenisolationbarriers,documentationforms,
andaconfinedspacerescuetoolkit,sothatallpersonnelareaccountedforandremoved
fromthespace,injuriesareavoided,furtherentryintothespaceisdenied,andthesceneis
secure.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Methodstosecureascene,formsfordocumentation,toolsfor
securingspaceaccesspoints,accountabilityprotocols,andmethodsfordenyingfurther
entry.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoapplyregulationsasneeded,usetools,complete
reportingdocumentationoftheincident,andapplyprotocols.

Chapter10StructuralCollapseRescue

10.1GeneralRequirements.
Thejobperformancerequirementsdefinedin 10.1.1through 10.1.16shallbemetpriorto
certificationinstructuralcollapserescue.
10.1.1* Conductasizeupofacollapsedstructure,givenanincidentandspecificincident
information,sothatexistingandpotentialconditionswithinthestructureandtheimmediate
peripheryareevaluated,neededresourcesaredefined,hazardsareidentified,construction
andoccupancytypesaredetermined,collapsetypeisidentifiedifpossible,theneedfor
rescueisassessed,ascenesecurityperimeterisestablished,andthesizeupisconducted
withinthescopeoftheincidentmanagementsystem.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Identificationofconstructiontypes,characteristics,andprobable
occupantlocationsmethodstoassessrescueneedsexpectedbehaviorofeachconstruction
typeinastructuralcollapseincidentcausesandassociatedeffectsofstructuralcollapses
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typesandcapabilitiesofresourcesgeneralhazardsassociatedwithstructuralcollapseand
sizeupandproceduresforimplementingsitecontrolandscenemanagement.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytocategorizeconstructiontypes,evaluatestructuralstability
andhazards,andimplementresourceandsecurity(scenemanagement)protocols.
10.1.2 Determinepotentialvictimlocations,givensizeupinformation,astructuralcollapse
toolkit,thetypeofconstructionandoccupancy,timeofday,andcollapsepattern,sothat
searchareasareestablishedandvictimscanbelocated.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Capabilitiesandlimitationofsearchinstrumentsandresources,
typesofbuildingconstruction,occupancyclassifications,collapsepatterns,victimbehavior,
andpotentialareasofsurvivability.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytousesizeupinformation,occupancyclassification
information,andsearchdevices,andassessandcategorizetypeofcollapse.
10.1.3 Developacollapserescueincidentactionplan,givensizeupinformationanda
collapsedstructure,sothatinitialsizeupinformationisutilized,anincidentmanagement
systemisincorporated,existingandpotentialconditionswithinthestructureandthe
immediateperipheryareincluded,specializedresourceneedsareidentified,workperimeters
aredetermined,collapsetype/categoryandassociatedhazardsareidentified,construction
andoccupancytypesaredetermined,incidentobjectivesareestablished,andscenesecurity
measuresareaddressed.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Incidentspecificsizeupinformation,incidentmanagement
systemcomponents,dynamicsofincidentconditionsandperipheralareas,incidentspecific
resourcesinagivengeographicalarea,constructionandoccupancytypes,scenesecurity
requirements,personnelneedsandlimitations,andrescuesceneoperationalpriorities.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoutilizesizeupinformation,implementanincident
managementsystem,monitorchangingconditionsspecifictotheincident,identifypotential
specializedresources,determineconstructionandoccupancytypes,identify specificincident
securityrequirements,andcreatewrittendocumentation.
10.1.4 Implementacollapserescueincidentactionplan,givenanactionplanandacollapsed
structure,sothatpertinentinformationisused,anincidentmanagementsystemisestablished
andimplemented,monitoringofdynamicconditionsinternallyandexternallyisestablished,
specializedresourcesarerequested,hazardsaremitigated,victimrescueandextraction
techniquesareconsistentwithcollapseandconstructiontype,andperimetersecurity
measuresareestablished.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Componentsofanactionplanspecifictocollapseincidents,
incidentmanagementsystems,dynamicsofincidentconditionsandperipheralareas,
identificationofspecializedresourcelists,hazardidentification,rescueandextrication
techniquesconsistentwitheachcollapseandconstructiontype,perimetersecuritymeasures,
andpersonnelneedsandlimitations.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoimplementthecomponentsofanactionplaninacollapse
incident,implementanincidentmanagementsystem,initiatehazardmitigationobjectives,

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requestspecializedresources,initiaterescueobjectives,anddemonstrateperimetersecurity
measures.
10.1.5 Searchacollapsedstructure,givenpersonalprotectiveequipment,thestructural
collapsetoolkit,anassignment,operationalprotocols,andsizeupinformation,sothatall
victimlocationsandpotentialhazardsareidentified,marked,andreportedprotocolsare
followedthemodeofoperationcanbedeterminedandrescuersafetyismaintained.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Conceptsandoperationoftheincidentmanagementsystemas
appliedtothesearchfunction,applicationofspecialtytoolsandlocatingdevices,application
ofrecognizedmarkingsystems,voicesoundingtechniques,potentialvictimlocationsas
relatedtothetypeofstructureandoccupancy,buildingconstruction,collapsetypesandtheir
influenceonthesearchfunction,operationalprotocols,andvarioushazardsandtheir
recognition.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoimplementanincidentmanagementsystem,applysearch
techniques,usemarkingsystems,identifyandmitigatehazards,andselectandusevictim
locatingdevices.
10.1.6* Stabilizeacollapsedlightframestructureasamemberofateam,givensizeup
information,aspecificpatternofcollapse,abasicstructuralcollapsetoolkit,andan
assignment,sothatstrategiestoeffectivelyminimizethemovementofstructuralcomponents
areidentifiedandimplementedhazardwarningsystemsareestablishedandunderstoodby
participatingpersonnelincidentspecificpersonalprotectiveequipmentisidentified,
provided,andutilizedphysicalhazardsareidentifiedconfinement,containment,and
avoidancemeasuresarediscussedandarapidinterventionteamisestablishedandstaged.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Identificationandpropercareofpersonalprotectiveequipment
structuralloadcalculationsforshoringsystemrequirementsshoringsystemsfor
stabilizationspecifichazardsassociatedwithlightframestructuralcollapsestrategic
planningforcollapseincidentscommunicationsandsafetyprotocolsatmospheric
monitoringequipmentneedsidentification,characteristics,expectedbehavior,type,causes,
andassociatedeffectsoflightframestructuralcollapsesandrecognitionof,potentialfor,
andsignsofimpendingsecondarycollapse.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectandconstructshoringsystemsforcollapsesin
lightframestructures,usepersonalprotectiveequipment,performstructuralload
calculations,determineresourceneeds,selectandoperatebasicandspecializedtoolsand
equipment,implementcommunicationsandsafetyprotocols,andmitigatespecifichazards
associatedwithshoringtasks.
10.1.7* Stabilizeacollapsedheavyconstructiontypestructureasamemberofateam,
givensizeupinformation,hazardspecificpersonalprotectiveequipment,anassignment,a
specificpatternofcollapse,abasicstructuralcollapsetoolkit,specializedequipment
necessarytocompletethetask,andengineeringresourcesifneeded,sothathazardwarning
systemsareestablishedandunderstandingbyteammembersisverified,allunstablestructural
componentsthatcanimpacttheworkandegressroutesareidentified,alternativeegress
routesareestablishedwhenpossible,expertresourceneedsaredeterminedand
communicatedtocommand,loadestimatesarecalculatedforsupportsystemrequirements,
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allshoringsystemsmeetorexceedloadbearingdemands,shoringsystemsaremonitored
continuouslyforintegrity,safetyprotocolsarefollowed,RapidInterventionCrew(RIC)are
establishedandstagedtoaidsearchandrescuepersonnelintheeventofentrapment,an
accountabilitysystemisestablished,atmosphericmonitoringisongoing,andprogressis
communicatedasrequired.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Identificationandpropercareofpersonalprotectiveequipment,
structuralloadcalculationsforshoringsystemrequirements,shoringsystemsfor
stabilization,specifichazardsassociatedwithheavystructuralcollapse,hazardwarning
systems,specializedresourceandequipmentneeds,communicationsandrescuersafety
protocols,atmosphericmonitoringequipmentneeds,identificationofconstructiontypes,
characteristicsandexpectedbehaviorofeachtypeinastructuralcollapseincident,causes
andassociatedeffectsofstructuralcollapses,andrecognitionofpotentialforandsignsof
impendingsecondarycollapse.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectandconstructshoringsystemsforheavy
constructiontypecollapses,usepersonalprotectiveequipment,performstructuralload
calculations,determineresourceneeds,selectandoperatebasicandspecializedtoolsand
equipment,implementcommunicationsandrescuersafetyprotocol,andmitigatespecific
hazardsassociatedwithshoringtasks.
10.1.8 Implementcollapsesupportoperationsatarescueincident,givenanassignmentand
availableresources,sothatscenelightingisadequateforthetaskstobeundertaken,
environmentalconcernsaremanaged,personnelrehabilitationisfacilitated,andthesupport
operationsfacilitaterescueoperationalobjectives.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Resourcemanagementprotocols,principlesforestablishing
lighting,environmentalcontrolmethods,andrescuerrehabilitationprotocols.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytomanageresources,setuplights,initiateenvironmental
controls,andsetuprehabilitationforrescuers.
10.1.9 Releaseavictimfromentrapmentbycomponentsofacollapsedstructure,given
personalprotectiveequipmentandresourcesforbreaching,breaking,lifting,prying,shoring,
and/orotherwisemovingorpenetratingtheoffendingstructuralcomponent,sothathazards
torescuepersonnelandvictimsareminimized,considerationsaregiventocrushsyndrome,
techniquesenhancepatientsurvivability,tasksareaccomplishedwithinprojectedtime
frames,andtechniquesdonotcompromisetheintegrityoftheexistingstructureorstructural
supportsystems.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Identification,utilization,andpropercareofpersonalprotective
equipmentgeneralhazardsassociatedwitheachtypeofstructuralcollapsemethodsof
evaluatingstructuralintegritycrushsyndromeprotocolsidentification ofconstructiontypes
andcollapsecharacteristicscausesandassociatedeffectsofstructuralcollapsespotential
signsofimpendingsecondarycollapseselectionandapplicationofrescuetoolsand
resourcesandriskbenefitassessmenttechniquesforextricationmethodsandtime
constraints.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselect,use,andcareforpersonalprotectiveequipment,

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operaterescuetoolsandstabilizationsystems,recognizecrushsyndromeindicators,and
completeriskbenefitassessmentsforselectedmethodsofrescueandtimeconstraints.
10.1.10* Removeavictimfromacollapseincident,givenadisentangledvictim,abasicfirst
aidkit,andvictimpackagingresources,sothatbasiclifefunctionsaresupportedasrequired,
victimisevaluatedforsignsofcrushsyndrome,advancedlifesupportiscalledifneeded,
methodsandpackagingdevicesselectedarecompatiblewithintendedroutesoftransfer,
universalprecautionsareemployedtoprotectpersonnelfrombloodbornepathogens,and
extractiontimesmeettimeconstraintsformedicalmanagement.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Identification,utilization,andpropercareofpersonalprotective
equipmentresourcesforstructuralcollapseincidentsgeneralhazardsassociatedwith
structuralcollapseidentificationofconstructiontypescharacteristicsandexpectedbehavior
ofeachtypeinastructuralcollapseincidentcausesandassociatedeffectsofstructural
collapsesrecognitionofpotentialforandsignsofimpendingsecondarycollapse
characteristicmechanismsofinjuryandbasiclifesupport andpatientpackagingprinciples.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Selection,use,andcareofpersonalprotectiveequipment,basic
prehospitalcareofsofttissueinjuries,fracturestabilization,airwaymaintenancetechniques,
andcardiopulmonaryresuscitationselectionanduseofpatientpackagingequipment.
10.1.11* Liftaheavyloadasateammember,givenastructuralcollapsetoolkitandaload
tobelifted,sothattheloadislifted,controlandstabilizationaremaintainedbefore,during,
andafterthelift,andaccesscanbegained.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Applicationsofleversclassesofleversprinciplesofleverage,
gravity,andloadbalanceresistanceforcemechanicsofloadstabilizationmechanicsofload
liftingapplicationofpneumatic,hydraulic,mechanical,andmanualliftingtoolshowto
calculatetheweightoftheloadsafetyprotocolsandstabilizationsystems.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoevaluateandestimatetheweightoftheload,the
operationsofliftingtools,theapplicationofalever,andtheapplicationofloadstabilization
systems.
10.1.12* Moveaheavyloadasateammember,givenastructuralcollapsetoolkit,sothat
theloadismovedtherequireddistancetogainaccessandsothatcontrolisconstantly
maintained.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Applicationsofriggingsystems,applicationsoflevers,classesof
levers,inclinedplanes,gravityandloadbalance,friction,mechanicsofloadstabilizationand
loadlifting,capabilitiesandlimitationsofliftingtools,howtocalculatetheweightofthe
load,andsafetyprotocols.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoevaluateandestimatetheweightoftheload,operate
requiredtools,constructanduselevers,inclineplanes,utilizeriggingsystems,andstabilize
theload.
10.1.13 Breachstructuralcomponents,givenanassignment,personalprotectiveequipment,
varioustypesofconstructionmaterials,andastructuralcollapsetoolkit,sothattheopening
supportstherescueobjectives,thenecessarytoolsareselected,structuralstabilityis

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maintained,andthemethodsutilizedaresafeandefficient.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Effectivebreachingtechniquestypesofbuildingconstruction
andcharacteristicsofmaterialsusedineachtheselection,capabilities,andlimitationsof
toolssafetyprotocolsforbreachingoperationscalculationofweight andanticipationof
materialmovementduringbreachingandstabilizationtechniques.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Selectandusebreachingtools,implementbreachingtechniquesbased
onbuildingconstructiontype,usepersonalprotectiveequipment,andapplystabilization
whererequired.
10.1.14 Cutthroughstructuralsteel,givenastructuralcollapsetoolkit,personalprotective
equipment,andanassignment,sothatthesteelisefficientlycut,thevictimandrescuerare
protected,firecontrolmeasuresareinplace,andtheobjectiveisaccomplished.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Safetyconsiderationstheselection,capabilities,andlimitations
ofsteelcuttingtoolscuttingtoolapplicationstypesofpotentialandactualhazardsand
mitigationtechniquesandcharacteristicsofsteelusedinbuildingconstruction.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoassesstoolneeds,usecuttingtools,implementnecessary
extinguishmenttechniques,mitigatehazards,andstabilizeheavyloads.
10.1.15* Constructcribbingsystems,givenanassignment,personalprotectiveequipment,a
structuralcollapsetoolkit,variouslengthsanddimensionsofconstructiongradelumber,
wedges,andshims,sothatthecribbingsystemwillsafelysupporttheload,thesystemis
stable,andtheassignmentiscompleted.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Differenttypesofcribbingsystemsandtheirconstruction
methods,limitationsofconstructionlumber,loadcalculations,principlesofandapplications
forcribbing,andsafetyprotocols.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectandconstructcribbingsystems,evaluatethe
structuralintegrityofthesystem,determinestability,andcalculateloads.
10.1.16 Coordinatetheuseofheavyequipment,givenpersonalprotectiveequipment,means
ofcommunication,equipmentandoperator,andanassignment,sothatcommon
communicationsareestablished,equipmentusagesupportstheoperationalobjective,hazards
areavoided,andrescuerandoperatorsafetyprotocolsarefollowed.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Typesofheavyequipment,capabilities,applicationandhazards
ofheavyequipmentandrigging,safetyprotocols,andtypesandmethodsofcommunication.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytousehandsignalsandradioequipment,recognizehazards,
assessforoperatorandrescuersafety,andusepersonalprotectiveequipment.

Chapter11TrenchRescue

11.1GeneralRequirements.
Thejobperformancerequirementsdefinedin 11.1.1through 11.1.12shallbemetpriorto

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certificationintrenchrescue.
11.1.1 Conductasizeupofacollapsedtrench,givenanincidentandbackground
informationandapplicablereferencematerial,sothatthesizeupisconductedwithinthe
scopeoftheincidentmanagementsystemtheexistingandpotentialconditionsareevaluated
withinthetrenchandtherescueareageneralhazardsareidentifiedawitnessorcompetent
personissecuredtheprobabilityofvictimexistence,number,condition,andlocationis
determinedpotentialforrapid,nonentryrescuesorvictim selfrescueisrecognizedneeded
personnel,supply,andequipmentresourcesareevaluatedandutilityinvolvementand
locationaredetermined.(SeeAnnexF.)
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Methodstodistinguishsoiltypes,collapsemechanics,andother
contributingfactorssuchassevereenvironmentalconditionsandothergeneralhazardsneed
toimmediatelysecurecompetentpersonorwitnesssignsandevidenceofvictim
involvement,number,andlocationjurisdictionalandcommunityresourcelistsand
agreementseffectsandhazardsofcollapseandrescueeffortsonutilitiesattheincidentsite
personneltraininglevelandavailabilityriskbenefitanalysis protocolsincident
managementsystemandallapplicableregulations,laws,andstandards.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytomeasuredimensionsoftrench,categorizesoil,identify
typeanddegreeofcollapse,anddeterminesevereenvironmentalconditionswithimplications
forsecondarycollapseandvictimsurvivabilitydemonstrateinterviewtechniquesimplement
protocolsandresourceacquisitionagreementsimplementpublicworksutilitynotification,
response,andlocationproceduresperformariskbenefitanalysisfordetermining
selfrescue,rescue,orrecoverymodeimplementanincidentmanagementsystemforspanof
controlandapplygoverningregulations,laws,andstandards.
11.1.2* Implementatrenchemergencyactionplan,givensizeupinformationandatrench
incident,sothatinitialsizeupinformationisutilizedprebriefingisgiventorescuers
documentationisongoingthecollapsezoneisestablishedariskbenefitanalysisis
conductedrapid,nonentryrescuesorvictimselfrescuesareperformedtherescueareaand
generalareaismadesafestrategyandtacticsareconfirmedandinitiatedforexistingand
potentialconditionsrapidinterventionteamandoperationaltasksareassignedother
hazardsaremitigatedrescueresourcesarestagedandaprotectivesystemisbeingutilized.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Sizeupinformationanddocumentationneedtobriefrescuers
areasthatcouldbeaffectedbycollapsevariablestofactorriskbenefitanalysiscriteriafor
rapid,nonentryrescuesmethodstocontrolhazardsinthegeneralareaoptionsforstrategy
andtacticalapproachbyfactoringtimeframe,riskbenefit,approvedshoringtechniques,and
personnelandequipmentavailableincidentmanagementsystemrescuepersonneland
equipmentcachestagingandoptionsforvictimisolationand/orprotectivesystems.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytouseanddocumenttacticalworksheetsdisseminate
informationunderstandmechanicsandextentofcollapseeffectsperformriskbenefit
analysisexecuterapid,nonentryrescuesmitigatehazardsbyisolation,removal,orcontrol
choosestrategyandtacticsthatwillenhancesuccessfuloutcomeuseincidentmanagement
systemandresourcestagingandapplychoiceofisolationand/orprotectivesystempromptly
tosurroundvictim.

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11.1.3* Implementsupportoperationsattrenchemergencies,givenanassignment
equipmentandotherresources,sothataresourcecacheismanaged,scenelightingis
providedforthetaskstobeundertaken,environmentalconcernsaremanaged,acutstation
isestablished,supplementalpowerisprovidedforallequipment,atmosphericmonitoringand
ventilationareimplemented,personnelrehabisfacilitated,operationsproceedwithout
interruption,extricationmethodsareinplace,andthesupportoperationsfacilitaterescue
operationalobjectives.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Equipmentorganizationandtrackingmethods,lighting
resources,dewateringmethods,shelterandthermalcontroloptions,basiccarpentry
methods,handandpowertoolapplications,atmosphericmonitoringprotocol,rehabcriteria,
andextricationandremovalequipmentoptions.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytotrackequipmentinventory,providepower,uselighting,
chooseanddeploydewateringtechniques,acquireorconstructstructuresforshelterand
thermalprotection,selectrehabareasandpersonnelrotations,operateatmospheric
monitoringandventilationequipment,andperformpatientpackagingandremoval.
11.1.4* Constructloadstabilizationsystems,givenanassignment,personalprotective
equipment,andatrenchtoolkit,sothatthestabilizationsystemwillsupporttheloadsafely,
thesystemisstable,andtheassignmentiscompleted.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Differenttypesofstabilizationsystemsandtheirconstruction
methods,limitationsofthesystem,loadcalculations,principlesofandapplicationsfor
stabilizationsystems,andsafetyconsiderations.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectandconstructstabilizationsystems,evaluate
structuralintegrityofthesystem,determinestability,andcalculateloads.
11.1.5* Liftaload,givenatrenchtoolkit,sothattheloadisliftedtherequireddistanceto
gainaccess,settlingordroppingoftheloadisprevented,controlandstabilizationare
maintainedbefore,during,andafterthelift,andoperationalobjectivesareattained.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Applicationsoflevers,classesoflevers,principlesofleverage,
gravityandloadbalance,resistanceforce,mechanicsandtypesofloadstabilization,
mechanicsofloadlifting,applicationofpneumatic,hydraulic,mechanical,andmanuallifting
tools,howtocalculatetheweightoftheload,andsafetyprotocols.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoevaluateandestimatetheweightoftheload,theproper
operationsofthetools,operationofalever,andapplicationofloadstabilizationsystems.
11.1.6* Coordinatetheuseofheavyequipment,givenpersonalprotectiveequipment,means
ofcommunication,equipmentandoperator,andanassignment,sothatoperatorcapabilities
andlimitationsfortaskareevaluated,commoncommunicationsaremaintained,equipment
usagesupportstheoperationalobjectives,andhazardsareavoided.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Typesofheavyequipment,capabilities,applicationandhazards
ofheavyequipmentandrigging,operatortraining,typesofcommunication,andmethodsto
establishcommunications.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytousehandsignals,useradioequipment,recognizehazards,
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assessoperatorforskillandcalmdemeanor,assessheavyequipmentforprecisionof
movementandmaintenance,monitorrescuerandvictimsafety,andusepersonalprotective
equipment.
11.1.7* Supportanonintersectingtrenchasamemberofateam,givensizeupinformation,
anactionplan,atrenchtoolkit,andanassignment,sothatstrategiestominimizethefurther
movementofsoilareimplementedeffectively,trenchwalls,lip,andspoilpilearemonitored
continuously,rescueentryteam(s)remaininasafezone,anysloughinandwallshearsare
mitigated,emergencyproceduresandwarningsystemsareestablishedandunderstoodby
participatingpersonnel,incidentspecificpersonal protectiveequipmentisutilized,physical
hazardsareidentifiedandmanaged,victimandrescuerprotectionismaximized,victim
extricationmethodsareconsidered,andarapidinterventionteamisstaged.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Shoringandshielding,tabulateddata,strategiesandtactics,
protocolsonmakingthegeneralareasafe,criteriaforasafezonewithinthetrench,typesof
collapsesandtechniquestostabilize,emergencyprocedures,selection ofpersonalprotective
equipment,andconsiderationofselectedstabilizationtacticsonextricationandvictimsafety.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytointerprettabulateddatainformationandtables,place
shoringandshieldingsystems,useprotocols,choosemethodstostabilize,usepersonal
protectiveequipment,anticipateextricationlogistics,andcreatesystemsintrenches2.44m
(8ft)deep.
11.1.8* Supportanintersectingtrenchasamemberofateam,givensizeupinformationand
actionplan,atrenchtoolkit,andanassignment,sothatstrategiestominimizethefurther
movementofsoilareimplementedeffectively,trenchwalls,lip,andspoilpilearemonitored
continuously,rescueentryteam(s)inthetrenchremaininasafezone,anysloughinandwall
shearsaremitigated,emergencyproceduresandwarningsystemsareestablishedand
understoodbyparticipatingpersonnel,incidentspecificpersonalprotectiveequipmentis
utilized,physicalhazardsareidentifiedandmanaged,victimprotectionismaximized,victim
extricationmethodsareconsidered,andarapidinterventionteamisstaged.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Shoringandshielding,tabulateddata,strategiesandtactics,types
ofintersectingtrenchesandtechniquestostabilize,protocolsonmakingthegeneralarea
safe,criteriaforsafezonesinthetrench,typesofcollapsesandtechniquestostabilize,
emergencyprocedures,selectionofpersonalprotectiveequipment,andconsiderationof
selectedstabilizationtacticsonextricationandvictimsafety.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytointerprettabulateddatainformationandtables,place
shoringandshieldingsystems,identifytypeofintersectingtrench,usetrenchrescue
protocols,selecttypesofcollapseandmethodstostabilize,identifyhazardsinatrench,use
personalprotectiveequipment,andanticipateextricationlogistics.
11.1.9* Installsupplementalsheetingandshoringforeach0.61m(2ft)ofdepthdugbelow
anexistingapprovedshoringsystem,givensizeupinformation,anactionplan,andatrench
toolkit,sothatthemovementofsoilisminimizedeffectively,initialtrenchsupportstrategies
arefacilitated,rescueentryteamsafezonesaremaintained,excavationofentrappingsoilis
continued,victimprotectionismaximized,victimextricationmethodsareconsidered,anda
rapidinterventionteamisstaged.
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(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Shoringandshielding,tabulateddata,strategiesandtactics,
methodsandtechniquestoinstallsupplementalsheetingandshoring,protocolsonmaking
thegeneralareasafe,criteriaforsafezonesinthetrench,typesofcollapsesandtechniques
tostabilize,emergencyprocedures,selectionofpersonalprotectiveequipment,and
considerationofselectedstabilizationtacticsonextricationandvictimsafety.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytointerprettabulateddatainformationandtables,place
shoringandshieldingsystems,identifysupplementalsheetingandshoring,usealltrench
rescueprotocols,selecttypesofcollapseandmethodstostabilize,identifyexposureto
hazardswithinthetrenchrelativetoexistingsafezones,selectandusepersonalprotective
equipment,andanticipateextricationlogistics.
11.1.10* Releaseavictimfromentrapmentbycomponentsofacollapsedtrench,given
personalprotectiveequipment,atrenchrescuetoolkit,andspecializedequipment,sothat
hazardstorescuepersonnelandvictimsareminimized,considerationsaregiventocrush
syndromeandotherinjuries,techniquesareusedtoenhancepatientsurvivability,tasksare
accomplishedwithinprojectedtimeframes,andtechniquesdonotcompromisetheintegrity
oftheexistingtrenchshoringsystem.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Identification,utilization,andpropercareofpersonalequipment
generalhazardsassociatedwitheachtypeoftrenchcollapsemethodsofevaluatingshoring
systemsandtrenchwallstabilitycrushsyndromeprotocolsidentificationofcollapse
characteristicscausesandassociatedeffectsoftrenchcollapsepotentialsignsofsubsequent
collapseselectionandapplicationofrescuetoolsandresourcesriskbenefitassessment
techniquesforextricationmethodsandtimerestraints.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselect,use,andcareforpersonalprotectiveequipment,
operaterescuetoolsandstabilizationsystems,identifycrushsyndromeclinicalsettings,and
completeriskbenefitassessmentsforselectedmethodsofrescueandtimerestraints.
11.1.11* Removeavictimfromatrench,givenadisentangledvictim,abasicfirstaidkit,
andvictimpackagingresources,sothatbasiclifefunctionsaresupportedasrequired,the
victimisevaluatedforsignsofcrushsyndrome,methodsandpackagingdevicesselectedare
compatiblewithintendedroutesoftransfer,universalprecautionsareemployedtoprotect
personnelfrombloodbornepathogens,andextractiontimesmeettimeconstraintsfor
medicalmanagement.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Medicalprotocols,availablemedicalresources,transfermethods
andtimeneededtoexecute,universalprecautionsprotocol,roperescuesystems,highpoint
anchoroptions,andpatientladderraiseremovaltechniques.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectandusepersonalprotectiveequipment,provide
basicmedicalcareandimmobilizationtechniques,identifytheneedforadvancedlifesupport
andcrushsyndromemanagement,andusearemovalsystemthatmatcheslogisticaland
medicalmanagementtimeframeconcerns.
11.1.12* Terminateatrenchemergencyincident,givenpersonalprotectiveequipmentand
removalofvictim(s),sothatallrescueequipmentisremovedfromthetrench,sheetingand
shoringareremovedinthereverseorderoftheirplacement,emergencyprotocolsandsafe

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zonesinthetrenchareadheredto,rescuepersonnelareremovedfromthetrench,thelast
supportingshoresarepulledfreewithropes,equipmentiscleanedandserviced,reportsare
completed,andapostbriefingisperformed.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Selectionofpersonalprotectiveequipment,equipmentusedand
location,shoringandshieldingtacticsandorderofplacement,shoringremovalprotocols,
criteriaforasafezonewithinthetrench,personnelaccountability,emergencyprocedures,
manufacturersrecommendedcareandmaintenanceprocedures,andbriefingprotocols.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytousepersonalprotectiveequipment,removeequipment
andprotectivesystems,usetrenchsafetyprotocols,cleanandserviceequipment,and
performanincidentdebriefing.

