Design Guide Eurocode Midas Civil - 2nd Edition PDF

DESIGN GUIDE for midas Civil
DESIGN GUIDE
for midas Civil
Second Edition
DESIGN The objective of this design guide is to outline the design
GUIDE
algorithms which are applied in midas Civil nite element
analysis and design system. The guide aims to provide
sucient information for the user to understand the
scope, limitations and formulas applied in the design
features and to provide relevant references to the clauses
for midas Civil

in the Design standards.
Second Edition
DESIGN GUIDE Prestressed Box Girder Design : EN 1992-2 The design guide covers prestressed box girder, composite
for midas Civil steel box girder, composite plate girder, steel frame and
Contents RC frame as per Eurocode.
It is recommended that you read this guide and review

Second Edition
Open corresponding tutorials, which are found on our web site,
http://www.MidasUser.com, before designing. Additional
table of contents is printed information can be found in the online help available in
on the folded flap
the programs main menu.
Prestressed Box Girder Design
Composite Steel Box Girder Design

Composite Steel Box Girder Design : EN 1994-2
Composite Plate Girder Design
Steel Frame Design
RC Frame Design
Composite Plate Girder Design : EN 1994-2

DESIGN
GUIDE
for midas Civil
Second Edition
DISCLAIMER
Developers and distributors assume no responsibility for the use of MIDAS Family Program (midas Civil, midas
FEA, midas FX+, midas Gen, midas Drawing, midas SDS, midas GTS, SoilWorks, midas NFX ; hereinafter referred
to as MIDAS package) or for the accuracy or validity of any results obtained from the MIDAS package.
Developers and distributors shall not be liable for loss of prot, loss of business, or nancial loss which may be
caused directly or indirectly by the MIDAS package, when used for any purpose or use, due to any defect or
deciency therein. Accordingly, the user is encouraged to fully understand the bases of the program and
become familiar with the users manuals. The user shall also independently verify the results produced by the
program.
Foreword
The objective of this design guide is to outline the design algorithms
which are applied in midas Civil nite element analysis and design
system. The guide aims to provide sucient information for the user to
understand the scope, limitations and formulas applied in the design
features and to provide relevant references to the clauses in the Design
standards.
The design guide covers prestressed box girder, composite steel box
girder, composite plate girder, steel frame and RC frame as per Eurocode.
It is recommended that you read this guide and review corresponding

tutorials, which are found on our web site, http://www.MidasUser.com,
before designing. Additional information can be found in the online help
available in the programs main menu.
Organization
This guide is designed to help you quickly become productive with
the design options of EN 1992-2, EN 1993-2 and EN 1994-2.
Chapter 1 provides detailed descriptions of the design parameters,

ULS/SLS checks, design outputs used for prestressed box girder design to
EN 1992-2.
ULS/SLS checks, design outputs used for composite steel box girder
design to EN 1994-2.
ULS/SLS checks, design outputs used for composite plate girder design to
EN 1994-2.
ULS/SLS checks, design outputs used for steel frame
ULS/SLS checks, design outputs used for RC frame
Although there is a huge overlap between Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 due

to the similarity of structural types, the composite steel box girder and
the composite plate girder are explained in two separate chapters for the
convenience of the readers.
As the table of contents is printed on the folded ap, the readers can
access the table of contents easily from any page of the book.
Contents
01 Chapter 1.
Prestressed Box Girder Design (EN 1992-2)
Ultimate Limit States
1. Moment Resistance 02
2. Shear Resistance 12
3. Torsion Resistance 19
Serviceability Limit States

1. Stress for cross section at a construction stage 26
2. Stress for cross section at service loads 30
3. Tensile stress for Prestressing tendons 31
4. Principal stress at a construction stage 34
5. Principal stress at service loads 36
6. Check crack width 38
46 Chapter 2.
Composite Steel Box Girder Design (EN 1994-2)
1. Bending Resistance 46
2. Resistance to Vertical Shear 64
3. Resistance to Longitudanal Shear 71

1. Stress Limitation 76
2. Longitudinal shear in SLS 79
82 Chapter 3.
Composite Plate Girder Design (EN 1994-2)

1. Bending Resistance 82
2. Resistance to Vertical Shear 101
3. Resistance to Lateral-Torsional Buckling 108
4. Resistance to Transverse Forces 112
5. Resistance to Longitudanal Shear 116
6. Resistance to Fatigue 119

1. Stress Limitation 122
2. Longitudinal shear in SLS 125
DESIGN GUIDE
for midas Civil
128 Chapter 4.
Steel Frame Design (EN 1993-2)
Classication of Cross Section
1. Classication of Cross Sections 128
2. Calculate eective cross-section for Class 4 section 131
3. Plate Elements without Longitudinal Stieners 132
1. Torsion 135
2. Compression 135
3. Bending Moment 136
4. Shear 136
5. Bending and Shear 142
6. Bending and Axial Force 142
7. Bending, Shear and Axial Force 144
8. Buckling Resistance of Members 145
1. Deection 152
154 Chapter 5.
RC Frame Design (EN 1992-2)
1. Moment Resistance 154
2. Shear resistance 163
3. Verication of moment and shear resistance 168

1. Stress for cross section 170
2. Crack width 172
3. Deection 177
4. Verication of Stress, Crack, Deection 177
Chapter 1.
Prestressed Box
Girder Design
EN 1992-2
Chapter 1.
Prestressed box girder needs to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.

Moment Resistance
Shear Resistance
Torsion Resistance

Stress for cross section at a construction stage
Stress for cross section at service loads
Tensile stress for Prestressing tendons
Principal stress at a construction stage
Principal stress at service loads
Check crack width

Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922
UltimateLimitStates

1.Momentresistance
Limitstateofmomentresistanceshouldsatisfythecondition,MEdMRd.
Momentresistance,MRd,iscalculatedusingthestraincompatibilitymethodasshownbelow.
1.1Designstrengthofmaterial
(1)Designcompressivestrengthofconcrete

f cd cc f ck / c
EN199211:2004
(1.1) 3.1.6(1)
where,
cc: The coefficient taking account of long term effects on the compressive strength and of unfavourable
effects resulting from the way the load is applied.
fck : The characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days.
c : The partial safety factor for concrete.
(2)Designyieldstrengthofreinforcement

f yd f yk / s (1.2) EN199211:2004
3.2.7(2)
where,
fyk: The characteristic yield strength of reinforcement.
s : The partial safety factor for reinforcement or prestressing steel.
(3)Designtensilestrengthoftendon.

f pd f p 0 ,1k / s (1.3) EN199211:2004
3.3.6(6)
where,
fp0,1k: The characteristic 0.1% proof-stress of prestressing steel.
Partialfactorsformaterialsc,s
If User Input Data option is checked on, the partial factors will be applied as the user
definedvalue.However,iftheoptionischeckedoff,thevaluesinTable1.1willbeapplied.

[Table1.1]PartialfactorsformaterialsforULS
sforreinforcing sforprestressing
DesignSituations cforconcrete EN199211:2004
steel steel
Table2.1N
Persistent&Transient 1.5 1.15 1.15
Accidental 1.2 1.0 1.0
Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922 2
Partialsafetyfactorc,s /Coefficientforlongtermcc,ct
MaindesignparametersformaterialscanbeenteredinModifyDesignParametersdialogbox.
Amongtheinputvalues,ccisconsideredwhencalculatingmomentresistanceinUltimateLimit
Stateanditisappliedas1.0forshearandtorsionalresistance.
Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignParameters>ModifyDesignParameters
c,s
cc,ct
[Fig.1.1]ModifyDesignParametersInputDialog

When defining partial factors for materials, Persistent & Transient and Accidental design
situationscanbespecifiedasshowninTable1.2.

[Table1.2]Classificationofdesignsituations
Designsituations Description
Persistent&Transient LoadcombinationnotAccidentalsituation
Loadcombinationincludefollowingloadcase type,
LiveLoadImpact(IL,IM)
Accidental CollisionLoad(CO)
VehicularCollisionForce(CT)
VesselCollisionForce(CV)

LoadcasetypeneedtobespecifiedinStaticLoadCasesdialogbox.
Load>StaticLoadCases
[Fig.1.2]StaticLoadCasesInputDialog

3 DesignGuideformidasCivil

StrengthofConcrete/Reinforcement
DefinethematerialstrengthsofconcreteandsteelinPSCDesignMaterialdialogbox.

Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignMaterial
fck
fyk
fywk
[Fig.1.3]Definefck,fyk,fywk
Select'None'intheCodefieldandenterthenameofthematerialtobeusedintheNamefield.
Then,eachdatafieldisactivatedandthestrengthofmaterialscanbeentered.

StrengthofTendon
DefinethestrengthoftendoninTendonPropertydialogbox.

Load>PrestressLoads>TendonProperty
fpk
fp0,1k
[Fig.1.4]Definefpk,fp0.1k
1.2Calculateneutralaxisdepth
Calculatethepositionofneutralaxisbyiterativeapproachasshowninthefigurebelow.

[Fig.1.5]Flowcharttocalculateneutralaxisdepth,x

(1)Calculateforceofconcrete,Fc.

Fc f cd x (1.4)
dA
where,
: The effective height of the compression zone factor.
: The effective strength factor.
EN199211:2004
Condition (3.19)~(3.22)
fck50MPa 0.8 1.0
50<fck90MPa 0.8(fck50)/400 1.0(fck50)/200
fck>90MPa 0.7 0.8
x: The neutral axis depth.

InmidasCivil,arectangularstressdistributionisusedasshowninthefigurebelow.
(Ultimatestrainofconcretecu=cu3)

EN199211:2004
Figure3.5
[Fig.1.6]Rectangularstressdistribution

(2)Calculateforceofreinforcement,Fs,Fs.
Fs As f s , Fs ' As ' f s ' (1.5)
where,
As, As: The cross sectional area of tensile and compressive reinforcement.
fs , fs : The stress of tensile and compressive reinforcement.

Inordertocalculatethestressofreinforcingsteel,fsandfs,calculatetheappropriatestrainby
thestraincompatibilitycondition.Andthencalculatethecorrespondingstressesinthestress
straindiagram.
Calculationmethodofstrainandstressisasfollow.

Calculatethestrainsofreinforcementbyassumingalinearstraindistributionandthestrainof
cu3attheextremefiberoftheconcreteincompression.

dt x x dc
s cu , s ' cu (1.6)
x x
where,
s : The strain of tensile reinforcement.
s: The strain of compressive reinforcement.
cu: The ultimate compressive strain in the concrete. (cu = cu3)
x : The neutral axis depth.
dt : Distance from the tensile rebar to the extreme top fiber of the element
dc : Distance from the compressive rebar to the extreme top fiber of the element
EN199211:2004
Figure6.1
[Fig.1.7]Possiblestraindistributionsintheultimatelimitstate

Calculatethereinforcementstressesappropriatetothecalculatedreinforcementstrains.
(fromthestressstrainidealizations)

s Es ( s yd ) s ' Es ( s ' yd )
fs , f s ' (1.7)
f yd ( s yd ) f yd ( s ' yd )

yd f yd / E s (1.8)

f yd f yk / s (1.9)

where,
Es : The design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcement.
fyd : The design yield strength of reinforcement. (See 1.1(2))
yd : The yield strain of reinforcement.

EN199211:2004
Figure3.8
[Fig.1.8]Idealizedanddesignstressstraindiagramforreinforcingsteel

(3)Calculateforceoftendon,Fp.

Fp Api f pi (1.9)

where,
Api : The cross sectional area of tendon.
fpi : The stress of tendon.

Inordertocalculatethestressoftendon,fpi,calculatetheappropriatestrainbythestrain
compatibilitycondition.Andthencalculatethecorrespondingstressesinthestressstrain
diagram.
Calculationmethodofstrainandstressisasfollow.

Calculatethestrainsofreinforcementbyassumingalinearstraindistributionandthestrainof
cu3attheextremefiberoftheconcreteincompression.

d x eff
p p p ( 0) cu (1.10)
x Ep

where,
p : The change in strain in prestressing steel.
p(0): The initial strain in prestressing steel.
eff : The stress under the effective prestress, Pe
Ep : The design value of modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel.
EN199211:2004
Figure6.1
[Fig.1.9]Possiblestraindistributionsintheultimatelimitstate

Calculatethereinforcementstressesappropriatetothecalculatedreinforcementstrains.
(fromthestressstrainidealizations)

EN199211:2004
Figure3.10
[Fig.1.10]Idealizedanddesignstressstraindiagramsforprestressingsteel

[Table1.3]Stressoftendon,fp
EN199211:2004
TendonType BondType fp

5.10.8(2)
Internal(Pretension) Bonded f p p E p p p ( 0) E p f pd
Bonded
f p p E p p p ( 0) E p f pd
Internal(Posttension)
Unbonded f p f pe p ,ULS f pe 100MPa
External Unbonded f p f pe p ,ULS f pe 100MPa
where,
p,ULS : The increase of the stress from the effective prestress to the stress in the ultimate limit state. The
recommended value is 100MPa.
(4)Checkifresultantforceiszero.
Determinetheneutralaxispositionbyiterativeapproachoftheclause(1)to(3)untilthe
compressivestrength(C=Fc+Fs)andtensilestrength(T=Fs+Fp)becomeidentical.InmidasCivil,
convergenceconditionforC=Tisappliedasfollows.

Convergencecondition:

C
1.0 0.001 (Tolerance) (1.11)
T

where,
C Fc Fs ', T Fs Fp (1.12)

ReassumeneutralaxisdepthbyBisectionmethod(Numericalanalysis)beforemeet
followingstopcondition.

[Table1.4]Stopconditionforiterativeapproach
Stopcondition Description
C
Converge 1.0 0.001
T
Repeatcount>20
OutputNotconvergeinMessagewindow.
Needtomodifymodelasfollowing.
Notconverge
Increasesectionsize.
Modifyprestressingforcesintendons.
Modifythepositionoftendons.

TendonType
DefinethetendontypeandbondtypeinTendonPropertydialogbox.
[Fig.1.11]TendonPropertyInputDialog

1.3CalculatemomentresistanceMRd
Oncetheneutralaxisiscalculated,momentresistancecanbecalculatedbymultiplyingtheaxial
forcesandeccentricityfromtheneutralaxis.

M Rd Fc a c Fs ' a s ' Fs a s F pi a pi (1.13)

where,
ac, as, as, api : The distance from neutral axis depth, x to concrete, reinforcement rebar, tendon.
[Fig.1.12]ForcesanddistancesfromneutralaxisdepthforMRd

1.4Checkmomentresistance

M Ed M Rd (1.14)
where,
MEd : Design value of the applied internal bending moment.
MRd : Design moment resistance.
Designloadcombination
InmidasCivil,loadcombinationtobeusedinPSCdesigncanbedefinedinResults>Load
combinations>ConcreteDesigntab.Momentresistanceisverifiedwiththemostcriticalpositive
andnegativedesignmomentamongtheloadcombinationsspecifiedasStrength/Stressin
Activecolumn.

Results>LoadCombinations
[Fig.1.13]LoadCombinationsInputDialog
1.5Verificationofmomentresistance
ByResultTables
Thedesignresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.

Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>CheckFlexuralStrength
[Fig.1.14]Resulttableformomentresistance

Elem:Elementnumber
Part:Checklocation(IEnd,JEnd)ofeachelement.
Positive/Negative:Positivemoment,negativemoment.
LComName:Loadcombinationname.
Type:Displaysthesetofmemberforcescorrespondingtomovingloadcaseorsettlementloadcasefor
whichthemaximumstressesareproduced.
CHK:Flexuralstrengthcheckforelement
M_Ed:Designmoment
M_Rd:Momentresistance.
M_Ed/M_Rd:Theratioofdesignmomenttomomentresistance.
Aps:Crosssectionalareaoftensiletendons.
ByExcelReport
Detaildesignresultsincludingappliedequationsanddesignparameterscanbefoundinthe
ExcelReport.

Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignCalculation

[Fig.1.15]Excelreportformomentresistance

2.Shearresistance
Limitstateofshearresistanceshouldsatisfythecondition,VEdVRd.
Shearresistance,VRd,iscalculatedasfollows.
(1)Designcompressivestrengthofconcrete.

EN199211:2004
f cd cc f ck / c (1.15) 3.1.6(1)

Usingcc=1.0forshearregardlessofinputvalue.

(2)Designyieldstrengthofreinforcement.

f yd f yk / s (1.16) EN199211:2004
3.2.7(1)


f pd f p 0 ,1k / s (1.17) EN199211:2004
3.3.6(6)

Refertotheclause1.1fordetailexplanationofmaterialstrength.
2.2CalculateshearresistanceVRd
[Fig.1.16]FlowcharttocalculateVRd
(1)CalculateVRd,c
[Table1.5]Shearstrengthbyconcrete,VRd,c
Flexuraltensilestress VRd,c
1
V Rd ,c C Rd , c k
100 l f ck 3 k1 cp bw d EN199211:2004
fctk,0.05/c (6.2.a),(6.2.b)

V Rd , c v min k1 cp b w d
Ibw
<fctk,0.05/c VRd ,c f ctd 2 l cp f ctd EN199211:2004
(6.4)
S
where,
VRd,c : The design shear resistance without shear reinforcement.
bw : The smallest width of the cross-section in the tensile area. When the user specifies the web
thickness directly in PSC tap of Section Data dialog box, the minimum value among the specified
values will be applied. When Auto option is selected in Web Thick. Field, the program can
automatically calculate the section size and apply the minimum value.
d : The effective depth of cross-section. In midas Civil, the value of d is calculated as the maximum
value of [dp, ds, 0.85h].
dp : Distance from the centroid of tendon to the extreme fiber of cross-section
ds : Distance from the centroid of tensile rebar to the extreme fiber of cross-section
h : Height of section.
[Fig.1.17]Parameterstocalculated

fctk,0.05 : The characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete (5% fractile).

EN199211:2004
f ctk , 0.05 0 .7 f ctm (1.18)
Table3.1

fctm : The mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete

[Table1.6]Meanvalueofaxialtensilestrengthofconcrete,fctm
Condition fctm
EN199211:2004
C50/60 0.3fck2/3 Table3.1
>C50/60 2.12ln(1+(fcm/10)),fcm=fck+8MPa

0.18 EN199211:2004
C Rd ,c (1.19) 6.2.2(1)
c (6.3N)
k 1 200 / d 2.0 (1.20)
Asl
l 0.02 (1.21)
bw d
k1 0.15 (1.22)
N Ed
cp 0.2 f cd (1.23)
Ac
1/ 2
vmin 0.035k 3 / 2 f ck (1.24)
ct f ck
f ctd (1.25)
c
InmidasCivil,thevalueof lisappliedas1.0regardlessofthetendontype.

(2)CalculateVRd,s
Shearresistanceofmemberswithshearreinforcementcanbecalculateddependingonthetype
ofshearreinforcement.
[Table1.7]VRd,sandVRd,max,Asw,max
Type Verticalshearreinforcement Inclinedshearreinforcement
Asw Asw EN199211:2004
VRd,s zf ywd cot zf ywd cot cot sin (6.8),(6.13)
s s (6.9),(6.14)
cwbw zv1 f cd cwbw zv1 f cd
VRd,max cot cot (6.12),(6.15)
cot tan 1 cot 2
Asw,max f ywd 1 Asw, max f ywd 1 cwv1 f cd
Asw,max cwv1 f cd
bw s 2 bw s 2 sin

where,
VRd,s : The design value the shear force which can be sustained by the yielding shear reinforcement.
: The angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear
force.
: The angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear force.
EN199211:2004
Figure6.5
[Fig.1.18]Trussmodelandnotationforshearreinforcedmembers

Asw : The cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement.
s : The spacing of stirrups.
z : Inner lever arm, z=0.9d.
fywd : The design yield strength of the shear reinforcement.
1 : Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear.
[Table1.8]Strengthreductionfactorforconcretecrackedinshear,v1
fywd<0.8fywk
NationalAnnex fywd0.8fywk
fck60MPa fck60MPa
f f ck
Recommended 0.61 ck 0 .6 0 .9 0 .5 EN199211:2004
250 200 (6.10.aN),(6.10.bN)
f f
UK 0.61 ck 0 .54 1 0 .5 cos 0.84 ck (1 0.5 cos ) 0.5
250 200
f ck
f 0 .9
Italy 0.71 ck 0 .7 200 0.5
250
0.85

cw : Coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in the compression chord.
[Table1.9]Coefficientcw
EN199211:2004
Condition cw (6.11.aN)~(6.11.cN)
0<cp0.25fcd 1+cp/fcd
0.25fcd<cp0.5fcd 1.25
0.5fcd<cp1.0fcd 2.5(1cp/fcd)

cp : The mean compressive stress, measured positive, in the concrete due to the design axial force.

(3)CalculateshearresistanceVRd.
Theshearresistanceofamemberwithshearreinforcement.

EN199211:2004
V Rd V Rd , s V ccd V td (1.26)
(6.1)
where,
Vccd : The design value of the shear component of the force in the compression area, in the case of an
inclined compression chord.
Vtd : The design value of the shear component of the force in the tensile reinforcement, inthe case of an
inclined tensile chord.
EN199211:2004
Figure6.2
[Fig.1.19]Shearcomponentformemberswithinclinedchords

Inmidascivil,inclinedchordisnotconsidered.Thereforetheshearresistanceiscalculatedusing
shearreinforcementonly.

V Rd V Rd , s

EN199211:2004
InregionsofthememberwhereVEdVRd,cnocalculateshearreinforcementisnecessary. 6.2.1(3)

V Rd V Rd ,c

Shearreinforcement
InmidasCivil,shearreinforcementinformationcanbedefinedinSectionManager.
When the shear rebar angle is entered as 90 degree, it is considered as vertical shear
reinforcement. For the angle other than 90 degree, it is considered as inclined shear
reinforcement.

Model>Properties>SectionManager
s

Asw
[Fig.1.20]Inputshearreinforcement
Strutangleforshearresistance,
The angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis perpendicular to the
shearforcecanbeenteredinPSCDesignParametersdialogbox.

Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignParameters
[Fig.1.21]Inputstrutangleforshearresistance,
Smallestwidthofthecrosssection,bw
ShearforcesarecalculatedatthepartscriticaltoshearinthePSCsection.
Theusercandirectlyentertheposition.IftheAutooptionischeckedon,theprogramchecks
shearatthetopandbottomendsofthewebs(Z1andZ3inthePSCViewerdialog).

Model>Properties>Section>PSCtab
[Fig.1.22]Inputbwforshearresistance

2.3Checkshearresistance

V Ed V Rd
where,
VEd : Design value of the applied shear force.
VRd : Design shear resistance.

InmidasCivil,loadcombinationtobeusedinPSCdesigncanbedefinedinResults>Load
combinations>ConcreteDesigntab.Shearresistanceisverifiedwiththemostcriticalminimum
andmaximumdesignshearforceamongtheloadcombinationsspecifiedasStrength/Stress
inActivecolumn.

2.4Checktheratioandspacingofshearreinforcement
Whennoshearreinforcementisrequired,minimumshearreinforcementshouldbeprovided.

Asw 0.08 f ck EN199211:2004
w w, min (1.27) (9.4),(9.5N)
sbw sin f yk

s s l , max 0 .75 d 1 cot
EN199211:2004
(1.28)
(9.6N)

2.5Verificationofshearresistance
ByResultTables

Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>CheckShearStrength
[Fig.1.23]Resulttableforshearresistance
Elem:Elementnumber
Part:Checklocation(IEnd,JEnd)ofeachelement
Max./Min.:Maximumshear,minimumshear
LCom.Name:Loadcombinationname.
CHK:Shearstrengthcheckforelement
V_Ed:MaximumshearforceamongStrength/Stressloadcombinations
V_Rd:Shearresistance.
V_Rd,c:Shearresistanceofconcrete.
V_Rd,s:Shearresistanceofshearreinforcement.
V_Rd,max:MaximumV_Rd,s
V_Ed/V_Rd:Theratioofshearforcetoshearresistance.

ByExcelReport
Detail design results including applied equations and design parameters can be found in the
ExcelReport.

[Fig.1.24]Excelreportforshearresistance

3.TorsionResistance
Themaximumresistanceofamembersubjectedtotorsionandshearislimitedbythecapacity
oftheconcretestrut.Inordernottoexceedthisresistancethefollowingconditionshouldbe
satisfied.

T Ed V Ed EN199211:2004
1 .0 (1.29) (6.29)
T Rd , max V Rd , max


f cd cc f ck / c
EN199211:2004
(1.30) 3.1.6(1)

Usingcc=1.0fortorsionregardlessofinputvalue.

(2)Designyieldstrengthofreinforcement.

f yd f yk / s (1.31) EN199211:2004
3.2.7(1)


f pd f p 0 ,1k / s (1.32) EN199211:2004
3.3.6(6)

Refertotheclause1.1toseethedetailexplanationofmaterialstrength.

3.2Calculatetorsionalresistance
(1)Checksectiontypefortorsion.
If the section is complex shapes, such as Tsections, it may be divided into a series of sub
sections.

[Table1.10]Sectiontypefortorsion
EN199211:2004
ClosedSectionType OpenSectionType 6.3.1(3)

subsections.

(2)Calculatethetorsionalmomentsoverthesubsections.(OnlyOpensectiontype)

I xx ,i EN199211:2004
T Ed ,i T Ed (1.33) 6.3.1(3),(5)
I xx

where,
TEd,i : The torsional moments of sub-section.
Ixx : The uncracked torsional stiffness of whole section.
Ixx,i : The uncracked torsional stiffness of sub-section.
(3)Calculatethetransversereinforcementrequired.
Ast ,req TEd

(1.34)
EN199211:2004
st 2 Ak f yd cot
(6.8),(6.26),(6.28)

where,
Asl : The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement.
st : The spacing of transverse reinforcement for torsion.
Ak : The area enclosed by the centre-lines of the connecting walls, including inner hollow areas.
uk : The perimeter of the area Ak.
[Fig.1.24]Ak,ukinclosedsection
(4)Calculatethelongitudinalreinforcementrequired.
A sl f yd

TEd T u
cot Asl , req Ed k cot (1.35)
EN199211:2004
(6.28)
uk 2 Ak 2 Ak f yd
where,
uk : The perimeter of the area Ak.
(5)Calculatedesigntorsionalresistancemoment.
T Rd , max 2 cw f cd Ak t ef ,i sin cos (1.36)

EN199211:2004
(6.30)

[Fig.1.25]Notationsanddefinitionfortorsion
where,
: Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear.
[Table1.11]Strengthreductionfactorforconcretecrackedinshear,v
NationalAnnex
f EN199211:2004
Recommended 0.61 ck
250 6.2.2(6),(6.6N)
f
UK 0.61 ck
250
f
Italy 0.71 ck
250
cw : Coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in the compression chord.
[Table1.12]Coefficientcw
Condition cw EN199211:2004
(6.11.aN)~(6.11.cN)
0<cp0.25fcd 1+cp/fcd
0.25fcd<cp0.5fcd 1.25
0.5fcd<cp1.0fcd 2.5(1cp/fcd)
tef,i : The effective wall thickness

A EN199211:2004
t ef ,i (1.37) 6.3.2(1)
u
A : The total area of the section within the outer circumference, including inner hollow areas.
u : The outer circumference of the section.

SectionTypefortorsion
In midas Civil,closedtypeandnumber of division for PSC DB sections are shown in the table
below. Closed type section has zero number of divisions since it is considered as a unified
section.
[Table1.13]Sectiontypeandsubsectionsfortorsion
SectionShape ClosedType Noofdivisions
PSC1CELL Closed
PSC2CELL Closed
PSC3CELL Closed
PSCnCELL Closed
PSCnCELL2 Closed
None Open 0
PSCMID Circle Open 3
Polygon Open 3
PSCI Open 3
None Open 2
PSCHALF Circle Open 3
Polygon Open 3
PSCTEE Open 2
Half Open 3
PSCPLAT 1Cell Closed
2Cell Closed
T1>0andHT>0 Closed
T1>0andT2>0 Open 3
PSCVALUE T1>0andT2=0,
Open 2
T1=0andT2>0
T1=0andT2=0 Open 0
PSCCMPWEB Closed
PSCSectionType
[Fig.1.26]PSCsectiontypelistinprogram
Subtypeofeachsectiontype.

[Fig.1.28]Subtypeofsection

Parametersfortorsion
In midas Civil, when calculating Ak and uk, section area and perimeter of closed section are
calculatedbasedonthecoverthicknessenteredinSectionManager.Inordertocalculatethem
based onthecenter lineasspecified inEurocode, enterthecover thickness value as section
thickness*.
Transverseandlongitudinalreinforcementfortorsioncanalsobedefined.

Model>Properties>SectionManager>Reinforcements
st
Ast
Asl
Coverthickness
forAk,uk.
(atCenterline)
[Fig.1.29]SectionManagerDialog
3.3Checktorsionalmomentresistance
TEd TRd ,max (1.38) EN199211:2004

(6.29)
T Ed V Ed
1 .0 (1.39)
T Rd , max V Rd , max

where,
TEd : The design torsional moment.
VEd : The design transverse force.
TRd,max : The design torsional resistance moment.
VRd,max : The maximum design shear resistance.

In midas Civil, load combination to be used in PSC design can be defined in Results>Load
combinations>Concrete Design tab. Torsional resistance is verified with the most critical
minimum and maximum design torsional force among the load combinations specified as
Strength/StressinActivecolumn.
3.4Checkreinforcement
Asl , req Asl

EN199211:2004
s min u 8 , sl ,max (1.40) 9.2.3(3)
t
where,
u : The outer circumference of the section.
st : The longitudinal spacing.
sl,max : The maximum longitudinal spacing between shear assemblies.
s l , max 0 .75 d 1 cot (1.41)

3.5Verifytorsionalresistance

ByResultTables

Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>CheckCombinedShearandTorsionStrength
[Fig.1.30]Resulttablefortorsionresistance
Elem:Elementnumber
Max./Min.:Maximumtorsion/shear,minimumtorsion/shear
LComName:Loadcombinationname.
CHK:Shearandtorsionstrengthcheckforelement
T_Ed:MaximumtorsionalmomentamongStrength/Stressloadcombinations
T_Rd,max:Designtorsionalresistancemoment.
V_Ed:MaximumshearforceamongStrength/Stressloadcombinations
V_Rd,max:Themaximumshearresistanceofthesection.
Ratio:TheratioTEd/TRd,max+VEd/VRd,max

ByExcelReport
Detail design results including applied equations and design parameters can be found in the
ExcelReport.


