Induction Course for new M & E Engineers

Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation

21st September 2013

Ir. NG YONG KONG, P.Eng., GBIF, MASHRAE

Email: nyk@nyk.com.my
Tel: +6012 201 9319
1.ASHRAE Handbook SI and Imperial Units
a.Fundamentals 2013
b.HVAC Systems and Equipment 2012
c.HVAC Applications 2011
d.Refrigeration 2010

2. Air Conditioning System Design - CARRIER

3. Handbook of A/C Design TRANE
4. CIBSE
5. MS 1525:2007 COP on Energy Efficiency and Use of
Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings ( 1st
Revision)
5. Uniform Building By Laws 1984 (UBBL)
6. Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia
 INDUCTION COURSE IN
AIR-CONDITIONING
1) INTRODUCTION TO AIR-CONDITIONING
2) PRINCIPLES OF REFRIGERATION
3) PSYCHROMETRICS
4) COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION & SOFTWARE
5) REFRIGERANT ISSUE
6) TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
7) AHRI 550/590 or MS2449 FOR CHILLERS
8) MS1525:2007
9) Green Building Index ( GBI )
 1.) Introduction to Air Conditioning

What is Comfort?
Definition:
A State of Ease and Contentment
A satisfying and enjoyable experience
The feeling of comfort is clearly subjective.

Main components that determine comfort :

Climatic conditions
Outdoor environment
Indoor environment
Activities & clothing
 Comfort Requirements
Temperature
Humidity
Air movement
Fresh air
Clean air
Noise level
Lighting
Furniture and work surfaces
ASHRAE Standard 55-2010

Specifies
conditions likely
to be thermally
acceptable to at
least 80% of the
adult occupants
in a space
Design to ASHRAE 55-2010 : Thermal Environmental
Conditions for Human Occupancy in conjunction relevant
localised parameters as listed in MS 1525:2007

Specifies Conditions likely to be thermally acceptable to at least 80%

of the adult occupants in a space

6 Primary factors that must be addressed when

defining conditions for thermal comfort are:

1.) Metabolic rate

2.) Clothing insulation
3.) Air temperature
4.) Radiant temperature
5.) Air speed
6.) Humidity
 2. What is a Refrigerant?
A refrigerant is a fluid that absorbs heat and changes from
vapor to liquid phase at reasonable pressures and temperatures
as encountered in mechanical refrigeration.

Principles of Refrigeration
The science of refrigeration is based upon the fact that a liquid can
be vaporised at any desired temperature by changing the pressure
on it.
Liquids boiling at low temperatures (Refrigerants) are the most
desirable medium for removing heat.
The large quantities of heat is absorbed when liquid is evaporated
(Changed to vapour).
 2.What is a Refrigerant
.

PRESSURE psia
F Water HCFC-22 HFC-410A HFC-134a CO2 Propane
-40 0.00186 15.26 26 7.43 145.77 16.1

0 0.0185 38.73 64 21.62 305.80 38.4

40 0.122 82.28 132 49.70 567.50 78.6

100 0.950 210.70 340 138.80 X 188.6

130 2.225 311.60 500 213.40 X 273.3

212 14.696 *CP *CP 587.20 X X

*Critical Point, pressure psia

 Four Laws of System Operation
1. Heat only moves from a higher temperature
to a lower temperature
2. A large amount of energy is required to
change the state of matter
3. The temperature and energy required to
change state are a function of pressure
4. Fluid flow only occurs if a pressure
difference exists
 Three Types of Heat Transfer
Conduction
Conduction Transfer by contact

Convection May be natural or forced

transfer by density currents and fluid motion

Radiation Transfer by electromagnetic waves

Mechanical refrigeration uses the first two.

 Sensible Heat

Btu is the heat energy necessary to

change one pound of water by 1 F
Btu British thermal unit

1 F
1 ton = 12,000 Btu/Hr.
RISE
= 3.517 kWr

1 lb

1 Btu
 Latent Heat
Total Heat = Sensible Heat + Latent Heat

212 F
212 F

Not measured on
a thermometer

Change of State

Section 2 Basic Principles

Refrigeration Cycle
The refrigeration can be obtained by use of
the refrigerants.
When the liquid refrigerants are allowed to
expose to the atmosphere, it evaporates and
refrigeration can be obtained.
To make use of the vaporised refrigerant
over and over again it is necessary to use
the devices like evaporator, compressor and
condenser.
Four Components Are Required

3. Heat rejecting section

4. Pressure/
flow control 2. Vapor
valve pump

1. Heat absorbing section

 Basic System Components
Condenser Air out: 115 F db Every system has four
108 F 120 F basic components
274.7 psia 274.7 psia
SCT SDT
Evaporator
Air in: 95 F
Compressor Compressor
SST
Condenser
Air out: 59.7 F db / 57.3 F wb Rejects the heat from the load
and system losses
Highly superheated refrigerant
55 F condenses in the tubes as heat load is
45 F 90.8 psia
90.8 psia rejected and changes back to a
SET liquid and is subcooled
Evaporator Air in: 80 F db / 67 F wb
 Why Study Psychrometrics?
1. Determine the temperature
at which condensation will
occur in walls or on a duct
2. Find all the properties of air
by knowing two conditions
3. Calculate the required airflow to
the space and for the equipment
4. Determine the sensible and total
cooling load the unit should
provide
5. Determine the coil depth and
temperature to meet the design
load conditions
Brooklyn Printing Plant

Section 1 Introduction
 Objectives
Understand the properties of air and water
vapor mixtures
Build the psychrometric chart
Use the psychrometric chart to determine
the properties of an air/water vapor mixture
Use the psychrometric chart to understand
the basic air conditioning processes
Understand how the processes can be
combined into a system using a system plot
diagram and psychrometric chart

Section 1 Introduction
 Dry-Bulb Thermometer

The temperature of air as measured by a

thermometer with a dry sensing bulb
 Wet-Bulb Thermometer

The temp. at which water will evaporate into the air

sample.