Chapter12SubterraneanRescue

12.1GeneralRequirements.
Thejobperformancerequirementsdefinedin 12.1.1through 12.1.12shallbemetpriorto
certificationinsubterraneanrescue.
12.1.1* Planforsubterraneanrescueoperationsgivenresources,subterraneanenvironments
withintheboundariesoftheAHJ,sothatthelocations,knownhazards,andallknown
entrancesaredocumented.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Locationofsubterraneanspaces,hazardsinvolvingsubterranean
environments,resourcerequirements,andterminology.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytorecognizesubterraneanentrancesandhazardsofthe
subterraneanenvironment.
12.1.2* Assesstheincident,givensizeupinformation,sitemaps,charts,diagrams,
blueprints,forms,informationfromtechnicalresourcesandonsitepersonnel,monitoring
equipment,andpersonalprotectiveequipmentnecessarytoperformtheassessment,sothat
generalareaandsitespecifichazardsareidentified,knownwitnessesareinterviewed,the
totalnumberandpotentiallocationsofvictimsisdetermined,ariskbenefitanalysisis
performed,ventilationrequirementsaredetermined,entryandegressareidentified,and
specializedresourceneedsareidentified.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Subterraneanhazards,specializedresourcerequirements,
informationsources,searchguidelines,riskbenefitanalysis,ventilationrequirements,means
ofcontrolledentryandegressofsubterraneanspaces,andterminology.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytointerpretsizeupinformation,conductinterviews,choose
andutilizepersonalprotectiveequipment,identifyhazardmitigationoptions,identify
potentialvictimlocations,andrecognizecharacteristicsandhazardsof naturalandmanmade
subterraneanspaces.
12.1.3* Conductatmosphericmonitoringofthesubterraneanenvironment,givenpersonal
protectiveequipment,atmosphericmonitoringequipment,referencematerial,sothat

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atmosphericreadingsarecontinuallyassessed,readingsaredocumented,andchangesand
readingsaretracked.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Capabilitiesandlimitationsofmonitoringequipment,calibration
methods,atmospherichazardsassociatedwithsubterraneanspacesandunderground
construction,personalprotectiveequipmentrequiredforsubterraneanrescue,andtheuseof
referencematerialspecifictosubterraneanrescue.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytouseandcalibrateatmosphericmonitoringequipment,
interpretresourceinformation,andchooseandutilizepersonalprotectiveequipment.
12.1.4 Sizeupasubterraneanrescueincident,givenmaps,charts,diagrams,andblueprints,
sothatsearchparameters,routes,andequipmentaredetermined,rescuersarebriefedand
assignedroutestofollow,andtimeestimatesareanticipated.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Applicabledocumentsymbols,searchtechniquesfor
subterraneanrescues,skillsandabilitiesofrescuers,timeparametersforrescuerstomove
withinthesubterraneanenvironment,transportequipmentdimensionsandspecifications,and
riggingrequirementsofsubterraneanenvironments.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytointerpretmaps,charts,diagrams,andblueprints,andto
assigndutiesandtaskstorescuers.
12.1.5* Developasubterraneanrescueincidentactionplan,givenanincidentandsizeup
information,sothatsizeupinformationandtheincidentmanagementsystemisutilized,
safetyrequirementsandcommunicationneedsareaddressed,existingandpotential
conditionsinthesubterraneanspaceareidentified,andincidentobjectivesareestablished
andfollowed.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Incidentspecificsizeupinformation,incidentmanagement
systems,safetyplanning,communicationresources,subterraneanhazardsandwork
conditions,andspecializedresourcesforsubterraneanrescue.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytousesizeupassessmentinformation,implementan
incidentmanagementsystem,identifyspecialresourceneeds,createwrittendocumentation,
anddevelopsafetyandcommunicationsplans.
12.1.6* Establishsubterraneanspaceventilation,givensizeupinformation,technical
resourceinformation,andworkerorwitnessinformation,sothatventilationneedsare
determined,requiredairflowisestablishedandmaintained,requiredairchangesare
accomplished,andatmospherichazardsaremonitoredandcontrolled.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Airflowcriteriaforsubterraneanrescue,potentialsubterranean
spaceconfigurations,typesofventilationequipment,andhazardspresentinspecificspaces
posingproblemsforsuccessfulrescue.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytosetupandoperateventilationequipment,establish
requiredairflowbasedonsubterraneanconfiguration,andinitiatemonitoringandhazard
controlmeasuresspecifictoventilation.
12.1.7* Coordinatetheuseofspecializedresources,givenpersonalprotectiveequipment,

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communicationsequipment,sizeupinformation,specializedresources,andanincident
actionplan,sothatspecializedresourcesareconsideredwithrespecttotheincident
managementsystem,specializedresourceusagesupportsincidentobjectives,hazardsare
identified,avoided,monitored,orcontrolled,andrescuerandresourcesafetyismaintained.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Specializedresourcesspecifictosubterraneanrescue,Incident
ManagementSystem(IMS),useofincidentactionplans,communicationsmethods,and
subterraneanrescuehazards.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytocoordinateresources,implementIMScomponents,
utilizeincidentactionplans,operatecommunicationsequipment,andinterpretsizeup
information.
12.1.8 Controlhazards,givenpersonalprotectiveequipment,subterraneanrescuetoolkit,
andsizeupinformation,sothathazardsintherescueareaareidentifiedatmospheric
hazards,physicalhazards,andenergysourcesarecontrolledarescueperimeteris
establishedandvictimsandrescuersareprotected.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Subterraneangases,potentialsourcesofenergyandphysical
hazards,lightingrequirements,hazardmitigationtechniques,lockout/tagoutprocedures
specifictoasubterraneanspace,ventilationneeds,andscenemarkingmethods.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoestablishaperimeter,applylockout/tagoutmethods
whereneeded,operateairmonitoringequipmentinIDLHconditions,andoperatelighting
equipment.
12.1.9* Prepareforentryintoasubterraneanspace,giventechnicalinformationonthe
space,sizeupinformation,subterraneanclassification,spacesitemap,andasubterranean
spacerescuetoolkit,sothatspecificpersonalprotectiveequipmentisselectedandused,
specificroutesforrescueareidentified,accountabilityismaintained,abackuprescueteam
isreadyandstandingby,entryteamreadinessisconfirmed,communicationsystemsarein
place,continuousatmosphericmonitoringcapabilitiesareused,lightingisassured,andsafe
ingressandegresscontrolpointsaremaintainedandmonitored.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Useoftechnicalandsizeupinformation,knowledgeof
subterraneanrescuepersonalprotectiveequipment,subterraneanclassifications,mapping
androutingsystems,accountabilitysystems,rescueteamrequirements,communications
methods,atmosphericmonitoringrequirements,lightingmethods,andsubterraneaningress
andegresscontrolpoints.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytochooseandusepersonalprotectiveequipment,follow
identifiedrescueroutes,interpretinformationsources,utilizeaccountabilitysystems,operate
communicationsystems,utilizemonitoringequipment,andutilizelightingequipment.
12.1.10* Enterasubterraneanspaceforrescueasamemberofateam,givenpersonal
protectiveequipment,ropeandrelatedaccessequipment(ifapplicabletothegiven
environment),establishedroutes,subterraneanrescuetoolkit,sizeupinformation,
subterraneanspaceclassification,technicalresourceinformationonthesubterraneanspace,
andsubterraneanmap,sothatidentifiedroutesarefollowed,specificsubterranean
environmentalobstaclesarenegotiated,thevictimsarelocated,patientrespiratoryprotection
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isinitiated,disentanglementisaccomplished,atmosphericmonitoringismaintained,hazard
assessmentcontinues,andcollapsepotentialisassessed.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Useoftechnicalandsizeupinformation,constructionanduseof
ropeorothersystemsforaccessasapplicabletoagivenenvironment,methodsforfollowing
identifiedroutes,classificationsofsubterraneanspaces,respiratory protectionoptions,
atmosphericmonitoringconsiderations,andhazardassessmentmethods.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytointerpretinformationsources,assesshazards,construct
anduseropeorothersystemsforaccessifapplicabletotheenvironmententered,apply
personalprotectiveequipment,interpretsymbols,locateanduseidentifiedroutesforrescue,
surfaceandsubterraneanmovement,andoperatemonitoringequipment.
12.1.11* Packagethevictimforremovalfromasubterraneanspace,givenasubterranean
toolkitandpatienttransferdevices,sothatdamagetorescueequipmentisprevented,the
victimisgiventhebestprofileforremoval,andfurtherharmtothevictimisminimized.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Spinalmanagementtechniques,victimpackagingtechniques,use
oflowprofilepackagingdevicesandequipment,methodstoreduceoravoiddamageto
equipment,andthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenpackagingforsubterranean space
andothertypesofrescue.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoimmobilizeavictimsspinepackagevictimsinharnesses,
lowprofiledevices,andlittersrecognizeandperformbasicmanagementofvarious
traumaticinjuriesandmedicalconditionssupportrespiratoryeffortsandperform
cardiopulmonaryresuscitationasrequiredbasedontheenvironment.
12.1.12 Removeallvictims,entrants,andequipmentfromasubterraneanspace,given
personalprotectiveequipment,ropeandrelatedrescueequipment,personneltooperate
rescuesystems,andasubterraneanrescuetoolkit,sothatinternalobstaclesandhazardsare
negotiated,allpersonsareextricatedfromtheareaintheselectedtransferdevice,thevictim
andrescuersaredecontaminatedasnecessary,andthevictimisdeliveredtotheemergency
medicalservices(EMS)provider.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Personnelandequipmentresourcelists,specificpersonal
protectiveequipment,subterraneanclassificationsandtheirtypicalinternalobstaclesand
hazards,rescuesystemsandequipment(includingapplicableroperescuesystemsfor
lowering,raising,and/ortraversingagivenarea),operationsprotocols,medicalprotocols,
EMSproviders,anddecontaminationproceduresasapplicable.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectandusepersonalprotectiveequipment,selectand
operaterescuesystems(includingapplicableroperescuesystemsforlowering,raising,
and/ortraversingagivenarea)usedforvictimdisentanglementandremoval,utilizemedical
equipment,anduseequipmentandproceduresfordecontaminationasrequired.

Chapter13DiveRescue

13.1*GeneralRequirements.

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Thejobperformancerequirementsdefinedin 13.1.1through 13.1.14shallbemetpriorto
certificationindiverescue.Inaddition,candidatesshallpossessacceptedadvancedopen
waterSCUBAcertificationfromanationallyrecognizedagency.Attheentry level,andfor
anyspecialtiesutilizedbyanorganizationatthetechnicianlevel,theAHJshallensure
provisionofcertificationinthatspecialtybyanationallyrecognizedcertifyingagency.The
curriculumforsuchcertificationshallbeorientedtowardtheneedsandoperational
requirementsofpublicsafetydivingasdefinedherein.
13.1.1 Developadiveprofile/plan,givenpredivechecklistsothatelementsoftheplan,
riskbenefit,hazardspecificequipment,access/egressroutes,environmentalconditions,type
ofsearchtobeperformed,reviewofsignals,andsurfacepressuresaredefined.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Useofreferences,useofdivetables,searcherlimitations,
incidentmanagementsystemsresourcecapabilities,searchtechniqueandtheory,SCUBA
limitations/abilities,float/refloattheory.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytousedivetables,developplan,implementincident
management,readandinterpretmaps,interviewwitnesses,translateinformationgivenintoa
searchplan,usecommunicationsequipment,definesearchparameters,anddetermine
hydrology,criticalinterviewquestions,spotterplacement,andstrategies.
13.1.2* Selectandusepersonalprotectiveequipment,givenasubsurfacemissionand
personalprotectiveandlifesupportequipment,sothatrescuerisprotectedfromtemperature
extremes,properbuoyancyismaintained,AHJprotocolsarecompliedwith,swimming
abilityismaximized,routineandemergencycommunicationsareestablishedbetween
componentsoftheteam,selfrescueneedshavebeenevaluatedandprovidedfor,and
predivesafetycheckshavebeenconducted.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Manufacturersrecommendations,standardoperating
procedures,basicsignalsandcommunicationstechniques,selectioncriteriaofinsulating
garments,buoyancycharacteristics,personalescapetechniques,applicationsforand
capabilitiesofpersonalescapeequipment,hazardassessment,andAHJprotocolsfor
equipmentpositioning.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytousepersonalprotectiveequipmentaccordingtothe
manufacturersdirections,proficiencyinemergencyescapeprocedures,proficiencyin
communications,donanddoffequipmentinanexpedientmanner,andusepredive
checklists.
13.1.3* Demonstratefundamentalwatermanshipskills,givensafetyequipment,props,and
confinedwaterbody,sothatbasicskillsaredemonstratedinacontrolledenvironment,
performanceparametersareachieved,andproblemsmaybeidentifiedpriortoworkin
highstressenvironment.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Basicforwardstrokeswimmingtheory(surfaceskills).
(B) RequisiteSkills:Basicswimmingskills,includingtheabilitytoswimandfloatin
differentwaterconditionswithandwithoutflotationaidsorswimmingaids(asrequired),
andapplywatersurvivalskills.

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13.1.4* NegotiateaSCUBAwatercourse,givenaSCUBAdivedesignatedcourse,safety
equipment,props,andconfinedwaterbody,sothatskillsaredemonstratedinacontrolled
environment,performanceparametersareachieved,hazardsarecontinuallyassessed,proper
buoyancycontrolismaintained,andemergencyproceduresaredemonstrated.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:BasicSCUBAtheory(subsurfaceskills).
(B) RequisiteSkills:BasicSCUBAskills,includingtheabilitytomaneuverusingSCUBAin
differentwaterconditionsincludinglimitedvisibility,andapplywatersurvivalskills.
13.1.5 Supervise,coordinate,andleaddiveteamsduringoperations,givenincident
checklists,divechecklists,maps,topographicsurveys,charts,andpredive/postdivemedical
evaluationchecklist,sothatteamsaremanaged,personnelaresupervised,hazardsare
assessedandidentified,safetyandhealthofteamisensured,qualifications/abilitiesofdivers
areverified,predivebriefingisconducted,andpostdivemedicalevaluationandbriefingis
performed.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Divemasterlevelknowledgeknowledgeofsupervisory
practices,divetables,emergencyprocedures,communicationsprocedures,localprotocols,
andpredivesafetychecks.
(B) RequisiteSkills:TheabilitytouseSCUBA,divetables,emergencyprocedures,
communicationprocedures,andleadership/managementskills.
13.1.6* Assistasurfaceddiverindistress,givensafetyequipment,personalprotective
equipment,waterhazard,andatired,entrapped,orstresseddiver,sothatthediveris
rescuedorassisted,andthevictimisextricatedfromenvironment.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Techniquesforapproachandassistanceofsurfacedvictimsor
divers,buoyancycontroltechniques,disentanglementprocedures,andcommunication
procedures.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytousepersonalprotectiveequipment,flotationdevices,
techniquesforrescueorassistance,swimmingtechniquesusingSCUBAgear,andpanicked
diverevasiontechniques.
13.1.7* Assistasubmergeddiverindistress,givensafetyequipment,personalprotective
equipment,andanentrapped,tired,ordistresseddiver,sothatthediverisrescuedor
assisted,andthevictimisextricatedfromenvironment.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Techniquesforapproachandassistanceofvictims,buoyancy
controltechniques,outofairemergencyprocedures,useofsecondaryairsystems,
proceduresfordisentanglement,andcommunicationsprocedures.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytousepersonalprotectiveequipment,techniquesforrescue
orassistance,buoyancycontroldevices,andregulators,weightbeltremoval,andemergency
ascents.
13.1.8* Demonstrateproceduresforunderwaterselfrescue,givensafetyequipment,apool
orcontrolledwaterenvironment,SCUBAequipment,andprops,sothathazardsare
recognized,emergencyproceduresareperformed,diverselfextricatesfromsituation,and

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problemsmaybeidentifiedpriortoworkinahighstressenvironment.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:BasicSCUBAemergencyproceduresforapplicable
environmentsandemergencymedicaltreatmentprotocolsforoxygentoxicity,bends,
decompressioninjuries,andotherdiverelatedinjuriesandillnesses.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoimplementlossofcommunicationsproceduresregulator
loss,failure,oroutofairproceduresdisentanglementandselfextricationprocedures
severedorentangledumbilicalortaglineproceduresequipmentlossorfailureprocedures
andemergencytreatmentofinjureddivers.
13.1.9 Performsearchesappropriatetotheenvironment/natureofthewaterbodyand
proceduresforeffectiveunderwatercommunications,givensearchparametersfora
subsurfacerescueincident,hydrologicdata(includingspeedanddirectionofcurrentor
tides),descriptionsofmissingpersonsandincidenthistory,checklists,safetydivertasks,
knotsused,conditionsaffectingoverlap,patternselection,waterbodyrepresentativeofthe
AHJ,andsafetyandSCUBAequipment,sothatareaswithhighprobabilityofdetectionare
differentiatedfromotherareas,witnessesareinterviewed,criticalinterviewinformationis
recorded,personnelresourcesareconsidered,searchparametersarecommunicated,search
isperformed,andobjectisfound.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Searchtheory,environmentalconsiderations,and
procedures/protocolshydrologicfactors,methodstodeterminehighprobabilitiesof
detectionareas,andcriticalinterviewquestionsandpractices.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytonegotiateabodyofwater,useropeoritemsinsearch,
implementproceduresforeffectiveunderwatercommunications,andcommunicate.
13.1.10* Controlanunderwatersiteasapotentialcrimesceneandgenerateanaccurate
recordofpossibleevidenceanditsenvironment,givenpaperandpencil,evidencetubeor
container,markerfloat,GPS,andlastseenpoint,sothatitemsaresecured,possible
evidenceispreservedbytakingnoteson,documenting,makingsketchesof,photographing,
orretrievingevidence,chainofcustodyandevidentiarynatureismaintained,andinformation
ispassedtolawenforcement.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Understandandmaintainthechainofevidence,camera
operations,scentarticlehandlingandpreservation,clueawareness,andspecificscene
situationconsiderations(i.e.,wreckage,deadbodies,injury,evidence).
(B) RequisiteSkills:Interviewskillsofcorroboratingwitnesses,basicdrawingskills.
13.1.11* Defineproceduresforuseofwatercraftfordiveoperations,givenwatercraftused
bytheAHJ,sothatwatercraftpredeploymentchecksarecompleted,watercraftlaunchor
recoveryisachievedasstipulatedbyAHJoperationalprotocols,diversaredeployedand
recovered,bothonboardanddiverescueoperationsconformwithwatercraftoperational
protocolsandcapabilities,communicationsareclearandconcise,andthecandidateis
familiarwithwatercraftnomenclature,operationalprotocols,designlimitations,and
launch/recoverysiteissues.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Entry/exitprocedures,communicationstechniques,andboat

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divingoperationtechniques.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoimplemententry/exitproceduresandcommunications
withwatercraftcrewanduseemergency/safetyequipment.
13.1.12* Defineproceduresandapplicationsforuseofaircraftfordiveoperations,given
aircraftusedbytheAHJ,protocolsandprocedures,airtogroundcommunication,extraction
issues,andsafetyprocedures,sothataircraftpredeploymentchecksarecompleted,divers
aredeployedandrecovered,bothonboardanddiverescueoperationsconformwithaircraft
operationalprotocolsandcapabilities,communicationsareclearandconcise,andthe
candidateisfamiliarwithaircraftnomenclature,operationalprotocols,anddesignlimitations.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Entry/exitprocedures,communicationstechniques,andaircraft
operationtechniques.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoimplemententry/exitproceduresandcommunications
withaircraftcrewanduseemergency/safetyequipment.
13.1.13* Removeincapacitatedvictimfromwatertotheoperatingdeckofawatercraft,
usingtechniquesselectedbytheAHJ(parbuckling,etc.),givenliftingandremoval
equipmentandproceduresselectedbytheAHJ,spinalimmobilizationtechniquesand
equipment,personalprotectiveequipment,andwatercraftusedbytheAHJ,sothatscene
safetyprotocolsareadheredto,limitationsanddesignofwatercraftareevaluated,
techniquesutilizesimplemechanicaladvantagewhenlifting,watercraftmaneuvering
enhancesvictimanddiverrecoveryoperations,andpatientinjuriesandwelfarearenot
compromisedbyremovaltechniques.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Medicaltreatmentprotocols,simplemechanicaladvantage,
accesspointsofboats.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Utilizemedicaltreatmentprotocols,maintainpositivebuoyancy,
maintainairway,cspine.
13.1.14 Removeincapacitatedvictimfromwatertotheshoreoradock,usingtechniques
selectedbytheAHJ(parbuckling,etc.),givenliftingandremovalequipmentandprocedures
selectedbytheAHJ,spinalimmobilizationtechniquesandequipment,personalprotective
equipment,andrepresentativeshoresordocksfoundinthejurisdiction,sothatscenesafety
protocolsareadheredto,victimisremovedtoapredeterminedarea,techniquesutilize
simplemechanicaladvantagewhenlifting,andpatientinjuriesandwelfarearenot
compromisedbyremovaltechniques.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Medicaltreatmentprotocols,simplemechanicaladvantage,
accesspoints,siteselectioncriteria.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Utilizemedicaltreatmentprotocols,maintainpositivebuoyancy,
maintainairway,cspine.