[Fig.1.31]Excelreportfortorsionresistance

Chapter1.PrestressedBoxGirderDesign:EN19922
ServiceabilityLimitStates

1.Stressforcrosssectionataconstructionstage
Forstressverificationintheconstructionstage,thefollowingconditionshouldbesatisfied.
The most critical compressive stress during the construction stage Allowable compressive
stressofconcretebeforelosses:cca
The most critical tensile stress during the construction stage Allowable tensile stress of
concretebeforelosses:tta
1.1Allowablestressofconcrete
(1)Allowablecompressivestressofconcrete
[Table1.14]Allowablecompressivestressofconcrete,ca
TendonType EN199211:2004
ca 3.1.2(5)
Posttension k1fck(t)
Pretension k6fck(t)
where,
k1, k6 : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficients of k1 and k6 will be applied as
the user defined value. However, if the option is checked off, the values in Table 1.15 will be
applied.
[Table1.15]Coefficientk1,k6
NationalAnnex k1 k6
Recommended 0.6 0.7
UK 0.6 0.7
Italy 0.65 0.65
t : The age of concrete in days.

fck(t) : The concrete compressive strength at time t for a number of stages.
[Table1.16]Concretecompressivestrengthatt,fck(t)
EN199211:2004
Condition fck(t)
Table3.1
3<t<28days fcm(t)8MPa
t28days fck
fcm(t) : The mean concrete compressive strength of concrete at an age of t days.
EN199211:2004

f cm (t ) cc (t ) f cm (1.43)
(3.1)
fcm : The mean compressive strength at 28 days.
EN199211:2004)
f cm f ck 8MPa (1.44) Table3.1

28
1/ 2
EN199211:2004
cc (t ) exp s 1 (1.45)

(3.2)
t
s : A coefficient which depends on the type of cement.

[Table1.17]Coefficients
CementClass s EN199211:2004
3.1.2(6)
ClassR 0.20
ClassN 0.25
ClassS 0.38

(2)Allowabletensilestressofconcrete

[Table1.18]Allowabletensilestressofconcrete,ta
TendonType ta
Posttension k1fctm(t)
Pretension k1fctm(t)
where,
fctm(t) : The mean concrete tensile strength of concrete at an age of t days.

f ctm (t ) cc (t ) f ctm (1.46)

EN199211:2004
(3.4)
fctm : The mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete.
[Table1.19]Meanvalueofaxialtensilestrength,fctm
Condition fctm EN199211:2004
Table3.1
C50/60 0.30fck2/3
>C50/60 2.12ln(1+(fcm/10))
cc(t) : A coefficient which depends on the age of the concretet.

: A coefficient for fctm(t)

[Table1.20]Coefficient
Condition EN199211:2004
3.2.1(9)
t<28days 1
t28days 2/3

Ifbothposttensionandpretensiontypetendonsareassignedinacrosssection,thetendon
typewillbedeterminedasthetypewhichhaslargertendonarea.

CementClass
CementclasscanbedefinedinPSCDesignParametersdialogbox.

[Fig.1.32]InputCementClass
Coefficientk1,k6forConcrete

[Fig.1.33]Inputcoefficientk1,k6forstresslimitation
Ageofconcrete
Ageofconcrete,t,willbeappliedasthedayinthedurationfieldinComposeConstruction
Stagedialogbox.

Loads>ConstructionStageAnalysisData>DefineConstructionStage>ComposeConstruction
Stage
[Fig.1.34]Inputageofconcrete
1.2Checkstressforcrosssectionataconstructionstage

c ca , t ta (1.47)

1.3Verificationofstressforcrosssectionataconstructionstage

ByResultTables
Thedesignresultscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.

Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Checkstressforcrosssectionataconstruction
stage
[Fig.1.35]Resulttableforstressataconstructionstage
Elem:Elementnumber
Comp./Tens.:CompressionorTensionStress
Stage:Constructionstageatwhichstressesaremaximumatthecorrespondingsection.
CHK:Combinedstresscheckforconstructionstages
FT:CombinedStressduetoMyandaxialforceatTopfiber
FB:CombinedStressduetoMyandaxialforceatBottomfiber
FTL:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatTopLeftfiber
FBL:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatBottomLeftfiber
FTR:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatTopRightfiber
FBR:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatBottomRightfiber
FMAX:Maximumcombinedstressoutoftheabovesixcomponents.
ALW:Allowablestressofcrosssectionatconstructionstage.


2.Stressforcrosssectionatserviceloads
Stressduetoserviceloadcombinationsafterlossesshouldsatisfythefollowingconditions:
MaximumcompressivestressofconcreteafterlossesAllowablecompressivestressof
concrete:cca
MaximumtensilestressofconcreteafterlossesAllowabletensilestressofconcrete:tta
2.1Allowablestressofconcrete
(1)Allowablecompressivestressofconcrete
[Table1.21]Allowablecompressivestressofconcrete,ca
TendonType ca
Posttension k1fck
Pretension k6fck
(2)Allowabletensilestressofconcrete
[Table1.22]Allowabletensilestressofconcrete,ta
TendonType ta
Posttension k1fctm
Pretension k1fctm
Refertotheclause1.1forthedetailedexplanation.
2.2Checkstressforcrosssectionataserviceloads

c ca , t ta (1.48)

2.3Verificationofstressforcrosssectionataserviceloads
ByResultTables

Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Checkstressforcrosssectionatserviceloads
[Fig.1.36]Resulttableforstressataserviceloads

Comp./Tens.:CompressionorTensionStress
Type:Displaysthesetofmemberforcescorrespondingtomovingloadcaseorsettlementload
caseforwhichthemaximumstressesareproduced
FT:CombinedStressduetoMyandaxialforceatTopfiber
FB:CombinedStressduetoMyandaxialforceatBottomfiber
FTL:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatTopLeftfiber
FBL:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatBottomLeftfiber
FTR:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatTopRightfiber
FBR:CombinedStressduetoMy,MzandaxialforceatBottomRightfiber
FMAX:Maximumcombinedstressoutoftheabovesixcomponents.
ALW:Allowablestressinconcreteatservicelimitstate.

3.TensilestressforPrestressingtendons
Verifytheinducedstressandallowablestressoftendonbytendongroups.
Beforelosses,tendonstressattheanchorrightaftergroutingAllowablestress
Afterimmediatelosses,maximumtendonstressAllowablestress
Afteralllosses,maximumtendonstressAllowablestress

3.1Allowablestressoftendon
(1)Allowablestressintendonimmediatelyafteranchorsetatanchorages

EN199211:2004

p ,max
min k1 f pk , k2 f p 0.1k (1.49)

5.10.2.1(1)
where,
k1, k2 : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficients of k1 and k2 will be applied as the
user defined value. However, if the option is checked off, the values in Table 1.23 will be applied.
NationalAnnex k1 k2
Recommended 0.8 0.9
UK 0.8 0.9
Italy 0.8 0.9
fpk : Characteristic tensile strength of prestressing steel.

fp0.1k : Characteristic 0.1% proof-stress of prestressing steel.

(2)AllowableStressinTendonimmediatelyafteranchorsetelsewhere

EN199211:2004
( x) min k7 f pk , k8 f p 0.1k
pm 0 (1.50)
5.10.3(2)
where,
k7, k8 : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficients of k7 and k8 will be applied as the
user defined value. However, if the option is checked off, the values in Table 1.24 will be applied.

NationalAnnex k7 k8
Recommended 0.75 0.85
UK 0.75 0.85
Italy 0.75 0.85

fp0.1k : Characteristic 0.1% proof-stress of prestressing steel.

(3)Allowablestressintendonatservicelimitstateafterlosses

EN199211:2004
p k 5 f pk (1.51) 7.2.(5)

where,
k5 : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficient of k5 will be applied as the user defined
value. However, if the option is checked off, the value in Table 1.25 will be applied.

[Table1.25]Coefficientk5
NationalAnnex k5
Recommended 0.75
UK 0.75
Italy 0.6
Coefficientfortendons
Parameters used in calculating tendon stress can be defined in PSC Design Parameters dialog
box.

[Fig.1.37]InputcoefficientofprestressingsteelinSLS
Strengthoftendon
TendonstrengthcanbeenteredinTendonPropertiesdialogbox.

fpk
fp0,1k
[Fig.1.38]Inputtendonstrength,fpk,fp0,1k
3.2Checktensilestressforprestressingtendons
(1)Posttensiontendon
Stressintendonatanchoragesmin[k1fpk,k2fp0.1k]

Maximumtressintendonalongthelengthofthememberawayfromanchorages
min[k7fpk,k8fp0.1k]

Maximumstressintendonafteralllossesatthelaststage k5fpk

(2)Pretensiontendon
Stressintendonmin[k1fpk,k2fp0.1k]

Stressintendonafteralllossesatthelaststage k5fpk

3.3Verificationofstressforcrosssectionataserviceloads

ByResultTables

Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Checktensilestressforprestressingtendons
[Fig.1.39]Resulttablefortensilestressforprestressingtendons

Tendon:Tendonprofilename.
ForPosttensioned:
FDL1:Stressintendonatanchorages.
FDL2:Maximumstressintendonalongthelengthofthememberawayfromanchorages,
immediatelyafteranchorset.
FLL1:Maximumstressintendonafteralllossesatthelaststage.
AFDL1:Allowablestressintendonimmediatelyafteranchorsetatanchorages.
AFDL2:Allowablestressintendonimmediatelyafteranchorsetelsewhere.
AFLL1:Allowablestressintendonatservicelimitstateafterlosses.
ForPretensioned:
FDL1:Stressintendon.
FDL2:
FLL1:Maximumstressintendonafteralllossesatthelaststage.
AFDL1:Allowablestressintendonpriortotransfer.
AFDL2:
AFLL1:Allowablestressintendonatservicelimitstateafterlosses.


4.Principalstressataconstructionstage
Verify the principal stress during the construction stage at the stress verification point 1~10
definedinSectionManagerdialogbox.
MaximumprincipalstressduringtheconstructionstageAllowablestress

4.1Allowabletensilestress
ca k t f ctm (t ) (1.52)
where,
kt = If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficient of kt will be applied as the user defined
value. However, if the option is checked off, 0.6 will be applied.
fctm(t) : The mean compressive strength at an age of t days. Refer to the clause 1.1 for the calculation of
fctm(t).
4.2Maximumprincipalstress
Maximum principal stress during the construction stage can be calculated as the following
equation.
1 2
x z x z 4 s t p
2
(1.53)
2
ps

where,
x : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
z : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
s : Shear stress due to shear.
t : Shear stress due to torsion.
p : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
BeamstressesofPSC
Stresscomponenttocalculatethemaximumprincipalstresscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.

Results>ResultTables>Beam>Stress(PSC)
[Fig.1.40]Resulttableforbeamstress

Sigxx(Axial):Axialstressduetotheaxialforce(Fx)intheECSxdirection
Sigxx(Momenty):StressduetoMy(momentabouttheECSyaxis)inECSxdirection
Sigxx(Momentz):StressduetoMz(momentabouttheECSzaxis)inECSxdirection
Sigxx(Bar):AxialstressduetoshearsteelbarsintheECSxdirection
Sigxx(Summation):SumoftheaxialstressintheECSxdirectionandtheaxialstressdueto
shearsteelbarsintheECSxdirection
Sigzz:StressintheECSzdirection
Sigxz(shear):Sumofshearstressesduetoshearforceandshearsteelbars
Sigxz(torsion):Shearstressduetotorsion
Sigxz(bar):Shearstressduetoshearsteelbars
SigIs(shear):Diagonalstressduetoshearforce
SigIs(shear+torsion):Diagonalstressduetotorsionandshearforce
SigPs(Max):Maximumprincipalstress
SigPs(Min):Minimumprincipalstress

4.3Checkprincipalstressataconstructionstage

ps ta kt f ctm (t ) (1.54)

4.4Verificationofprincipalstressataconstructionstage

ByResultTables

Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Principalstressataconstructionstage
[Fig.1.41]Resulttableforprincipalstressataconstructionstage

Elem:Elementnumber.
Comp./Tens.:CompressionorTensionStress.
Stage:Constructionstage.
CHK:Principalstresscheckforconstructionstages.
Sig_P1:PrincipalStressatthelefttopoftopflange.
Sig_P2:PrincipalStressattherighttopoftopflange.
Sig_P3:PrincipalStressattherightbottomofbottomflange.
Sig_P4:PrincipalStressattheleftbottomofbottomflange.
Sig_P5:PrincipalStressatthetopofleftweb.(atZ1Level)
Sig_P6:PrincipalStressatthetopofrightweb.(atZ1Level)
Sig_P7:PrincipalStressattheneutralaxisinleftweb.(atZ2Level)
Sig_P8:PrincipalStressattheneutralaxisinrightweb.(atZ2Level)
Sig_P9:PrincipalStressatthebottomofleftweb.(atZ3Level)
Sig_P10:PrincipalStressatthebottomofrightweb.(atZ3Level)
Sig_MAX:ThemaximumPrincipalstressamongP1P10.
Sig_AP:Allowableprincipalstressatneutralaxisintheweb.


5.Principalstressatserviceloads
Verify the principal tensile stress at the stress verification point 1~10 defined in Section
Managerdialogbox.
MaximumprincipalstressundertheserviceabilityloadcombinationAllowablestress
5.1Allowabletensilestress
ca kt f ctm (1.55)
where,
kt : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficient of kt will be applied as the user defined
value. However, if the option is checked off, 0.6 will be applied.
fctm : The mean compressive strength at 28 days. Refer to the clause 1.1 for the calculation of fctm
5.2Maximumprincipalstress
Themaximumprincipalstressattheservicestatecanbecalculatedasthefollowingequation.
1 2
ps 2 x z x z 4 s t p
2
(1.56)

where,
x : Sum of axial stresses in ECS x-direction
z : Sum of axial stresses in ECS z-direction
s : Shear stress due to shear.
t : Shear stress due to torsion.
p : Shear stress due to shear reinforcement.
BeamstressesofPSC
Stresscomponentstocalculatethemaximumprincipalstresscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.