Physicallythe temp. of air when measured by a

thermometer with a wetted wick over the sensing bulb.
 Relative Humidity ( RH )

50% 100% (saturated)

If RH of the air is 50%, it contains one-half the amount of moisture
possible at the existing dry-bulb temperature.
 Relative Humidity

Relative Amount of moisture that a given

Humidity = amount of air is holding
Amount of moisture that a given
amount of air can hold
At the same dry-bulb temperature.

The amount of water vapour in the air, compared to its maximum

capacity at that dry bulb temperature.
 Dry Bulb Temperature Scale

wb dp
F

db F

Section 3 Building the Psychrometric Chart

 Psychrometric Chart
Enthalpy Specific
Volume

Relative
Wet Bulb Temperature Humidity
Dew Point Specific
Temperature Humidity

wb dp
F

db F Dry Bulb
Temperature
 Sensible Heat
qs 1.10 cfm t

db - Changes
wb - Changes
68% rh
dp - Constant 24% rh
gr - Constant
COOLING

HEATING 52 gr

wb dp
F 90 60 = 30

db F t
60 90
Sensible Heat Change
 Latent Heat
q l 0.69 cfm grains

wb - Changes
dp - Changes
68% rh
gr - Changes 24% rh
89 gr
Condensation
db - Constant

Evaporation
Latent
grains Heat
89 30 = 60 Change

wb dp
30 gr
F

db F

75
 Enthalpy Scale
hs = Enthalpy at saturation

hs = 27.5 Btu/lb

wb dp
F

db F
 Relative Humidity Lines
Relative 60
Humidity 45%
132
Approx. 132 gr

45%
60 gr

wb dp
F

db F

75
 Dew Point Example
95 F
db
100 gr

100 gr

wb dp
F

db F

55 67 95
 Air Conditioning Processes
1. Sensible Heating
2. Sensible Cooling
3. Humidification
4. Dehumidification
5. Cooling and Humidification
(Evaporative Cooling)
6. Cooling and
Dehumidification
7. Heating and
Humidification
8. Heating and
Dehumidification

wb dp
F

db F
 Total Heat
qt qs ql

Cooling
89 gr

Condensation

Evaporation
Latent

Grains
Heat
Change
t 30 gr
wb dp
F
Heating

db F

75 95
Sensible Heat Change
Using Enthalpy to Determine Total Heat
Removed

Latent Heat
1.7

Sensible Heat
5.0
wb dp
F

db F

55 75
Total Capacity or Load Formula
GTH = 4.5 cfm h
Where:
GTH = Grand Total Heat
4.5 = Constant
cfm = cubic feet per minute
h = Difference in enthalpy from
air entering to air leaving
conditions
 Cooling Coils
Face Area = Length Height
Length
Height

Velocity
cfm / face area

Fins
Rows Refrigerant
Temperature
ASHRAE Comfort Zone
4.) Cooling Load Estimation
To design the effective HVAC design, the analysis of heat
load is carried out.
Cooling Load Components:
- Location/altitude/ orientation
Transmission through Building Components -
walls, glass, ceilings, roofs, doors and floors,
partitions from non conditioned spaces.
Solar Radiations on - glass, wall, roof, etc.
 Human Comfort - Design
Ventilation Requirements.
Latent and Sensible heat losses from people.
Lighting and ballasts.
Appliances and equipment in the conditioned space.
Ducts and motor heat gain from cooling system itself.
Infiltration of outdoor air.
 7.) TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEMS
WRAC

WRACs are factory-made assemblies that normally

include an evaporator or cooling coil and a
compressor-condenser combination

Room Air Conditioners are encased assemblies

designed primarily for mounting in a window or
through a wall and are often called Window Room
Air Conditioners ( WRAC ).
Window Room Air Conditioner

Window room air conditioner

 Air Cool Split Units

A Unitary Air Conditioner with more than one

factory-made assembly is commonly called a split
system.
It basically comprises an indoor unit with the
evaporator and blower and an outdoor unit with
the compressor, condenser coil and fan coupled
with refrigeration piping.
The indoor units is often known as Fan Coil Units
( FCUs )and the outdoor units known as
Condensing Units. As a whole, they are known as
the Air Cooled Split Units. (ACSUs)
 3. Air Cooled Split Units

The installation of an Air Cooled Split Unit is

basically the same with the outdoor and indoor
units connected with refrigerating piping called
Suction and Liquid line.
Manufacturers recommend a Maximum Piping
length of 7 to 15 m and maximum elevation
between indoor and outdoor unit of 5 to 7 m.
3. Air Cooled Split Units
Warm air (recirculating)

Fan Coil Unit

Cool air

Outdoor air

Condensing Unit
3.Air Cooled Split Units (ACSUs)

Both indoor and outdoor units are housed in

robust casings. The outdoor unit is basically
the same construction for all the various types
of indoor units. The difference lies in the type
of indoor unit.
Wall Mounted Cassette
Floor Standing

Ceiling Exposed
3. ACSUs : Fresh Air Intake ?