Chapter14WildernessRescue

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14.1GeneralRequirements.
Thejobperformancerequirementsdefinedin 14.1.1through 14.1.11shallbemetpriorto
certificationinwildernessrescue.
14.1.1 Planawildernessrescueincident,givenavailablemapsandresourcessothathazards
areidentifiedanddocumented,allaccessestothelocationsareidentifiedanddocumented,
andspecialresourceneedsaredocumentedforfutureuse.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Operationalprotocols,specificpreplanforms,typesofhazards
commontojurisdictionalboundaries,andhazardsthatmustbeidentifiedonplans.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoselectaspecificpreplanform,draftordrawasketchof
wildernessarea,completesuppliedforms,recognizegeneralandspecifichazards,and
documentalldata.
14.1.2 Interviewwitness(es),givenwitnessrecordingforms,sothatavailableinformationas
tothelocation,habits,mentalandphysicalcondition,clothing,andappearanceofthevictim
canbedetermined,subjectprofilecanbeestablished,victimslastknownlocationis
identified,andsearchareascanbeprioritized.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Interviewingtechniques,interviewingforms,andlostperson
behavior.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoapplyinterviewingtechniquesanddeterminelostperson
behaviorprofile.
14.1.3* Collectanddocumentevidencetodeterminevictimspotentiallocation,given
variouspiecesofevidenceandcollectionanddocumentationequipment,sothatthescene
(area)isthoroughlysearchedandevidenceisprotected,documented,cataloged,and
collected.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Howtomaintainthechainofevidence,scenesearchprocedures,
evidenceprotectionmethods,documentationandcatalogmethods,andevidencecollection
procedures.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytooperatephotographyequipment,utilizestandard
evidencecollectiontools,andcollecting,documenting,andcatalogingprocedures.
14.1.4* Developprofile(s)forthevictim(s),givenvictiminformationandcollected
evidence,sothatasearchplancanbedevelopedandimplemented.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Interviewingtechniques,evidencecollection,andweather
conditions.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytointerpretevidence,conductvictimanalysis,andevaluate
presentandpredictedweatherconditions.
14.1.5* Operateinawildernessenvironment,givenpersonalprotectiveequipment,foodand
water,andawildernesstoolbox,sothattherescuercanfunctioninthewilderness
environmentforaprolongedperiodoftime.

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(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Potentialweatherconditions,terrainconditions,andwilderness
survival.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoimplementwildernessnavigation,orienteering,and
wildernesssurvivaltechniques.
14.1.6 Navigateinthewildernesstoaspecifiedlocation,givennavigationequipment,
topographicalmapsoftheareatobenavigated,andcommunicationequipment,sothatthe
specifiedlocationisidentifiedandreached,searchpatternsareconducted,teamsareguided
tothedesiredlocation,andallcluesrelativetothelocationofthesearchvictimareidentified
andcommunicatedbacktothecommandpost.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Searchpatterns,navigationequipment,mapreading,maptypes
andsystems,anduseofcommunicationequipment.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoreadmaps,usenavigationequipment,measureadistance
invariedterrain,andnavigateaccuratelyaroundobstacles.
14.1.7 Locateavictiminawildernessenvironment,givenastartinglocation,areatobe
searched,navigationequipment,topographicalmaps,andcommunicationequipment,sothat
thevictimslocationcanbedetermined.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Mantrackingskills,searchpatterns,communicationskills,
passiveandactivesearch,signcutting,jumptracking,andattractionmethods.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoimplementmantracking,searchpatterns,communication
techniques,passiveandactivesearch,signcutting,andjumptracking,useatrackingstick,
andcommunicatetracktoothersusingtrackIDform.
14.1.8 Treatavictimsinjuriesandmedicalcondition(s),givenawildernessfirstaidtoolkit,
sothatadditionalcomplicationstothevictimwillbepreventedorminimized.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Basiclifesupportforthewildernessenvironment.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoprovidebasiclifesupportinawildernessenvironment.
14.1.9* Manageavictiminawildernessenvironment,givenavictimandbasicand
advancedlifesupportkits,sothatthebasicandadvancedlifesupportmedicalcareofthe
victimismanagedduringtransportandthepotentialforfurtherinjuryisminimized.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Medicalcareinawildernessenvironment.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoprovidemedicalcareandadvancedlifesupportina
wildernessenvironment.
14.1.10* Packageavictimforwildernesstransport,givenvictimpackagingmaterialsand
victimtransportdevices,sothatadditionalcomplicationstothevictimwillbepreventedor
minimized.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Basiclifesupportandpatientpackagingforthewilderness
environment.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoapplybasiclifesupportandpatientpackagingforthe
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wildernessenvironment.
14.1.11 Movethevictim(s)andtheentryteam(s)fromthewildernessenvironment,given
personalprotectiveequipmentandwildernessrescuetoolkit,sothatexistingmechanical
egressequipmentisutilizedbytrainedrescuepersonnelandremovaliscompleted.
(A) RequisiteKnowledge:Terrainhazards,wildernessrescuepersonalprotective
equipment,applicableroperiggingandrescuesystems,andmechanicalaccessandegress
systems.
(B) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoassesshazards,usepersonalprotectiveequipment,
constructandutilizeapplicableroperiggingandrescuesystems,andusemechanicalaccess
andegresssystems.

AnnexAExplanatoryMaterial

AnnexAisnotapartoftherequirementsofthisNFPAdocumentbutisincludedfor
informationalpurposesonly.Thisannexcontainsexplanatorymaterial,numberedto
correspondwiththeapplicabletextparagraphs.
A.1.1 Thecommitteeintendsthedocumenttoprovidetheminimumstandardfor
professionalrescuers.Thecommitteeisawarethat,inordertomeettherequirementsofthis
standard,considerableresourcesmighthavetobeappliedtomeetequipmentandtraining
needs.Thecommitteeisawarethattheseresourcesmightnotbeavailabletomanysmall
communityfireservices,industrialsites,andothervolunteeroperations.Thecommitteedoes
notintendtoimplythatrescueoperationsatvariouslevelscannotbeundertakenbythese
organizations,onlythatthisstandardappliestothoseserviceschargedtoprovidetechnical
rescueatthetechnicianlevel.
A.1.3 TableA.1.3providesanoverviewofgeneralduties.

TableA.1.3GeneralDutiesTable
Site Patient Maintenance Rope/Rigging
Operations Management
Sizeup Access Toolsand Tieknots
equipment
EstablishIMS Triagevictims Vehicle Constructanchorsystems
Mitigate Stabilize Communi Constructsimplemechanical
hazards cations advantage
Search Package Personalprotective Operatesimplemechanical
location equipment advantagesystem
Extricate Constructloweringsystems
Transfer Operateloweringsystems

A.1.3.3 Thepurposeofthematrixin TableA.1.3.3istohelptheauthorityhaving


jurisdictionassesschapterrequirementsdependingonspecificrescuedisciplinesneededin

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theirarea.

TableA.1.3.3RescueTechnician
Matrix
Discipline Chapter
Correlation
High/LowAngle 6
SurfaceWater 7
VehicleandMachinery 8
ConfinedSpace 9
BuildingCollapse 10
Trench 11
Tunnel 12
Dive 13
WildernessSearchand 14
Rescue
Cave/Mines 12
Tower 6
Urban 6,9,10
Industrial 6,8,9
Farm 6,8,9
Fireground(Rapid 6,10
Intervention)
ElevatorandEscalator 6,8,9
Silo 6,8,9
ElevatedTrain/Subway 6,8,9,12
Wells/Cisterns 6,9
UtilityVaults/Switching 6,9
Station
ScaffoldingCollapse 6,10
Trams/Gondola/SkiLift 6,8
ElevatedCrane 6,8
Shipboard 6,8,9
Bridges 6,7
WineryTanks 9
Aircraft 8
Train/LightRail 8
Swiftwater 7,13
Surf 7,13
Ice 7,13

A.3.1 Definitionsofactionverbsusedwithinthisdocumentarebaseduponthefirst
definitionofthewordfoundin WebstersThirdNewInternationalDictionaryoftheEnglish
Language.
A.3.2.1Approved.TheNationalFireProtectionAssociationdoesnotapprove,inspect,or
certifyanyinstallations,procedures,equipment,ormaterialsnordoesitapproveorevaluate
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testinglaboratories.Indeterminingtheacceptabilityofinstallations,procedures,equipment,
ormaterials,theauthorityhavingjurisdictionmaybaseacceptanceoncompliancewith
NFPAorotherappropriatestandards.Intheabsenceofsuchstandards,saidauthoritymay
requireevidenceofproperinstallation,procedure,oruse.Theauthorityhavingjurisdiction
mayalsorefertothelistingsorlabelingpracticesofanorganizationthatisconcernedwith
productevaluationsandisthusinapositiontodeterminecompliancewithappropriate
standardsforthecurrentproductionoflisteditems.
A.3.2.2AuthorityHavingJurisdiction(AHJ).Thephraseauthorityhavingjurisdiction,
oritsacronymAHJ,isusedinNFPAdocumentsinabroadmanner,sincejurisdictionsand
approvalagenciesvary,asdotheirresponsibilities.Wherepublicsafetyisprimary,the
authorityhavingjurisdictionmaybeafederal,state,local,orotherregionaldepartmentor
individualsuchasafirechieffiremarshalchiefofafirepreventionbureau,labor
department,orhealthdepartmentbuildingofficialelectricalinspectororothershaving
statutoryauthority.Forinsurancepurposes,aninsuranceinspectiondepartment,rating
bureau,orotherinsurancecompanyrepresentativemaybetheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.
Inmanycircumstances,thepropertyownerorhisorherdesignatedagentassumestherole
oftheauthorityhavingjurisdictionatgovernmentinstallations,thecommandingofficeror
departmentalofficialmaybetheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.
A.3.2.4Listed.Themeansforidentifyinglistedequipmentmayvaryforeachorganization
concernedwithproductevaluationsomeorganizationsdonotrecognizeequipmentaslisted
unlessitisalsolabeled.Theauthorityhavingjurisdictionshouldutilizethesystememployed
bythelistingorganizationtoidentifyalistedproduct.
A.3.3.4.1MultiplePointAnchorSystem.Thesubcategoriesofthesesystemscanbe
furtherdefinedasfollows:
(1) Loaddistributinganchorsystems(alsoreferredtoasselfequalizingorselfadjusting)
areanchorsystemsestablishedfromtwoormoreanchorpointsthat:
(a) Maintainnearequalloadingontheanchorpointsdespitedirectionchangeson
themaillinerope
(b) Reestablishequalloadingonremaininganchorpointsifanyoneofthemfails
Thesystemshouldbeconfiguredsoastolimittheresultingdropthatoccursas
theresultofananchorpointfailure.
(2) Loadsharinganchorsystemsareestablishedfromtwoormoreanchorpointsthat
distributetheloadamongtheanchorpointssomewhatproportionatelybutwillnot
adjustthedirectionchangesonthemainlinerope.Thesystemshouldbeconfigured
soastolimittheresultingdropthatoccursastheresultofananchorpointfailure.
A.3.3.4.2SinglePointAnchorSystem.FigureA.3.3.4.2illustratessuchasystem.

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FIGUREA.3.3.4.2CompoundA3:1System(ZRig).

A.3.3.7Attendant.Anattendantdoesallofthefollowing:
(1) Remainsoutsidetheconfinedspaceduringentryoperationsuntilrelievedbyanother
attendant
(2) Summonsrescueandotherneededresourcesassoonasheorshedeterminesthat
authorizedentrantsmightneedassistancetoescapefromconfinedspacehazards
(3) Performsnonentryrescuesasspecifiedbytherescueprocedurelistedonthepermit
Thistermcanalsobeusedtodesignaterescuepersonnelassignedtoperformthetaskof
attendantduringrescueoperationsinvolvingentrytyperescue.Inthiscase,theterm rescue
attendantisused.
A.3.3.8AuthorizedEntrant.Theauthorizedentrantmeetsthefollowingtraining
requirements:
(1) HazardRecognition.Includingrecognitionofthesignsandsymptomsofexposureto
ahazardousmaterialoratmospherewithinthespace,understandingofconsequences
ofexposure,andthemodeoftransmissionforthehazard(injection,ingestion,
inhalation,orabsorption)
(2) Communications.Themethodbywhichrescueservicesaretobesummonedinthe
eventofanemergency,themethodbywhichtheentrantwillcommunicatewiththe
attendantontheoutsideofthespace,andabackupmethodofcommunicationshould
theprimarysystemfail
(3) PersonalProtectiveEquipment.Includingallpersonalprotectiveequipment
appropriatefortheconfinedspaceandpropertraininganddocumentationoftraining
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initsuse
(4) SelfRescue.Themethodbywhichtheentrantwillescapefromthespaceshouldan
emergencyoccurthisincludesselfactuatedmethods(suchasclimbingaladderor
crawlingthroughahorizontalmanwayopening)aswellasthoseexternallyapplied
andoperated(suchasahaulingsystemattachedtotheentrantandoperatedbythe
rescueteam).
Thistermcanalsobeusedtodesignaterescuepersonnelassignedtoperformthetaskof
entryduringrescueoperations.Inthiscase,theterm rescueentrantisused.
A.3.3.9BasicFirstAidKit.SeeTableA.3.3.9.

TableA.3.3.9BasicFirstAidKit
GeneralCategory SpecificInformation
Assortedbandages Cravats,ace,selfadheringofvarious
sizes
Assorteddressings Occlusive,sterilepads,androllsof
varioussizes
Assortedsplints Air,vacuum,wire,rigid,soft,traction
Bagvalvemaskresuscitators
BPcuffandstethoscope Adultandpediatric
Cervicalcollars Fullsetadultandpediatric
Oxygenwithflowregulatorandair Dsizewith125mmGflow
adjuncts
Portablesuction
Additionalitemsdeterminedbythe
AHJ

A.3.3.10Belay.Thismaybeaccomplishedbyasecondlineinaraiseorloweringsystemor
bymanagingasinglelinewithafrictiondeviceinfixedropeascentordescent.Belaysalso
protectpersonnelexposedtotheriskoffallingwhoarenototherwiseattachedtotherope
rescuesystem.
A.3.3.16Bombproof.Thistermgenerallyreferstoananchorpointsostructurallysignificant
thatfailureofthiscomponentislikelytocausestructuralcollapse.Examplesofbombproof
anchorpointsincludelargestructuralsteelIbeamsandlargestructuralreinforcedconcrete
columns.
A.3.3.26ConfinedSpace.Aconfinedspacealsohasoneormoreofthefollowing
characteristics:
(1) Containsorhasapotentialtocontainahazardousatmosphere
(2) Containsamaterialthathasapotentialtocontainahazardousatmosphere
(3) Containsamaterialthathasthepotentialforengulfinganentrant
(4) Hasaninternalconfigurationsuchthatanentrantcouldbetrappedorasphyxiatedby

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inwardlyconvergingwallsorbyafloorthatslopesdownwardandtaperstoasmaller
crosssection
(5) Containsanyotherrecognizedserioussafetyorhealthhazard(includingfall,
environmental,andequipmenthazards)
Forpurposesofthisstandard,thisdefinitionexcludesminesandcavesorothernatural
formationsthatmustbeaddressedbyotherspecializedtrainingandequipment.
A.3.3.31ConfinedSpaceRescuePreplan.SeeFigureA.3.3.31.

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FIGUREA.3.3.31ConfinedSpaceRescuePreplan.

A.3.3.34ConfinedSpaceType.FigureA.3.3.34showspredefinedtypesofconfinedspaces
normallyfoundinanindustrialsetting.Classifyingspacesbytypescanbeusedtopreparea
rescuetrainingplantoincluderepresentativepermitspacesforsimulatedrescuepracticeas
specifiedbyOSHA.ThesetypesfocusmainlyontheOSHAspecifiedcriteriaofopening
size,configuration,andaccessibility.Anotherimportantfactortoconsideristheinternal
configuration(i.e.,congestedornoncongested).

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FIGUREA.3.3.34ConfinedSpaceTypes.

A.3.3.36ConstructionType.Theconstructioncategories,types,andoccupancyusageof
variousstructuresmightnecessitatetheutilizationofavarietyofdifferenttechniquesand
material.Thefourconstructioncategoriesthattherescuermostlikelywillencounterin
collapsesituationsarelightframe,heavywall,heavyfloor,andprecastconcreteconstruction.
Thesefourcategoriesusuallycomprisethemajorityofstructuresaffectedbyacollapse.
A.3.3.38CriticalAngle.SeeFigureA.3.3.38.

FIGUREA.3.3.38TheEffectofAngleForcesonAnchorsandLines:CriticalAngles.

A.3.3.42CrushSyndrome.Thismuscledeathcanleadtomyoglobinuria,renalfailure,
muscleloss,andcontractions.
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A.3.3.43CutSheet.Thecutsheetisutilizedbyanexcavatingcrewtoassistthemin
completingajob.Usuallythecompetentpersonorjobsupervisorwillhavethisdocumentin
hisorherpossession.
A.3.3.50DiveTables.FigureA.3.3.50isanillustrationofaRecreationalDivePlanner.

FIGUREA.3.3.50DiveTable.

A.3.3.61ExtinguishingDevices.Manyextinguishingmediumscanbeineffectiveifused
inappropriatelytocombatfiresinvolvingincompatiblematerials.Theproperextinguishing
mediumshouldbeappropriatelymatchedtotheclassoffire.Forinstance,useofthewrong
typeoffoamcanbecompletelyineffectivebasedonthetypeofmaterialbeingextinguished.
Thefoamshouldbematchedtothespecificincident(e.g.,polarsolvents,nonpolarsolvents,
pressurizedfire,nonpressurizedfire).

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A.3.3.68GeneralArea.Withinthegeneralarea,accessbypeople,heavymachinery,and
vehiclesislimitedandstrictlycontrolled.
A.3.3.73HazardousAtmosphereforConfinedSpace.Hazardousatmospherecanresult
fromoneormoreofthefollowing:
(1) Flammablegas,vapor,ormistinexcessof10percentofitslowerflammablelimit
(LFL).
(2) AirbornecombustibledustataconcentrationthatmeetsorexceedsitsLFL,which
canbeestimatedbyobservingthedensityoftheconcentration.Ingeneral,ifthe
concentrationofdustobscuresvisionatadistanceof1.5m(5ft)orless,itmightbe
withinitsflammablerange.
(3) Atmosphericoxygenconcentrationbelow19.5percentorabove23.5percent.
(4) Atmosphericconcentrationofanyhazardoussubstancethatcouldresultinexposure
topersonnelinexcessofitsdoseorpermissibleexposurelimit(PEL).
(5) Anyotheratmosphericconditionthatisimmediatelydangeroustolifeorhealth
(IDLH).
A.3.3.87Isolation.Somemethodsofisolationincludeblankingorblindingofpipes,
misaligningorremovingsectionsofpipelinesorducts,adoubleblockandbleedsystem,
lockoutortagoutofallsourcesofenergy,orblockingordisconnectingallmechanical
linkages.
A.3.3.88IsolationSystem.Examplesofisolationdevicesincludeconcreteorsteelpipe,
corrugatedpipe,concretevaults,orotherpreengineeredstructuresthatsufficientlyisolate
andprotectthevictim.
A.3.3.90Knot.Aknotwillmaintainitsintegrity.Althoughmoreaccuratelyclassifiedas
ties,theterm knotiscommonlyusedtorefertoknots,bends,andhitches.
A.3.3.112.2SimpleRopeMechanicalAdvantageSystem.FigureA.3.3.112.2illustrates
suchasystem.

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FIGUREA.3.3.112.2SimpleA2:1System.