Results>ResultTables>Beam>Stress(PSC)
[Fig.1.42]Resulttableforbeamstress
Sigxx(Axial):Axialstressduetotheaxialforce(Fx)intheECSxdirection
Sigxx(Momenty):StressduetoMy(momentabouttheECSyaxis)inECSxdirection
Sigxx(Momentz):StressduetoMz(momentabouttheECSzaxis)inECSxdirection
Sigxx(Bar):AxialstressduetoshearsteelbarsintheECSxdirection
Sigxx(Summation):SumoftheaxialstressintheECSxdirectionandtheaxialstressdueto
shearsteelbarsintheECSxdirection
Sigzz:StressintheECSzdirection
Sigxz(shear):Sumofshearstressesduetoshearforceandshearsteelbars
Sigxz(torsion):Shearstressduetotorsion
Sigxz(bar):Shearstressduetoshearsteelbars
SigIs(shear):Diagonalstressduetoshearforce
SigIs(shear+torsion):Diagonalstressduetotorsionandshearforce
SigPs(Max):Maximumprincipalstress
SigPs(Min):Minimumprincipalstress

5.3Checkprincipalstressataserviceloads

ps ta kt f ctm (1.57)

5.4Verificationofprincipalstressataserviceloads

ByResultTables

Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Principalstressataserviceloads
[Fig.1.43]Resulttableforprincipalstressataserviceloads

Elem:Elementnumber.
Comp./Tens.:CompressionorTensionStress.
Type : Displays the set of member forces corresponding to moving load case or settlement
loadcaseforwhichthemaximumstressesareproduced
CHK:Principalstresscheckforserviceloadsatmaximumshearforce.
Sig_P1:PrincipalStressatthelefttopoftopflange.
Sig_P2:PrincipalStressattherighttopoftopflange.
Sig_P3:PrincipalStressattherightbottomofbottomflange.
Sig_P4:PrincipalStressattheleftbottomofbottomflange.
Sig_P5:PrincipalStressatthetopofleftweb.(atZ1Level)
Sig_P6:PrincipalStressatthetopofrightweb.(atZ1Level)
Sig_P7:PrincipalStressattheneutralaxisinleftweb.(atZ2Level)
Sig_P8:PrincipalStressattheneutralaxisinrightweb.(atZ2Level)
Sig_P9:PrincipalStressatthebottomofleftweb.(atZ3Level)
Sig_P10:PrincipalStressatthebottomofrightweb.(atZ3Level)
Sig_MAX:ThemaximumPrincipalstressamongP1P10.
Sig_AP:Allowableprincipalstressatneutralaxisintheweb.

6.Checkcrackwidth
Crackingshallbelimitedtosatisfythefollowingcondition.
Crackwidth,wkCrackwidthlimit,wmax
6.1Calculatecrackwidths
(1)Determinesmcm
f ct ,eff
s kt
p ,eff
1
e p ,eff
s
EN199211:2004
(7.9)
sm cm Es
0.6
Es
(1.58)
where,
sm : The mean strain in the reinforcement under the relevant combination of loads, including the effect of
imposed deformations and taking into account the effects of tensile stiffening.
cm : The mean strain in the concrete between cracks.
s : The stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section.
e : The ratio of Es/Ecm.
Es : The design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel.
Ecm : The secant modulus of elasticity of concrete.
EN199211:2004
f ct ,eff f ctm (1.59) (7.10)
As 12 Ap '
p ,eff Ac ,eff (1.60)
Ap : The area of pre or post-tensioned within Ac,eff.

Ac,eff : The effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement of prestressing tendons of
depth, hc,ef.
hx h EN199211:2004
hc ,ef min 2.5 h d , 3
,
2
(1.61) 7.3.2(3)
EN199211:2004
Figure7.1
[Fig.1.44]Effectivetensionarea(typicalcases)

s
(1.62)
p
1

Ifonlyprestressingsteelisusedtocontrolcracking,1=

:theratioofbondstrengthofprestressingandreinforcingsteel.

[Table1.26]Ratioofbondstrength,
EN199211:2004
Table6.2
PrestressingSteel Bonded,posttensioned
Pretensioned
C50/60 C70/80
Smoothbarsandwires Notapplicable 0.3 0.15
Strands 0.6 0.5 0.25
Indentedwires 0.7 0.6 0.3
Ribbedbars 0.7 0.35
s : The largest bar diameter of reinforcing steel.

p : The equivalent diameter of tendon.
kt : A factor dependent on duration of the load.
[Table1.27]Factork
Condition kt
EN199211:2004
Shorttermloading 0.6 7.3.4(2)
Longtermloading 0.4

DefinitionofShortandLongtermloads

[Table1.28]Definitionofdurationoftheload
Condition Description
Longtermloading Loadcombinationcomposedoflongtermloadcasesonly
Shorttermloading Loadcombinationsotherthanlongtermloadcombination

Whentheuserdoesnotdefinethelongtermorshorttermloadcase,itwillbeclassifiedas
showninthefollowingtable.

[Table1.29]Classificationfordurationoftheload
Durationoftheload Description
Followingstaticloadcase
D:DeadLoad
DC:DeadLoadofComponentandAttachments.
Longtermloadcase
DW:DeadLoadofWearingSurfacesandUtilities.
L:LiveLoad.
LR:RoofLiveLoad.
Shorttermloadcase Loadcasesotherthanlongtermloadcases

(2)Determinesr,max
Themaximumcrackspacing,sr,maxiscalculatedasshowninthetablebelow.

[Table1.30]Maximumcrackspacing,sr,max
Condition sr,max
EN199211:2004
k1k 2 k4
Spacing5(c+/2) k 3c (7.12)
p , eff
EN199211:2004
Spacing>5(c+/2)or
1.3h x (7.14)
Nobondedreinforcement
EN199211:2004
Figure7.2
[Fig.1.45]Crackwidth,w,atconcretesurfacerelativetodistancefrombar
where,
: The bar diameter. Where a mixture of bar diameters is used in a section, an equivalent diameter, eq,
should be used.
Forasectionwithn1barsofdiameter1andn2barsofdiameter2.
n112 n222
eq n n (1.63)
1 1 2 2
c : The cover to the longitudinal reinforcement.

k1 : A coefficient which takes account of the bond properties of the bonded reinforcement.

Condition k1 EN199211:2004
7.3.4(2)
Highbondbars 0.8
Barswithaneffectivelyplansurface 1.0
k2 : A coefficient which takes account of the distribution of strain.

Condition k2
Bending 0.5
PureTension 1.0
k3, k4 : If User Input Data option is checked on, the coefficient of k3 and k4 will be applied as the
user defined value. However, if the option is checked off, it will be applied as the following value.
k3 = 3.4
k4 = 0.425

(3)Calculatethedesigncrackwidth,wk

wk sr ,max sm cm
EN199211:2004
(1.64)
(7.8)

Coefficientk3,k4forcrack

[Fig.1.46]Inputcoefficientk3,k4forcrack

Prestressingsteeltypefor
InmidasCivil,thefollowingprestressingsteeltypesareavailable.

[Table1.33]Prestressingsteeltypesupportedinprogram
PrestressingSteel Description
Smoothbarsandwires OtherthanStrands
Whenthematerialpropertiesoftendonisspecified
asfollows:
Strands
Standard=EN05(S)
DB=Y1670Series,Y1770Series,Y1860Series
[Fig.1.47]Definematerialoftendon

Model>Properties>Material
[Fig.1.48]SteelmateriallistofEN05(S)standard
Durationofload(Short/Longterm)
Design>CommonParameter>Short/LongtermLoadCase
[Fig.1.49]Defineshort/longtermloadcase
6.2Getalimitingcalculatedcrackwidth,wmax
(1)Recommendedvaluesofwmax(mm)

[Table1.34]Limitingcrackwidth,wmax
Exposure Unbonded Bonded EN199211:2004
Others Table7.1N
Class Quasi Frequent Quasi Frequent
X0 Not Not Not
0.3 0.2
XC1 Checked Check Check
XC2 0.0
Not
XC3 (Decom 0.2
Checked
XC4 Pression)
Not
0.3
XD1 Checked
Not Decom Not
XD2
Check pression Checked
XD3
XS1 0.0
Not Not Not
XS2 0.3 (Decom
Checked Checked Checked
XS3 pression)
XF1*
XF2*
XF3*
Not Not Not
XF4* 0.3 0.3
Checked Checked Checked
XA1*
XA2*
XA3*

(*)InmidasCivil,thelimitvalueofFreeze/Thawattackclass(XF1~XF4)andChemicalattack
class(XA1~XA3)isappliedas0.3mm.

ExposureClass
Exposureclasscanbedefinedbymembersinthefollowingdialogbox.

Design>PSCDesign>ExposureClass
[Fig.1.50]Defineexposureclassforcrack

6.3Checkcrackwidthatserviceloads
wk wmax (1.65)
6.4Verificationofcrackwidthatserviceloads
ByResultTables

Design>PSCDesign>PSCDesignResultTables>Checkcrackwidthatserviceloads
[Fig.1.51]Resulttableforcrackwidthatserviceloads
Elem:Elementnumber
Top/Bottom:Attopofelement,atbottomofelement
ServiceabilityLoadType:Frequent/QuasiStatic
Type:producemaximumandminimummemberforcecomponentsfortheloadcombinations
includingmovingloadcasesorsettlementloadcases.
Check:OK/NG
M_Ed:MaximumMomentintheSection.
Sig_T:Stressatthetop.
Sig_B:Stressatthebottom.
wk:Crackwidth
wmax:Allowablecracklimit

Chapter 2.
Composite
Steel Box
Girder Design
EN 1994-2
Chapter 2.
Composite steel box girder needs to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.

Bending Resistance
Resistance to Vertical Shear
Resistance to Longitudanal Shear
Resistance to Fatigue

For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic
Stress limitation for concrete Load Combination
For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic,

Stress limitation for reinforcing steel Frequent Load Combination
Stress limitation for structral steel For Characteristic Load Combination
Resistance to Longitudinal Shear For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic,

Frequent Load Combination
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942
UltimateLimitStates

1.Bendingresistance
LimitstateofBendingResistancewillsatisfythecondition,MEdMRd.
Momentresistance,MRd,shallbecalculatedasfollows:

1.1Designvaluesofmaterial
(1)Partialfactorsformaterials
Partialfactorformaterialsconsideredinultimatelimitstatesareshowninthetablebelow.
InmidasCivil,partialfactorformaterialscanbespecifiedbytheuserinDesignParameter
dialogbox.ThedefaultvaluesaredeterminedasbelowasperEurocode4.

[Table2.1]Partialfactorformaterials
EN19942:2005
Materials Condition PartialFactor 2.4.1.2
Persistent&Transient c=1.5
Concrete
Accidental c=1.2

Persistent&Transient s=1.15
Reinforcingsteel
Accidental s=1.0
Crosssections M0=1.0
Structuralsteel
Memberstoinstabilityassessed M1=1.0

Shearconnection memberstoinstability V=1.25
Fatigueverification Strength Mf=1.0
ofheadedstuds Strengthofstudsinshear Mf,s=1.0


f cd f ck / c (2.1) EN19942:2005
(2.1)

where,
(3)Designyieldstrengthofsteelreinforcement.
f sd f sk / s (2.2)

where,
fsk : The characteristic value of the yield strength of reinforcing steel.
s : The partial factor for reinforcing steel.
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942 46
(4)Designyieldstrengthofstructuralsteel.

f yd f y / M 0 (2.3)

where,

fy : The nominal value of the yield strength of structural steel.

M0 : The partial factor for structural steel applied to resistance of cross-sections.

Thenominalvaluesoftheyieldstrengthfyandtheultimatestrengthfuforstructuralsteel
shallbeobtainedbyusingthesimplificationgiveninFig.2.1.

EN199311:2005
Table3.1

[Fig.2.1]Nominalvaluesofyieldstrengthfyandultimatetensilestrengthfu

Partialsafetyfactor

Parametersrelatedtothematerialsuchaspartialfactors,damageequivalencefactors,and

shear resistance reduction factor can be defined in Composite Steel Girder Design
Parameters dialogbox.

Thedefaultvaluesofpartialfactorsaredefinedas 1.0.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignParameters

[Fig.2.2]DesignParametersDialog

Designstrengthofmaterials

Design strength of concrete, reinforcement, and steel can be defined in Modify SRC
Materialdialogbox.
In Steel Design Selection field, when Code is entered as EN05, Fy1 is tensile strength of

thesteelforwhichthethicknessislessorequalto40mmandFy2istensilestrengthofthe
steelforwhichthethicknessislargerthan40mm.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignMaterial

[Fig.2.3]Compositesteelgirderdesignmaterial

1.2Classificationofcrosssection

The classification system defined in EN199311:2005, 5.5.2 applies to crosssections of
compositebeams.

[Table2.2]Classesofcrosssections
EN199311:2005
Class Definedas 5.5.2
whichcanformaplastichingewiththerotationcapacityrequiredfrom
1
plasticanalysiswithoutreductionoftheresistance

whichcandeveloptheirplasticmomentresistance,buthavelimited
2
rotationcapacitybecauseoflocalbuckling

inwhichthestressintheextremecompressionfibreofthesteelmember
assuminganelasticdistributionofstressescanreachtheyieldstrength,
3
butlocalbucklingisliabletopreventdevelopmentoftheplasticmoment

resistance

inwhichlocalbucklingwilloccurbeforetheattainmentofyieldstress
4
inoneormorepartsofthecrosssection

(1) The classification of a crosssection depends on the width to thickness ratio of the parts

subjecttocompression.

ClassificationofClassinflange

Classofflangecanbeclassifieddependingonthepositiveandnegativemoment.

[Table2.3]Classofcompressionflange
Moment Position Classofcompressionflange

Asteelcompressionflangethatisrestrainedfrombucklingby
Top
Positive effectiveattachmenttoaconcreteflangebyshearconnectors
Flange
maybeassumedtobeinClass1.
CompositeI:CheckforoutstandflangesinFig.2.4.
Bottom CompositeBox : Check for outstand flanges and internal
Negative
Flange compressionpartinFig.2.5.

EN199311:2005
Table5.2

[Fig.2.4]MaximumwidthtothicknessratiosforcompressionpartsOutstand

ClassificationofClassinweb:CheckforinternalcompressionpartinFig. 2.5.

EN199311:2005
Table5.2

[Fig.2.5]MaximumwidthtothicknessratiosforcompressionpartsInternal

(2)Classificationofacrosssection:Acrosssectionisclassifiedaccordingtothehighest(least EN199311:2005
favorable)classofitscompressionpartsasfollows. 5.5.2(6)

[Table2.4]Classofsectionaccordingtoclassofcompressionparts
ClassofFlange
ClassofSection
1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 4

Classof 2 1 2 3 4
Web
3 3 3 3 4

4 4 4 4 4

*:CrosssectionswithwebsinClass3andflangesinClass1or2maybetreatedasan
effectivecrosssectionsinClass2withaneffectivewebinaccordancewithEN199311:2005, EN199311:2005
5.5.2(11)
6.2.2.4.(Thisclauseisappliedtoboxgirder.)

1.3Calculateplasticbendingresistance,Mpl,Rd.

Forpositivemoment:Compressiverebarinthedeckwillbeignored.
Fornegativemoment:Concreteareaofdeckwillbeneglectedandonlythetensilerebarin

thedeckwillbeconsidered.

EN199311:2005
Figure6.2

[Fig.2.6]Plasticstressdistributionsforacompositebeam

1.4Calculateelasticbendingresistance,Mel,Rd

Mel, Rd M a, Ed kMc, Ed (2.4)

[Fig.2.7]CalculationofMel,Rd

where,
Ma,Ed : The design bending moment applied to structural steel section before composite behavior.
Bending moment obtained during the construction stage analysis is used in midas Civil.