The wall mounted

and under ceiling
split system has no
provision for intake
of outdoor air and/or
exhaust of stale
room air.
Room
. air is just
filtered and re-
circulated.
3.) Air Cooled Split Units
The Ceiling Cassette Split
System has a knockout in the
casing that allows outdoor
fresh air to be introduced.

A fan may be
added if the
intake is far
away.
 Advantages Other Systems
Low first cost Low Efficiency
Flexibilities No Fresh Air
Easy to maintain Potential IAQ
Short lead time issues
Ex Stock
5. Water-cooled Splits/Packaged Units
- WC Splits
- Typ. Capacity range
from 2.0 6 Hp
- Ducted/Under
ceiling

- WC Packaged
- Typ. Capacity range
from 20 100 Hp
- Floor Standing
Typical kw / ton around 1.0- 1.2 kw/ton
 6. Variable Refrigerant System
On a single refrigerant pipe, many

indoor units can be connected.

 Advantages Others Systems

Flexibilities Moderate Energy
Better RH than Efficiency
ACSUs Compared to
Space Saving CHWS
Better EE than Potential IAQ
ACSUs Problem
 Chilled Water System
control
valve

80F
(26.7C) 54F 50F 110F 97F
(12.2C) (10C)(43.3C) (36.1C)
condenser

44F 41F 100F 87F cooling

55F (30.6C) tower
(12.8C) (6.7C) (5.0C)(37.8C)

pump
Chilled Water Loop Refrigeration Loop Condenser Water Loop
Airside Loop (CHWP, Piping &
(AHU & Air Duct) (Water-cooled Chiller) (CWP, Piping & Cooling Tower)
Cooling Coil)
Packaged Air-Cooled Chiller
compressor

evaporator air-cooled
condenser

expansion
Chilled Water Loop device
Airside Loop (CHWP, Piping & Refrigeration Loop
(AHU & Air Duct) Cooling Coil) (Air-cooled Chiller)
Conventional chilled water system

44F
[6.7C]

54F
[12.2C]

3-way valve
 Primary-Secondary Configuration

primary
pumps

Variable
secondary
production pump
loop

distribution
loop
two-way valve
 Variable-Primary-Flow Systems

Variable-flow
pumps

check
valves
control
valve
two-way
valve
optional bypass
with three-way valve
Constant Primary Flow / Variable Secondary
Flow Chilled Water System
Secondary Pumps
(Variable Speed)

Isolation
Valves

Decoupling Bypass
Chiller Chiller
(Constant (Constant
Flow) Flow)
Load Load
(Variable (Variable DP
Flow) Flow)

Control
Valves

Primary Pumps
(Constant Speed)

13
 Type of Chiller Compressors
(Hermetic or Semi-Hermetic)
Scroll
Reciprocating

Helical-Rotary
Screw Centrifugal
Compressor
 Air-cooled Chiller
20 100RT for Scroll
70 500 RT for Screw
Typical Efficiency
range 1.1 1.3 kw/ton

Applications :
Retail, Commercial,
Industrial & Government

Scroll & Screw & some using Reciprocating

 Water-cooled Chiller
20 100RT for Scroll
70 400RT for Screw
100 2500 RT
Typical Efficiency
range 0.5 0.7 kw/ton

Applications :
Retail, Commercial,
Industrial & Govt.
Buildings

Scroll & Screw & some using Reciprocating

 Avoid VSD Chillers - Centrifugal
Malaysian tropical climate has a near constant wet bulb temp thus VSDs do
not save a huge amount of energy. In temperate climates, the WB drops
significantly, thus the condenser water supply will also drop- at low CWS,
the chiller compressors will overspeed

During low wetbulb temperature the lift changes, thus causing the compressor
to overspeed, which is similar to a car moving downhill. The new lift for the
refrigerant is achieved by reducing the compressor speed- thus, the
refrigerant will work more effectively during those periods of low wet bulb
temperature.

Source: Malaysian Industrial Energy Audit Guidelines MIEEIP, PTM

 Variable Speed Chillers Screw or
Centrifugal
Good variable Part Load Value
for 4-season areas.

Low Ambient

Need to carefully Evaluate

Benefits.
 Chiller Standard Performance Rating
Standard

( Air-Conditioning, Heating
and Refrigeration Institute)

AHRI STD. 551/5912011

 MS 1525:2007

Code of Practice on
Energy Efficiency and
Use of Renewable
Energy for Non-
Residential Buildings
(1st Revision)
 Chillers Standard Rating Conditions
1.) MS 1525:2007 Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of
Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings (1st Revision)
Pg. 36 Section 8.11.1
Kw/Ton at

1.) 100% or Full load

2.) Part Load

Chiller Standard Performance Rating
Standard

Eurovent
JIS
GB
MS2449:2012
 MS 2449:2012
Performance
rating of water-
chilling packages
using the vapor
compression cycle
 Included in AHRI STD Certification Program for 50 Hz
Electrical Power

1.) Centrifugal & Screw Chillers with Continous

Loading
2.) Rated 200 1,000 tons (703 3,517 KW ) at
Standard ARI Rating Conditions.
3.) Hermetic & Open type, electric motor driven.
4.) Voltages up to 5,000 Volts.
Excluded in AHRI STD Certification Program for 50 Hz
Electrical Power

1.) Scroll & Reciprocating compressor chillers with step unloading.