A.3.3.122PersonalFlotationDevice(PFD).PFDsareclassifiedbyperformancecriteria
intofivetypeswithspecificlimitationsonwhereandunderwhatcircumstanceseachtype
canbeused.
A.3.3.123PersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE).Personalprotectiveequipmentincludes
bothpersonalprotectiveclothingandrespiratoryprotectionspecifictoaparticularrescue
discipline.Adequatepersonalprotectiveequipmentshouldappropriatelyprotectthe
respiratorysystem,skin,eyes,face,hands,feet,head,body,andhearing.
A.3.3.123.1WaterRescuePersonalProtectiveEquipment.Ataminimum,consideration
shouldbegiventomobility,flotation,andthermalprotection.Rescuersshouldalsoevaluate
potentialforbluntheadtrauma,entanglementinlinesandvegetation,exposuretochemical,
biological,andetiologicalcontaminants,theneedforanauxiliaryemergencyairsupply,and
ameansofsummoninghelpwhenindistress.
A.3.3.124PneumaticStruts.Alsoreferstodevices(whichcontainpotentiallyhazardous
storedenergy)mountedonvehiclesormachinerytostabilizeorholdopendoorsorhatches.
A.3.3.128PreincidentPlan.Asitespecificpreplancanalsoprovideusefulinformationfor
considerationduringsizeup,including,butnotlimitedto,thefollowing:
(1) Rescueteamnotification
(2) Acceptableentryconditionsforrescue
(3) Hazardanalysis
(4) Riskanalysisofhazards
(5) Sitemap
(6) Hazardabatement(includingcontrolzones,ventilation,lockout/tagoutprocedures,
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etc.)
(7) Useofbuddysystem(whenapplicable)
(8) Communications(site,rescueattendanttorescueentrant,etc.)
(9) Commandpost
(10) Incidentmanagementorganizationalchart
(11) Standardoperatingguidelines
(12) Safeworkpractices
(13) Medicalassistance
(14) Preentrysafetybriefings
(15) Preandpostentryphysicals(ifindicated)
Guidelinesforinitialresponseplanningwithinthequantityandcapabilityofavailable
personnelandequipmentshouldinclude,butisnotlimitedto,thefollowing:
(1) Responseobjectivesforconfinedspaceemergencies
(2) Nonentryrescueoptions
(3) Entrytyperescueoptions
(4) Whetherrescuerandequipmentcapabilitiesareappropriateforavailablerescue
options
(5) Needsanalysisandproceduresforprovidingemergencydecontaminationtovictims
suspectedofbeingcontaminatedwithahazardousmaterial
Operationalproceduresforresponseimplementationshouldinclude,butarenotlimitedto,
thefollowing:
(1) Scenecontrol,includingcontrolzonesandcommunication
(2) Incidentmanagementsystemconsistentwiththeorganizationsstandardoperating
procedure
(3) Nonentryretrieval
(4) Qualifyingentrytyperescues
(5) Emergencydecontaminationasneeded
(6) Technicallevelrescueserviceassistance
A.3.3.129ProtectiveSystem.Protectivesystemsincludesupportsystems,slopingand
benchingsystems,shieldsystems,andothersystemsthatprovidethenecessaryprotection.
A.3.3.131RapidInterventionCrew/Company(RIC).Firedepartmentsrespondtomany
incidentsthatpresentahighrisktofirefightersafety.Departmentsincompliancewith
OSHA29CFR1910.134,RespiratoryProtectionRegulations,musthaveaminimumof
twopersonsonscenefullyequippedwhenmembersareoperatinginanIDLHorpotentially
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IDLHatmosphere.Theprimarypurposeistherescueofinjured,lost,ortrappedfirefighters.
Departmentsutilizinganincidentmanagementsysteminaccordancewith NFPA1561,
StandardonEmergencyServicesIncidentManagementSystem,or29CFR1910.120,
RegulationonHazardousWaste,alongwithapersonnelaccountabilitysystemhave
incorporatedtheRICintotheirmanagementsystem.Manydepartmentshaveredefinedtheir
responseplanstoincludethedispatchofanadditionalcompany(engine,rescue,ortruck)to
respondtoincidentsandstandbyastheRIC.Incidentcommanderscanassignadditional
RICsbasedonthesizeandcomplexityoftheincidentscene.ThisOSHA ruleisalso
includedaspartofspecialoperationsincidentsin NFPA1500,StandardonFireDepartment
OccupationalSafetyandHealthProgram[seesamplestandardoperatingprocedures
(SOP)],forRICs.
Insomedepartments,anRICcanalsobeknownasaRapidInterventionTeam.
A.3.3.135RegisteredLicensedProfessionalEngineer.However,aprofessionalengineer
registeredinanystateisdeemedtobearegisteredprofessionalengineerwithinthe
meaningofthisstandardwhenapprovingdesignsformanufacturedprotectivesystemsor
tabulateddatatobeusedintheconstructionofprotectivesystems.
A.3.3.141RescueTeam.Thenumberofpersonsrequiredforaneffectiveteamisdependent
uponvariablessuchasthetask(s)tobecompleted,theabilitiesoftheindividualteam
members,andtheindividualsabilitytoworktogetherefficiently.Althoughmany
recommendationsexistastoanidealminimumnumberofteammembers,thisshouldbe
basedonthecircumstancessurroundingtheincidentandthelogisticsinvolved.NFPA1670,
StandardonOperationsandTrainingforTechnicalRescueIncidents,recognizestheneed
forminimumstaffinglevelsforcertaintechnicalrescueincidentsandcontainsguidelinesto
thateffect.
A.3.3.143RetrievalEquipment(RetrievalSystem).Retrievalincludestheoperationof
commonnonentryretrievalsystems.Examplesincludesimplewinchandblockdevicesused
inconjunctionwithtripods,quadpods,orothermanufacturedportableanchorsystemsor
existingstructuralsystems.Anonentryretrievalcansimplyinvolveoperatingthecrankona
winch/tripodsystemwhereanchorsandprotectionsystemsarealreadyinplace.
Thesesystemsarerequiredwhereveranauthorizedentrantentersaconfinedspaceunlessthe
retrievalsystemwouldincreasetheoverallriskofentryorwouldnotcontributetothe
rescueoftheentrant.Forconfinedspacerescueoperations,thesesystemsshouldbeinplace
priortoentry(intoverticalorhorizontalspaces)insuchamannerthatretrievalofrescue
entrantscanbeginimmediatelyintheeventofanemergency.Retrievalsystemscanalsobe
usedtoactasfallarrestingdevicesforrescuepersonnel.
A.3.3.156.1ActiveSearchMeasures.Ofprimaryandimmediateimportanceislocatingthe
pointlastseen(PLS)ofthemissingsubject.Sometimes,thereportingperson(RP)willhave
nodirectknowledgeofwhathappened.Forexample,theRPcanbeafamilymember
reportingagroupofcanoeistsoverdueatatakeout.Atothertimes,theRPwillhave
witnessedariveraccidentsuchasaraftoverturningorafishermanbeingsweptaway,and
willbeabletogiveadescriptionofthevictimsandafairlyexactPLS.RPsshouldbe
interrogatedforallinformationtheymighthaveaboutthevictim,toincludephysical
description,clothing,destination,experience,timetheincidentoccurred,andanyother
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detailsthatmighthelpthesearch(e.g.,thetypeofshoestoaidtrackers).
A.3.3.156.2PassiveSearchMeasures.Thesearchesatthispointaredetailed,formal
searches,nothastyones.Itisbettertohavesmall,trainedgroupsofsearchersthoroughly
searchanarearepeatedlythantosearchwithlargegroupsofuntrainedpeople,sincethese
frequentlytramplemoreevidencethantheyfind.Asthesearchprogresses,theincident
commandershoulddebriefteamleadersfrequentlyandrevisethesearchplanasnecessary.
A.3.3.158SecondaryCollapse.Indicationsofpotentialforsecondarycollapseincludethe
following:
(1) Leaningwalls
(2) Smokeorwaterseepingthroughjoints
(3) Unusualsounds(e.g.,creaking,groaning)
(4) Recurringaftershocks
(5) Saggingfloororroofassemblies
(6) Missing,strained,ordamagedpointsofconnectionofstructuralelements
(7) Excessiveloadingofstructuralelements
(8) Slidingplasterandairbornedust
(9) Separatingwalls
(10) Lackofwaterrunoff
(11) Rackedortwistedstructure
(12) Buildingvibration
A.3.3.163ShieldorShieldSystem.Shieldscanbepermanentstructuresorcanbedesigned
tobeportable.Theycanbeeithermanufacturedorjobbuilt.Shieldsusedintrenchesare
usuallyreferredtoastrenchboxesortrenchshields.
A.3.3.168SignalingDevice.Examplesofsignalingdevicesinclude,butarenotrestrictedto,
flares,strobelights,mirrors,brightlycolored(air)panels,flags,lightemittingdevices,smoke
pyrotechnics,airhorns,andwhistles.
A.3.3.177SpecializedTeams.Theseteamscaninclude,butarenotlimitedto,hazardous
materialsteams,firesuppressionteams,andmedicalteams.
A.3.3.195Swim.Forthepurposesofthisstandard,anypurposefulbodypositioninginwater
thatarescuerdemonstratesthatfacilitatesmovementtoadesiredobjectiveisconstruedas
swimming.
A.3.3.196SwimAids.Examplesinclude,butarenotrestrictedto,webbedgloves,swim
fins,boogieboards,andsurfboards.
A.3.3.197SystemSafetyCheck.Personnelshouldreviewallsystemcomponentscarefully
toensureproperassembly.Personnelshouldpreloadthesysteminasafemanner(e.g.,
standingawayfromedgeswhilepreloading).Asignalisissuedbythepersonperformingthe
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systemsafetychecktoconfirmthecompletionofthefirsttwosteps.Thesignalshould
addressotherrescuersutilizingthesystemandshouldbeacknowledgedbyoneormoreof
them.
A.3.3.198TabulatedData.Also,thetermisappliedtosixtablesfoundinAppendixCof
29CFR1926,SubpartP.
A.3.3.206ToolKit.Severalspecializedtoolkitshavebeenestablishedbasedonthespecific
technicalrescuediscipline.ThelistsofkitsinAnnex Gisintendedtosupplyalistingof
equipmentneededatspecificincidents.Itisnotintendedtolimitorganizationsfrom
expandingtheirequipmentorcapabilities.
A.3.3.210Trench(TrenchExcavation).Ingeneral,thedepthofatrenchisgreaterthanthe
width,butthewidth,measuredatthebottom,isnogreaterthan4.57m(15ft).Ifformsor
otherstructuresareinstalledorconstructedinanexcavationsoastoreducethedimension
measuredfromtheformsorstructuretothesideoftheexcavationto4.57m(15ft)orless,
theexcavationisalsoconsideredatrench.
A.3.3.210.1IntersectingTrench.CommonconfigurationsareL,X,andT.
A.3.3.223Watercraft.Examplesincludebasicpaddleboats,poweredinflatableboats
(I.R.B.),rigidhulledcraft,hovercraft,airboats,andoneandtwopersonwaterjetdriven
(personal)watercraft.
A.3.3.224WatercraftConveyance.Examplesincludetrailers,pickuptrucks,forklifts,and
davits.
A.4.1 Alltechnicalrescueactivitiesshouldbecarriedoutinthesafestpossiblemanner,
includingtheconsiderationthatallriskstakenaretothebenefitoftheoperation.Technical
rescueskillsrequireahighdegreeofphysicalactivity,coordination,andoperationalplanning
andastrongknowledgeofallapplicableprotocols.Itisforthisreasonthatentrance
requirementsareoutlinedinSection 4.2andclarifiedin A.4.2.
A.4.2 Thefollowinglistelaboratestheserequirements.
(1) AgeRequirements.TheAHJisempoweredtosetminimumandmaximumage
requirements.Duetothefactthattechnicalrescuerequiresalevelofmaturity
inherenttotherescueenvironment,itisrecommendedthattheminimumagerequired
tobegintrainingasarescuetechnicianbesetat18years.However,somefireand
rescueorganizationshavesetrequirementstoallowparticipationbyindividualsunder
theageof18.
(2) MedicalRequirements.TheAHJisempoweredtoestablishmedicalrequirementsfor
initiationoftrainingandcontinuedparticipationasarescuetechnician.Itis
recommendedthattheauthorityhavingjurisdictionadoptNFPA1582,Standardon
MedicalRequirementsforFireFightersandInformationforFireDepartment
Physicians,inwholeorinpartaspartoftheirownstandarddevelopmentprocess.
(3) MinimumPhysicalFitness.Technicalrescueoperationsinvolveactivitiesthatpose
greatphysicalandmentalchallenges.Technicalrescueisaninherentlydemanding
activityrequiringthetechniciantoperformchallengingphysicalactivitiesina
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highstressenvironment.
(4) EmergencyMedicalCareTraining.Priortobeginningtrainingasarescue
technician,aminimummedicaltrainingrequirementshouldbemet.Rescue
techniciansshouldbetrainedatminimumtothelevelofemergencymedical
technicianbasicasdescribedintheNationalStandardCurriculumissuedbythe
UnitedStatesDepartmentofTransportation(DOT),NationalHighway
TransportationSafetyAuthority.(DOTrecommendsallemergencyrespondersbe
trainedtotheEMTparamediclevel.)RequirementsforEMTbasicareasfollows:
(a) Respondstoemergencycallstoprovideefficientandimmediatecaretothe
criticallyillandinjuredandtransportspatientstoamedicalfacility.After
receivingacallfromthedispatcher,drivesanambulancetoanaddressor
locationusingthemostexpedientroute,dependingontrafficandweather
conditions.Observestrafficordinancesandregulationsconcerningemergency
vehicleoperation.
(b) Uponarrivalatthesceneofacrashorillness,parkstheambulanceonasafe
locationtoavoidadditionalinjury.Priortoinitiatingpatientcare,the
EMTbasicwillalsosizeupthescenetodeterminethatthesceneissafe,the
mechanismofinjuryornatureofillness,andthetotalnumberofpatientsandto
requestadditionalhelpasnecessary.Intheabsenceoflawenforcement,creates
asafetrafficenvironment,suchastheplacementofroadflares,removalof
debris,andredirectionoftrafficfortheprotectionoftheinjuredandthose
assistinginthecareofinjuredpatients.
(c) Determinesthenatureandextentoftheillnessorinjuryandestablishespriority
forrequiredemergencycare.Basedonassessmentfindings,rendersemergency
medicalcaretoadult,infant,andchild,medicalandtraumapatients.Duties
include,butarenotlimitedto,openingandmaintaininganairway,ventilating
patients,andcardiopulmonaryresuscitation,includingtheuseofautomatic
externaldefibrillators.Providesprehospitalemergencymedicalcareofsimple
andmultiplesystemtraumasuchascontrollinghemorrhage,treatmentofshock
(hypoperfusion),bandagingwounds,andimmobilizationofpainful,swollen,
deformedextremities.Medicaldutiesincludeassistinginchildbirth,management
ofrespiratory,cardiac,diabetic,allergic,behavioral,andenvironmental
emergenciesandsuspectedpoisonings.Searchesformedicalidentification
emblemasclueinprovidingemergencycare.Providesadditionalcareupon
assessmentofthepatientandobtainingofhistoricalinformation.These
interventionsincludeassistingpatientswithprescribedmedications,including
sublingualnitroglycerin,epinephrineautoinjectors,andhandheldaerosol
inhalers.TheEMTbasicwillalsoberesponsibleforadministrationofoxygen,
oralglucose,andactivatedcharcoal.
(d) Reassurespatientsandbystandersbyworkinginaconfident,efficientmanner.
(e) Avoidsmishandlingandunduehastewhileworkingexpeditiouslytoaccomplish
thetask.

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(f) Whereapatientmustbeextricatedfromentrapment,assessestheextentof
injury,givesallpossibleemergencycareandprotectiontotheentrappedpatient,
andusestheprescribedtechniquesandappliancesforsafelyremovingthe
patient.Ifneeded,radiosthedispatcherforadditionalhelpandspecialrescue
and/orutilityservices.Providessimplerescueserviceifaspecializedunithas
notaccompaniedtheambulance.Afterextraction,providesadditionalcarein
triagingtheinjuredinaccordancewithstandardemergencyprocedures.
(g) Complieswithregulationsonthehandlingofthedeceased,notifiesauthorities,
andarrangesfortheprotectionofpropertyandevidenceatthescene.
(h) Liftsthestretcher[mustbeabletoliftandcarry57kg(125lb)],placesitinthe
ambulanceandseesthatthepatientandstretcheraresecured,andcontinues
emergencymedicalcare.
(i) Fromtheknowledgeoftheconditionofthepatient,theextentofinjuries,and
therelativelocationsandstaffingofemergencyhospitalfacilities,determinesthe
mostappropriatefacilitytowhichthepatientwillbetransported,unless
otherwisedirectedbythemedicaldirector.Reportsdirectlytotheemergency
departmentorcommunicationscenterthenatureandextentofinjuries,the
numberbeingtransported,andthedestinationtoensurepromptmedicalcareon
arrival.Identifiesassessmentfindingsthatcanrequirecommunicationswith
medicaldirectionforadviceandnotificationthatspecialprofessionalservices
andassistancebeimmediatelyavailableuponarrivalatthemedicalfacility.
(j) Assistsincarryingpatientoutofambulanceandintothereceivingfacility.
(k) Reportsorallyandinwritingobservationsandemergencymedicalcareofthe
patientattheemergencysceneandintransittothereceivingfacilitystaffforthe
purposesofrecordsanddiagnostics.Uponrequest,providesassistancetothe
receivingfacilitystaff.
(5) EducationalRequirements.Becauserescuetechnicianscanberequiredtoreadand
comprehendstandardsandprocedures,preparewrittenreports,anddiagramand
understandprinciplesofmechanicaladvantage,structuralengineering,andother
relateddisciplines,itisrecommendedthattherescuetechnicianbeatminimumahigh
schoolgraduate.
(6) Training.Peoplehavingthepotentialforencounteringhazardousmaterialsonan
incidentsceneshouldbetrainedtorecognizethehazardandimplementexposureand
controlmethods.
A.4.3 Toobtaincertificationasaprofessionalrescuerinanydiscipline,apersonmustfirst
meetaseriesofcorerequirementsthatthecommitteeconsidersuniversaltotechnicalrescue
activities.Thosecorerequirementsshouldbemetbeforecertification,butitisnotrequired
thatallcorestudiesbecompletedbeforeobtainingcertificationinaspecificdiscipline.
A.5.2.6 Itistheintentofthissectionthatrescuetechniciansbefamiliarwiththetypesof
aircraftorhelicopterservicesavailabletoassistintheirarea,includingoperationalstandard
operatingprocedure,equipmentcarriedontheaircraft,safety andonboardaircraftsystems
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andhazardsassociatedwithtypespecificaircraft,andtheabilitytocommunicateviaan
establishedradiosystemwithaircrewstocompleteataskorassignment(e.g.,airmedical
evacuationorsearch).Itisalsoexpectedthatrescuetechniciansbeawareofandprovidefor
firesuppressionintheeventofanaircraftmishapwhileonlocation.(SeeFigureA.5.2.6.)

FIGUREA.5.2.6SampleIncidentManagementSystemOrganizationalChart.

A.5.3.5 Therescuetechnicianshouldmaintainlifewithoutdoinganymoreharmtothe
victimwhenpossible,giventhefollowing:
(1) Toolsforcompletespinalimmobilization(e.g.,cervicalimmobilizationdevice,long

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spineboard,Ccollar,ReevesSleeve)
(2) Ahardorsoftevacuationdevice(e.g.,SKEDstretcher,Stokesbasket)
(3) Averticalharness
(4) Alowangleharness(e.g.,webharnessorhard/softtransportationdevice)
(5) Carabiners
(6) Medicalequipmentforalevelofskillcarefrombasictoadvancedlifesupport
(7) Someformofheadprotectionforthevictimseyesandhead(e.g.,helmet,litter
shieldforvictimshead)
(8) Aharness
(9) Anaccessorycord
(10) Ascendingequipment
(11) Etriers
(12) Ropesothevictimcanbeeffectivelytransportedtothegroundorairambulance
withoutfurtherphysicalharmtothevictim
(13) Averticalorlowangleharness,eitherconstructedorpremade,tobeproperly
attachedtotheraisingorloweringsystemandthebackupsafetytobeattachedas
well,forevacuationofthevictim
Victimpackagingshouldbeperformedaccordingtothefollowingconsiderations:
(1) Victimairwayismaintainedduringevacuationatalltimes.
(2) Victimextremitiesaresecuredsothattheywillnotfalloutofahardorsoft
evacuationdeviceandaresecuredtosuchdeviceforevacuationinheadsupor
headsdownposition.
(3) Theattendantissecuredtotheraisingorloweringsystemwiththevictim,usingrope
rescueequipment.
(4) Theattendantissecuredtoabackupsafetyincaseofmainsystemfailure.
(5) Theropeusedcanmaintaintheloadcapacitysothatitdoesnotfailorletgoofthe
load.
(6) Oxygenbottles.
(7) IVsandmonitorsaresecuredtothevictimintheevacuationdevice.
(8) Injuredbodypartsarestabilized,protected,andsecuredduringevacuation.
(9) Thevictimcanbeturnedonhisorhersideintheevacuationdeviceforairway
maintenancepurposeswhilecontinuingtomaintainfullspinalimmobilization.
(10) Thevictimsairwayisestablishedandmaintained.

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(11) Breathingisadequate.
(12) Circulationismaintainedandanyotherpotentiallifethreateningmedicalconditions
aremanaged.
(13) Thevictimisprotectedfromfurtherinjuryduringtransportandplacedonproper
immobilizationdevices.
(14) Thevictimcanbeplacedonandsecuredtopropertransportdevices.
(15) Nofurtherinjuryoccurstothevictim.
(16) Noinjuryoccurstotherescuer.
(17) Thevictimcanbemovedinacontinualmotionawayfromthehazard.
(18) AllinformationispassedfromtherescuertoEMSproviders.
(19) Equipmentisretrieved.
(20) Thevictimcanbetransportedtoanappropriatemedicalfacility.
Requisiteknowledgeforvictimpackagingincludes,butisnotlimitedto,thefollowing:
(1) Emergencycareprovider(EMTbasicasminimumcertificationlevelis
recommended)
(2) Goodunderstandingofthemechanicsofinjurytovictims,therebydictatingmedical
needs
(3) Useofallspinalimmobilizationdevicesandhardorsoftevacuationdevicesusedin
highorlowanglerescues,employedintheareaofoperation,includingthoseused
byunitsthatcanbecalledupontosupporttheoperation
(4) Proficientknottyingknowledge
(5) Securingvictimandmedicalequipmentintohardorsoftevacuationdevices
(6) Constructionofhighorlowangleharnessorpremadeharnessesandsecuringsaid
equipmenttotheevacuationdevice
(7) Securingandallowingattendantoperationsintheraisingandloweringdevicebeing
employed
Requisiteskillsforvictimpackaginginclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:
(1) Usemedicaldevicesconsistentwiththerescuersleveloftrainingtoestablishand
maintainthevictimsairway
(2) Treatlifethreateningconditionsusingthemedicalequipmentavailablewithinthe
rescuersleveloftrainingandwithintheconstraintsthatarepresentedbytherescue
environment
(3) Applyspinalimmobilizationdevices
(4) Packagevictiminaheaduporheaddownattitudeinasoftorhardevacuation

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deviceconsistentwiththemethodoftransport
(5) Tieaharnessusingwebbingand/orutilizecommercialharnessesdesignedforhigh
orlowanglerescuework
(6) Attachharnesstosystem
(7) Secureallmedicaldevicesrequiredforcontinuedpatientcare(e.g.,IVs,oxygen
supply)intotheevacuationdevicesothatsaidequipmentwillcontinuetooperate
effectively
(8) Securetheattendanttothesystem
(9) DeliverpertinentinformationtotheEMSproviderupondeliveryofvictim/completed
rescue
(10) Cleanandcheckallequipmentandputbackintoservice
A.5.4.1 Rescuetechniciansshouldlimittheiractivitiesinthissectiontofieldlevel
maintenanceonly.Fieldlevelmaintenancegenerallydescribesthoseproceduresperformed
onagivenpieceofequipmentthatdoesnotrequiredisassembly,repair,orcomponent
replacementexceptwhereprovidedforinmanufacturersuserinstructions.Whereitis
recognizedthatmanyagenciesperformtheirownmaintenanceandrepairofequipmentbased
onmanufacturerstechnicaltraining,thiscapabilityisbeyondthatof therescuetechnician
andnotaddressedwithinthescopeofthisstandard.
A.5.4.2 Rescueequipmentshouldbeinspectedandmaintainedinaccordancewith
manufacturersrecommendationsandthatinspectionandmaintenancerecordedinan
appropriaterecordkeepingsystem.Rescuetechniciansshouldbecapableofestablishinga
scheduleofinspectionandmaintenancerequirementsforallrescuespecificequipmentin
theirinventorytoensureoperationalreadinessandhavetheseactivitiesdocumentedinan
appropriatemannerasdeterminedbytheAHJ.
A.6.1.1(A) Forthepurposesofthisdocument,theterm staticloadsrelatestoforcesapplied
withinasystemwhentheloadisnotmoving.Theterm dynamicloadsisintendedtoaddress
thoseforcescreatedbymovingloadsaswellasthosecausedbythesuddencessationofthat
movement(shockloads).
A.7.1.1 Waterenvironmentscaninclude,butarenotlimitedto,swiftwater,stillwater,ice
coveredwater,andtidalwater.Rescuersshoulddemonstratetherequisiteknowledgeof
eachwaterenvironmentanticipatedwithinthegeographicalconfinesoftheAHJandtheir
associatedtacticalandsafetyconsiderationsaspartofthiscompetency.
A.7.1.2 Temperatureextremesincludebothhypoandhyperthermia.Personalprotective
equipmentusersmustbeawareofthepotentialforeitherconditiontodevelopandstrategies
foravoidanceandrecognition.Adequateflotationisdependentuponthemodeofoperation.
Asanexample,forsurfacerescuepositivebuoyancyisdesired,whereasforunderwater
operations,neutralbuoyancyshouldbemaintained.Properfitofpersonalprotective
equipmentisdeterminedbythemanufacturersspecificationsandrelateddocumentationthe
primaryintentisthatthesafetyandefficiencyoftherescuerisnotimpairedorthegarments
capabilitiesexceeded.
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TheAHJshouldutilizepersonalprotectiveequipmentappropriatetotheconditionspresent
initsresponsearea,aswellasbasedonthescopeofitsoperations.Inconsideringpersonal
protectiveequipmentselection,thefollowingfactorsshouldbeaddressed:
(1) Flotation(buoyancy)
(2) Insulationfromcoldwaterexposure
(3) Protectionfromphysicalhazards(e.g.,abrasion,cuts,tears,punctures)
(4) Visibility
(5) Garmentform,fit,andmobility
(6) Limitedchemicalandbiologicalprotection(e.g.,frombloodbornepathogens).
ReferenceFEMAdocumentFA136,ProtectiveClothingandEquipmentfor
EmergencyRespondersforUrbanSearchandRescueMissions
(7) Provisionoflowprofilehelmets(i.e.,helmetswithoutabrimontheback)utilized
inthewaterrescueenvironmenttoavoidpossiblecervicalspinehyperextensionor
hyperflexioninjuries,aswellasprovideprotectionfrombluntforcetrauma
A.7.1.3 Manyprogramsexisttoevaluateaminimumswimcapabilitythroughadesignated
watercourse.Theseprogramsrangefromrecreationaltoswiftwaterapplications.TheAHJ
shoulddeviseoradoptaminimumswimcapabilitybasedontheresponseareaneeds.
A.7.1.4 ActiveSearchMeasures.Ofprimaryandimmediateimportanceislocatingthepoint
lastseen(PLS)ofthemissingsubject.Sometimesthereportingperson(RP)willhaveno
directknowledgeofwhathappened.Forexample,theRPmaybeafamilymemberreporting
agroupofcanoeistsoverdueatatakeout.AtothertimestheRPwillhavewitnessedariver
accidentsuchasaraftoverturningorafishermanbeingsweptaway,andwillbeabletogive
adescriptionofthevictims,andafairlyexactPLS.RPsshouldbeinterrogatedforall
informationtheymighthaveaboutthevictim,toincludephysicaldescription,clothing,
destination,experience,timetheincidentoccurred,andanyotherdetailsthatmighthelpthe
search(e.g.,thetypeofshoestoaidthetrackers).
PassiveSearchMeasures.Thesearchesatthispointaredetailed,formalsearches,nothasty
ones.Itisbettertohavesmall,trainedgroupsofsearchersthoroughlysearchanarea
repeatedlythantosearchwithlargegroupsofuntrainedpeople,sincethesefrequently
tramplemoreevidencethantheyfind.Asthesearchprogresses,theincidentcommander
shoulddebriefteamleadersfrequentlyandrevisethesearchplanasnecessary.
A.7.1.5 Waterconditionsandtemperaturewillbeassessedandtheappropriatelevelsof
protectionidentifiedbytheAHJbasedonitsresponseareaandconditionspresent.Classes
ofpersonalflotationdevicesareidentifiedbytheAHJandapplicableregulatoryagencies
[e.g.,U.S.CoastGuard,InternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO)].
Emergencydisentanglementproceduresandequipmentareidentified,specified,anddefined
bytheAHJandshouldbebasedontheAHJsidentifiedscopeofoperationandconditions
andhazardslikelytobeencounteredinitsresponsearea.
A.7.1.6 Boththrowropedeploymentsshouldbeconductedsequentially,tothesamevictim,
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withinaspanofapproximately40secondstoavictim12.19m(40ft)awayfromthe
rescuer.
A.7.1.7 SeeA.7.1.6.
A.7.1.9 Itistheintentofthecommitteethatthewatercraftoperatorberequiredtoperform
arangeofskillsthatdemonstratetheoperatorsabilitytocontrolthecraftinchallengingor
adverseconditions,torecoverfromalossofpowerorprimarymeansofpropulsion,toright
anoverturnedcraft,tocastandrecoverrescuersandvictims,todockwithfixedpointsand
otherwatercraft,andtotowadisabledwatercrafttosafety.Thespecificevolutionsrequired
todemonstratethislevelofproficiencyshouldbedefinedbytheAHJ.
Allpersonnel(includingtheoperator)shouldbecompetentintheuseofselfrescuepractices
andproceduresapplicabletothescopeofoperation,including,butnotlimitedto,
drownproofing,swiftwaterselfrescue,currentconsiderations(ripcurrent,etc.),andbasic
swimmingskillsasidentifiedbytheAHJ.
Theserequirementsshouldbeappliedinthesamemannerthatapparatusoperatorsmust
meetspecificknowledgeandskillrequirementsbasedonthetypeofapparatusbeing
operated(seeNFPA1002,StandardforFireApparatusDriver/OperatorProfessional
Qualifications).
A.7.1.12 Swimmingsurfacewaterrescueisthemosthazardousformofallwaterrescues
fortheindividualrescuer.Inadditiontoexposuretothehazardsimposedbytheaquatic
environment,therescuercanalsobeconfrontedwithapanicking,combativevictimwhocan
requirephysicalrestraintduringtherescuesothatallappropriatesurvivalskillscanbe
utilized.Forthesereasons,onlystrongswimmersshouldattempttocompletethisstandard.
Manyprogramsexisttoevaluateaminimumswimcapabilitythroughadesignatedwater
course.Theseprogramsrangefromrecreationaltoswiftwaterapplications.TheAHJshould
deviseoradoptaminimumswimcapabilitybasedontheresponseareaneeds.
A.7.1.14 Whilehelicoptersarenotuniversallyavailabletowaterrescuersandthereare
manyrestrictionsontheuseofaircraftforrescue,theyarenonethelessfrequentlydrafted
forimprovisedrescuesduringtimesofcrisis.Therefore,waterrescueteamsandthe
supportinghelicopterservicesshouldplanfortheuseofhelicoptersthatcanbecalledupon
duringthesecrisestoidentifycapabilitiesandlimitationsoftheteamandthehelicopter
service,totraininthoseproceduresthatallpartiesagreearewithintheircollectiveskill
levelsandforwhichtheyareequipped,andtodraftprotocolsthatwilldefineexactlywhat
proceduresthehelicopterservicewillbecalledupontoperformandthecriteriaforthat
decision.
A.8.1.2 Theintentofthissectionistoestablishworkingzonesin,around,ornearaworking
incident.ItisexpectedthattheestablishedzonesfunctionwithAHJincidentmanagement
systemscurrentlyinplace.
Trafficcontrolconceptsincludeutilizingdevicesandresourcessuchaslawenforcement,fire
servicespersonnel,auxiliarypolice,cones,flares,lanemarkings,andflashlightstodirect,
restrict,orstopworkasnecessarytothemovementofvehiculartrafficin,around,orneara
workingincident,inordertoprotectvictimsandrescuers.Theterm trafficcontrolalso