Mc,Ed : The part of design bending moment acting on the composite section. Bending moment obtained

from the final construction stage is used in midas Civil.

k : The lowest factor such that a stress limit in EN1994-2:2005, 6.2.1.5(2) is reached. In midas Civil,
the value of k is calculated as below.

[Table2.5]Calculationofk

Type ForPositiveMoment ForNegativeMoment

f yd M a , Ed ( z a / I y ,a ) f yd M a , Ed ( z a / I y ,a )
SteelGirder ka ka
M c, Ed ( z c / I y ,c ) M c, Ed ( z c / I y ,c )

f cd
Slab kc
M c, Ed ( z c ,slab / I y ,c,slab )

f sd
Reinforcement ks
M c , Ed ( z c ,bar / I y ,c ,bar )

k min[ka,kc] min[ka,ks]

1.5CalculateeffectivecrosssectionforClass4section

(1)Calculateeffectivecrosssection
For crosssections in Class4, the effective structural steel section should be determined in

accordancewithEN199315,4.3.
InmidasCivil,theeffectofsharelagisnotconsideredinthecalculationofeffectivearea.Only
theplatebucklingeffectisconsidered.

TheeffectiveareaAeffshouldbedeterminedassumingthatthecrosssectionissubjectonlyto

stressesduetouniformaxialcompression.

EN199315:2006
Figure4.1

[Fig.2.8]Class4crosssectionsaxialforce

TheeffectivesectionmodulusWeffshouldbedeterminedassumingthatthecrosssectionis

subjectonlytobendingstresses.

EN199315:2006
Figure4.2

[Fig.2.9]Class4crosssectionsbendingmoment

Thecalculationofeffectiveareadependingonthelongitudinalstiffenerwillbeexplainedinthe

clause1.6and1.7inthismanual.

(2)Considerationofadditionalmomentduetotheeccentricityofgravitycenterbetweenthe

grossareaandtheeffectivearea

In case of the section with Class 4 classification under the compressive force, the additional EN199311:2005
momentduetothedifferentgravitycenterbetweengrossareaandeffectiveareaistakeninto 6.2.2.5(4)
accountinthedesignmoment.

M Ed NEdeN NEd Cz,c Cz,c,eff (2.5)

where,
eN : Eccentricity between the gross area and effective area
Cz,c : Gravity center of the gross area

Cz,c,eff : Gravity center of the effective area

1.6Plateelementswithoutlongitudinalstiffeners

TheeffectiveareasofflatcompressionelementsshouldbeobtainedusingTable2.7forinternal EN199315:2006
elementsandTable2.8foroutstandelements.Theeffectiveareaofthecompressionzoneof 4.4
plateshouldbeobtainedfrom:

Ac,eff Ac (2.6)

where,
Ac,eff : The effective cross sectional area.

Ac : The gross cross sectional area.

: The reduction factor for plate buckling.

(1)Effectivewidthbeff
Refer to thefollowing table and figure to see thedefinition of internal element and outstand
elementinmidasCivil.

[Table2.6]Definitionofinternalandoutstandelement

Type Shape Definedas
Internal I Web

element Box Web/Flangesbetweenweb
I Flange
Outstand
element Box Outstandflangewhichistheoutsideofwebs

[Fig.2.10]Internalandoutstandelement

Forinternalcompressionelements

[Table2.7]Internalcompressionelements

EN199315:2006
Table4.1

Foroutstandcompressionelements

[Table2.8]Outstandcompressionelements
EN199315:2006
Table4.2

(2)Reductionfactor

[Table2.9]Calculationofreductionfactor
Type Condition

p 0.673 1.0
Internal EN199315:2006
p 0.673 p 0.0553 4.4(2)
element 2
1.0

where, 3 0 p

p 0.748 1.0

Outstand
p 0.188
element p 0.748 2
1.0
p

where,
f bt
p 28.4 k
y
(2.7)

cr

b : The appropriate width to be taken as follow.
bs : For webs

b : For internal flange elements.
c : For outstand flanges.

EN199311:2005
Table5.2

[Fig.2.11]Dimensionofoutstandflanges

: The stress ratio.
k : The buckling factor corresponding to the stress ratio and boundary conditions.
t : The thickness.

cr : The elastic critical plate buckling stress.

235

(2.8)
f y N mm2

1.7Stiffenedplateelementswithlongitudinalstiffeners

The effective section area of each subpanel should be determined by a reduction factor in EN199315:2006
accordancewith1.6toaccountforlocalbuckling.Thestiffenedplatewitheffectivesectionarea 4.5
forthestiffenersshouldbecheckedforglobalplatebucklingandareductionfactorshouldbe

determinedforoverallplatebuckling.

Theeffectiveareaofthecompressionzoneofthestiffenedplateshouldbetakenas:

Ac,eff c Ac,eff ,loc bedge, off t (2.9)

EN199315:2006
Ac ,eff ,loc Asl ,eff locbc ,loct

(4.5),(4.6)
(2.10)
c

where,

Ac,eff,loc : The effective section areas of all the stiffeners and subpanels that are fully or partially in the
compression zone except the effective parts supported by an adjacent plate element with the width
bedge,eff.
applies to the part of effective section of all longitudinal stiffeners with gross area Asl located in the
compression zone.

bc,loc : The width of the compressed part of each subpanel.

loc : The reduction factor for each subpanel.

EN199315:2006
Figure4.4

[Fig.2.12]Stiffenedplateunderuniformcompression

(1)Effectivewidthandreductionfactorforindividualsubpanelsbetweenstiffeners.

Calculatetheeffectivewidthofsubpanelsbetweenstiffenersaspertheclause1.6.

Thevalueof b istakenasthesmallervaluebetweenthefollows:

Clearspacingbetweenflangeandstiffener
Clearspacingbetweenstiffeners

(2)Elasticcriticalplatebucklingstresscr,pforstiffenedweb.

withsinglestiffenerinthecompressionzone
cr,pcanbecalculatedasfollowsignoringstiffenersinthetensionzone:

EN199315:2006
cr, p cr, sl (2.11) A.2.2(1)

[Table2.10]Calculationofcr,sl
Condition cr,sl

I sl ,1t 3b
1.05E
EN199315:2006
aac (A.4)
Asl ,1 b1b2

EI sl ,1
2
Et ba 3 2

a<ac 4 1 2 Asl ,1b12b22
2 2
Asl ,1a

where,

I sl ,1b12b22
ac 4.334 (2.12)
t3b

Asl,1 : The gross area of the column.
Isl,1 : The second moment of area of the gross cross-section of the column.

b1, b2 : The distances from the longitudinal edges of the web to the stiffener.

EN199315:2006
FigureA.2

[Fig.2.13]Notationsforawebplatewithsinglestiffenerinthecompressionzone

withtwostiffenersinthecompressionzone

cr,pshouldbetakenasthelowestofthosecomputedforthe3casesusingequation(2.13)
withb1=b1*,b2=b2*,b=B*.Thestiffenersintensionzoneshouldbeignored.

cr , p min cr , sl , I , cr , sl , II , cr , sl ,lumped (2.13) EN199315:2006
A.2.1(7)

EN199315:2006
FigureA.3

[Fig.2.14]Notationsforplatewithtwostiffenersinthecompressionzone

Itisassumedthatoneofstiffenersbuckleswhiletheotheroneactsasarigidsupport.

Bucklingofboththestiffenerssimultaneouslyisaccountedforbyconsideringasinglelumped

stiffenerthatissubstitutedforbothindividualonessuchthat:
(a)itscrosssectionalareaanditssecondmomentofareaIstarerespectivelythesumoffor

theindividualstiffeners.

(b)itispositionedatthelocationoftheresultantoftherespectiveforcesintheindividual
stiffeners.

withatleastthreestiffenersinthecompressionzone

cr, p k , p E
(2.14)
EN199315:2006
A.1(2)

where,
2Et2
E (2.15)
12(1 2 )b2

k,p : The buckling coefficient.
b is defined in Fig. 2.15.

t : The thickness of the plate.
E : The modulus of elasticity of structural steel.
: The poissons ratio

EN199315:2006
FigureA.1

[Fig.2.15]Notationsforlongitudinallystiffenedplates(1)

k,pmaybeapproximatedasshowninthefollowingtable.

[Table2.11]Calculationofk,p
EN199315:2006
Condition k,p (A.2)

2 1 2 1
2

4

2 11

4

4 1

11

where,

2
0.5 (2.16)
1

I sl
(2.17)
Ip

Asl
(2.18)
Ap

a
0 .5 (2.19)
b

Isl : The sum of the second moment of area of the whole stiffened plate.

Asl : The sum of the gross area of the individual longitudinal stiffener.
Ip : The second moment of area for bending of the plate.

bt 3
Ip (2.20)
12(1 2 )

Ap : The gross area of the plate = bt.
1 : The larger edge stress.
2 : The smaller edge stress.
a, b, t : As defined in Fig. 2.16.


EN199315:2006
FigureA.1


(3)Platetypebehavior.

Therelativeplateslenderness p oftheequivalentplate

A, c f y
p (2.21) EN199315:2006
cr , p
4.5.2(1)

where,
Ac , eff ,loc
A, c (2.22)
Ac

Ac : The gross area of the compression zone of the stiffened plate except the parts of subpanels
supported by an adjacent plate.
Ac,eff,loc : The effective area of the same part of the plate with due allowance made for possible plate
buckling of subpanels and/or of stiffened panels.

Thereductionfactor

[Table2.12]Calculationof
EN199315:2006
Element Condition 4.4(2)
p 0.673 1.0

Internal
p 0.673 p 0.0553
element 2
1.0
where, 3 0 p

p 0.748 1.0
Outstand
p 0.188
element p 0.748 2
1.0
p

(4)Columntypebehavior.

Theelasticcriticalcolumnbucklingstresscr,c

EN199315:2006
2 Et 2
(a)Unstiffenedplate: cr ,c (2.23) 4.5.3(2),(3)
12(1 2 )a 2

bc
(b)Stiffenedplate: cr ,c cr , sl (2.24)
bsl ,1

where,

a : Length of a stiffened or unstiffened plate.

2 EI sl ,1
cr ,sl (2.25)
Asl ,1a2

Isl,1 : The second moment of area of the stiffener, relative to out-of-plane bending of the plate.

Asl,1: The gross cross-sectional area of the stiffener and the adjacent parts of the plate.

Therelativecolumnslenderness c

p 0.673
(a)Unstiffenedplate: (2.26)

A, c f y EN199315:2006
(b)Stiffenedplate: c (2.27)
cr , c 4.5.3(4)

where,

Asl ,1, eff
A, c (2.28)
Asl ,1

Asl,1,eff : The effective cross-sectional area of the stiffener with due allowance for plate buckling.

Thereductionfactorc

1 EN199311:2005
c 1 .0
2 (2.29) 6.3.1.2
c 2

0.51 c 0.2 c
2
(a)Unstiffenedplate: (2.30)

where, = 0.21

(b)Stiffenedplate:

0.51 e c 0.2 c
2

(2.31)

where,
0.09 EN199315:2006
e (2.32) 4.5.3(5)
i/e

I sl ,1
i (2.33)
Asl ,1

e = max(e1, e2) is the largest distance from the respective centroids of the plating and the one-sided

stiffener (or of the centroids of either set of stiffeners when present on both sides) to the neutral axis of

the column.
= 0.34 (for closed section stiffener), 0.49 (for open section stiffener)
(5)Finalreductionfactorc frominteractionbetweenplateandcolumnbuckling.

c c 2 c
(2.34)
EN199315:2006
4.5.4(1)

where,
cr, p
1 (2.35)
cr,c 0 1 .0
,

cr,p : The elastic critical plate buckling stress.
cr,c : The elastic critical column buckling stress.
c : The reduction factor due to column buckling.

Longitudinalstiffener

Longitudinalstiffenersofboxgirderneedtobeenteredbysectionproperties.Flat,Tee,URib
typestiffenercanbedefined.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>LongitudinalStiffener

[Fig.2.17]SectionManager,LongitudinalstiffenerDialog

1.8Calculatebendingresistance,MRd

Bendingresistance,MRd,canbecalculatedasfollowsbasedonitsclass.
Class1or2crosssectionscanbecheckedbyusingtheplasticorelasticbendingresistance.

Class3crosssectionsarecheckedwiththeelasticbendingresistance,orpossiblyreclassifiedas
effectiveClass2crosssectionandthencheckedwiththeplasticbendingresistance.
Class 4 crosssections are also checked with the elastic bending resistance but by using the

effectivecrosssection,reducedtotakeaccountofbuckling.

(1)Class1and2+PositiveMoment.

Thestrengthofthereinforcingsteelbarsincompressionisneglected.

Generalcase: M Rd M pl, Rd (2.36)

ForthestructuralsteelgradeS420orS460,MRd iscalculatedasshowninthetablebelow.

[Table2.13]CalculationMRd
Condition MRd
EN19942:2005
xpl0.15h M pl , Rd 6.2.1.4(6)
M pl , Rd
0.15h<xpl0.4h
NcNc,el
M a, Ed M el , Rd M a, Ed NNc

c , el
xpl>0.4h
N c , el
Nc,el<NcNc,f
M el , Rd M pl , Rd M el , Ed NN c
N c , el

c, f

where,
Mpl,Rd : Design value of the plastic resistance moment of the composite section with full shear
connection.
Mel,Rd : Design value of the elastic resistance moment of the composite section.

: The reduction factor.

Nc : Design value of the compressive normal force in the concrete flange.
Nc,el : Compressive normal force in the concrete flange corresponding to Mel,Rd.
Nc,f : Design value of the compressive normal force in the concrete flange with full shear connection.

[Fig.2.18]ReductionfactorforMpl,Rd

(2)Class1and2+NegativeMoment.
Thestrengthoftheconcreteintensionisneglected.

Bendingresistance

M Rd M pl, Rd
(2.37)

(3)Class3

Bendingresistance

M Rd Mel, Rd M a, Ed kMc, Ed EN19942:2005
(2.38)
(6.4)

(4)Class4
Section properties should be calculated by considering the effective area. If the section is
under the compression, the additional moment must be taken in to account due to the

eccentricitybetweenthegravitycenterofgrosssectionandeffectivesection.
Refertotheclause1.5toseehowtocalculatetheeffectiveareaandadditionalmoment.

Bendingresistance

M Rd Mel, Rd M a, Ed kMc, Ed EN19942:2005
(2.39) (6.4)

1.9Checkbendingresistance

M Ed M Rd
(2.40)

where,
MEd : Design bending moment.

Loadcombination
In midas Civil, bending resistance will be verified for the load combinations that the Active
columnisspecifiedasStrength/StressinResults>Loadcombinations>SteelDesigntab.
1.10VerificationofBendingResistance
ByResultTable
Bendingresistancecanbeverifiedinthetableformatasshownbelow.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>BendingResistance
Elem:Element
Position:I/Jend
Positive/Negative:Positive/Negativemoment
Lcom:Loadcombination
Type:Loadcombinationtype(Fxxmax,Fxxmin,...Mzzmin)
TopClass:Classoftopflange
BotClass:Classofbottomflange
WebClass:Classofweb
Sect.Class:Classofcrosssection
Ma,Ed:Thedesignbendingmomentappliedtostructuralsteelsectionbefore
compositebehavior
Mc,Ed:Thepartofthedesignbendingmomentactingonthecompositesection
Mpl,Rd:Designvalueoftheplasticresistancemomentofthecompositesection
Mel,Rd:Designvalueoftheelasticresistancemomentofthecompositesection
M_Rd:Designvalueoftheresistancemomentofacompositesection
ByExcelReport
DetailresultswithappliedequationsandparameterscanbecheckedintheExcelReport.