2.) Condenserless Chillers.
3.)Evaporatively Cooled Chillers.
4.) Chillers below 200 tons and above 1000 tons.
5.) Chillers with Voltages above 5000 volts.
6.) Chillers powered by other than electric motor drives.
7.) Chillers with motors not supplied with the unit by the
manufacturer.
8.) Air-Cooled Chillers.
6.1 ) Percent Load Weighting of Part Load Points
1992 Std 1998 Std 2003 Std
100% 17% 1% 1%
75% 39% 42% 42%
50% 33% 45% 45%
25% 11% 12% 12%
6.2) Fouling factors (h.ftF/Btu) or (m.c/w)
1992 1998
Cooler 0.00025 0.0001
Condenser 0.00025 0.00025
A = kw/ton at 100% Load C = kw/ton at 50% Load
B = kw/ton at 75% Load D = kw/ton at 25% Load
 WHAT TEMP. TO USE FOR PART LOAD PERFORMANCE FROM 100%
DOWN TO 0%

7.) Entering Condenser Water Temp. commonly

used in Malaysia to evaluate Part Load
Performance:
Percent Load (1) (2)
F F F
100% 85 87 87
75% 75 87 85.25
50% 65 87 83.5
25% 65 87 81.75
0% 65 87 80
 Flow Rates and Temperatures
95F 44F 97F 44F
[35C] [6.7C] [36.1C] [6.7C

85F 87F
[29.4C] [30.6C]

ARI Malaysia
54F 54F
[12.2C] [12.2C]

conditions Conditions
evaporator 2.4 gpm/ton evaporator 2.4 gpm/ton
flow rate [0.043 L/s/kW] flow rate [0.043 L/s/kW]
condenser 3.0 gpm/ton condenser 3.0 gpm/ton
flow rate [0.054 L/s/kW] flow rate [0.054 L/s/kW]
 Typical Schematic of Chilled Water HVAC System
Condenser water makeup
COOLING
TOWERS F
CHILLED
WATER F

F
T

FCU
T
F
15C
The
AHU T T AHU
importance
RETURN
F
T
F
T
AIR FAN F of
controlling
RETURN 9 - 12 C

15C 15C
By Air the flow of
MAIN RISER

MAIN RISER
FEED 6C

By Refrigerant
T
air and water
F
in HVAC
AHU T PRIMARY CHILLED
WATER PUMPS systems
CONDENSER WATER 35C

F
T
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR

CONDENSER
WATER PUMPS
CHILLER 1

CHILLER 2

CHILLER 3
15C

SECONDARY
CHILLED
WATER PUMPS

By Air F
F F F RETURN CONDENSER WATER 30C

By Water
 Chillers Flow Rates and Temperatures
Why use 10F and how much above can we go ?
10 F = 2.4 USgpm/RT
12 F = 2.0 USgpm/RT
14 F = 1.7 USgpm/RT

Btuh = 500 x Q(USgpm) x T (deg F)

kWR = 4.187 x Q(l/s) x T (deg C)
Saves
Energy
Equipment
1-1 Rating Stds shouldnt restrict us from designing more efficient CHW
system
Chiller Part Load Performance
IPLV / NPLV =____________1____________
0.01 + 0.42 + 0.45 + 0.12
A B C D
Where : A = KW/Ton at 100% , B = KW/Ton at 75 %
C = KW/Ton at 50 % , D = KW/Ton at 25 %

45%
25% Load 12% 100% Load

50% Load 1%

75% Load

42%

1-2
 Full Load Vs Part Load
Both FullPart and Part Load Efficiency can be
important.
Full Load- Design Based On Consultant
Calculation. (With or Without diversity factor)

Part Load- May be running most of the time?

The arts and sciences of HVAC based on experience

 Type of Refrigerants

CFC HCFC HFC HFO

R-11 R-22 R-134a HFO
R-12 R-123 R404A 1234fy
R-13 R-401A R-407C
R-500 R-401B R-410A
R-502 R-402A R-507
R-503 R-402B
R-408A
R-409A
 5.) Refrigerant Issue-
Environmental Impact

ODP: Ozone Depletion Potential

GWP: Global Warming Potential
Climate Change
 DX versus Chilled Water
Major factors Affecting the Decision
Installed Cost
Energy Consumption
Type of Application
Space Requirements
Building Aesthetics
System Capacity
Centralized Maintenance
Stability of Control
Redundancy
Air-Cooled vs Water-Cooled

Air-cooled Water-cooled

Life Span 15 - 20 years 20 - 30 years

System EE kW/ton 1.0 - 1.3 0.9 - 1.1

Maintenance Lower Higher

Noise Containment Open Enclosed

Space Requirement Less More

Cost Lower Higher

Capacity Range 3 - 500RT 50 - 2,500RT+

 Typical Energy Usage in a Commercial Building in
Hot/Humid climates

Variable Frequency
Other Drive (VFD)/
Lighting Equipment
DHW 10% 15% Variable Speed Drive
12% (VSD)/ Speed
Controller
-Improve comfort levels
-Reduce operating costs,

Approx. 60% - Air

Conditioning Plant
Central
AHU/FCU Plant
24% 39%
Chilled Water System: Direct or Reverse
Return
DBCV - DYNAMIC BALANCING CONTROL
VALVE
PICV PRES. INDEPENDENT CONTROL
VALVE
Design
Pressure Independent
Control
Automatic balancing
Commissioning

Save installation space & time

Save commissioning time &
balancing
Eliminate error
Illuminated enclosure
GREEN: normal
RED: fault
Air Distribution System

Methods of Air Flow Control

Air flow :
Outlet dampers
Inlet guide vanes
Variable pitch fan
Variable Speed Drive(VSD/VFD)
 Water Distribution System