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impliesthecontrolofpedestrians,rescuers,emergencyvehicles,andequipmenttraffic.
A.8.1.3 Theintentofthissectionistoprovidefirecontrolmeasuresandteamsatthescene
ofworkingrescueincidents.Theseteamsshouldbeinthereadypositionwithachargedhose
lineofatleast38mm(1in.)diameterorgreater(noboosterlines)tofunctionasarapid
interventionandextinguishmentteam.Thissectionimplieshavinganindependentwater
source(i.e.,attackpumper),withsufficientextinguishmentagentonboardtomitigateany
unforeseenfiresorexplosions.Further,itistheintentofthissectiontohavetherapid
interventionpersonnelstandingbyindonned,selfcontainedbreathingapparatusbutnot
necessarilyhookedup/intobreathingair.Thisstateofreadinessshouldbemaintaineduntil
theincidentmanagementstructureauthorizesdeescalationinaccordancewithAHJ
procedures.
A.8.1.4 Thefivedirectionalmovementstobeconsideredduringthestabilizationprocessare
definedasfollows:
(1) Horizontalmovement.Vehiclemovesforwardorrearwardonitslongitudinalaxisor
moveshorizontallyalongitslateralaxis.
(2) Verticalmovement.Vehiclemovesupanddowninrelationtothegroundwhile
movingalongitsverticalaxis.
(3) Rollmovement.Vehiclerockssidetosidewhilerotatingaboutonitslongitudinal
axisandremaininghorizontalinorientation.
(4) Pitchmovement.Vehiclemovesupanddownaboutitslateralaxis,causingthe
vehiclesfrontandrearportionstomoveleft/rightinrelationtotheiroriginal
position.
(5) Yawmovement.Vehicletwistsorturnsaboutitsverticalaxis,causingthevehicles
frontandrearportionstomoveleftorrightinrelationtotheiroriginalposition.
A.8.1.5 Itistheintentthatrescuetechnicianscontrolhazardsbydeenergizingwhere
possiblevehiclesystemsthatposehazardstorescuersorvictims.Thesesystemscaninclude
componentssuchaselectrical,fuel,chemical,andpneumaticsystems,includingfuelpumps,
airbags(passiverestraintdevices),alternativefuelsystems,andairsuspensionsystems.Care
shouldbetakenincontrollinghazardsnottoeliminatethepotentialusebyrescuersof
beneficialsystems,suchasseatadjustmentorpositioningcontrols,restraintretractors,or
otherpowereddevicesthatwouldenablemoreefficientoperations.
A.8.1.10 Itistheintentofthecommitteethatspecificattentionbegiventomaintaining
scenesafetyandsecurityduringterminationactivitiesduetothehighfrequencyofresponder
injuriesduringthisoperationalphase.Hazardspresentattheconclusionofaneventmustbe
communicatedtothepartyresponsibleforthescene,includingdamageormodificationto
equipmentorvehiclesduetotheextricationprocess,andresponsibilityforscenecontrol
transferredtothem.Considerationshouldalsobegiventopreservingtheintegrityofthe
sceneforinvestigationbyAHJs.
A.9.1.2 Printedinformationresourcescaninclude,butarenotlimitedto,entrypermits,
MSDS,andsiteplansordrawings.Thesizeupshouldinclude,butnotbelimitedto,the

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initialandcontinuousevaluationofthefollowing:
(1) Scope,magnitude,andnatureoftheincident
(2) Location,number,andconditionofvictims
(3) Riskversusbenefitanalysis(bodyrecoveryversusrescue)
(4) Accesstothescene
(5) Environmentalfactors
(6) Availableandnecessaryresources
(7) Establishmentofacontrolperimeter
Itistheintentofthecommitteethatsafetyandoperationalprotocolsincludesomeformof
checklistorpermitforrescueteamsoperatingataconfinedspaceemergency.These
checklistsshouldbeusedtoconfirmcompletionofproceduresnecessarytoallowsafeentry
intoaconfinedspacetoperformrescue.Hazardscaninclude,butarenotlimitedto,the
following:
(1) Atmospherichazards
(2) Chemicalhazards
(3) Temperatureextremes
(4) Engulfmentandentrapment
(5) Anyotherrecognizedsafetyorhealthhazard
Somemethodsofrecognitionandassessmentofhazardsassociatedwithconfinedspaces
include,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:
(1) Assessmentoftheperimetersurroundingtheconfinedspaceincidenttodeterminethe
presenceoforpotentialforahazardousconditionthatcouldposearisktorescuers
duringapproach
(2) Recognitionoftheneedfordecontaminationofapatientorresponderwhomight
havebeenexposedtoahazardousmaterialasperNFPA471,Recommended
PracticeforRespondingtoHazardousMaterialsIncidents NFPA472,Standardfor
ProfessionalCompetenceofResponderstoHazardousMaterialsIncidentsand29
CFR1910.120,RegulationonHazardousWaste
(3) Recognitionoftheneedforaconfinedspacerescueserviceoradditionalresources
whennonentryretrievalisnotpossible
(4) Notificationofthedesignatedrescueserviceandotherresourcesnecessaryfor
initiationofconfinedspacerescue
(5) Therecognitionofhazardousatmospheresormaterialsthroughvisualassessment
andinformationreceivedfromonsitepersonnel
Specificproceduresformitigatinghazardsatconfinedspacerescuecaninclude,butarenot

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limitedto,considerationofthefollowing:
(1) Personalprotectiveequipment
(2) Fallprotection
(3) Harnesses
(4) Lockout/tagoutprocedures
(5) Hazardassessment
(6) Sceneassessment
Procedurestoperformaconfinedspacehazardassessmentinclude,butarenotlimitedto,
thefollowing:
(1) Identificationoftheimportantindustrialdocumentation,whereavailable,usefulin
hazardassessmentthisincludesentrypermits,lockout/tagoutproceduresand
checklists,andhotworkpermits.
(2) Selectionofallapplicableinformationnecessaryforemergencyrespondersfroman
MSDS
(3) SelectionoftheproperpersonalprotectiveequipmentforthehazardasperNFPA
472,StandardforProfessionalCompetenceofResponderstoHazardousMaterials
Incidents,and29CFR1910.120,RegulationonHazardousWaste
Procedurestoperformasceneassessmentinordertodeterminethemagnitudeofthe
problemintermsoflifesafetycaninclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:
(1) Thetype,size,access,andinternalconfigurationoftheconfinedspace
(2) Informationregardingcurrentandpotentialhazardsthatthreatenvictimsand
rescuers
(3) Ariskbenefitanalysisconcerningthethreattorescuersinrelationtotheviabilityof
victims
Theassessmentatthislevelshouldinclude,butnotbelimitedto,theinitialandcontinuous
evaluationofthefollowing:
(1) Hazardssuchasengulfmentpotential,environmentalfactors(chemical,atmospheric,
temperature,etc.),harmfulformsofenergy(electrical,mechanical,movementdueto
gravity,hydraulic,etc.),andconfigurationhazards(divergingwalls,entrapment,
obstructions,trip/fallhazards,etc.)
(2) Riskversusbenefitanalysis(bodyrecoveryversusrescue)
(3) Availableandnecessaryadditionalresources
(4) Establishmentofcontrolzones
(5) Magnitudeofthehazardandisolationprocedures
(6) Effectivenessofthenonentryorqualifyingentrytyperescue

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(7) Overallsafetyofrescueoperations
(8) Levelofrescueresponse(appropriateforthetypeofrescuebeingattempted)
(9) Currentandprojectedstatusoftheplannedresponse
(10) Personnelaccountability
TheAHJshouldaddressthepossibilityofmembersoftheorganizationhavingphysical
and/orpsychologicaldisordersthatcanimpairtheirabilitytoperformrescueinconfined
spaces(e.g.,physicaldisabilities,fearofheights,fearofenclosedspaces).Roles,functions,
andresponsibilitiesfortheseteampositionsshouldbeconsistentwiththeorganizations
standardoperatingguidelinesforconfinedspacerescue.
Somemethodsofisolationincludeblankingorblindingofpipes(seeFigureA.9.1.2)
misaligningorremovingsectionsoflines,pipes,orductsadoubleblockandbleedsystem
lockoutortagoutofallsourcesofenergyorblockingordisconnectingall mechanical
linkages.

FIGUREA.9.1.2BlankingorBlinding.

A.9.1.3 Acceptableentryconditionsforconfinedspacesareasfollows.
(1) Acceptablelimitsforoxygenconcentrationinairshouldbewithin19.5percentand
23.5percent.Anoxygenenrichedatmosphereisconsideredtobegreaterthan23.5
percentandposesaflammabilityhazard.Anoxygendeficientatmosphereis
consideredtobelowerthan19.5percentandcanleadtoasphyxiationwithout
freshairbreathingapparatus.
(2) Flammabilityismeasuredasapercentageofamaterialslowerexplosivelimit(LEL)
orlowerflammablelimit(LFL).Rescuersshouldnotenterconfinedspaces
containingatmospheresgreaterthan10percentofamaterialsLEL,regardlessofthe
personalprotectiveequipmentworn.Thereisnoadequateprotectionforan
explosionwithinaconfinedspace.

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(3) Acceptabletoxicitylevelsarespecifictothehazardousmaterialinvolved,and
chemicalpropertiesmustbeassessedtodeterminethelevelofthehazardforagiven
environmentandtimeframe.
Theconfinedspacerescuetechnicianshouldhaveavailableresourcescapableof
understandingtheassessmenttoolsnecessaryforanalysisandidentificationofhazardous
conditionswithinconfinedspacesandinterpretationofthatdata.Thiscapabilityshould
includeatleastthefollowing:
(1) Identificationofthehazardsfoundwithinconfinedspacesandanunderstandingof
howthosehazardsinfluencevictimviabilityandrescue/recoveryoperations
(2) Selectionanduseofmonitoringequipmenttoassessthefollowinghazards:
(a) Oxygendeficientatmospheres
(b) Oxygenenrichedatmospheres
(c) Flammableenvironments
(d) Toxicexposures
(e) Radioactiveexposures
(f) Corrosiveexposures
Theconfinedspacerescuetechnicianshouldunderstandthelimitingfactorsassociatedwith
theselectionanduseoftheatmosphericandchemicalmonitoringequipmentprovidedbythe
AHJforconfinedspaceemergencies.Thisequipmentcaninclude,butisnotlimitedto,the
following:
(1) Calorimetrictubes
(2) Oxygenconcentrationmonitor(continuousreading,remotesampling)
(3) Combustiblegasmonitor(continuousreading,remotesampling)
(4) Specifictoxicitymonitor(continuousreading,remotesampling)
(5) Multigasatmosphericmonitors(continuousreading,remotesampling)
(6) Passivedosimeter
(7) pHpapers,pHmeters,andpHstrips
(8) Radiationdetectioninstruments
Skillsrelatingtouseofsuchequipmentinclude,butarenotlimitedto,calibration,proper
operation,responsetime,detectionrange,relativeresponse,sensitivity,selectivity,inherent
safety,environmentalconditions,andnatureofhazard.
Limitationsofdetectionandmonitoringequipmentreferstotheextenttowhichthe
equipmentcanprovidespecificreadingsandhowexternalfactorsinfluencetheinstrument
readingsandreliability.Forexample,thefollowingfactorsshouldbeconsidered:
(1) Temperatureextremes
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(2) Crosssensitivity
(3) Calibration
(4) Power
(5) Timeofsamplingperiod
(6) Locationofsample
(7) Conditionofinstrumentsensors
Utilizationandevaluationofreferencetermsandresourcesshouldinclude,butnotbelimited
to,thefollowing:
(1) Lethalconcentration50(LC50)
(2) Lethaldose50(LD50)
(3) Permissibleexposurelimit(PEL)
(4) Thresholdlimitvalue(TLV)
(5) Thresholdlimitvalueshorttermexposurelimit(TLVSTEL)
(6) Thresholdlimitvaluetimeweightedaverage(TLVTWA)
(7) IDLH
(8) MSDS
(9) Referencemanuals
(10) Computerizedreferencedatabases
(11) Technicalinformationcenters
(12) Technicalinformationspecialistsandmonitoringequipment
A ConfinedSpaceRescueOnScenePrioritizedActionPlanisaplanusedtomitigatethe
incident.
(1) Priority1:Makethescenesafe
(a) Hazardassessment:Approachtothespaceandentranceintothespace
(b) Hazardmitigation:Controlorremovethehazard
(c) Deenergizeandprotectthesourcesofelectricity,fluids,hydraulics,andso
forth
(2) Priority2:Victimcontactbyprimaryresponder
(a) Establishvictimlocation
(b) Primarymedicalsurvey(ABCs)
(c) Determinemodeofinjury

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(d) Beginpsychologicalfirstaid
(e) Determinefeasibilityofsaferetrievalandretrieveifpossible
(3) Priority3:Sizeup
(a) Informationgathering
(b) Resourceidentification
(c) Primaryresponderreport
(d) Brainstormstrategy:risk/reward
(e) Incidentmanagementsystem(IMS)
(f) Teammemberassignments
(4) Priority4:Preparation
(a) Rescuerpersonalprotectiveequipment
(b) Anchoringandriggingrescueequipment
(c) Authorizedentrantreview
(5) Priority5:Accesspatient
(a) Designateaccessteamleader:eachgroupoftwoormoremusthaveateam
leader
(b) Utilizerescuerretrieval(highpoint)
(c) Designatebackuppersonnel
(6) Priority6:Stabilizeandpackagepatient
(a) Firstaidtolifethreateninginjuries
(b) Securepackagingforrescuetransport
(7) Priority7:Evacuate
(a) Movevictimtoasafelocation
(b) ProvidemedicalreporttoEMS
(c) Removerescuers
(d) Emergencyretrievals
(8) Priority8:Responsetermination
(a) Pickupandinventorygear
(b) Decontamination(ifnecessary)
(c) Rebuildgearpackagesforthenextcall
(d) Fieldevaluationofrescuermentalstate
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A.9.1.7 Packagingdevicesthatcanbeusedinconfinedspacesinclude,butarenotlimited
to,thefollowing:
(1) Fullspineimmobilizationdevices
(2) Shortspineimmobilizationdevices
(3) Cervicalspineimmobilizationdevices
(4) Litters
(5) Prefabricatedfullbodyharnesses
(6) Tiedfullbodyharnesses
(7) Wristloops(wristlets)
A.10.1.1 Thesizeupshouldinclude,butnotbelimitedto,theinitialandcontinuous
evaluationofthefollowing:
(1) Scopeandmagnitudeoftheincident
(2) Riskbenefitanalysis
(3) Numberandsizeofstructuresaffected
(4) Integrityandstabilityofstructuresaffected
(5) Occupancytypes(e.g.,residential,mercantile)
(6) Numberofknownandpotentialvictims
(7) Accesstothescene
(8) Environmentalfactors
(9) Availableandnecessaryresources
A.10.1.6 Applicationofthemethodsandmaterialsnecessarytoshorewindows,doors,
floors/roofs,andwallsinalightframestructureshouldincludeverticaldeadshoresand
basicRakershores.
A.10.1.7 Applicationofthemethods,materials,anddevicesnecessarytoshorewindows,
doors,floorsorroofs,andwallsinaheavyconstructiontypestructureshouldincludeusage
oftheEllisclampsystems,Ellispostscrewjacks,pneumaticshores,Lacepostshoring
systems,horizontalshores,andcrosstiedRakershores(single,double,andtriplediagonal).
A.10.1.10 UtilizationofthevictimtransferdevicesauthorizedbytheAHJshouldinclude
horizontalandverticalapplications,properpatientsecuringmethods,andrigging
attachments.
A.10.1.11 Whenliftingaloadbyutilizingbasichandtools(prybars),jacks,andairbags
availableinthetoolskit,theloadshouldalsobestabilizedduringtheliftingoperationusinga
recognizedcribbingstabilizationsystemsothatmovementoftheloadiscontrolled
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A.10.1.12 Theloadshouldbemovedadistanceof6.10m(20ft)utilizingpipesasrollers.
Thisprocessincludesmaintainingconstantcontroloftheloadanditsdirectionoftraveland
applicationofanynecessaryriggingtocompletethetask.
A.10.1.15 Cribbingsystemsshouldconsistofthefollowingfivebasicconfigurationsof
cribbing,shownin FigureA.10.1.15:0.61m 0.61m(2ft2ft)crosstie,0.91m
0.91m(3ft3ft)crosstie,platformcrosstie,trianglecrosstie,andmodifiedcrosstie.
Includedinthissectionareknowledgeoftheadvantages,disadvantages,andlimitationsof
eachtypeofsystem.

FIGUREA.10.1.15FiveBasicConfigurationsofCribbing.

A.11.1.2 Aprebriefingshouldinclude,butisnotlimitedto,informationregardingthe
following:
(1) Tacticalassignmentswithexplicitinstructions
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(2) Generalhazardsandsafetyinstructions
(3) Communicationsprotocols,procedures,anddetails
(4) Anticipatedenvironmentalconcerns
(5) Timeframesforoperations
(6) Emergencyprocedures
(7) Specificequipmentneeds
(8) Debriefingprocedures
(9) Anticipatedlogisticalneeds
Documentationforentryoperations,asaminimum,shouldincludethefollowing:
(1) Developmentofsometypeofrepresentationofincidentmanagementsystem
commandstructure
(2) Timeofincident
(3) Totaltimeofoperation
(4) Environmentalconditions
(5) Locationofvictim
(6) Creationofatacticalchecklistthatincludesentrytimes,exittimes,personal
accountabilityreports,atmosphericreadings,rehabilitationinformation,injuries
sustained,andincidentnumber
Rapid,nonentryrescuescanincludeplacingaladdertoallowavictimtoperforma
selfrescueortoallownoninjuredworkersalreadyinthetrenchtoremoveavictim.The
laddercanbedroppedinquicklyattheend(s)ofthetrenchbyfirstrespondersbeforeground
padsareplaced.SeealsoRapid,nonentryrescuesinAnnex F.
Thegeneralareaaroundatrenchorexcavationemergencyistheentireareawithin91.44m
(300ft)(ormore,asestablishedbytheincidentcommander).Makingthegeneralareasafe
includes,butisnotnecessarilylimitedto,thefollowing:
(1) Placinggroundpadsaroundthelipofthetrenchtominimizetheeffectofrescuers
weightonsecondarycollapsepotential
(2) Controllingorlimitingtrafficandsourcesofvibrationintheareaincludingshutting
downallvehiclesandequipment
(3) Controllingorlimitingaccesstotheareabyunnecessarypersonnel
(4) Identifyinggeneralhazards,affectedutilities,andisolating,removing,and/or
reducingtheirimpactalsorefertoGeneralhazardsinAnnex F,formoredetailed
informationongeneralandotherhazardtypes
(5) Controllingoftheutilitiesinandaroundatrenchorexcavationemergencytoensure
thesafetyofrespondingpersonnelandvictimstheAHJshouldhaveavailableto
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rescuersorlocalpublicworksemployeestraininginthecontroloftheseservicesin
ordertoprovideasafeenvironmentinwhichtooperateandtoensurethesafetyof
victims.Thefollowingutilitiesshouldbeconsideredwhenprovidingtraining:
(a) Electricalservices(primaryandsecondary)
(b) Gas,propane,fueloil,orotheralternativeenergysources(primarysystems)
(c) Water/steam
(d) Sanitarysystems
(e) Communications
(f) Secondaryservicesystems(suchascompressed,medical,orindustrialgases)
AnRIC,asspecifiedinSection8.5of NFPA1500,StandardonFireDepartment
OccupationalSafetyandHealthProgram,shouldconsistofrescuersatorabovethe
capabilitylevelatwhichtheincidentisoperating.
A.11.1.3 Supportoperationscaninclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowingfunctional
sectorsintheincidentmanagementsystem:
(1) Ventilationsector.Monitorsandventilatespersonnel
(2) Extricationsector.Preparesforextricationmethodsandtactics
(3) EMSsector.Plansforongoingpatientcare,transfer,andtransportincoordination
withtheincidentcommanderandreceivinghospital
(4) Supportsector.Canhandlelighting,power,andenvironmentalmanagement
(5) Cutstation.Handlesconstructionandfabricationofshoringmaterials
A.11.1.4 Cribbingsystemsinthetrenchrescueenvironmenthaveamultitudeof
applications.Suchapplicationscaninclude,butarenotlimitedto,thefollowing:
(1) Stabilizingorsecuringaheavyload
(2) Providingabaseforliftingentrappingloads(heavyreinforcedconcretepipesor
boulders)fromwithinthetrenchorfromthetopofthetrench
(3) Maintainingliftbycribbingundertheloadasitislifted
Examplesofavailablecurriculathatoutlinevariousliftingandriggingprincipleareasareas
follows:
(1) RescueSystems1
(2) RescueSystems2
(3) FEMARescueSpecialist
Liftingandstabilizationtopicsthataredetailedincludethefollowing:
(1) Gravityandmechanics,generalprinciples

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(2) Loadstabilizationutilizingmechanicalprinciples
(3) Usingpowerwithanadvantage(classesoflevers,inclinedplanes,hydraulicor
pneumaticpresses,etc.)
(4) Overcomingfriction
(5) Estimatingloadweights
(6) Mechanicsoflifting
(7) Liftingandrigging
A.11.1.5 SeeA.11.1.4.
A.11.1.6 Decidingthemodeofoperation(rescuevs.recovery)andconductinga
riskbenefitanalysisshouldguideyouintheselectionofstrategyinthepossibleuseofheavy
equipment.Strongconsiderationmustbegiventothegreatsurchargeloadsandvibration
createdbyusingheavyequipmentintheareaofthecollapseandtheultimateeffectthese
factorshaveonthecontinuedsafetyandconditionofthevictimandrescuersattheincident.
Itisstronglyrecommendedtouseheavyequipmentonlyinsupportorrecoveryoperations.
Wherepossible,thejobsitesupervisororanothercompetentexcavatingprofessionalshould
bekeptatthecommandposttoassistinproblemsolving.Ultimately,however,thedecision
toutilizeheavyequipmentatatrenchcollapseincidentshouldbemadeonacasebycase
basis.Operationalsupporttasksforheavyequipmentcaninclude:
(1) Placingatrenchboxorisolationsystem
(2) Excavatingaroundanexistingprotectivereinforcedorengineeredstructurefor
access
(3) Sloping,benchingoperationsinrecoveryoperations,orwhereanexistingtrench
collapse,duetorunning,saturated,orextremelyunstablesoilconditions,cannotbe
safelyshoredorprotected
(4) Liftingormovingaheavyload,whereotheroptionsarenotfeasible
(5) Utilizationasahighpointanchorforroperescuesystems(carefullymonitored)
Thesuitabilityoftheoperatortocompletearescueoperationalobjectiveisbased,
subjectivelyattimes,onhisorherexperience,training,recommendationbypeers,familiarity
torescuers,andacalm,professionaldemeanorinanoftenemotionallychargedsituation.
Theincidentcommandershouldmaintaincontrolofthescene.
A.11.1.7 Itistheintentofthecommitteetodefinetheoutcomesdesiredforeachjob
performancerequirement.Themethodsandequipmentusedtoreachthatoutcome,inthis
casetheshoringofanonintersectingtrench,shouldbethosethatbestsuittheparticular
needsandresourceavailabilityoftheAHJ.
Theterm tabulateddatausuallyreferstothesixtablesfoundinAppendixCof29CFR
1926,SubpartP.Tabulateddatacanalsobeinotherwrittenformwheretheprotective
systemanditsinstallationhasbeenengineeredandapprovedbyaregisteredprofessional
engineer.
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Whenconsideringstabilizationtactics,itiscriticaltorecognizelogisticalneedsintermsof
spacerequiredtoremovethevictim(s)fromthetrench.Aforestofwalesandstrutsplaced
withoutregardtothelocationofthevictimcandemonstratetechnicalabilitiesbutwilldo
nothingforvictimsurvival.Thesurvivabilitytimeframe,depthandwidthofthetrench,soil
conditions,andtypeofinjuriessustainedareonlyafewexamplesofthevariablesthatneed
tobeaddressed.Thisprocesswillinvolvethinkingaheadandlookingatalloptionsavailable
toshoreinanapprovedmanner,inacceptabletimeframes,whileplacedinlocationsthatwill
enhanceeaseandsafetyofvictim(s)removal.
A.11.1.8 DifferenttypesofintersectingtrenchescanincludeanL,T,orX
configuration.Inmostcases,atrenchisbackfilledastheintendedinstallationcontinues.
Therearetimes,however,whenanexposuretoanunprotectedintersectingtrench will
presentitself.Protectingthevictimandquicklystabilizingtheinsidecornersareprioritiesin
thistypeoftrenchcollapse.Useofashieldsystemortrenchboxlocatedonsiteandratedfor
thetrenchinquestioncanbeaquickanddirtyway toprotectthevictimifacompetent
heavyequipmentoperatorispresent.Whereshoringwithtimber,hydraulics,orpneumatic
struts,itisrecommendedthatbothsidesofaninsidecornerarestabilizedsimultaneouslyto
preventthepossibleblowoutof theunsupportedcorner.Shoringtheinsidecornersand
theunopposedfloatingpanelsnecessitatesadditionalskills,equipment,andtraining.Inany
case,theshoringofintersectingtrenchesshouldbedoneinawellthoughtoutmannerwith
anawarenessof theparticularvulnerabilitytocollapseofaninsidecorner.
A.11.1.9 Lateralpressuresandpotentialforcollapseincreaseasthedepthofthetrench
increases.Forthatreason,supplementalshoringthatextendsbelowtheinitialsheetingand
shoringismostcriticaltothestabilityoftheentiresystem.Thedirtshouldbeexcavatedover
awideenoughareatouncoverthevictimcompletelywhileallowingenoughroomfor
placingsupplementalshoringandfacilitatingsafety,treatment,andremoval.Thisapproach
willmaintaintheintegrityoftheprotectivesystemandprovidecompetentpatient
management.
A.11.1.10 Trenchrescuebynatureisatimeconsumingendeavor.Thetimecanbe
minimizedbycarefulplanningandsectorizationofthetasksthatneedtobeperformed
simultaneously.Therescuersinthetrenchshouldidentifythetoolsneededtodisentanglethe
victim.Thesetoolscanbelimitedtoshovelstoremoveentrappingsoilorcaninclude
exothermictorches,airbags,andcribbing,dependingonthenatureoftheentrapment.There
shouldberescuersassignedtopsidetoassemble,prepare,anddeploy whateverresourcesare
necessarytocompletedisentanglement(i.e.,extricationsector).Anyunwarranteddelaycan
severelyaffectthesurvivabilityofthevictim.Inaddition,anEMSsectorshouldbeassigned
sothatinformationonvictiminjuriesandstabilizationequipmentcanbeprocessedandso
thattreatmentcanbeinitiatedandmaintained.Thetreatmentofcrushsyndromemustbegin
beforethevictimisreleasedfromtheoffendingcompressiveweightorthevictimwillquickly
succumbtotheeffectsof thetoxinsreleasedintothebloodstream.
A.11.1.11 Itisimperativethattherouteoftransferbeidentifiedandtheambulancetothe
nearesthospitalortraumacenterbepositionedtotransportassoonasavictimisremoved.
Anadvancedlifesupportequippedandstaffedmedicalunitisthepreferredlevelofcareand
transport.Thereceivinghospitalshouldalreadybeawareoftheconditionofthepatientand