2.Resistancetoverticalshear
Limitstateofverticalshearresistancewillsatisfythecondition, VEd VRd .

Shear resistance, VRd , will be determined as smaller value between Vpl,Rd and Vb,Rd when
consideringshearbuckling.Whentheshearbucklingisnotconsidered,Shearresistance, VRd ,

will be determined as Vpl,Rd. The plastic resistance and buckling resistance are calculated as
follows.

2.1Plasticresistancetoverticalshear

Av ( f y / 3 ) EN19942:2005
Vpl, Rd Vpl,a, Rd (2.41) 6.2.2.2
M0 EN199311:2005
(6.18)

where,
M0 : The partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is.
Av : The shear area. In midas Civil, only welded I, H and box sections are considered.

Av hwt w (2.42)
EN199311:2005
6.2.6(3)d)

hw : The depth of the web

tw : The web thickness
: The coefficient that includes the increase of shear resistance at web slenderness


SteelGrade

S235toS460 1.20
OverS460 1.00

2.2Shearbucklingresistance
hw 72 h 31
Plateswith foranunstiffenedweb,or w k forastiffenedweb,shouldbe
t t

checkedforresistancetoshearbucklingandshouldbeprovidedwithtransversestiffenersat
thesupports.

EN19942:2005
f ywhwt
Vb, Rd Vbw, Rd Vbf , Rd (2.43) 6.2.2.3
3 M 1 EN199315:2006
(5.1)

(1)ContributionfromthewebVbw,Rd

w f yw hwt
Vbw, Rd (2.44)
3 M 1 EN199315:2006
(5.2)

where,
fyw : Yield strength of the web.

hw : Clear web depth between flanges.

t : Thickness of the plate.
M1 : Partial factor for resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks.
w : Factor for the contribution of the web to the shear buckling resistance.

[Table2.15]Contributionfromthewebw
EN199315:2006
Condition Rigidendpost Nonrigidendpost Table5.1
w 0.83/

0.83/ w 1.08 0.83/ w 0.83/ w

w 1.08 1.37/(0.7 w ) 0.83/ w

EN199315:2006
Figure5.1

[Fig.2.19]Endsupports

w : Slenderness parameter.

[Table2.16]Calculationofw
EN199315:2006
Condition w 5.3(3)

Transversestiffenersatsupportsonly. hw
w
(InmidasCivil,whenlongitudinalstiffenerexistsonly) 86.4t

Transversestiffenersatsupportsandintermediatetransverse hw
orlongitudinalstiffenersorboth(InmidasCivil,exceptforthe w
37.4t k
conditionwhenlongitudinalstiffenerexistsonly)

For webs with longitudinal stiffeners,

hwi
w (2.45) EN199315:2006
37.4t ki 5.3(5)

hwi and ki refer to the subpanel with the largest slenderness parameter w of all subpanels within the web

panel under consideration. (kst = 0)

235
(2.46)
fy

k : The minimum shear buckling coefficient for the web panel.

[Table2.17]Calculationk

No.oflongitudinal
Condition k EN199315:2006
stiffeners A.3

a/hw1.0 k 5.34 4.00(hw / a)2 kst
=0or>2
a/hw<1.0 k 4.00 5.34(hw / a)2 kst

=a/hw3.0 k 5.34 4.00(hw / a)2 kst

I sl
1or2 6.3 0.18 3

=a/hw<3.0 t hw I sl
k 4.1 2.23
2 t 3hw

2 3
h I 2.1 I sl
kst 9 w 4 sl 3
t 3h (2.47)
a w t hw

a : The distance between transverse stiffeners.

EN199315:2006
Figure5.3

[Fig.2.20]Webwithtransverseandlongitudinalstiffeners

Isl : The second moment of area of the longitudinal stiffener about z-axis. The value of Isl will be
multiplied by 1/3 when calculating k.

[Table2.18]Calculation
SteelGrade

S235toS460 1.20

OverS460 1.00

(2)Calculationoftheshearstressintheflange Ed,max

Structuralsteelboxsection

VEd ,a Q f ,a
Ed ,a (2.48)
Ia t f

Compositeboxsection

VEd ,c Q f ,c
Ed ,c (2.49)

Ic t f

Ed ,max Ed ,a Ed ,c (2.50)

f yf
Rd (2.51)
3 M 1

where,
Qf,a : Geometric moment of area in flange before composite

Qf,c : Geometric moment of area in flange after composite
Ia : Second moment of area in flange before composite
Ic : Second moment of area in flange after composite
fyf : Yield strength of the flange.

VEd,a : Shear force of girder before composite
VEd,c : Shear force of girder after composite

: Apply the value of 1.2.
In case of box girder, shear resistance verification in flange will be done by comparing the

maximumshearforce, Ed,max,totheshearresistance, Rd.

Transversestiffener

Transversestiffenerscanbespecifiedbymembers.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>TransverseStiffener

a:Spacingofrigidtransverse
stiffeners

[Fig.2.21]Transversestiffener

Transversestiffenerofendsupport
Transversestiffenerofendsupportcanbeenteredfromthefollowingdialogbox.Endsupport

typebynodesandrelatedparametercanbedefined.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>TransverseStiffenerofEndSupport

Typeofendsupport
(SeeFig.2.17)

[Fig.2.22]TransverseStiffenerofEndSupport

2.3Resistancetoverticalshear

VRdiscalculateddependingonthevalueofhw/tasshowninthetablebelow.

[Table2.19]CalculationofVRd
Condition VRd

hw 72
VRd V pl, Rd
t

Unstiffened
hw 72
VRd Vb, Rd
t

hw 31
k VRd V pl, Rd
t

Stiffened
hw 31
k VRd Vb, Rd
t

where,
Vpl,Rd : The plastic resistance to vertical shear.
Vb,Rd : The shear buckling resistance.

2.4Interactionbendingandverticalshear
(1)Verificationconditionofinteractionbetweensearforceandbendingmoment

When the following condition is satisfied, combined effects of bending and shear need to be EN19942:2005
verified. 6.2.2.4(1)

VEd
3 0.5 (2.52)
Vbw, Rd

where,

VEd : The design shear force including shear from torque.

Vbw,Rd : The design resistance for shear of contribution from the web.

(2)ForcrosssectionsinClass1or2

Applythereduceddesignsteelstrength(1)fydinthesheararea.Itisnotconsideredinmidas

Civil.

2
2VEd
1 (2.53)
VRd

EN19942:2005
6.2.2.4(2)
Figure6.7

[Fig.2.23]Plasticstressdistributionmodifiedbytheeffectofverticalshear

(3)ForcrosssectionsinClass3and4

3 0.5 :MRd,NRdneednotbereduced.

3 0.5 :ThecombinedeffectsofbendingandshearinthewebofanIorboxgirdershould

satisfy.

1 1

M f , Rd 2

23 1 1.0

M pl , Rd
(2.54)
EN199315:2006
7.1(1)

where,

M Ed M f , Rd
1 (2.55)
M pl , Rd M pl , Rd

VEd
3 (2.56)
Vbw, Rd

2.5Checkresistancetoverticalshear

VEd VRd
(2.57)

where,
VEd : Design value of the shear force acting on the composite section.
VRd : Design value of the resistance of the composite section to vertical shear.

2.6Verificationofverticalshearresistance

ByResultTable
Theverificationresultscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>ResistancetoVerticalShear

Position:I/Jend
TopClass:Classoftopflange
BotClass:Classofbottomflange
WebClass:Classofweb
Sect.Class:Classofcrosssection
N_Ed:Designvalueofthecompressivenormalforce
M_Ed:Designbendingmoment
V_Ed:Designvalueoftheshearforceactingonthecompositesection
Vpl,Rd:Designvalueoftheplasticresistanceofthecompositesectiontoverticalshear
Vb,Rd:Designvalueoftheshearbucklingresistanceofasteelweb

ByExcelReport


3.Resistancetolongitudinalshear
ResistancetolongitudinalisverifiedonlyfortheplateIgirderandthefollowingconditionmust
besatisfied.

L, Ed L, Rd

L, Ed , L, Rd shallbecalculatedasfollows.

3.1Designshearresistanceofheadedstud

EN19942:2005
PRd minPRd 1 , PRd 2
(2.58)
6.6.3.1(1)

0.8 fud 2 / 4
PRd1 (2.59)
V

0.29d 2 fck Ecm
PRd 2 (2.60)
V

where,
V : The partial factor.

d : The diameter of the shank of the stud.

fu : The specified ultimate tensile strength of the material of the stud.
fck : The characteristic cylinder compressive strength of the concrete at the age considered.
hsc : The overall nominal height of the stud.

EN19942:2005
[Table2.20]Calculationof (6.20),(6.21)
3hsc/d4 hsc/d>4

hsc
0.2 1 =1

d

Shearconnector

Forshearconnectors,enterthenumberofconnectors,tensilestrength,dimension,height(hsc),
transversespacing(st),andlongitudinalspacing(sc).

[Fig.2.24]Notationofshearconnector

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>ShearConnector

[Fig.2.25]ShearconnectorInputDialog

3.2Bearingshearstressofshearconnector,L,Rd

PRd N
L, Rd (2.61)
sc

where,
N : The number of the shear connector.
sc : The space of the shear connector.

3.3Shearstressattheconnectionbetweengirderanddeck,L,Ed
(1) Beams with crosssections in Class 1 or 2 and under the sagging moment and inelastic
behavior(MEd>Mel,Rd)

VL , Ed
L , Ed (2.62)
Lv

where,

N c, f Nc,el M ED M el , Rd EN19942:2005
VL,Ed M pl , Rd M el , Rd (2.63)
6.6.2.2

Lv : Length of shear connection. (Lv = beff = Bc)

(2)Othercases

VEdQs
L, Ed (2.64)
Iy

where,

Qs : Geometric moment of area at the shear connector position (contact point between girder and slab)

[Table2.21]CalculationofQs

Condition Qs

Gravitycenterofcompositesection Calculatethegeometricmomentofarea
<Heightofgirder withslab


Heightofgirder withgirder

3.4Checkresistancetolongitudinalshear

L, Ed L, Rd
(2.65)

where,
L,Ed : Design longitudinal shear force per unit length at the interface between steel and concrete.

L,Rd : Resistance to longitudinal shear.

3.5Verificationoflongitudinalshearresistance

ByResultTable
Verificationresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.

Design>Composite Steel Girder Design>Design Result Tables>Resistance to Longitudinal
Shear

Elem:Element

Position:I/Jend
V_L,Ed:Longitudinalshearforceactingonlength oftheinelasticregion
v_L,Ed:Designlongitudinalshearforceperunitlengthattheinterfacebetweensteelandconcrete
P_Rd:Designvalueoftheshearresistanceofasingleconnector
v_L,Rd:
v_Ed:Designlongitudinalshearstress

ByExcelReport
Chapter2.CompositeSteelBoxGirderDesign:EN19942

1.Stresslimitation

Forthestresslimitcheckofboxgirder,thefollowingstresswillbecalculatedandcomparedto
itsallowablestress:Normalstressofgirders,Shearstressofgirders,Combinedstressofgirders,
stressinslab,andstressinrebar.Eachstresscanbecalculatedasfollows.

1.1Stresslimitationforgirder

(1)NormalstressEd,ser

fy
Ed , ser allow (2.66)
M , ser

Stressingirder,Ed,ser,iscalculatedbythestressessummationofbeforecompositeandafter
compositestateat4differentpoints.Memberforcesandsectionpropertiesarecalculatedas
showninthetablebelow.

[Table2.22]Memberforcesforcalculatinggirderstress
Type Beforecomposite Aftercomposite

Section
Girder Saggingmoment:Deckconcrete+Girder
Properties

Member
Calculateusinggirderonly Calculateconsideringdeckconcreteandgirder
Force

In midas Civil, applied section properties can be verified in the excel report. The section

propertiesofbeforecompositeactionisshownasBefore,aftercompositeactionisshown
asAfter,negativemomentwithconsideringcrackedsectionisshownasCrack.

(2)ShearstressEd,ser

fy EN19932:2006
3 M , ser (7.2)

where,
VEd
Ed , ser (2.68)
Av

VEd : Shear force after composite action
Av : Shear area. For I-girder, Av = hwtw. For the other sections, Av = Aweb.
(3)CombinedstressEd,com,ser

EN19942:2005
fy 7.2.2(5)
Ed ,com, ser allow (2.69)
M ,ser EN19932:2006

(7.1)

where,
EN19932:2006
Ed ,com, ser Ed
2
, ser 3 Ed
2
, ser (2.70) (7.3)

Stresslimitationparameters


M,ser

k1,k2,k3

[Fig.2.26]CompositeGirderDesignParameters

1.2Stresslimitationforconcreteofslab

c allow kf ck
(2.71)

where,
k : It is used as the user defined value.

[Table2.23]Recommendedvalueofkforconcrete

ServiceabilityLoad k EN19942:2005
combinationType 7.2.2(2)
Applied Recommended

Characteristic k1 0.6

Quasipermanent k2 0.45

fck : The characteristic value of the cylinder compressive strength of concrete at 28 days.

1.3Stresslimitationforreinforcementofslab

s allow k3 f sk
(2.72)

where,
k3 : It is used as the user defined value.

[Table2.24]Recommendedvalueofkforreinforcement
EN19942:2005
ServiceabilityLoad k 7.2.2(4
combinationType
Applied Recommended

fsk : Characteristic value of the yield strength of reinforcing steel.
1.4Verificationofstresslimitationresistance
ByResultTable
Theverificationresultscanbecheckedasshowninthetablebelow.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>StressLimitation
Sigma_Ed,ser,Tau_Ed,ser:Nominalstressesinthestructuralsteelfromthecharacteristic
loadcombination.RefertoEN199327.3.
ALW:Stresslimit.
Sigma_c:Stressintheconcretedeck.
k*fck:Stresslimit.
Sigma_s:stressinthereinforcement.
k*fsk:stresslimit.
ByExcelReport

2.LongitudinalshearinSLS(ServiceabilityLimitStates)

ResistancetolongitudinalshearcanbeverifiedfortheIgirderandfollowingconditionmustbe
satisfied.

L, Ed L, Rd



PRd minPRd 1 , PRd 2
(2.73)
EN19942:2005
6.6.3.1(1)

0.8 fud 2 / 4
PRd1 (2.74)
V

0.29d 2 fck Ecm
PRd 2 (2.75)
V

where,
d : The diameter of the shank of the stud, 16mm d 25mm.

fu : The specified ultimate tensile strength of the material of the stud, 500N/mm2.
fck : The characteristic cylinder compressive strength of the concrete at the age considered. EN19942:2005
hsc : The overall nominal height of the stud. (6.20),(6.21)

: Refer to Table 2.20.