Methods of Water Flow Control

Water Flow Centrifugal pumps :
Bypass valve (three way)
Throttling valve (two way)
Trim Impeller (irreversible)
Variable Speed Drive (VSD)
Fans and Centrifugal Pumps Fundamentals
Affinity Laws
Air Flow2 Fan Speed2
=
Air Flow1 Fan Speed1
Air/Water flow is proportional to Fan/Pump Speed

2
Static Pressure2 Air Flow2
=
Static Pressure1 Air Flow1
Static Pressure is proportional to (Fan/Pump
Speed)2 e.g

3 80% speed
Input Power2 Air Flow2 Input power
=
Input Power1 Air Flow1 = (0.8x0.8x0.8)
Input Power is proportional to (Fan/Pump Speed)3
= 0.51 or 51%
w/o system effect
Air Distribution System Supply Fan Basics

There are two types of air

distribution systems
i.)CAV - Constant Air Volume
ii.)VAV Variable Air Volume
 CAV Constant Air Volume
In CAV systems, thermal comfort is
achieved by delivering a constant volume of
supply air.
If location being served requires less
cooling, the supply air temperature remain
the same but the total volume of supply air
remains the same as if full cooling is
required
 Air Distribution System
VFD/VSD Application - Supply Fan Basics

There are two types of air

distribution systems Supply Fan
Variable Air Volume
Constant Air Volume

VFDs/VSDs are not only

applied to VAV systems
but can also be incorporated
into CAV systems.
 Air Distribution System

CAV Supply Fan Basics

Conditioned
No method of controlling air flow Space

is provided
T
The conditioned space receives Supply
Design air flow at all times Fan

The chilled water valves are

controlled by space temperature

Sensor may be in
return air duct.
However, for large single zone CAV
systems, its possible to convert them
to single zone VAV systems
 VAV Variable Air Volume
To maintain thermally comfortable conditions,
VAV systems utilize a resetable constant
temperature of the delivered air to most
locations, while varying the quantity of air
delivered to the individual zones in the building.
Varying the air flow is controlled by using a
VFD/VSD in the fan motor.
 VAV - Variable Air Volume

System
Components:
1. VAV Box
2. Zone Thermostat
3. Air Diffuser
4. Return Grille
5. Duct Static Pressure
Sensor
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4
6. Supply Fan VFD
7. AHU
8. Supply Duct
Section 1 Introduction
Air Distribution System

Why put a VFD/VSD on CAV SYSTEM

Oversized systems Eliminate over capacity
=> energy saving,
=> Lower Acoustic Noise
=> easier balancing

Better temperature control -

Variable Occupancy Profile maintain minimum airflow
- Vary from 70-100%
E.g :
Hotel Lobby, Office or Lift
Lobby, Cineplex, Large Single
Zone office, conference hall,
etc..
Air Distribution System

CAV to Single Zone VAV using VFD/VSD

VFD controls air flow just as Conditioned
Space
VAV boxes would
Coils control supply air T
temperature Supply T
Works for large, single-zone Fan

systems

Maintain minimum airflow

typically 70% and vary between
70-100% based on temp, Air
quality or CO2 inputs Supply Fan
Drive Sensor may be in
return air duct.
Input Power2 Air Flow2 3
Input Power1
= Air Flow1 eg 80% Input Power = (0.8 x 0.8 x 0.8)
Input Power is proportional to (Fan Speed) = 0.51 or 51%
w/o system effect
Building code requirements
Extract from Third Schedule (By-law 41)
ASHRAE STD 62.1-2010 Ventilation For Acceptable
For Indoor Air Quality

Ventilation is the key to

Sustainable IAQ and
ASHRAE Std 62.1 is the
Leading Standard
adopted by most Local
Authorities and HVAC
Engineers in the world.
Acceptable Indoor Air Quality is defined as air in which there are
no known Contaminants at harmful Concentrations as determined
by Cognizant Authorities and with which a substantial majority
( 80% or more ) of the people exposed do not express
dissatisfaction.

1.) Ventilation Rate Procedure ( VRP )

is a prescriptive procedure with a table of minimum required outdoor airflow
rates per occupant for a variety of non-
residential occupancies.
The airflow rate per square foot of building floor area is based-
on the design occupancy density and the required flow rate per person,
adjusted to reflect the air distribution system used.
ASHRAE Std 62.1-2007 Ventilation For Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

1.) Ventilation Rate Procedure ( VRP )

Vbz = Rp.Pz + Ra.Az

Where Vbz = Design outdoor airflow required in the

breathing zone of the occupied space or spaces in a
zone,i.e the breathing zone outdoor air flow

Az = Zone floor area: the net occupiable floor area of the zone
m2 ( ft2)
Pz = zone population: the largest number of people expected
to occupy the zone during typical usage.
Rp = outdoor airflow rate required per person as determined
from Table 6-1
Ra = outdoor airflow rate required per unit area as determined
from Table 6-1
 ASHRAE Std 62.1-2010 Ventilation For
Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

1.) Ventilation Rate Procedure ( VRP )

2.) Indoor Air Quality Procedure ( IAQ )

- air filtration/purification to remove some or all of the
contaminants of concern can be part of the system.
 TABLE 6-1 MINIMUM VENTILATION RATES IN
BREATHING ZONE

People Outdoor Area Outdoor Default Values

Occupant Combined
Occupancy Air Rate Air Rate Density Outdoor
Air Rate
Category Rp Ra
cfm/ L/s cfm/ft L/s #1000 ft cfm/ L/s
person person m or #100 m person person