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theestimatedtimeofarrival.Therescuersshouldalwaysbecognizantofthehazardsand
utilizeuniversalprecautionsintherescuearea.
A.11.1.12 Terminationisoftenthemostdangerousportionofarescueoperation.The
victimhasbeenremovedandtransported,thetensionandadrenalinehassubsided,anditisa
settingforpotentialcatastrophe.Rescuersmustmaintaintheirattentivenessandsafety
policiesuntilallequipmentandshoringmaterialisremovedfromthetrench.Thetrench
entrantsmustbevigilantaboutstayingwithinthesafezonewhileremovingstrutsinthe
reverseorderthattheywereplaced.Theymustleavethetrenchcompletelybeforepulling
thelastshoresoutwithropes.Arrangementsshouldbemadetohavephysicalbarriersplaced
tominimizefurtheropportunitiesforanaccidentandtoturncontroloftheincidentsiteover
totheAHJorjobsitecontractor.Equipmentshouldbecleanedthoroughlyandmaintainedto
themanufacturersrecommendations.Damageandlostequipmentshouldbedocumentedas
such,andreportsshouldbecompletedforrecordkeepingandreview.And,finally,therescue
teamshouldhaveapostbriefingtodiscusseffectivenessofstrategies,tactics,equipment,and
personnel.Signsofcriticalincidentstresssyndromeshouldbemonitoredandaddressed.
A.12.1.1 Technicalinformationandinformationtogatherforsizeuprelatedtotunnel
rescuesincludethefollowing:
(1) Tunnelconfiguration
(2) Tunnelconstruction
(3) Powersourcesunderground
(4) Meansofaccessandegress
(5) Operationmachinery
(6) Groundwaterproblems
(7) Pumpingoperations
(8) Shoringandstabilizationmethods
(9) Hazardcontrolmethods
(10) Ventilationcontrols
A.12.1.2 Considerationsshouldbegivenfortheneedtomanageaprolongedsubterranean
rescueoperationinaprimitivesetting.Considerationsmayincludereliefcrews,rehabilitation
ofrescuers,andprovisionsforwastemanagementduringlongtermoperations.
A.12.1.3 Atmospheremonitoringwillincludetheuseofmultigasdetectors.Thecommon
tunnelgasesthatmustbeanalyzedincludeoxygenlevels,hydrogen,methane,nitrogen,
carbonmonoxide,acetylene,hydrogensulfide,sulfurdioxide,oxidesofnitrogen,and
hydrocarbons.Anemometersareusedtomeasureairflowtodeterminecompetencyofthe
ventilationsystem.(SeeA.9.1.3forfurtherinformationrelatedtoatmospherichazard
detection.)
A.12.1.5 Assessmentinformationusedtoformulatetheincidentactionplanwillinclude:

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(1) Scope,magnitude,andnatureoftheincident
(2) Location,number,andconditionofvictims
(3) Rescueversusrecoverydecision
(4) Accessandegresspointsforthetunnel
(5) Environmentalfactors
(6) Resourcerequirementsandavailability
(7) Hazardsandhazardcontrolrequirements
(8) Availabilityofaccurateinformation
Incidentactionplansincludemeasurablestrategicobjectives,tacticalassignmentsto
accomplishstrategicgoals,benchmarksplans,safetyplans,communicationsplans,and
alternativetacticalconsideration.Theuseofoutsidespecializedresourcessuchasengineers,
tunnelrescueexperts,andtunnelconstructioncompaniesshouldbeincorporatedintothe
incidentactionplan.
A.12.1.6 Ventilationsystemsatmicrotunnelconstructionsitesmaybeassimpleassmall
positivepressurefanshowever,largetunnelingprojectswillhaveextensivebuiltin
ventilationsystemsdesignedtodeliverspecificairflowrequirementsbasedon thesizeand
complexityofthesite.Rescuersmaybeabletoaugmentpositivepressureblowersatsmaller
microtunnelingwiththeirownpositivepressurefans.However,atlargetunnelingprojects,
rescuerswillneedtocheckwiththeappropriateonsiteconstructionpersonneltoassess
builtinventilationsystems,theircapabilities,andiftheyareeffectivelyfunctioning.
Builtinventilationsystemcomponentswillincludesurfacefans,ventlines,and,insome
cases,scavengerfans.Ventilationsystemdesignmaybepositivepressure,negativepressure,
oracombinationsystem.Rescuepersonnelwillberequiredtomeasureairflowinthetunnels
wheretheymustoperateusinganemometerstoensureproperairflow.
A.12.1.7 Tunnelhazardmitigationwilloftenrequirerescuerstoutilizetheservicesof
outsideresources,suchastunnelconstructioncompanies,toassistwithstabilizationofroof
andfaceareas.Onsitepersonnelwillneedtobeconsultedtoconfirm locationsofenergy
sourcesforlockout/tagoutactivities.Sizeupinformationwillidentifythepresenceof
atmospherichazardsand/orexplosiveshazardsthatmustbecontrolledthroughproper
personalprotectiveequipmentutilization,monitoringandventilation,andavoidancewhere
appropriate.
Specializedresourcesthatmaybeusedatatunnelrescueincludeconstructioncompany
personnelwhohavepertinentinformationontheconstructionoperationandcanidentify
hazards,constructionfeatures,hazardscontroltechniques,andlayoutofthetunnel.Tunnel
constructioncompaniesandengineerswillbeutilizedwhereappropriatetoassistwith
stabilizationofatunnelenvironment.Thismayincludedeterminingtheneedforshoringor
otherstabilizationtechniquesandtheinstallationoftunnellinerplates,timbershoring
systems,roofbolting,orotherstabilizationmethods.
Rescuersmustmakesurethatoutsideresourcesoperatewithintheincidentcommand
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system,aresupervisedeffectively,andclearlyunderstandthehazardsandincidentaction
plan.Competentfulltimecommunicationsmustbeinplacebetweenrescuersandtheoutside
resourcesthatareutilized.
A.12.1.9 Accountabilitysystemsshouldmeettherequirementsof NFPA1561,Standardon
EmergencyServicesIncidentManagementSystem,and29CFR1926.800andwillrequire
therescueteamtomaintainthetrackingboardtoidentifypersonnelastheyenterandexitthe
tunnel.
Thebackuprescueentryteamwillconsistofateamofsixrescuersthataretrainedandfully
equippedtoperformatunnelrescue.Theteamwillbeavailableandstandingbyonthe
outsideofthetunnel,readytoassisttheprimaryentryteamifneeded.
Tunnelrescueentryteamsshouldbecheckedbyateamsafetyrepresentativetoensurethat
properpersonalprotectiveequipmentisinplaceandutilized,respiratoryprotection
equipmentisfullyfunctional,communicationssystemsareready,andthattheteamis
properlyequippedandphysicallyandemotionallypreparedtoperformtherescuetask.A
preentrychecklistcanbeusedtoassistwiththistask.
Communicationssystemsshouldincludeaprimaryandbackupcommunicationscapability.
Thesesystems,whichmayincluderadiosystems,hardwiredsystems,andphonesystems,
mustbeintrinsicallysafe.
Lightingsystemsshouldincluderedundantsystemsthatareintrinsicallysafeand/orexplosion
proof.Thesesystemsmayincludehelmetlanterns,helmetlights,handheldflashlights,and
arealightingsystems.
Accesstoanegressfromshaftsandtunnelsmayincludebuiltinladdersystems,portable
ladders,poweredmanlifts,ropeandriggingsystems,andpoweredconveyorortrain
systems.Therescueteammustassessentryandegressoptionsanddeterminethebestaccess
pointsforentryintothetunnel.
Examplesofmethodsusedtoidentifyroutesinclude,butarenotlimitedto,flaggingtape,
reflectivestrips,reflectivebuttons,lightsticks,andarrows.
A.12.1.10 Theterm teamincludes,butisnotlimitedto,acomponentwithinthecommand
structuresuchascommunications,equipment,medical,andtransportation.
Minesandtunnelsaretypicallyclassifiedasgaseous,potentiallygaseous,ornongaseousper
29CFR1926.800.However,withregardtoentryintoanysubterraneanenvironment,the
followinghazardsshouldbeconsidered:
(1) Isolationofdangerousformsofenergyincluding,butnotlimitedto,electrical,
mechanical,pneumatic,andhydraulic
(2) Waterhazardstechniquesformovementthroughhazardssuchasholes,swiftwater,
currents,andwaterfallsshouldbedevelopedandusedwhereapplicable.Thismay
includewadingandcrawlinginvariousdepthsofwaterwhilewearingandcarrying
rescueequipmentandmaterialscreatingnegativebuoyancyandswimmingwhile
wearingcaverescueclothing.Itisalsoimportanttoconsiderthepotentialforrapid
intrusionofwaterduetoweatherorotherconditions.
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(3) Collapsehazardssomesubterraneanenvironmentsmaybestructurallyunstable.
Shoringskillsmayberequiredtostabilizeinteriorsurfaces.
(4) Interiorconfiguration,whichmaypresentasignificantdifferenceinheight,
constrictedpassageways,orslipperysurfaces
(5) Anyotherhazards,includingbiological,chemical,animalandinsectinfestation,and
atmospherichazards
A.12.1.11 Therescueteamshouldbepreparedtosupplyrespiratoryprotectionforvictims
incapacitatedortrappedattunnelincidents.Thismaybeaccomplishedbybringinginan
additionalbreathingapparatusforthevictimsorsupplyingbreathingairthroughanairlineif
distancesfromthetunnelopeningtothevictimsallow.Rescuersmustprepareandmaintain
airsupplyforvictimstheycanaccessthatwillbetrappedforanextendedperiodoftime.
Structuralstabilizationinsidetunnelswillrequiretheuseofoutsidespecializedresources
suchastunnelconstructioncompanies,engineers,shoringresources,oracoordinatedeffort
withrescuers.Anunderstandingoftheuseoftunnellinerplates,roofbolting,andformwork
installationbyexperiencedtunnelconstructionemployeesisimportanttothesuccessofthis
typeofrescue.Engineerswhoareexperiencedwithtunnelconstructionshouldbeconsulted
todeterminethesafetyofoperationinatunnelafteracollapse,andtodeterminethe
shoring/stabilizationrequirementstomaketherescueareasafe.
Disentanglementactivitiesatthetunnelrescuemayinvolveentrapmentbymachineryinside
thetunnel,collapseofthetunnel,orcollapseofshoringmaterials.Extricationmethodswill
includestandardextricationproceduresrequiredasoutlinedinthevehicleandmachinery
chapterofthedocumentformachineryentrapments.Stabilizationofthetunnelroofand
wallsmayberequiredasrescuersprogresstowardanentrapmentduetoacavein.
Thetypeofshoringandstabilizationwilltypicallybebeyondthecapabilityofmostrescue
teamsandwillrequiretheassistanceofspecializedresourcessuchascertifiedminerescue
teams,engineers,andtunnelconstructioncompanies.Sometunnelcollapseincidentsthatare
deemedrecoveryoperationsmayrequiretheuseofheavyequipmentforexcavation
purposes.
A.13.1 ThecommitteeisoftheopinionthatAdvancedOpenWatercertificationprovidedby
mostnationallyrecognizedcertifyingagencies(agenciesassociatedwiththeRecreational
SCUBATrainingCouncil)buildanacceptablefoundationforthebasicSCUBA skills
requiredforDiveRescueTechnician.Thesecoursesdonot,however,offeralloftheskills
requiredtomeetthesestandards,andfurthertrainingandexperienceinspecialhazards
expectedtobeencounteredintheAHJsterritoryshouldbesought.Examplesofnationally
recognizedcertifyingagenciesincludePADI,NAUI,YMCA,SSI,andDRI.Candidates
shouldhaveexperiencedivinginvariousenvironmentsbytakingadditionalspecialties.
Examplesofspecialtiesincludeice,current,hazardousmaterials,drysuit,andlifting
operations.
CandidatesshoulddemonstrateleadershipskillssimilartothatofaDivemasterasdefined
bytheRecreationalSCUBATrainingCouncil.TheDiveRescueTechnicianshouldhave
documentedsubstantialdiveexperienceinvariedenvironmentsandhavetheabilityto

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superviseandleadothers.Thesepersonnelshouldalsobeabletoemploycheckliststo
identifypreandpostdiveneeds.
A.13.1.2 Examplesofpersonalprotectiveequipmentutilizedindiverescuearebuoyancy
controldevices,masks,fins,snorkels,regulatorsets(includingfirstandsecondstages),
redundantairsystems,consoles(withsubmersiblepressuregauge,depthgauge,divetimer),
thermalprotection,andlightingsystems.FigureA.13.1.2isanillustrationofadivesafety
checklist.

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FIGUREA.13.1.2DiveSafetyChecklist.

A.13.1.3 Theunderstandingofthecommitteeisthatcandidatesforthisspecialtyshallhave
obtainedpriorSCUBAcertificationand,asaresult,havemetbasicwatermanship
requirements.Thecommitteesopinionisthatcandidatesshouldhavetheability toswima
designatedwatercoursesimilartotheconditionsthatwillbeencounteredintheAHJs
territoryinordertodeterminethecandidatesabilitytoperformselfrescue.Werecommend
thattheskillsinvolvedinthistestbemorestrenuousthanwhatisexpectedforciviliansto
performforenrollinginanOpenWaterSCUBAcourse.
AnexampleofaDivemasterlevelwatercourseforwatermanshipwouldbeaconcurrent
365.76m(400yard)swim,15minutewatertreadordrownproofing,731.52m(800yard)
swimusingmask,fins,andsnorkel,anda91.44m(100yard)inertdivertow.Atnopoint
shallthediverutilizeflotationaidstoassistintheswim.Theinertdiverisnotpermittedto
assistinpropulsion,butthetaskisnottobearescueskill.
A.13.1.4 Thecommitteesintentisthatskillsshouldbeperformedinacontrolledsituation
replicatingtheworstconditionsexpectedtobeencounteredintheAHJsterritory.The
intentistodeterminethecandidatesabilitytoperformassignedtasksandtoeffect
selfrescue.Theskillsinvolvedinthistestshouldbeatleastasstrenuousaswhatisexpected
forcivilianstodemonstrateforDivemastercertification (seeFigureA.13.1.4).

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FIGUREA.13.1.4ExampleofDivemasterLevelWatercourseforWatermanship.

A.13.1.6 ThecommitteeintendsthatthisJPRshouldmeasuretherescuetechniciansability
toassist(orrescue)otherdivers,includinghis/herbuddy,onthesurface.Surfaceddivers,
becauseofthenatureoftheirinjuriesortheequipmenttheyareusing,mayrequire
specializedassistance.
A.13.1.7 ThecommitteeintendsthatthisJPRshouldmeasuretherescuetechniciansability
toassist(orrescue)otherdivers,includinghis/herbuddy,atdepth.Becauseofthenatureof
theirinjuriesortheequipmenttheyareusing,somediversmayrequirespecializedassistance.
Rescuediversmustbecognizantofbuoyancyandbarotraumaissuesinrelationtotheascent
ofthedivertheyaretryingtoassist.
A.13.1.8 Thecommitteerecommendsthediverperformtheseskillsinablackedoutmaskto
testabilitytoperforminalowvisibilityenvironment.Thereasonthisisbeingdoneinapool
orconfinedwaterenvironmentissothatthestudentcanbeobservedforproblemspriorto
beingexposedtotheactuallowvisibilityenvironment.Theseskillsinvolvelocatingand
utilizingpersonalemergencyequipment(notlimitedtocuttingdevices,secondaryairsystem,
communicationsequipment,etc.)positionedaccordingtoAHJprotocols.
A.13.1.10 Drownedvictimsmaybetreatedaspotentialhomicidesuntilprovenotherwise.
Therefore,thesearchareashouldbetreatedasapotentialcrimesceneandappropriate
evidencesecuredanddocumented(seeFigureA.13.1.10)accordingtoAHJprotocol.

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FIGUREA.13.1.10DiveSiteDiagram.

A.13.1.11 Thecommitteesintentisforthecandidatetoknowwhatproceduresareused
whenusingwatercraftintheirjurisdiction,oratleastbasicwatercraftdeploymentand/or
recoverytechnique,eveniftheAHJdoesnothaveitsownwatercraft.Thisincludesthe
diversroleontheboat,nomenclature,anduseofemergency/safetyequipment(e.g.,fire
extinguishers,flares,flotationdevices,etc.).Thecommitteeunderstandsthatnotalldive
teamshaveboatsandnotallboatoperatorsareknowledgeableaboutdeployingdivers.In
thiscase,thetechnicianshouldbeabletoactasaliaisonbetweentheteamandtheboat
operator.
A.13.1.12 Thecommitteesintentistohavethecandidateatleastknowwhatprocedures
shouldbeusedwhenusingaircraftintheirjurisdiction,eveniftheAHJdoesnothaveits
ownaircraft.Thisincludesuseofonboardemergencyequipmentandemergencyescape
procedures.
A.13.1.13 Removalofvictimfromwatertoawatercraftrequiresspecialskills.The
committeeisawarenotalljurisdictionshaveboats,butthetechnicianshouldknowhowto
utilizethisequipment.
A.14.1.3 Itistheintentofthecommitteethatthewildernessrescuerbeabletogeneratean
accuraterecordofcollectedevidenceanditsenvironmentbytakingnotes,makingsketches,
photographingevidence,andretrievingtheevidencegivenvariousarticlesofevidence,
evidencecollectionequipment,andthelastknownlocationofthevictimsothatscent
articlesofalostsubjectareretrievedandpreservedforusebyacaninesearchteam,notes
aretakendocumentingplacementofcluesandthepositionofpeopleorbodiesandpertinent
factssurroundingthescene,thesceneandcluesarephotographed,photographsshowthree
sidesofanyonepertinentobject,photographspossessanindicationofscale,photographs
indicatethetimeanddatetheyweretaken,asketchofthesceneiscreatedinconjunction
withphotographsofpertinentobjectsdepictingtheirpositionrelativetoeachother,
corroboratingwitnessesareproperlyinterviewedtoattaininformationonwhattheysawand
heardatthescene,interviewswithcorroboratingwitnessesarerecordedproperlysothatthe
witness(es)maybecontactedlaterandtheirroleandwhatwasseenandheardestablishedin
writing.
A.14.1.4 Itistheintentofthecommitteethatwildernessrescuetechniciansrecognizethe
needtodocumentandpreserveevidenceespeciallyatthepotentialsceneofacrime.
Knowledgeandskillsinclude:Understandandmaintainthechainofevidence,camera
operations,scentarticlehandlingandpreservation,clueawareness,interviewskillsof
corroboratingwitnesses,basicdrawingskills,specificscenesituationconsiderations(e.g.,
crash,injury,anddeadbody(s)evidence).
A.14.1.5 Itistheintentofthecommitteethattherescuetechnicianhaveenoughsurvival
equipment,food,water,andothernecessarymaterialstooperateindependentlyforthree
daysinthewildernessenvironment.Wildernessskillsandknowledgewouldincludethe
abilitytoconstructimprovisedshelter,preparationofsuppliedfood,purificationofdrinking
water,utilizationofestablishedprimaryandemergencycommunicationsmediums,selection
anduseoflayeredclothing,andapplicationoflandnavigationresources.
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A.14.1.9 Itistheintentofthecommitteethatapersonworkinginawildernessenvironment
willbeabletomanagethelongtermmedicalcareofavictim,with longtermmeaningthe
timeittakestoremovethevictimfromthewildernessenvironmentanddeliverhimorherto
amedicalfacility(possiblyrangingfrom1hourto5daysorlongerdependingonthe
environment).Thewildernesstechnicianshouldhaveatleastathoroughknowledgeofbasic
lifesupport,andadvancedlifesupporttrainingisrecommendedsothatIVfluidsandother
advancelifesupportmeasurescanbeutilized.
A.14.1.10 Packagingmaterialsmayincludespinalcaredevices,thermalbarrier,vapor
barrier,andsplints.Victimtransportdevicesmayincluderigidbaskettypelittersandflexible
wraparoundlitters.

AnnexBCollapseTypes

ThisannexisnotapartoftherequirementsofthisNFPAdocumentbutisincludedfor
informationalpurposesonly.

B.1
Collapsepatternsandpotentialvictimlocationsincludethefollowing:
(1) LeanTo.Aleantoisformedwhenoneormoreofthesupportingwallsorfloor
joistsbreaksorseparatesatoneend,causingoneendofthefloor(s)torestonthe
lowerfloor(s)orcollapsedebris.Potentialareaswherevictimsmightbelocatedare
underthesuspendedfloorandontopoftheflooratthelowestlevel.SeeFigure
B.1(a).
(2) VShape.AVisformedwhenheavyloadscausethefloor(s)tocollapsenearthe
center.Potentialareaswherevictimsmightbelocatedareunderthetwosuspended
floorpiecesandontopofthefloorinthemiddleoftheV.SeeFigureB.1(b).
(3) Pancake.Apancakeisformedwhenthebearingwall(s)orcolumn(s)failscompletely
andanupperfloor(s)dropsontoalowerfloor(s),causingittocollapseinasimilar
manner.Potentialareaswherevictimsmightbelocatedareunderthefloorsandin
voidsformedbybuildingcontentsanddebriswedgedbetweenthefloors.SeeFigure
B.1(c).
(4) Cantilever.Acantileverisformedwhenoneendofthefloor(s)hangsfreebecause
oneormorewallshavefailedandtheotherendofthefloor(s)isstillattachedtothe
wall(s).Potentialareaswherevictimsmightbelocatedareontopoforunderthe
floors.SeeFigureB.1(d).
(5) AFrame.AnAframecollapseoccurswhenflooringseparatesfromtheexterior
bearingwallsbutstillissupportedbyoneormoreinteriorbearingwallsor
nonbearingpartitions.Thehighestsurvivalratefortrappedvictimswillbenearthese
interiorpartitions.Othervictimswillbelocatedinthedebrisnearbothexteriorwalls.
SeeFigureB.1(e).

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FIGUREB.1(a)LeanToFloorCollapse.(CourtesyofU.S.DepartmentofCivil
Defense)

FIGUREB.1(b)VShapeFloorCollapse.(CourtesyofU.S.DepartmentofCivil
Defense)

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FIGUREB.1(c)PancakeFloorCollapse.(CourtesyofU.S.DepartmentofCivil
Defense)

FIGUREB.1(d)CantileverFloorCollapse.(CourtesyofU.S.DepartmentofCivil
Defense)

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FIGUREB.1(e)AFrameFloorCollapse.

AnnexCConfinedSpaceEntryPermit

ThisannexisnotapartoftherequirementsofthisNFPAdocumentbutisincludedfor
informationalpurposesonly.

C.1
Incertainindustries,U.S.federallawdoesnotrequireapermitsystemeventhoughspaces
canbepresentmeetingthecharacteristicsofconfinedspacesasdefinedwithinthisstandard.
Inthesecases,aswellascasesofunauthorizedornonregulatedentryintoconfinedspaces,a
permitmightnotbeavailableforreferencebytherescueteam.Thespacemustbeassessed
completelybeforeentrycanbemadesafely.U.S.federallawdoesnotrequirerescuersto
haveapermittorescue,althoughitisadvisablefortherescueteamtofollowsimilar
procedurestoensuresafety.SeeFigureC.1(a)through FigureC.1(d).

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FIGUREC.1(a)ExampleofanEntryPermitForm.