Shearconnectorparameters

Shearconnectorisenteredbymembers.Refertotheclause3.1fortheinputmethod.


k s PRd N conn
L, Rd (2.76)
sconn

where,
ks : Reduction factor for shear resistance of stud connector.
Nconn : The number of the shear connector.

sconn : The space of the shear connector.

Reductionfactorks

Reductionfactorforstud,ks,canbeenteredinCompositeSteelGirderDesignParametersdialog
box.



behavior(MEd>Mel,Rd).

VL , Ed
L , Ed (2.77)
Lv

where,
N c, f Nc,el M ED M el , Rd
VL,Ed
EN19942:2005
(2.78)

M pl , Rd M el , Rd 6.6.2.2


(2)Othercases

VEdQs
L, Ed (2.79)
Iy

where,

Qs : Geometric moment of area at the shear connector position (contact point between girder and slab).
Refer to Table 2.21 to see the calculation method.

2.4CheckresistancetolongitudinalshearinSLS

L, Ed L, Rd
(2.80)

where,


2.5VerificationoflongitudinalshearinSLS

ByResultTable

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>LongitudinalshearinSLS
V_c,Ed: Vertical shear force acting on the composite section.

v_L,Ed: Longitudinal shear force per unit length in the shear connector.
P_Rd_ser: Shear resistance of a single shear connector for SLS.
v_L,Rd: Longitudinal shear resistance per unit length for the shear connector.

ByExcelReport

Chapter 3.
Composite Plate
Girder Design
EN 1994-2
Chapter 3.
Composite Plate needs to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.

Bending Resistance
Resistance to Vertical Shear
Resistance to Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Olny check for

Resistance to Transverse Forces Steel-ISection
Resistance to Longitudanal Shear
Resistance to Fatigue

For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic
Stress limitation for concrete Load Combination
For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic,

Stress limitation for reinforcing steel Frequent Load Combination
Stress limitation for structral steel For Characteristic Load Combination
Resistance to Longitudinal Shear For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic,

Frequent Load Combination
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942
UltimateLimitStates

1.Bendingresistance
LimitstateofBendingResistancewillsatisfythecondition,MEdMRd.
Momentresistance,MRd,shallbecalculatedasfollows:

1.1Designvaluesofmaterial
(1)Partialfactorsformaterials
Partialfactorformaterialsconsideredinultimatelimitstatesareshowninthetablebelow.
InmidasCivil,partialfactorformaterialscanbespecifiedbytheuserinDesignParameter
dialogbox.ThedefaultvaluesaredeterminedasbelowasperEurocode4.

[Table3.1]Partialfactorformaterials
EN19942:2005
Materials Condition PartialFactor 2.4.1.2
Persistent&Transient c=1.5
Concrete
Accidental c=1.2

Persistent&Transient s=1.15
Reinforcingsteel
Accidental s=1.0
Crosssections M0=1.0
Structuralsteel
Memberstoinstabilityassessed M1=1.0

Shearconnection memberstoinstability V=1.25
Fatigueverification Strength Mf=1.0
ofheadedstuds Strengthofstudsinshear Mf,s=1.0


f cd f ck / c (3.1)
EN19942:2005
(2.1)

where,
(3)Designyieldstrengthofsteelreinforcement.

f sd f sk / s
(3.2)

where,
fsk : The characteristic value of the yield strength of reinforcing steel.
s : The partial factor for reinforcing steel.
Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942 82
(4)Designyieldstrengthofstructuralsteel.

f yd f y / M 0
(3.3)

where,
fy : The nominal value of the yield strength of structural steel.
M0 : The partial factor for structural steel applied to resistance of cross-sections.

Thenominalvaluesoftheyieldstrengthfyandtheultimatestrengthfuforstructuralsteel
shallbeobtainedbyusingthesimplificationgiveninFig.3.1.

EN199311:2005
Table3.1

[Fig.3.1]Nominalvaluesofyieldstrengthfyandultimatetensilestrengthfu

Partialsafetyfactor

Parameters related to the material such as partial factors, damage equivalence factors, and
shear resistance reduction factor can be defined in Composite Steel Girder Design

Parametersdialogbox.

Thedefaultvaluesofpartialfactorsaredefinedas1.0.


[Fig.3.2]DesignParametersDialog

Designstrengthofmaterials

Designstrengthofconcrete,reinforcement,andsteelcanbedefinedinModifySRCMaterial
dialogbox.
In SteelDesign Selection field, when Code is entered asEN05,Fy1 istensile strength of the

steelforwhichthethicknessislessorequalto40mmandFy2istensilestrengthofthesteelfor
whichthethicknessislargerthan40mm.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignMaterial

[Fig.3.3]Compositesteelgirderdesignmaterial

1.2Classificationofcrosssection

The classification system defined in EN199311:2005, 5.5.2 applies to crosssections of
compositebeams.

[Table3.2]Classesofcrosssections
Class Definedas EN199311:2005
5.5.2
whichcanformaplastichingewiththerotationcapacityrequiredfromplastic
1
analysiswithoutreductionoftheresistance

whichcandeveloptheirplasticmomentresistance,buthavelimitedrotation
2
capacitybecauseoflocalbuckling

inwhichthestressintheextremecompressionfibreofthesteelmemberassuming
3 anelasticdistributionofstressescanreachtheyieldstrength,butlocalbucklingis
liabletopreventdevelopmentoftheplasticmomentresistance

inwhichlocalbucklingwilloccurbeforetheattainmentofyieldstressinoneor
4
morepartsofthecrosssection

(1) The classification of a crosssection depends on the width to thickness ratio of the parts

subjecttocompression.

ClassificationofClassinflange

ClassofflangecanbeclassifieddependingonthePositiveandnegativemoment.

[Table3.3]Classofcompressionflange
Moment Position Classofcompressionflange

Asteelcompressionflangethatisrestrainedfrombucklingby
Top
Positive effectiveattachmenttoaconcreteflangebyshearconnectors
Flange
maybeassumedtobeinClass1.

CompositeI:CheckforoutstandflangesinFig. 3.4.
Bottom CompositeBox : Check for outstand flanges and internal
Negative
Flange compressionpartinFig.3.5.

EN199311:2005
Table5.2

[Fig.3.4]MaximumwidthtothicknessratiosforcompressionpartsOutstand

ClassificationofClassinweb:checkforinternalcompressionpartinFig. 3.5.

EN199311:2005
Table5.2

[Fig.3.5]MaximumwidthtothicknessratiosforcompressionpartsInternal

(2)Classificationofacrosssection
Acrosssectionisclassifiedaccordingtothehighest(leastfavorable)classofitscompression EN199311:2005
5.5.2(6)
partsasfollowingtable.

[Table3.4]Classofsectionaccordingtoclassofcompressionparts

ClassofFlange
ClassofSection
1 2 3 4

1 1 2 3 4

Classof 2 1 2 3 4

Web 3 2* 2* 3 4

4 4 4 4 4

*: Crosssections with webs in Class3 and flanges in Class1 or 2 may be treated as an EN199311:2005
effectivecrosssectionsinClass2withaneffectivewebinaccordancewithEN199311:2005, 5.5.2(11)
6.2.2.4.ThisclauseisappliedtoIshapesectiononly.

EffectiveClass2crosssection
Theproportionofthewebincompressionshouldbereplacedbyapartof20twadjacentto
EN199311:2005
thecompressionflange,withanotherpartof20twadjacenttotheplasticneutralaxisofthe 6.2.2.4(1)
effectivecrosssectioninaccordancewithfollowingfigure.


EN199311:2005
Figure6.3

[Fig.3.6]Effectiveclass2web

1.3Calculateplasticbendingresistance,Mpl,Rd.

Forpositivemoment:Compressiverebarinthedeckwillbeignored.

Fornegativemoment:Concreteareaofdeckwillbeneglectedandonlythetensilerebarin
thedeckwillbeconsidered.

EN19942:2005
Figure6.2

[Fig.3.7]Plasticstressdistributionsforacompositebeam

ForIshapegirderundersaggingmoment,Mpl,Rdcanbecalculateddependingonthepositionof
plasticneutralaxis.

(1)Locatedintheslabdepthforpositivemoment

[Fig.3.8]PNAintheslabdepthforpositivemoment

[Table3.5]Mpl,Rdintheslabdepthforpositivemoment

Part Force Distance
Slab Nc 0.85 fcd Bc x pl

TopFlange Na,top f ydbtf ttf atop tc Hh 0.5ttf 0.5x pl

Web Na,web f ydtwhw aweb tc Hh ttf 0.5tw 0.5x pl
Na,bot f ydbbf tbf abot tc Hh t f tw 0.5tbf 0.5x pl
BottomFlange
Mpl,Rd M pl, Rd Na,topatop Na,webaweb Na,botabot

(2)Locatedinthewebofsteelgirderforpositivemoment

[Fig.3.9]PNAinthewebofsteelgirderforpositivemoment

[Table3.6]Mpl,Rdinthewebofsteelgirderforpositivemoment

Part Force Distance

Slab N c 0.85 f cd Bc t c

TopFlange Na,top f ydbtf ttf atop 0.5tc Hh 0.5ttf

Web(Comp) Na, web,c f yd tw ( x pl tc H h ttf ) aweb,c 0.5( x pl Hh ttf )

Web(Tens) Na, web,t f ydtw (tc Hh ttf hw x pl ) aweb,t 0.5( x pl Hh ttf hw )

BottomFlange Na,bot f ydbbf tbf abot 0.5tc Hh ttf tw 0.5tbf

Mpl,Rd M pl, Rd Na,topatop Na, web,caweb,c Na, web,t aweb,t Na,botabot

ForIshapegirderunderhoggingmoment,whenplasticneutralaxisislocatedintheweb,Mpl,Rd
canbecalculatedasfollows.Themomentiscalculatedbasedonthepositionofplasticneutralaxis.

(3)Locatedinthewebofsteelgirderfornegativemoment

[Fig.3.10]PNAinthewebofsteelgirderfornegativemoment

[Table3.7]Mpl,Rdinthewebofsteelgirderfornegativemoment

Part Force Distance
SlabRebar N si f sd Asi asi x pl d si

TopFlange Na,top f yd Btf ttf atop x pl tc H h 0.5ttf

Web(Tens) Na,web,t f yd ( x pl tc H h ttf )t w aweb,t 0.5( x pl tc H h ttf )

Web(Comp) Na,web,c f yd (tc H h ttf hw x pl )t w aweb,c 0.5(tc H h ttf hw x pl )

BottomFlange Na,bot f yd Bbf tbf abot tc H h ttf hw 0.5tbf x pl

Mpl,Rd M pl ,Rd N si asi N a,top atop N a,web,t aweb,t N a,web,c aweb,c N a,bot abot

1.4Calculateelasticbendingresistance,Mel,Rd

EN19942:2005
Mel, Rd M a, Ed kMc, Ed (3.4)
(6.4)

[Fig.3.11]CalculationofMel,Rd

where,
Ma,Ed : Design bending moment applied to structural steel section before composite behavior. Bending
moment obtained during the construction stage analysis is used in midas Civil.

Mc,Ed : The part of design bending moment acting on the composite section. Bending moment obtained
from the final construction stage is used in midas Civil.
k : The lowest factor such that a stress limit in EN1994-2:2005, 6.2.1.5(2) is reached. In midas Civil,
the value of k is calculated as below.

[Table3.8]Calculationofk
Type ForPositiveMoment ForNegativeMoment

f yd M a , Ed ( z a / I y ,a ) f yd M a , Ed ( z a / I y ,a )
SteelGirder ka ka
M c, Ed ( z c / I y ,c ) M c, Ed ( z c / I y ,c )

f cd
Slab kc
M c ,Ed ( z c,slab / I y ,c ,slab )

f sd
Reinforcement ks
M c , Ed ( z c ,bar / I y ,c ,bar )

k min[ka,kc] min[ka,ks]

1.5CalculateeffectivecrosssectionforClass4section
(1)Calculateeffectivecrosssection

For crosssections in Class4, the effective structural steel section should be determined in
EN199315:2006
accordancewithEN199315,4.3. 4.3
InmidasCivil,theeffectofsharelagisnotconsideredinthecalculationofeffectivearea.Only

theplatebucklingeffectisconsidered.

TheeffectiveareaAeffshouldbedeterminedassumingthatthecrosssectionissubjectonlyto

stressesduetouniformaxialcompression.

EN199315:2006
Figure4.1

[Fig.3.12]Class4crosssectionsaxialforce

TheeffectivesectionmodulusWeffshouldbedeterminedassumingthatthecrosssectionis

subjectonlytobendingstresses.

EN199315:2006
Figure4.2

[Fig.3.13]Class4crosssectionsbendingmoment

Thecalculationofeffectiveareadependingonthelongitudinalstiffenerwillbeexplainedinthe

clause1.6and1.7inthismanual.

(2)Considerationofadditionalmomentduetotheeccentricityofgravitycenterbetweenthe
grossareaandtheeffectivearea
In case of the section with Class 4 classification under the compressive force, the additional
EN199311:2005
momentduetothedifferentgravitycenterbetweengrossareaandeffectiveareaistakeninto
6.2.2.5(4)
accountinthedesignmoment.

M Ed NEdeN NEd Cz,c Cz,c,eff (3.5)

where,

eN: Eccentricity between the gross area and effective area

Cz,c: Gravity center of the gross area
Cz,c,eff: Gravity center of the effective area

1.6Plateelementswithoutlongitudinalstiffeners

TheeffectiveareasofflatcompressionelementsshouldbeobtainedusingTable2.8forinternal EN199315:2006
elementsandTable2.9foroutstandelements.Theeffectiveareaofthecompressionzoneof 4.4
plateshouldbeobtainedfrom:

Ac,eff Ac (3.6)

where,
Ac,eff : Effective cross sectional area.
Ac : The gross cross sectional area.

: The reduction factor for plate buckling.

(1)Effectivewidthbeff

Refertothefollowingtableandfiguretoseethedefinitionofinternalelementandoutstand
elementinmidasCivil.

[Table3.9]Definitionofinternalandoutstandelement
Type Shape Definedas

Internal I Web
element Box Web/Flangesbetweenweb

Outstand I Flange
element
Box Outstandflangewhichistheoutsideofwebs

[Fig.3.14]Internalandoutstandelement

Forinternalcompressionelements

[Table3.10]Internalcompressionelements
EN199315:2006
Table4.1

Foroutstandcompressionelements
[Table3.11]Outstandcompressionelements
EN199315:2006
Table4.2

(2)Reductionfactor

[Table3.12]Calculationofreductionfactor
Type Condition EN199315:2006
4.4(2)
p 0.673 1.0
Internal
p 0.673 p 0.0553
element 2
1.0
where, 3 0 p

p 0.748 1.0

Outstand
p 0.188
element p 0.748 2
1.0
p

where,

fy b/t
p (3.7)
cr 28.4 k

b : The appropriate width to be taken as follow.

bw : For webs
b : Forinternal flange elements.
c : For outstand flanges.