Office
Buildings

Office
Space 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 5 17 8.5
Reception
areas 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 30 7 3.5
 TABLE 6-1 MINIMUM VENTILATION RATES IN BREATHING ZONE

Hotels, Motels, Resort,

Dormitories
Bedroom / living
room 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 10 11 5.5
Barracks sleeping
areas 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 20 8 4.0
Laundry rooms,
central 5 2.5 0.12 0.6 10 17 8.5

Laundry rooms within 5 2.5 0.12 0.6 10 17 8.5

dwelling units

Lobbies / pre-function 7.5 3.8 0.06 0.3 30 10 4.8

Multipurpose assembly 5 2.5 0.06 0.3 120 6 2.8

 MS1525-2007
Air Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation (ACMV) System

Indoor Design Condition

a) Recommended Design DB Temperature 23 - 26C (73.4 78.8F )
b) Minimum DB Temperature 22C
c) Recommended Design RH 55% - 70%
d) Recommended Air Movement 0.15 m/s 0.50m/s
e) Maximum Air Movement 0.7 m/s

Outdoor Design Conditions

a) Recommended Outdoor Design 33.3C / 27.2C
Conditions DB / WB ( 92F/ 81F )
ASHRAE Comfort Zone
 MS 1525:2007
Code of Practice on
Energy Efficiency and
Use of Renewable
Energy for Non-
Residential Buildings
(1st Revision)
8. Air-conditioning and mechanical
ventilation (ACMV) system

8.1 Load calculations

8.2 System and equipment sizing
8.3 Separate air distribution systems
8.4 Controls
8.5 Piping insulation
8.6 Air handling duct system insulation
8.7 Duct construction
8.8 Balancing
8. Air-conditioning and mechanical
ventilation (ACMV) system

8.9 ACMV systems

8.10 ACMV system equipment
8.11 ACMV system components
8.12 ACMV system equipment/component
heat operated (absorption), cooling mode
8.13 System testing and commissioning
8.14 Operation and maintenance (O&M) manual
and as-built drawings
8.15 Preventive maintenance
8.1 Load calculations

8.1.1 Calculation procedures

Cooling system design loads for the purpose of
sizing systems and equipment should be
determined in accordance with the procedures
described in the latest edition of the ASHRAE
Handbook, or other equivalent publications.
8.1.2 Indoor design conditions
Room comfort condition is dependent on various
factors including air temperature, mean radiant
temperature, humidity, clothing, metabolic rate and
air movement preference of the occupant.
For the purpose of engineering design, room
comfort condition should consider the following
three (3) main factors:
dry bulb temperature;
relative humidity; and
air movement (air velocity)
8.1.4 Ventilation

Outdoor air-ventilation rates should comply with Third

Schedule (By Law 41) Article 12(1) of Uniform
Building By Laws, 1984.
Exception:
Outdoor air quantities may exceed those shown, if
required because of special occupancy or process
requirements or source control of air contamination or
Indoor Air Quality consideration.
8.2 System and equipment sizing
8.2.1 Air conditioning systems and equipment shall be
sized to provide no more than the space and system
loads calculated in accordance with 8.1 above,
consistent with available equipment capacity.
Redundancy in capacity of equipment, if incorporated
into the sizing of the duty equipment, should include
efficiency devices such as variable speed drive, high
efficiency motor, efficient unloading devices, multi
compressors etc so as not to diminish the
equipment/system efficiency when operating at
varying loads.
8.2.2 Where chillers are used and when the design load
is greater than 1,000 kWr, a minimum of either
two chillers or a single multi-compressor chiller
should be provided to meet the required load.
8.2.3 Multiple units of the same equipment type, such as
multiple chillers, with combined capacities
exceeding the design load may be specified to
operate concurrently only if controls are provided
which sequence or otherwise optimally control the
operation of each unit based on the required cooling
load.
8.4 Controls
8.4.1 Temperature control
Each system should be provided with at least
one thermostat for the regulation of temperature.
Each thermostat should be capable of being set by
adjustment or selection of sensors over a
minimum range of between 22 C to 27 C.
Multi-stage thermostat should be provided for
equipment exceeding 35/65 kWr in conjunction
with 8.2.4.
8.4.2 Humidity control
In a system requiring moisture removal to
maintain specific selected relative humidity in
spaces or zones, no new source of energy (such
as electric reheat) should be used to produce a
space relative humidity below 70 % for
comfort cooling purposes.
8.4.3 Energy Recovery
It is recommended that consideration be given to
the use of recovery systems which will conserve
energy (provided the amount expended is less than
the amount recovered) when the energy transfer
potential and the operating hours are considered.
Recovered energy in excess of the new source of
energy expended in the recovery process may be
used for control of temperature and humidity.
Examples include the use of condenser water for
reheat, desuperheater heat reclaim, heat recovery
wheel, heat pipe or any other energy recovery
technology.
8.4.5 Mechanical ventilation control
Each mechanical ventilation system (supply
and/or exhaust) should be equipped with a
readily accessible switch or other means for
shut-off or volume reduction when ventilation is
not required. Examples of such devices would
include timer switch control, thermostat
control, duty cycle programming and
CO/CO2 sensor control.
8.4.6 Fan System Efficiency
For fan system with air flowrate exceeding
17000 m3/h and operating for more than 750
hours a year, the power required by the motor
for the entire fan system at design conditions
should not exceed 0.45 W per m3/h of air
flowrate.
8.7 Duct construction
All ductwork should be constructed and erected in
accordance with HVAC Duct Construction
Standards Metal and Flexible published by
SMACNA or any other equivalent duct construction
standards.