FIGUREC.1(a) Continued

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FIGUREC.1(b)EntryTeamMedicalChecklist.

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FIGUREC.1(c)AtmosphereMonitoringLog.

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FIGUREC.1(d)AgreementtoProvideRescueResponse.

AnnexDStructuralTypes

ThisannexisnotapartoftherequirementsofthisNFPAdocumentbutisincludedfor
informationalpurposesonly.

D.1
TableD.1andFigureD.1(a)through FigureD.1(n)canbeusedtoclarifymaterialon
structuraltypesfoundinthebodyofthedocument.(TableD.1isfrom NFPA1670,
StandardonOperationsandTrainingforTechnicalRescueIncidents.)

TableD.1CombinationsofMaterials
inStructuralTypes(afterATC,1987)
Structu GeneralDescription
ral
Type
Identifie
r
W Woodbuildingsofalltypes
S1 Steelmomentresistingframes
S2 Bracedsteelframes
S3 Lightmetalbuildings
S4 Steelframeswithcastinplaceconcrete
shearwalls
C1 Concretemomentresistingframes
C2 Concreteshearwallbuildings
C3/C5 Concreteorsteelframebuildingswith
unreinforcedmasonryinfillwalls
TU Tiltupbuildings
PC2 Precastconcreteframebuildings
RM Reinforcedmasonry
URM Unreinforcedmasonry

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FIGURED.1(a)LightMetalBuildings.

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FIGURED.1(b)PostTensionedLiftSlabBuilding.

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FIGURED.1(c)WoodStudFrameConstruction.

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FIGURED.1(d)SteelMomentResistingFrame.

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FIGURED.1(e)LightMetalConstruction.

FIGURED.1(f)SteelFramewithShearwall.

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FIGURED.1(g)SteelFramewithUnreinforcedMasonry(URM)InFill.

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FIGURED.1(h)ConcreteMomentResistingFrame.

FIGURED.1(i)ConcreteShearwall.

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FIGURED.1(j)TiltUpConstructionTypicaloftheWesternUnitedStates.(Tiltup
constructionintheeasternUnitedStatescanincorporateasteelframe.)

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FIGURED.1(k)PrecastConcreteFrame.

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FIGURED.1(l)UnreinforcedMasonryBearingWall.

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FIGURED.1(m)UnreinforcedMasonryBearingWall.

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FIGURED.1(n)UnreinforcedMasonryBearingWall.

D.2LightFrameConstruction.
Materialsusedforlightframeconstructionaregenerallylightweightandprovideahigh
degreeofstructuralflexibilityinresponsetoforcessuchasearthquakes,hurricanes,
tornados,andsoforth.
Thesestructurestypicallyareconstructedwithskeletalstructuralframesystemsofwoodor
lightgaugesteelcomponentsthatprovidesupporttothefloorandroofassemblies.
Examplesofthisconstructiontypeincludewoodframestructuresusedforresidential,
multiplelowrise,andlightcommercialoccupanciesuptofourstoriesinheight.Lightgauge
steelframebuildingsincludecommercial,business,andlightmanufacturingoccupanciesand
facilities.

D.3HeavyConstruction.
D.3.1HeavyWallConstruction.Materialsusedforheavywallconstructionaregenerally
heavyandutilizeaninterdependentstructuralormonolithicsystem.Thesetypesofmaterials
andtheirassembliestendtoproduceastructuralsystemthatisinherentlyrigid.

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Thisconstructiontypeusuallyisbuiltwithoutaskeletalstructuralframe.Itutilizesaheavy
wallsupportandassemblysystemthatprovidessupportforthefloorsandroofareas.
Occupanciesutilizingtiltupconcreteconstructionaretypicallyonetothreestoriesinheight
andconsistofmultiple,monolithicconcretewallpanelassemblies.Theyalsousean
interdependentgirder,column,andbeamsystemforprovidinglateralwall supportoffloor
androofassemblies.Suchoccupanciestypicallyincludecommercial,mercantile,and
industrialusage.Materialsotherthanconcretenowarebeingutilizedintiltupconstruction.
Examplesofthistypeofconstructionincludereinforcedandunreinforcedmasonrybuildings
typicallyoflowriseconstruction,onetosixstoriesinheight,andofanyoccupancytype.
D.3.2HeavyFloorConstruction.Structuresofheavyfloorconstructionarebuiltutilizing
castinplaceconcreteconstructionconsistingofflatslabpanel,waffle,ortwowayconcrete
slabassemblies.Pretensionedorposttensionedreinforcingsteelrebarorcablesystemsare
commoncomponentsusedforstructuralintegrity.Theverticalstructuralsupportsinclude
integratedconcretecolumns,concreteenclosedsteelframe,orsteelframe,whichcarrythe
loadofallfloorandroofassemblies.Thistypeof structureincludesheavytimber
constructionthatmightusesteelrodsforreinforcement.
Thereinforcingsteel,alongwiththevaryingthicknessesofconcretestructuralslaband
girdersupportsutilizedinthisconstructionassembly,posessignificantconcernswithrespect
tobreachingandvoidpenetration.
Thelossofreinforcementcapabilityandtheintegrityofstructuralloadingcapacityofthe
floorandwallassembliescreatessignificantsafetyandoperationalconsiderationsduring
collapseoperations.
Structuralsteelframeconstructionutilizesaskeletalframingsystemconsistingof
largeloadcarryinggirders,beams,andcolumnsforstructuralsupport.Thesecomponents
representasubstantialweightfactorforindividualandassemblycomponents.Floorsystems
consistofcastinplaceconcreteslabsofvaryingthicknessespouredontometalpansor
structuralmetalfloordecksandalsomightincludeprecastandposttensionedconcreteplank
systems.Theseconcrete/metalpanfloorassembliesaresupportedbythestructuralsteel
framingsystem.
Theexteriorconstructionmightconsistofmetalormasonryveneer,curtainwall,or
compositematerialpanelsystems.Additionally,precastconcreteorstonecladpanelsystems
mightbepresent.
Multipleassemblyorcomponentfailuresmightbepresentinacollapsesituationwhere
isolatedormultiplecollapseconditionsorcollapseconfigurationsexist.
Examplesofthistypeofconstructionincludeoffices,schools,apartments,hospitals,parking
structures,andmultipurposefacilities.Heightsvaryfromsinglestorytohighrisestructures.
D.3.3PrecastConstruction.Structuresofprecastconstructionarebuiltutilizingmodular
precastconcretecomponentsthatincludefloors,walls,columns,andothersubcomponents
thatarefieldconnectedatthesite.
Individualconcretecomponentsutilizeimbeddedsteelreinforcingrodsandweldedwire
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meshforstructuralintegrityandmightutilizeeithersteelbeamandcolumnorconcrete
framingsystemsfortheoverallstructuralassemblyandbuildingenclosure.
Thesestructuresrelyonsingleormultipointconnectionsforfloorandwallenclosure
assemblyandareasafetyandoperationalconcernduringcollapseoperations.
Examplesofthistypeofconstructionincludecommercial,mercantile,office,andmultiuseor
multifunctionstructures,includingparkingstructuresandlargeoccupancyfacilities.

AnnexEMarkingSystems

ThisannexisnotapartoftherequirementsofthisNFPAdocumentbutisincludedfor
informationalpurposesonly.

E.1
Structureandhazardsevaluationandsearchassessmentproceduresaredesignedtoidentify
specificinformationpertinenttoeachaffectedbuilding.Eitheroftheseanalysescanbe
completedindependentlyoftheother,althoughthestructureandhazardsevaluation
normallyiscompletedfirst.Symbolsshouldbedrawnconspicuouslywithorangespraypaint.
(SeeFEMAUS&RResponseSystem,AppendixC,TaskForceBuildingMarkingSystem.)
Oneoftheinitialstrategicconcernsforpersonnelistheneedtoanalyzethestructure(s)
involvedinanycollapsesituation.Thisisespeciallytruewherethereismorethanone
structureinvolved,asincasesofdevastatingearthquakes,hurricanes,orothernaturalor
manmadedisasters.Thedeterminationoftheconditionofthestructure,hazards,and
occupancypriortotheeventwillaffecttheoverallsearchandrescuestrategy.
Itisimperativethattheinformationderivedfromacoordinatedbuildingtriageandmarking
systembeconsolidatedbytheAHJatanystructuralcollapseevent.Thisinformationnot
onlyshouldbeusedtoidentifyoperationalprioritiesbutalsoshouldbeforwardedtothe
incidentcommandertoassistintheoverallassessmentoftheevent.
FEMATaskForceSearchandRescueMarkingSystem.Distinctmarkingsshouldbemade
withinthefourquadrantsofanXtodenoteclearlythesearchstatusandfindingsduring
thesearch.FigureE.1(a)illustratesthesearchmarkingsystem.
AnXmeasuring0.61m 0.61m(2ft2ft)shouldbespraypaintedinthecolororange.
Theinformationforeachquadrantshouldbewritteninthequadrantusingcarpenterschalk
oralumbercrayon.
Inaddition,searchpersonnelshouldmarktheexactlocationofavictim(s)withorangespray
paint.Surveyorstapecanbeusedasaflagtoidentifytheappropriateareainconjunction
withthespraypaint.Toreduceneedlessduplicationofsearchefforts,markingsshouldbe
madeateachpointofentryorseparateareaofthestructure.Whereupdatedinformationof
previouslysearchedstructuresisneeded,theoldinformationshouldbecrossedoutandthe
mostrecentinformationshouldbeindicatedbelowornexttotheold,usingthemarking
system.SeeFigureE.1(a).

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FIGUREE.1(a)FEMATaskForceSearchandRescueMarkingSystem.

FEMATaskForceBuildingMarkingSystem(Structure/HazardEvaluation).Thissystemis
designedtoidentifyspecifichazardsassociatedwithanycollapsedstructure.Personnel
shouldbecognizantofthenationallyacceptedmarkingsystemandshouldbeproficientin
theuseofthesystem.(SeeFEMAUS&RResponseSystem,AppendixD,StructureTriage,
Assessment&MarkingSystem.)
Afterperformingabuildinghazardassessment,theresponderusesinternationalorangespray
painttomakea0.61m 0.61m(2ft2ft)squareboxonthebuildingadjacenttothemost
accessiblepointofentry.
Anemptyboxindicatesthebuildingisrelativelysafeforsearchandrescueoperationsand
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thatdamageissuchthatthereislittledangeroffurthercollapse.Onediagonallineinthebox
indicatesthestructureissignificantlydamagedandthatsomeareasmightneedshoring,
bracing,orremovalofhazardsinspiteofthefactthatsomeareasmightbesafe.Two
diagonallinesinthebox(anX)indicatethatthebuildingisnotsafeforsearchandrescue
operationsandmightbesubjecttosuddencollapse.Anarrownexttothemarkingbox
indicatesthedirectionofsafestentrytothestructure.Totherightofthemarkingbox,textis
usedtoindicatethetimeanddateofthesearch,theteamdesignation,andhazard(s)found.
ThelettersHMtotherightofthebox(inthetextarea)indicateahazmatconditioninor
adjacenttothestructure.WhenHMisused,searchandrescueoperationsnormallywill
notbealloweduntiltheconditionisbetterdefinedoreliminated.SeeFigureE.1(b).

FIGUREE.1(b)TaskForceBuildingMarkingSystem(Structure/HazardEvaluation).

FEMATaskForceStructureMarkingSystem(StructureIdentificationwithinaGeographic
Area).Structureidentificationwithinageographicareaisusedtodifferentiatebuildingsby
groups,suchasbyblock(s)orjurisdictionalarea.Thisgeographicareaidentificationshould
beconsolidatedatthecommandpostoftheAHJandusedtodeploysearchandrescue
personnel.
Internationalorangespraypaintisusedtomarkbuildingswiththeirstreetnumbersothat
personnelcandifferentiateonebuildingfromanother.Existingnumbersshouldbeusedtofill
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inanyunknownnumbers.Ifallnumbersareunknown,arbitrarynumberscanbeused(odd
andevenusedonoppositesidesofthestreet).Theprimarymethodofidentificationshould
includetheexistingstreetname,hundredblock,andbuildingnumber.Suchidentificationis
notalwayspossibleduetopostdisasterconditions.(SeeFEMAUS&RResponseSystem,
AppendixD,StructureTriage,Assessment&MarkingSystem.)
Astandardapproachtodescribingeachbuildingslayoutisalsoused.Thestreetsideofthe
buildingisside1.Subsequentsides(2,3,4)arelabeledinaclockwisedirectionaroundthe
building.Internally,quadrantsaredescribedstartingwiththefrontleftcorner(whilestanding
atthefront,streetsideofthebuilding)andlabeledwithlettersstartingwithA.Subsequent
quadrants(B,C,D,E)arelabeledinaclockwisedirectionaroundtheinteriorofthebuilding
withthecore(center)beinglabeledE.Storiesarelabeled1,2,3,andsoforth,and
basementsaredesignatedB1,B2,B3,andsoforth.
Itisimperativethatpersonnelclearlyidentifyeachstructurewithinageographicarea.This
identificationwillassistbothinthespecificongoingsearchandrescueeffortandthe
longterm,postdisasteridentificationofthesite.SeeFigureE.1(c)andFigureE.1(d).

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FIGUREE.1(c)TaskForceMarkingSystemforStructureIdentificationwithina
GeographicArea.

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FIGUREE.1(d)TaskForceStructureMarkingandSystemStructureIdentification
withinaGeographicAreaSingleStructure.

AnnexFTrenchandExcavationRescueIncidents

ThisannexisnotapartoftherequirementsofthisNFPAdocumentbutisincludedfor
informationalpurposesonly.

F.1

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Inalltypesoftrenchandexcavationrescueincidents,thepotentialexistsforextenuating
circumstancesandconditionsthatwouldrequireexpertisebeyondthenormalcapabilityof
theorganizationtooperatesafely.Examplesofthesesituationscaninclude,butarenot
limitedto,verydeeptrenches[morethan4.57m(15ft)deep],unusuallyshaped
excavations,multiplecomplications(e.g.,deepexcavationandfluidsoil),involvementof
hazardousortoxicsubstances,completelyburiedsubjects,orsevereenvironmental
conditions.Severeenvironmentalconditionsincludefrozensoil,runningsoil(e.g.,gravel,
sand,liquid),severeweather(e.g.,heavyrain,snow,wind,orflooding),ornight(dark)
operations.Theseconditionsshouldbeevaluatedduringtheinitialsizeupandrisk
assessmentmadeonanincidentbyincidentbasis.
Thetypesofcollapsenormallyencounteredatanexcavationortrenchincidentincludethe
following:
(1) Spoilpilecollapse(spoilin),wheretheexcavatedearthpiledonthesideofthetrench
slidesintothetrench
(2) Lipcollapse(lipin),whereaportionofthetrenchlipfailsandfallsintothetrench
lipcollapseisusuallysecondarytosurchargeorsignificantimpactforcesfromthe
excavatingbucketweakeningthecohesivepropertiesofthesoilinthedefinedlip
area.
(3) Shearwallcollapse(shearin),wheretheside(s)ofthetrenchshearsawayfromthe
wallofthetrenchpossibleindicatorsforanimpendingshearwallcollapseare
sloughinsonlowertrenchwallsand/orstresscracksvisiblefromthetrenchlipback
to(adistanceequalto)thedepthofthetrench.
(4) Sloughcollapse(sloughin),whereabelowgradesectioncollapses,leavingthe
potentialforthecollapseofanoverhangingledge
Collapse.Thereasonsforandindicatorsofinitialandsecondarycollapseoftrenchesand
excavationsareusuallyrelatedtooneormoreofthefollowingsitecharacteristics:
(1) Soilcomposition
(2) Passageoftime
(3) Unprotectedtrench(lackofprotectionsystems)
(4) Surfaceencumbrances
(5) Surchargeorsuperimposedloads
(6) Standingwaterorwaterseepingintotrench(saturated)
(7) Intersectingtrenches
(8) Previouslydisturbedsoil
(9) Vibrations(vehicles,nearbyroads,airports,etc.)
(10) Exteriorcrackingoftrenchwallsorcollapsezone(fissures/stresscracks)
Soiltypes.Thefollowingisexcerptedfrom29CFR1926.651,SpecificExcavation
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Requirements,andspecifiessoiltypes.
Cementedsoilmeansasoilinwhichtheparticlesareheldtogetherbyachemicalagent,
suchascalciumcarbonate,suchthatahandsizesamplecannotbecrushedintopowderor
individualsoilparticlesbyfingerpressure.
Cohesivesoilmeansclay(finegrainedsoil)orsoilwithahighclaycontent,whichhas
cohesivestrength.Cohesivesoildoesnotcrumble,canbeexcavatedwithverticalsides,and
isplasticwhenmoist.Cohesivesoilishardtobreakupwhendry,andexhibitssignificant
cohesionwhensubmerged.Cohesivesoilsincludeclayeysilt,sandyclay,siltclay,clay,and
organicclay.
Drysoilmeanssoilthatdoesnotexhibitvisiblesignsofmoisturecontent.
Fissuredmeansasoilmaterialthathasatendencytobreakalongdefiniteplanesoffracture
withlittleresistanceoramaterialthatexhibitsopencracks,suchastensioncracks,inan
exposedsurface.
Granularsoilmeansgravel,sand,orsilt(coarsegrainedsoil)withlittleornoclaycontent.
Granularsoilhasnocohesivestrength.Somemoistgranularsoilsexhibitapparentcohesion.
Granularsoilcannotbemoldedwhenmoistandcrumbleseasilywhendry.
Layeredsystemmeanstwoormoredistinctlydifferentsoilorrocktypesarrangedin
layers.Micaceousseamsorweakenedplanesinrockorshaleareconsideredlayered.
Moistsoilmeansaconditioninwhichasoillooksandfeelsdamp.Moistcohesivesoilcan
easilybeshapedintoaballandrolledintosmalldiameterthreadsbeforecrumbling.Moist
granularsoilthatcontainssomecohesivematerialwillexhibitsignsofcohesionbetween
particles.
Plasticmeansapropertyofasoilthatallowsthesoiltobedeformedormoldedwithout
crackingorappreciablevolumechange.
Saturatedsoilmeansasoilinwhichthevoidsarefilledwithwater.Saturationdoesnot
requireflow.Saturation,ornearsaturation,isnecessaryfortheproperuseofinstruments
suchasapocketpenetrometerorsheervane.
Soilclassificationsystemmeans,forthepurposeofthisSubpart,amethodofcategorizing
soilandrockdepositsinahierarchyofStableRock,TypeA,TypeB,andTypeC,in
decreasingorderofstability.Thecategoriesaredeterminedbasedonananalysisofthe
propertiesandperformancecharacteristicsofthedepositsandthecharacteristicsofthe
depositsandtheenvironmentalconditionsofexposure.
Stablerockmeansnaturalsolidmineralmatterthatcanbeexcavatedwithverticalsides
andremainintactwhileexposed.
Submergedsoilmeanssoilthatisunderwaterorisfreeseeping.
TypeAmeanscohesivesoilswithanunconfined,compressivestrengthof1.5tonsper
squarefoot(tsf)(144kPa)orgreater.Examplesofcohesivesoilsareclay,siltyclay,sandy
clay,clayloam,and,insomecases,siltyclayloamandsandyclayloam.Cementedsoilssuch
ascalicheandhardpanarealsoconsideredTypeA.However,nosoilisTypeAif:
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(1) Thesoilisfissuredor
(2) Thesoilissubjecttovibrationfromheavytraffic,piledriving,orsimilareffectsor
(3) Thesoilhasbeenpreviouslydisturbedor
(4) Thesoilispartofasloped,layeredsystemwherethelayersdipintotheexcavation
onaslopeoffourhorizontaltoonevertical(4H:1V)orgreateror
(5) Thematerialissubjecttootherfactorsthatwouldrequireittobeclassifiedasaless
stablematerial.
TypeBmeanscohesivesoilwithanunconfinedcompressivestrengthgreaterthan0.5tsf
(48kPa)butlessthan1.5tsf(144kPa)or
(1) Granularcohesionlesssoilsincludingangulargravel(similartocrushedrock),silt,silt
loam,sandyloam,and,insomecases,siltyclayloamandsandyclayloam
(2) PreviouslydisturbedsoilsexceptthosethatwouldotherwisebeclassedasTypeC
soil
(3) Soilthatmeetstheunconfinedcompressivestrengthorcementationrequirementsfor
TypeAbutisfissuredorsubjecttovibrationor
(4) Dryrockthatisnotstableor
(5) Materialthatispartofasloped,layeredsystemwherethelayersdipintothe
excavationonaslopelesssteepthanfourhorizontaltoonevertical(4H:1V)butonly
ifthematerialwouldotherwisebeclassifiedasTypeB.
TypeCmeanscohesivesoilwithanunconfinedcompressivestrengthof0.5tsf(48kPa)or
lessor
(1) Granularsoilsincludinggravel,sand,andloamysandor
(2) Submergedsoilorsoilfromwhichwaterisfreelyseepingor
(3) Submergedrockthatisnotstableor
(4) Materialinasloped,layeredsystemwherethelayersdipintotheexcavationora
slopeoffourhorizontaltoonevertical(4H:IV)orsteeper.
Unconfinedcompressivestrengthmeanstheloadperunitareaatwhichasoilwillfailin
compression.Itcanbedeterminedbylaboratorytestingorestimatedinthefieldusinga
pocketpenetrometer,bythumbpenetrationtestsandothermethods.
Wetsoilmeanssoilthatcontainssignificantlymoremoisturethanmoistsoilbutinsucha
rangeofvaluesthatcohesivematerialwillslumporbegintoflowwhenvibrated.Granular
materialthatwouldexhibitcohesivepropertieswhenmoistwilllosethosecohesive
propertieswhenwet.
Theclassificationofsoilshouldbemadebasedontheresultsofatleastonevisualandat
leastonemanualanalysis.Suchanalysesshouldbeconductedbyacompetentpersonusing
testsdescribedin29CFR1926,SubpartP,AppendixA,SoilClassification,orinother

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recognizedmethodsofsoilclassificationandtestingsuchasthoseadoptedbytheAmerican
SocietyforTestingMaterialsortheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturetexturalclassification
system.
Thevisualandmanualanalyses,suchasthosespecifiedin29CFR1926,SubpartP,
AppendixA,SoilClassification,shouldbedesignedandconductedtoprovidesufficient
quantitativeandqualitativeinformationascanbenecessarytoidentifyproperlythe
properties,factors,andconditionsaffectingtheclassificationofthesoil.
Generalhazards.Generalhazardsassociatedwithsearchandrescueoperationsattrenchand
excavationcollapsescanpresenttheAHJwithuniquelychallengingsituations.TheAHJ
shouldconsiderthefollowingpotentialhazardswhenprovidingtrainingtoitsmembers:
(1) Utilities.InmanypartsoftheUnitedStates,aonecallundergroundutilitylocation
serviceisavailabletocontractorsandresidentswhoarepreparingtoexcavate.By
makingonetelephonecall(usuallyatollfreenumber),excavatorscanfindthe
locationofallundergroundutilityinstallationsintheareaoftheplannedexcavation.
Thisservicequicklynotifiesallpossibleutilityprovidersintheareawho,inturn,
eitherindicatethatthereisnoutilityintheareaorhavesomeonegotothesiteto
marktheutilities.Suchaservicecanbeinvaluabletoemergencyrespondersatthe
siteofatrenchorexcavationemergencyincident.Wherenoonecallsystemexists,
allutilitycompaniesthatmighthaveundergroundequipmentatornearthe
excavationsitemustbenotifiedsotheycanhavearepresentativerespondtomark
undergroundutilitylocations.
(2) Hazardousmaterials.Excavationsmightincludevariousmaterialsuniquetoasite
that,whenreleasedduringacollapse,couldposeahazardtovictimsandresponders.
TheAHJshouldprovidememberswithtrainingintherecognitionofpotential
hazardousmaterialsreleases,thedeterminationofanexistinghazard,andthe
methodsusedtocontain,confine,ordiverthazardousmaterialsinordertoconduct
operationssafelyandeffectively.
(3) Personalhazards.Atthesiteofanytrenchorexcavationcollapse,therearemany
dangersthatposepersonalinjuryhazardstotheresponders.TheAHJshouldtrain
memberstorecognizethepersonalhazardstheyencounterandtousethemethods
neededtomitigatethesehazardsinordertohelpensuretheirsafety.Everymember
shouldbemadeawareofhazardssuchastrips,falls,blows,punctures,impalement,
andsoforth.
(4) Confinedspace.Alltrenchcollapses,andmanyexcavationcollapses,necessitatea
confinedspacerescue.Respondingpersonnelshouldbefamiliarwithandtrainedin
confinedspacerescuerequirementsandtechniques.TheAHJshoulddeterminethe
applicablelawsandstandardsrelatedtoconfinedspacerescueandshouldprovide
trainingtomembersinconfinedspacerescue.
(5) Otherhazards.Therearenumerousotherhazardsassociatedwithtrenchand
excavationcollapses.TheAHJshouldmakeeveryefforttoidentifythehazardsthat
mightbeencounteredwithinthejurisdictionandshouldprovidememberswith
trainingandawarenessoftheseotherhazardsinordertoperformrescueoperations
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safelyandeffectively.
Competentperson.Acompetentpersoncanbeinvaluableforquicklygatheringinformation
aboutthetrench,willhavepossessionofthecutsheet,andwillknowthenumberand
locationofworkersinvolvedintheincident.Heorsheshouldalsohaveknowledge
regardinggeneralhazardsandnearbyavailableresourcesforthesizeupandsubsequent
actionplan.
Victimlocations.Procedurestoidentifyprobablevictimlocationsincludethefollowing:
(1) Visualizationofthevictim
(2) Presenceofdrinkcupsorfoodcontainers,worktools,lasertargets,buckets,grade
poles,greaseandbrush,engineershubs,oranythingthatcanindicatethevictimslast
probablephysicallocation
(3) Informationfrombystanders
(4) Endofpipestring
(5) Soundsinpipesorpresenceofrecentlyinstalledpipes
(6) Catortiretracks
Rapid,nonentryrescues.Aquicklookinthetrenchfromanendcanshowthatavictimcan
requireonlyaladdertoleavethetrenchorashovelloweredtohimtodigoutatrappedfoot.
Thiscanmitigatetheincidentquicklybeforecomplicationbysecondarycollapseorother
hazards.Aladderorengineeredrampcanberequiredforentryoregressfromatrench.For
instance,29CFR1926.651(c)(1)(v)requires,Astairway,ladder,ramporothersafemeans
ofegressshallbelocatedintrenchexcavationsthatare4feetormoreindepthsoasto
requirenomorethan25feetoflateraltravelforemployees.
Personnel/equipmentresources.Atrenchorexcavationcollapseoftenrequiresresources
thattheAHJisunabletoprovide.Acommunityresourcelistwithsupportingstandard
operatingproceduresshouldincludeactivationofand/orcontactnumbersformutualaid
contracts,publicworksandprivatecontractorresponseagreements,rentalandconstruction
supplyhouseagreements,andutilityonecallservices.

AnnexGRescueTechnicianToolKit

ThisannexisnotapartoftherequirementsofthisNFPAdocumentbutisincludedfor
informationalpurposesonly.

G.1ToolKitContents.
TableG.1liststhevarioustoolkitsandthetoolsneededforeachtypeofrescueoperation.

TableG.1ToolKitContents

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G.1ToolKitContents.
TableG.1liststhevarioustoolkitsandthetoolsneededforeachtypeofrescueoperation.

TableG.1ToolKitContents
KitContents Basic Rope Confined Water Vehicleand
Kit Rescue SpaceRescue Rescu Machinery
e
Airmonitoringequipment X
Anemometer
Assorted44cribbing X
Assorted22cribbing X X
Assortedwedges X
Audiovisualsignalingdevice X X X X X
Binoculars X X X X X
Boards,shortandlongspine X X X X X
Boogie board X
Boots
Buoyancycontroldevices
Camera
Cammingdevices X X X
Carabiners,locking X X X X
Chainsaw,electricorgas
Chainsling,9ft X
Chainsling,5ft X
Charged1in.hoseline X
Clamp,Ellis
Class2and3harnesses X X X X
ClassBfoamapplicationsupplies X
Comealong X
Communicationdevices,fixedandportable X X X X X
Communityresourcelists X X
DECONequipment X X
Descending/ascendingdevices(frictionor X X X X
mechanical)
Detector,electricalenergy X X X X X
Dewateringpumps X
Edgeprotection,hardandsoft X X X X
Extensioncords X X
Fins,swim X
Fireextinguisher X X X X X
Firstaidandoxygenkits X X X X X
Flatheadax X X X
Food,packable
Generator X X X
Gloves X X X X X
Halliganbar X X
Hammer,demolition,45lb,bullandchisel
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TableG.1ToolKitContents
KitContents Basic Rope Confined Water Vehicleand
Kit Rescue SpaceRescue Rescu Machinery
e
Hammer,demolition,60lb,bullandchisel
Hammer,1in.rotary,withcarbidetippedbits in.
to2in.,andbullpointbit
Handtoolskit X X X
Heavyexcavatingequipmentresources
Helmets X X X X X
Hoseinflator X
Hydrauliccutters X
Hydraulicrams X
Hydraulicshores X
Hydraulicspreaders X
Jacks,screw,scissor,and/orhydraulic
Junctionbox,electrical X X
KEDorequivalent X X X X
Knife,rescue X X X X X
Lighting,flood X X X
Lighting,handand/orhelmet(FactoryMutual X X X X X
approved)
Linegun X
Lumberandtimber(assorted) X
Lockout/tagoutkit X
Markingkit,paint,chalk,crayon,pencil X
Navigationalinstrumentscompass,GPS X X
Packs
Pens/pencils X X X X X
Perimeterorscenemarkingdevices X X X X X
Personalflotationdevices(PFDs) X X
Personaltoiletryitems
Personnelaccountabilitysystem X X X X X
Personalalarmdevice X
Pickets,steelstakes X X X X
Plasticbags
Pneumaticbags X
Pneumaticchisels X
Pneumaticshores X
Pneumaticsoilknife
Pneumaticsoilvacuum(handand/ortruck)
PPEBunkergear X
PPEHazMat,LevelBandC X
PPEHelmetwaterrescue X
PPEKneepads X
PPEMaskandsnorkel
PPESABA X
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TableG.1ToolKitContents
KitContents Basic Rope Confined Water Vehicleand
Kit Rescue SpaceRescue Rescu Machinery
e
PPESCBA X X X X
PPESCUBAwithconsole,secondary
PPESuit,dry X
PPEPersonalescapepack X
PPESuit,wet X
Preplans/maps X X X X X
Prusikcord X X X X X
Pulleys,selectionof X X X X
Reachextensiondevices X X
Ropelifesafety X X X X X
Ropeutility X X X X X
Ropewaterrescue X
Safetyglassesandhearingprotection X X X X X
Saw,circular,carbidetip,metalcutting,and X
continuousrimdiamondblades
Saw,reciprocatingwithwoodandmetalblades X
Sheeting
SKEDorequivalentand/orrigidlitter X X X X
Sleepingmaterial/bag
Springloadedcenterpunch X X X
Tacticalworksheets X X X X X
Tarps
Thermalimager X
Throwbags X
Torch,kit,oxyacetylene X
Torpedobuoy,ringbuoy,orequivalent X
Trafficcontroldevices X X X X X
Trenchbox,shield
Tripod X X
Victimprotectivecoverings X X X X X
Watercraftmanualormotorized X
Water X X X X X
Webbing X X X X X
Weightbeltandweights
Winches X X

AnnexHExplanationoftheStandardandConceptsofJPRs

ThisannexisnotapartoftherequirementsofthisNFPAdocumentbutisincludedfor
informationalpurposesonly.
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H.1ExplanationoftheStandardandConceptsofJobPerformanceRequirements
(JPRs).
Theprimarybenefitofestablishingnationalprofessionalqualificationstandardsistoprovide
bothpublicandprivatesectorswithaframeworkofthejobrequirementsforthefireservice.
Otherbenefitsincludeenhancementoftheprofession,individual aswellasorganizational
growthanddevelopment,andstandardizationofpractices.
NFPAprofessionalqualificationstandardsidentifytheminimumJPRsforspecificfireservice
positions.Thestandardscanbeusedfortrainingdesignandevaluation,certification,
measuringandcritiquingonthejobperformance,defininghiringpractices,andsetting
organizationalpolicies,procedures,andgoals.(Otherapplicationsareencouraged.)
Professionalqualificationstandardsforaspecificjobareorganizedbymajorareasof
responsibilitydefinedasduties.Forexample,thefirefightersdutiesmightincludefire
suppression,rescue,andwatersupply,andthepublicfireeducatorsdutiesmightinclude
education,planninganddevelopment,andadministration.Dutiesaremajorfunctionalareas
ofresponsibilitywithinajob.
TheprofessionalqualificationstandardsarewrittenasJPRs.JPRsdescribetheperformance
requiredforaspecificjob.JPRsaregroupedaccordingtothedutiesofajob.Thecomplete
listofJPRsforeachdutydefineswhatanindividualmustbeabletodoinorderto
successfullyperformthatduty.Together,thedutiesandtheirJPRsdefinethejobparameters
thatis,theprofessionalqualificationstandardasawholeisajobdescription.

H.2BreakingDowntheComponentsofaJPR.
TheJPRistheassemblyofthreecriticalcomponents.(SeeTableH.2.)Thesecomponents
areasfollows:
(1) Taskthatistobeperformed
(2) Tools,equipment,ormaterialsthatmustbeprovidedtosuccessfullycompletethe
task
(3) Evaluationparametersand/orperformanceoutcomes

TableH.2ExampleofaJPR
(a)Task (a)Ventilateapitchedroof
(b)Tools,equipment,or (b)Givenanax,apikepole,an
materials extensionladder,andaroofladder
(c)Evaluationparameters (c)Sothata1.22m1.22m(4ft4ft)
andperformanceoutcomes holeiscreated,allventilationbarriers
areremoved,laddersareproperly
positionedforventilation,ventilation
holesarecorrectlyplaced,andsmoke,
heat,andcombustionbyproductsare
releasedfromthestructure

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H.2.1TheTasktoBePerformed. Thefirstcomponentisaconcisestatementofwhatthe
personissupposedtodo.
H.2.2Tools,Equipment,orMaterialsThatMustBeProvidedtoSuccessfully
CompletetheTask. Thiscomponentensuresthatallindividualscompletingthetaskare
giventhesameminimaltools,equipment,ormaterialswhenbeingevaluated.Bylistingthese
items,theperformerandevaluatorknowwhatmustbeprovidedinordertocompletethe
task.
H.2.3EvaluationParametersand/orPerformanceOutcomes. Thiscomponentdefines
howwellonemustperformeachtaskforboththeperformerandtheevaluator.TheJPRs
guideperformancetowardsuccessfulcompletionbyidentifyingevaluationparametersand
performanceoutcomes.ThisportionoftheJPRpromotesconsistencyinevaluationby
reducingthevariablesusedtogaugeperformance.
Inadditiontothesethreecomponents,theJPRscontainrequisiteknowledgeandskills.Just
astheterm requisitesuggests,thesearethenecessaryknowledgeandskillsonemusthave
priortobeingabletoperformthetask.Requisiteknowledgeandskillsarethefoundationfor
taskperformance.
Oncethecomponentsandrequisitesareputtogether,theJPRsmightreadasfollows.
H.2.3.1Example1. Ventilateapitchedroof,givenanax,apikepole,anextensionladder,
andaroofladder,sothata1.22m 1.22m(4ft4ft)holeiscreated,allventilation
barriersareremoved,laddersareproperlypositionedforventilation,andventilationholes
arecorrectlyplaced.
(1) RequisiteKnowledge:Pitchedroofconstruction,safetyconsiderationswithroof
ventilation,thedangersassociatedwithimproperventilation,knowledgeof
ventilationtools,theeffectsofventilationonfiregrowth,smokemovementin
structures,signsofbackdraft,andtheknowledgeofverticalandforcedventilation.
(2) RequisiteSkills:Theabilitytoremoveroofcoveringproperlyinitiateroofcutsuse
thepikepoletoclearventilationbarriersusetheaxproperlyforsounding,cutting,
andstrippingpositionladdersandclimbandpositionselfonladder.
H.2.3.2Example2. Interpretburnpatterns,givenstandardequipmentandtoolsandsome
structural/contentremains,sothateachindividualpatternisevaluatedwithrespecttothe
burningcharacteristicsofthematerialinvolved.
(1) RequisiteKnowledge:Firedevelopmentandtheinterrelationshipofheatreleaserate,
form,andignitibilityofmaterials.
(2) RequisiteSkill:Theabilitytointerprettheeffectsofburningcharacteristicson
differenttypesofmaterials.

H.3ExamplesofPotentialUses.
H.3.1Certification. JPRscanbeusedtoestablishtheevaluationcriteriaforcertificationat
aspecificjoblevel.Whenusedforcertification,evaluationmustbebasedonthesuccessful
completionofJPRs.
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First,theevaluatorwouldverifytheattainmentofrequisiteknowledgeandskillspriorto
JPRevaluation.Verificationmightbethroughdocumentationreviewortesting.
Next,thecandidatewouldbeevaluatedoncompletingtheJPRs.Thecandidatewould
performthetaskandbeevaluatedbasedontheevaluationparameters,theperformance
outcomes,orboth.Thisperformancebasedevaluationcanbeeitherpractical(for
psychomotorskillssuchasventilatearoof)orwritten(forcognitiveskillssuchas
interpretburnpatterns).
NOTE:Psychomotorskillsarethosephysicalskillsthatcanbedemonstratedorobserved.
Cognitiveskills(ormentalskills)cannotbeobservedbutareevaluatedonhowone
completesthetask(processoriented)oronthetaskoutcome(productoriented).
UsingExample1in H.2.3.1,apracticalperformancebasedevaluationwouldmeasurethe
abilitytoventilateapitchedroof.Thecandidatepassesthisparticularevaluationifthe
standardwasmetthatis,a1.22m 1.22m(4ft4ft)holewascreated,allventilation
barrierswereremoved,ladderswereproperlypositionedforventilation,ventilationholes
werecorrectlyplaced,andsmoke,heat,andcombustionbyproductswerereleasedfromthe
structure.
ForExample2in H.2.3.2,whenevaluatingthetaskinterpretburnpatterns,thecandidate
mightbegivenawrittenassessmentintheformofascenario,photographs,anddrawings
andthenbeaskedtorespondtospecificwrittenquestionsrelatedtotheJPRsevaluation
parameters.
Itisimportanttorememberthatwhenacandidateisbeingevaluated,heorshemustbe
giventhetools,equipment,ormaterialslistedintheJPRsbeforeheorshecanbeproperly
evaluated.
H.3.2CurriculumDevelopment/TrainingDesignandEvaluation.Thestatements
containedinthisdocumentthatrefertojobperformanceweredesignedandwrittenasJPRs.
Althougharesemblancetoinstructionalobjectivesmightbepresent,thesestatementsshould
notbeusedinateachingsituationuntilaftertheyhavebeenmodifiedforinstructionaluse.
JPRsstatethebehaviorsrequiredtoperformspecificskill(s)onthejob,asopposedtoa
learningsituation.Thesestatementsshouldbeconvertedintoinstructionalobjectiveswith
behaviors,conditions,andstandardsthatcanbemeasuredwithintheteaching/learning
environment.AJPRthatrequiresafirefightertoventilateapitchedroofshouldbe
convertedintoameasurableinstructionalobjectiveforusewhenteachingtheskill.See
FigureH.3.2(a).
UsingExample1in H.2.3.1,aterminalinstructionalobjectivemightreadasfollows:
Thecandidatewillventilateapitchedroof,givenasimulatedroof,anax,apikepole,an
extensionladder,andaroofladder,sothat100percentaccuracyisattainedonaskills
checklist.(Ataminimum,theskillschecklistshouldincludeeachofthemeasurementcriteria
fromtheJPR.)
FigureH.3.2(b)isasamplechecklistforuseinevaluatingthisobjective.
Althoughthedifferencesbetweenjobperformancerequirementsandinstructionalobjectives
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aresubtleinappearance,thepurposeofeachstatementdiffersgreatly.JPRsstatewhatis
necessarytoperformthejobintherealworld.Instructionalobjectives,however,areused
toidentifywhatstudentsmustdoattheendofatrainingsessionandarestatedinbehavioral
termsthataremeasurableinthetrainingenvironment.
ByconvertingJPRsintoinstructionalobjectives,instructorswillbeabletoclarify
performanceexpectationsandavoidconfusionrelatedtousingstatementsdesignedfor
purposesotherthanteaching.Additionally,instructorswillbeabletoaddlocal/state/regional
elementsofperformanceintothestandardsasintendedbythedevelopers.
Requisiteskillsandknowledgeshouldbeconvertedintoenablingobjectives.Thesehelpto
definethecoursecontent.Thecoursecontentshouldincludeeachoftherequisiteknowledge
andskills.UsingFigureH.3.2(b),theenablingobjectivesarepitchedroofconstruction,
safetyconsiderationswithroofventilation,removalofroofcovering,properinitiationofroof
cuts,andsoforth.Theseenablingobjectivesensurethatthecoursecontentsupportsthe
terminalobjective.
NOTE:Itisassumedthatthereaderisfamiliarwithcurriculumdevelopmentortraining
designandevaluation.

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FIGUREH.3.2(a)ConvertingJPRsintoInstructionalObjectives.

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FIGUREH.3.2(b)SampleSkillsChecklist(RoofVentilation).

H.4OtherUses.
Whiletheprofessionalqualificationsstandardsareprincipallyusedtoguidethedevelopment
oftrainingandcertificationprograms,thereareanumberofotherpotentialusesforthe
documents.BecausetheyarewritteninJPRterms,theylendthemselveswelltoanyareaof
theprofessionwherealevelofperformanceorexpertisemustbedetermined.Theseareas
mightincludethefollowing.
(1) EmployeeEvaluation/PerformanceCritiquing.TheJPRscanbeusedasaguideby
boththesupervisorandtheemployeeduringanevaluation.TheJPRsforaspecific
jobdefinetasksthatareessentialtoperformonthejob,aswellastheevaluation
criteriatomeasurewhenthosetasksarecompleted.
(2) EstablishingHiringCriteria.Professionalqualificationsstandardscanbeusedina
numberofwaystofurthertheestablishmentofhiringcriteria.TheAHJcouldsimply
requirecertificationataspecificjoblevel(e.g.,FireFighterI).TheJPRscouldalso
beusedasthebasisforpreemploymentscreeningbyestablishingessentialminimal
tasksandtherelatedevaluationcriteria.Anaddedbenefitisthatindividuals
interestedinemploymentcanworktowardtheminimalhiringcriteriaatlocal
colleges.
(3) EmployeeDevelopment.Theprofessionalqualificationsstandardscanbeusefulto
boththeemployeeandtheemployerindevelopingaplanfortheindividualsgrowth
withintheorganization.TheJPRsandtheassociatedrequisiteknowledgeandskills
canbeusedasaguidetodetermineadditionaltrainingandeducationrequiredforthe
employeetomasterthejoborprofession.
(4) SuccessionPlanning.Successionplanningorcareerpathingaddressestheefficient
placementofpeopleintojobsinresponsetocurrentneedsandanticipatedfuture
needs.Acareerdevelopmentpathcanbeestablishedfortargetedindividualsto

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preparethemforgrowthwithintheorganization.TheJPRsandrequisiteknowledge
andskillscouldthenbeusedtodevelopaneducationalpathtoaidintheindividuals
advancementwithintheorganizationorprofession.
(5) EstablishingOrganizationalPolicies,Procedures,andGoals.TheJPRscanbe
incorporatedintoorganizationalpolicies,procedures,andgoalswhereemployee
performanceisaddressed.

H.5Bibliography.
Annett,JohnandNevilleE.Stanton.2001.TaskAnalysis.LondonandNewYork:Taylor
andFrancis.
Brannick,MichaelT.andEdwardL.Levine.2001.JobAnalysis:Methods,Researchand
ApplicationsforHumanResourceManagementintheNewMillennium.ConwinPress.
Dubois,DavidD.,Ph.D.1993.CompetencyBasedPerformanceImprovement.Amherst,
MA:HRDPress.
Fine,SidneyA.andStevenF.Cronshaw.1999.FunctionalJobAnalysis:AFoundationfor
HumanResourcesManagement(AppliedPsychologySeries).LawrenceErlbaum
Association.
Gupta,Kavita.1999.APracticalGuidetoNeedsAssessment.SanFrancisco,CA:
JosseyBass/Pfeiffer.
Hartley,DarinE.1999.JobAnalysisattheSpeedofReality.Amherst,MA:HRDPress.
Hodell,Chuck.2000.ISDFromtheGroundUp.Alexandria,VA:AmericanSocietyfor
Training&Development.
Jonassen,DavidH.,MartinTessmer,andWallaceH.Hannum.1999.TaskAnalysisMethods
forInstructionalDesign.LawrenceErlbaumAssociation.
McArdle,Gerie.1998.ConductingaNeedsAnalysis(FiftyMinuteBook).CrispPublishing.
McCain,DonaldV.1999.CreatingTrainingCourses.Alexandria,VA:AmericanSociety
forTraining&Development.
Phillips,JackJ.2000.InAction:PerformanceAnalysisandConsulting.Alexandria,VA:
AmericanSocietyforTraining&Development.
Phillips,JackJ.andElwoodF.HoltonIII.1995.InAction:ConductingNeedsAssessment.
Alexandria,VA:AmericanSocietyforTraining&Development.
Robinson,DanaGainesandJamesC.Robinson.1998.MovingfromTrainingto
Performance:APracticalGuidebook.SanFrancisco:BerrettKoehler.
Schippmann,JeffreyS.1999.StrategicJobModeling:WorkingattheCoreofIntegrated
HumanResources.LawrenceErlbaumAssociation.
Shepherd,Andrew.2000.HierarchicalTaskAnalysis.LondonandNewYork:Taylorand
Francis.

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Zemke,RonandThomasKramlinger.1982.FiguringThingsOut:ATrainersGuideto
Task,Needs,andOrganizationalAnalysis.PerseusPress.

AnnexIInformationalReferences

I.1ReferencedPublications.
Thefollowingdocumentsorportionsthereofarereferencedwithinthisstandardfor
informationalpurposesonlyandarethusnotpartoftherequirementsofthisdocument
unlessalsolistedinChapter2.
I.1.1NFPAPublications.NationalFireProtectionAssociation,1BatterymarchPark,P.O.
Box9101,Quincy,MA022699101.
NFPA471,RecommendedPracticeforRespondingtoHazardousMaterialsIncidents,2002
edition.
NFPA472,StandardforProfessionalCompetenceofResponderstoHazardousMaterials
Incidents,2002edition.
NFPA1002,StandardforFireApparatusDriver/OperatorProfessionalQualifications,
1998edition.
NFPA1500,StandardonFireDepartmentOccupationalSafetyandHealthProgram,2002
edition.
NFPA1561,StandardonEmergencyServicesIncidentManagementSystem,2002edition.
NFPA1582,StandardonMedicalRequirementsforFireFightersandInformationforFire
DepartmentPhysicians,2000edition.
NFPA1670,StandardonOperationsandTrainingforTechnicalRescueIncidents,1999
edition.
I.1.2OtherPublications.
I.1.2.1FEMAPublications.FederalEmergencyManagementAgency,500CStreet,SW,
Washington,DC20472.
FA136,ProtectiveClothingandEquipmentforEmergencyRespondersforUrbanSearch
andRescueMissions.
FEMAUS&RResponseSystem.
I.1.2.2U.S.GovernmentPublications.U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice,Washington,DC
20402.
NationalStandardCurriculum,DepartmentofTransportation,1994.
Title29,CodeofFederalRegulations,Part1910.120,RegulationonHazardousWaste.
Title29,CodeofFederalRegulations,Part1910.134,RespiratoryProtectionRegulations.

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Title29,CodeofFederalRegulations,Part1926,SubpartP.
Title29,CodeofFederalRegulations,Part1926.651,SpecificExcavationRequirements.
Title29,CodeofFederalRegulations,Part1926.800,TunnelingandUnderground
Operations.
I.1.2.3AdditionalPublication.
WebstersThirdNewInternationalDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,unabridged,
MerriamCompany.

I.2ResourceMaterial.
I.2.1NFPAPublications.NationalFireProtectionAssociation,1BatterymarchPark,P.O.
Box9101,Quincy,MA022699101.
NFPA472,StandardforProfessionalCompetenceofResponderstoHazardousMaterials
Incidents,2002edition.
NFPA1001,StandardforFireFighterProfessionalQualifications,2002edition.
NFPA1500,StandardonFireDepartmentOccupationalSafetyandHealthProgram,2002
edition.
NFPA1561,StandardonEmergencyServicesIncidentManagementSystem,2002edition.
NFPA1670,StandardonOperationsandTrainingforTechnicalRescueIncidents,1999
edition.
I.2.2U.S.GovernmentPublication.U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice,Washington,DC
20402.
TitleIIISARA,1986.P.L.99499,theEmergencyPlanningandCommunityRighttoKnow
Act(EPCRA,alsoknownasSARA,TitleIII)of1986.
I.2.3OtherResourceMaterial.
TrainingforHazardousMaterialsResponse:ConfinedSpaceRescueforFirstResponders,
InternationalAssociationofFireFighters,1750NewYorkAve.,NW,Washington,DC
20006,1995.
RescueSystems1,USFA/NFARSISM,FederalEmergencyManagementAgency,United
StatesFireAdministration,NationalFireAcademy,1993.
RiverRescueATrainingManualforRescuePersonnel,OhioDepartmentofNatural
ResourcesDivisionofWatercraft,InstructionalMaterialsLaboratory,TheOhioState
University,1980.
SwiftwaterRescueAManualfortheRescueProfessional,SlimRay,CFSPress,1997.
SwiftwaterRescueTechnicianI,JimSegerstrom,MikeCroslin,andBarryEdwards,Rescue
International,1995.
ConfinedSpaceandStructuralRopeRescue,Roop,Vines&Wright,MosbyLifeline
CopyrightNFPA
Publications.
ConfinedSpaceEntryandRescueProtocol,AIHAPublications(AmericanIndustrial
HygieneAssociation).
DecontaminationforHazardousMaterialsEmergency,TimothyV.Henry,Delmar
Publishers,3ColumbiaCircle,Box15015Albany,NewYork122125015,1998.

I.3ReferencesforExtracts.
Thefollowingdocumentsarelistedheretoprovidereferenceinformation,includingtitleand
edition,forextractsgiventhroughoutthisstandardasindicatedbyareferenceinbrackets[]
followingasectionorparagraph.Thesedocumentsarenotapartoftherequirementsofthis
documentunlessalsolistedinChapter2forotherreasons.
NFPA1670,StandardonOperationsandTrainingforTechnicalRescueIncidents,1999
edition.
NFPA1983,StandardonFireServiceLifeSafetyRopeandSystemComponents,2001
edition.

CopyrightNFPA

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