8.7.1 High-pressure and medium-pressure ducts should

be leak tested in accordance with HVAC Air Duct
Leakage Test Manual published by SMACNA or
any other equivalent standards, with the rate of
leakage not to exceed the maximum rate specified.
8.8 Balancing

The system design should provide means for

balancing the air and water system such as but not
limited to dampers, temperature and pressure test
connections and balancing valves.
8.10 ACMV system equipment
ACMV system equipment provides, in one (single
package) or more (split system) factory assembled
packages, means for air-circulation, air-cleaning, air-
cooling with controlled temperature and
dehumidification. The cooling function may be either
electrically or heat operated, and the refrigerant
condenser may be air, water or evaporatively-
cooled.
Where the equipment is provided in more than one
package, the separate packages should be designed by
the manufacturer to be used together.
8.13 System testing & commissioning

Air system balancing should be accomplished in a

manner to minimise throttling losses and then fan
speed shall be adjusted to meet design flow conditions.
Hydraulic system balancing should be accomplished in
a manner to minimise throttling losses and then the
pump impeller should be trimmed or pump speed
should be adjusted to meet design flow conditions.
ACMV control systems should be tested to assure that
control elements are calibrated, adjusted and in proper
working condition.
8.15 Preventive Maintenance

The owner should implement preventive maintenance

system and schedule periodic maintenance on all the
critical items of air-conditioning systems such as
compressors, cooling towers, pumps, condensers, air
handlers, controls, filters and piping.
AHU Room with Acoustical Problems
 What is Legionnaires Disease?
- Respiratory disease
- Bacteria Legionella pneumophilia
- Found in any aquatic environment

e.g; Cooling towers, evaporative condensers, showers,

whirlpool spas, humidifies, decorative fountains, fire
sprinklers systems.
Sign and Symptoms of Legionnaires Disease

- Usually begins with a headache, pain in the muscles and

a general feeling un-wellness.
- High fever (up to 40-40.5 deg C or about 104-105
deg.F) and shaking chills.
- Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea may occur
- Dry coughing and chest pain might occur
- 5 -15% of known cases have been fatal
 Who is more likely to get
Legionnaires disease?
- Middle aged or older people
- Those who smoke tobacco or have chronic lung
disease
- Low resistance to infection / immune system

Workers most at risk

- Those who maintain cooling towers in air
conditioning systems
 How to Prevent Legionnaires Disease?

a) Good engineering practices in the operation and

maintenance of the system.
- Cooling towers should be inspected and thoroughly
cleaned at least once a year.
b) Corroded parts, such as drift eliminators should be
replaced.
c) Algae and accumulated scale should be removed.
d) Cooling towers water should be treated constantly.
 Location of Cooling Towers
- Locate away from fresh air intakes.
- Locate away from kitchen exhaust fans,
plants, truck bays, or other sources of
organic matter
- Consider direction of prevailing wings.
- Consider future construction.
Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality 2010
DOSH Malaysia* Ministry of Human Resources
Table 1: List of Indoor Air Contaminants and the Maximum Limits
Acceptable Range for Specific
Physical Parameters Proposed 2010

Parameter Acceptable range

(a) Air temperature 23.0 26.0 C

(b) Relative humidity 40 70%

(c) Air movement 0.15 0.50

List of Indoor Air Contaminants and acceptable limits

Indoor Air Contaminants Eight-hours time-weighted average airborne

concentration
ppm mg/m cfu/m
Chemical contaminants
(a) Carbon dioxide C1000 - -
(b) Carbon monoxide 10 - -
(c) Formaldehyde 0.1 - -
(d) Ozone 0.05 - -
(e) Respirable particulates - 0.15 -
(f) Total volatile organic compounds 3 - -
(TVOC)
Biological contaminants
(a) Total bacterial counts - - 500
(b) Total fungal counts - - 1000
 Carbon Dioxide and DCV

CO2-based DCV has the most

energy savings potential in
buildings where occupancy
fluctuates.
Office buildings, government
facilities, retail stores and
shopping malls, airports,
theaters, auditoriums,
conference or lecture halls,
entertainment areas are good
candidates for DCV
 Carbon Dioxide and DCV
Benefits
Improved IAQ Increasing ventilation if CO2
levels rise to unacceptable levels.
Improved humidity control In humid
climates, DCV can prevent unnecessary
influxes of humid outdoor air that makes
occupants uncomfortable and encourages
mould & mildew growth
Typical Installation AHU Room
Return Air

CO2 sensor AHU Room

Supply Air
AHU

Fresh Air

Fresh air damper

Damper Actuator
 Energy Monitoring

Energy meter
EFC3500
DA
NF
OS
S

Air Handling Unit

Pt 500
RTD
Pt 500 RTD

Flowmeter
The operation principle of inline magnetic flowmeters

Full Bore Flange Type

 Type of Flow Meters

Electronic Flow Meters Full Bore Flange Type

Electromagnetic

Qualities
Obstruction free
No moving parts
Wide flow range
Virtually no maintenance
Minimal installation requirements
Typical accuracy at 0.25% and 0.5%
Full BMS Integration
Measures the velocities across the When an electrical conductor
pipe line cross section
moved at velocity, perpendicular
Insensitivity to viscosity, specific to the lines of flux through a
gravity, temperature and pressure
magnetic field of strength, the
Respond well to fast changing flows
voltage is induced at the ends of
Lower life-cycle costs
the conductor
 Type of Flow Meters
Electronic Flow Meters
Ultrasonic

Obstruction free
No moving parts
Wide flow range
Virtually no maintenance
Sensitive to pipe elbows and
control valves
Respond well to fast changing
flows
Full BMS Integration
Measuring Principle
Acoustic flow measuring procedures like
Low Cost of Ownership on
the ultrasonic-flow measurement use larger pipe (>DN300)
sound waves above the hearing barrier,
i.e.> 20 kHz for speed and flow
measurement. The velocity and direction
of the sound rays change due to the
transport of the sound waves in the fluid.
With the transit time procedure, the time
is measured in which a sound wave takes
to get around path 1. I.e. point A, the
sender
 What is a Green Design or
Sustainable Design?
ASHRAE GreenGuide provides one definition for
sustainable building design:

Sustainability is the providing of the

needs of the present without detracting
from the ability to fulfill the needs of the
future
 Whats Green Building?
USEPA- practice of creating structures and
using processes that are environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient throughout a
buildings lifecycle from design ,
construction,operation , maintenance,
renovation and even deconstruction.
- Sustainable or High-Performance building

Source: IEM Jurutera June 2010 Bulletin

 Green Building Rating System

Canada
LEED Canada
BREEAM Canada UK
Green Globe BREEAM
Korea
Italy
GBTool
USA Protocollo China Japan
LEED ITACA CASBEE
Energy Star India Hong Kong
Green Globe LEED-India HK-BEAM
Malaysia Taiwan
Brazil GBI
GBTool Singapore
Green Mark
Australia
Green Star
 Australia: Nabers / Green Star
Brazil: AQUA / LEED Brasil
Canada: LEED Canada / Green Globes
China: GBAS
Finland: PromisE
France: HQE
Germany: DGNB / CEPHEUS
Hong Kong: HKBEAM
India: GRIHA
Italy: Protocollo Itaca / Green Building Counsil Italia
Malaysia: GBI Malaysia
Mexico: LEED Mexico
Netherlands: BREEAM Netherlands
New Zealand: Green Star NZ
Philippines: BERDE / Philippine Green Building Council
Portugal: Lider A
Singapore: Green Mark
South Africa: Green Star SA
Spain: VERDE
Switzerland: Minergie
United States: LEED / Living Building Challenge / Green Globes /
Build it Green / NAHB NGBS
United Kingdom: BREEAM
United Arab Emirates: Estidama
 GLOBAL GREEN TOOLS
1. BREEAM, UK Building Research Establishment
Environmental Assessment Method (1990)
2. LEED, USA Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (1996)
3. BEAM, Hong Kong Building Environment Assessment
Method (2003)
4. EEWH, Taiwan Green Building Evaluation System (2003)
5. Green Star, Australia/New Zealand (2003)
6. CASBEE, Japan Comprehensive Assessment System for
Building Environmental Efficiency (2004)
7. Green Mark, Singapore (2005)
8. Green Building Index, Malaysia (2009)
9. Greenship, Indonesia (2010)
 Building Energy Intensity

BEI = (TBEC - CPEC - DCEC)*(52/WOH)

(GFAex.cp - DCA - GLA*FVR)

where: ex.cp denotes excluding car park

BEI = (TBEC - CPEC - DCEC)*(52/WOH)
(GFAexcl carpark - DCA - GLA*FVR)
Where;
TBEC: Total Building Energy Consumption (kWh/year) for all
landlord and tenancy areas.
CPEC: Carpark Energy Consumption (kWh/year) for carpark
area (which is not air-conditioned) and typically covers
artificial lighting, lifts, mechanical ventilation fans, sump
pumps and plug loads (car washing facilities).
Installations serving the whole building (such as hydraulic
pumps and fire pumps) shall not be included.
DCEC: Data Centre Energy Consumption (kWh/year) for
operation of the Data Centre equipment and for
controlling its indoor environment (air-conditioning,
mechanical ventilation, lighting and plug loads).
GFAexcluding carpark : Gross Floor Area of buildings exclusive
of car park area (m2)
BEI = (TBEC - CPEC - DCEC)*(52/WOH)
(GFAexcl carpark - DCA - GLA*FVR)

DCA: Gross area of Data Centre (m2)

GLA: Gross Lettable Area (m2) refers to the total functional use
area for commercial purposes such as office, retail,
cafeteria, restaurant, gymnasium and club house inside
the building but excluding all common areas and service
areas. The sum of GLA, common areas and service areas
should equal the GFA excluding car park.
FVR: Floor Vacancy Rate is the weighted floor vacancy rate of
office, retail and other functional spaces of GLA. The FVR
(%) of GLA is equal to the non-occupied lettable area divided
by the GLA.
52: Typical weekly operating hours of office buildings in
KL/Malaysia (hrs/wk) = 2,700 hrs/annum
WOH: Weighted Weekly Operating Hours of GLA exclusive of
DCA (hrs/wk)
 BEI

EE5 pts Office Retail Hotel Hospital Etc

2 150 240 200 200 ?
3 140 225 190 190 ?
5 130 210 175 175 ?
8 120 195 160 160 ?
10 110 180 150 150 ?
12 100 160 135 135 ?
15 90 145 120 120 ?
 Electrical Sub-Metering
Separate metering provided for the following;
Landlord and/or tenant
Lift and escalator
Major water pumping system
Central air-conditioning system
Car park and common area lighting/power system
External and faade lighting

Separate electricity metering

to be linked to EMS
 THANK YOU

Ir. NG YONG KONG, P.Eng., GBIF, MASHRAE

Email: nyk@nyk.com.my
Tel: +6012 201 9319