EN199311:2005
Table5.2

[Fig.3.15]Dimensionofoutstandflanges

: The stress ratio.
k : The buckling factor corresponding to the stress ratio and boundary conditions.
t : The thickness.

cr : The elastic critical plate buckling stress.

235
(3.8)
f y [ N/mm2 ]

1.7Stiffenedplateelementswithlongitudinalstiffeners
The effective section area of each subpanel should be determined by a reduction factor in

accordance with 1.6 to account for local buckling. The stiffened plate with effective section EN199315:2006
area for the stiffeners should be checked for global plate buckling and a reduction factor 4.5
shouldbedeterminedforoverallplatebuckling.

Theeffectiveareaofthecompressionzoneofthestiffenedplateshouldbetakenas:

Ac ,eff c Ac,eff ,loc bedge,off t (3.9)

EN199315:2006
(4.5),(4.6)

Ac,eff ,loc Asl ,eff locbc,loct
c
(3.10)

where,
Ac,eff,loc : The effective section areas of all the stiffeners and subpanels that are fully or partially in the
compression zone except the effective parts supported by an adjacent plate element with the
width bedge,eff.

applies to the part of effective section according to 1.6 of all longitudinal stiffeners with gross area
Asl located in the compression zone.
bc,loc : The width of the compressed part of each subpanel.

loc : The reduction factor from 1.5 for each subpanel.

EN199315:2006
Figure4.4

[Fig.3.16]Stiffenedplateunderuniformcompression

(1)Effectivewidthandreductionfactorforindividualsubpanelsbetweenstiffeners.

Calculatetheeffectivewidthofsubpanelsbetweenstiffenersaspertheclause1.6.

Thevalueof b istakenasthesmallervaluebetweenthefollows:

Clearspacingbetweenflangeandstiffener
Clearspacingbetweenstiffeners

(2)Elasticcriticalplatebucklingstresscr,pforstiffenedweb.

withsinglestiffenerinthecompressionzone
cr,pcanbecalculatedasfollowsignoringstiffenersinthetensionzone:

cr, p cr, sl (3.11)
EN199315:2006
A.2.2(1)

[Table3.13]Calculationofcr,sl

Condition cr,sl

1.05E I sl ,1t 3b
aac
Asl ,1 b1b2 EN199315:2006
(A.4)
2 EI sl ,1 Et 3ba 2

a<ac 4 2 1 2 Asl ,1b12b22
2
Asl ,1a

where,

I sl ,1b12b22
ac 4.334 (3.12)
t3b

Asl,1 : The gross area of the column.

Isl,1 : The second moment of area of the gross cross-section of the column.

b1, b2 : The distances from the longitudinal edges of the web to the stiffener.

EN199315:2006
FigureA.2

[Fig.3.17]Notationsforawebplatewithsinglestiffenerinthecompressionzone

withtwostiffenersinthecompressionzone

cr,pshouldbetakenasthelowestofthosecomputedforthe3casesusingequation(3.13)
withb1=b1*,b2=b2*,b=B*.Thestiffenersintensionzoneshouldbeignored.

cr , p min cr ,sl , I , cr ,sl , II , cr ,sl ,lumped (3.13) EN199315:2006
A.2.1(7)

EN199315:2006
FigureA.3

[Fig.3.18]Notationsforplatewithtwostiffenersinthecompressionzone

Itisassumedthatoneofstiffenersbuckleswhiletheotheroneactsasarigidsupport.

Bucklingofboththestiffenerssimultaneouslyisaccountedforbyconsideringasinglelumped
stiffenerthatissubstitutedforbothindividualonessuchthat:

(a)ItscrosssectionalareaanditssecondmomentofareaIstarerespectivelythesumofforthe
individualstiffeners.

(b) It is positioned at the location of the resultant of the respective forces in the individual
stiffeners.

withatleastthreestiffenersinthecompressionzone

EN199315:2006
cr, p k , p E (3.14) A.1(2)

where,

2 Et2
E (3.15)
12(1 2 )b2

k,p : The buckling coefficient.
b is defined in Fig. 3.19.
t : The thickness of the plate.

E : The modulus of elasticity of structural steel.

: The poissons ratio

EN199315:2006
FigureA.1


k,p may be approximated as in the following table.

[Table3.14]Calculationofk,p
EN199315:2006
Condition k,p (A.2)
4

2 1 2 1
2

2 11

41
4
11

where,
2
0.5 (3.16)
1

I sl
Ip (3.17)

Asl
(3.18)
Ap

a
0.5 (3.19)

b

Isl : The sum of the second moment of area of the whole stiffened plate.

Asl : The sum of the gross area of the individual longitudinal stiffener.
Ip : The second moment of area for bending of the plate.

bt 3
Ip (3.20)

12(1 2 )

Ap : The gross area of the plate = bt.
1 : The larger edge stress.
2 : The smaller edge stress.

a, b, t : as defined in Fig.3.20.

EN199315:2006
FigureA.1

(3)Platetypebehavior.

Therelativeplateslenderness p oftheequivalentplate

A, c f y
p (3.21) EN199315:2006
cr , p 4.5.2(1)

where,
Ac,eff ,loc
A,c (3.22)
Ac

Ac : The gross area of the compression zone of the stiffened plate except the parts of subpanels
supported by an adjacent plate.
Ac,eff,loc : The effective area of the same part of the plate with due allowance made for possible plate
buckling of subpanels and/or of stiffened panels.

Thereductionfactor

Element Condition
EN199315:2006
p 0.673 1.0 4.4(2)
Internal
p 0.0553

p 0.673
element 2
1.0
where, 3 0 p

p 0.748 1.0

Outstand
p 0.188
element p 0.748 2
1.0
p

(4)Columntypebehavior.

Theelasticcriticalcolumnbucklingstresscr,c

2 Et 2
(a)Unstiffenedplate: cr ,c (3.23)

12(1 2 )a 2

bc
(b)Stiffenedplate: cr ,c cr, sl (3.24)
bsl ,1
EN199315:2006
4.5.3(2),(3)

where,
a : Length of a stiffened or unstiffened plate.

2 EI sl ,1
cr ,sl (3.25)
Asl ,1a2

Isl,1 : The second moment of area of the stiffener, relative to out-of-plane bending of the plate.

Asl,1 : The gross cross-sectional area of the stiffener and the adjacent parts of the plate

Therelativecolumnslenderness c

fy EN199315:2006
(a)Unstiffenedplate: c (3.26)
cr,c 4.5.3(4)

A,c f y
(b)Stiffenedplate: c (3.27)
cr,c

where,

Asl ,1,eff
A,c (3.28)
Asl ,1

Asl,1,eff : The effective cross-sectional area of the stiffener with due allowance for plate buckling.

Thereductionfactorc

1 EN199311:2005
c 1.0 6.3.1.2
2 (3.29)
2 c

(a)Unstiffenedplate: 0.51 c 0.2 c

2

(3.30)

where, = 0.21

(b)Stiffenedplate: 0.51 e c 0.2 c

2

(3.31)

where,

0.09
e
(3.32) EN199315:2006
i/e 4.5.3(5)

I sl ,1
i
(3.33)
Asl ,1

e = max(e1, e2) is the largest distance from the respective centroids of the plating and the one-sided
stiffener (or of the centroids of either set of stiffeners when present on both sides) to the neutral axis of
the column.
= 0.34 (for closed section stiffener), 0.49 (for open section stiffener)

(5)Finalreductionfactorcfrominteractionbetweenplateandcolumnbuckling.

EN199315:2006
c c 2 c
(3.34) 4.5.4(1)

where,
cr , p
1 , 0 1.0 (3.35)
cr ,c

cr,p : The elastic critical plate buckling stress.
cr,c : The elastic critical column buckling stress.
c : The reduction factor due to column buckling.

Longitudinalstiffener

Longitudinal stiffeners of plate girder need to be entered by section properties. Flat type
stiffenercanbedefined.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>LongitudinalStiffener(PlateGirderOnly)

[Fig.3.21]LongitudinalstiffenerDialog

1.8Calculatebendingresistance,MRd
Bendingresistance,MRd,canbecalculatedasfollowsbasedonitsclass.

Class1or2crosssectionscanbecheckedbyusingtheplasticorelasticbendingresistance.
Class3crosssectionsarecheckedwiththeelasticbendingresistance,orpossiblyreclassified
aseffectiveClass2crosssectionandthencheckedwiththeplasticbendingresistance.

Class 4 crosssections are also checked with the elastic bending resistance but by using the
effectivecrosssection,reducedtotakeaccountofbuckling.

(1)Class1and2+PositiveMoment.

Thestrengthofthereinforcingsteelbarsincompressionisneglected.

Generalcase: M Rd M pl, Rd (3.36)

ForthestructuralsteelgradeS420orS460,MRdiscalculatedasshowninthetablebelow.

[Table3.16]CalculationMRd
Condition MRd

xpl0.15h M pl , Rd

0.15h<xpl0.4h M pl , Rd
EN19942:2005
NcNc,el
M a , Ed M el , Rd M a , Ed NNc 6.2.1.4(6)
c , el
xpl>0.4h
N c , el
Nc,el<NcNc,f
M el , Rd M pl , Rd M el , Ed NN c
N c , el

c, f

where,
Mpl,Rd : Design value of the plastic resistance moment of the composite section with full shear
connection.
Mel,Rd : Design value of the elastic resistance moment of the composite section.

: The reduction factor.

Nc : Design value of the compressive normal force in the concrete flange.
Nc,el : Compressive normal force in the concrete flange corresponding to Mel,Rd.

Nc,f : Design value of the compressive normal force in the concrete flange with full shear connection.

[Fig.3.22]ReductionfactorforMpl,Rd

(2)Class1and2+NegativeMoment.

Thestrengthoftheconcreteintensionisneglected.
Bendingresistance

M Rd M pl, Rd (3.37)

(3)Class3

Bendingresistance

M Rd Mel, Rd M a, Ed kMc, Ed (3.38)

(4)Class4

Section properties should be calculated by considering the effective area. If the section is EN19942:2005
under the compression, the additional moment must be taken in to account due to the (6.4)
eccentricitybetweenthegravitycenterofgrosssectionandeffectivesection.

Refertotheclause1.5toseehowtocalculatetheeffectiveareaandadditionalmoment.

Bendingresistance

EN19942:2005
M Rd Mel, Rd M a, Ed kMc, Ed (3.39) (6.4)

1.9Checkbendingresistance

M Ed M Rd
(3.40)

where,


Loadcombination
InmidasCivil,bendingresistancewillbeverifiedfortheloadcombinationsthattheActive

columnisspecifiedasStrength/StressinResults>Loadcombinations>SteelDesigntab.

1.10Verificationofbendingresistance

ByResultTable

Bendingresistancecanbeverifiedinthetableformatasshownbelow.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>BendingResistance

Positive/Negative: Positive/Negative moment
Lcom: Load combination
Type: Load combination type (Fxx-max, Fxx-min, ... Mzz-min)
Top Class: Class of top flange

Bot Class: Class of bottom flange
Web Class: Class of web
Sect. Class: Class of cross section

Ma,Ed: The design bending moment applied to structural steel section before composite behavior

Mc,Ed: The part of the design bending moment acting on the composite section
Mpl,Rd: Design value of the plastic resistance moment of the composite section
Mel,Rd: Design value of the elastic resistance moment of the composite section

M_Rd: Design value of the resistance moment of a composite section

ByExcelReport



2.Resistancetoverticalshear

Limitstateofverticalshearresistancewillsatisfythecondition, VEd VRd .
Shear resistance, VRd , will be determined as smaller value between Vpl,Rd and Vb,Rd when

consideringshearbuckling.Whentheshearbucklingisnotconsidered,Shearresistance, VRd ,
will be determined as Vpl,Rd. The plastic resistance and buckling resistance are calculated as

follows:

2.1Plasticresistancetoverticalshear

EN19942:2005
Av ( f y / 3 ) 6.2.2.2
V pl , Rd V pl , a, Rd (3.41) EN199311:2005
M0
(6.18)

where,

M0 : The partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is.

Av : The shear area. In midas Civil, only welded I, H and box sections are considered.

EN199311:2005
Av hwt w (3.42) 6.2.6(3)d)

hw : The depth of the web
tw : The web thickness

SteelGrade

S235toS460 1.20

OverS460 1.00

2.2Shearbucklingresistance

hw 72 h 31
Plateswith foranunstiffenedweb,or w k forastiffenedweb,should
t t
becheckedforresistancetoshearbucklingandshouldbeprovidedwithtransversestiffeners

atthesupports.

f ywhwt EN19942:2005
Vb, Rd Vbw, Rd Vbf , Rd (3.43) 6.2.2.3
3 M 1 EN199315:2006

(5.1)

(1)ContributionfromthewebVbw,Rd

w f yw hwt EN199315:2006
Vbw, Rd (3.44) (5.2)
3 M 1

where,
fyw : Yield strength of the web.

t : Thickness of the plate.

w : Factor for the contribution of the web to the shear buckling resistance.

[Table3.18]Contributionfromthewebw
EN199315:2006
Condition Rigidendpost Nonrigidendpost Table5.1
w 0.83/

0.83/ w 1.08 0.83/ w 0.83/ w

w 1.08 1.37/(0.7 w ) 0.83/ w

EN199315:2006
Figure5.1

[Fig.3.23]Endsupports
w : Slenderness parameter.

[Table3.19]Calculationofw
EN199315:2006
Condition w 5.3(3)
Transversestiffenersatsupportsonly. hw
w
(InmidasCivil,whenlongitudinalstiffenerexistsonly) 86.4t

Transversestiffenersatsupportsandintermediate
transverseorlongitudinalstiffenersorboth hw
w
(InmidasCivil,exceptfortheconditionwhenlongitudinal 37.4t k
stiffenerexistsonly)

Forwebswithlongitudinalstiffeners,

hwi EN199315:2006
w (3.45) 5.3(5)
37.4t ki

hwi and ki refer to the subpanel with the largest slenderness parameter w of all subpanels

withinthewebpanelunderconsideration.(kst=0)

235
(3.46)
fy

k : The minimum shear buckling coefficient for the web panel.

[Table3.20]Calculationk

Longitudinal
Condition k EN199315:2006
stiffenersnum. A.3

a/hw1.0 k 5.34 4.00(hw / a)2 kst
=0or>2
a/hw<1.0 k 4.00 5.34(hw / a)2 kst

=a/hw3.0 k 5.34 4.00(hw / a )2 kst

I sl
1or2 6.3 0.18
=a/hw<3.0 t 3hw I sl
k 4.1 2.23
2 3
t hw

2 3
h I sl 2.1 I sl
kst 9 w
t 3h t h
4 3 (3.47)
a w w

a : The distance between transverse stiffeners.

EN199315:2006
Figure5.3

[Fig.3.24]Webwithtransverseandlongitudinalstiffeners

Isl : The second moment of area of the longitudinal stiffener about z-axis. The value of Isl will be

multiplied by 1/3 when calculating k.


[Table3.21]Calculation

SteelGrade

S235toS460 1.20
OverS460 1.00

(2)ContributionfromtheflangeVbf,Rd

EN199315:2006
b f t 2f f yf M Ed
2

Vbf , Rd 1 5.4(1)
c M 1 M f , Rd (3.48) EN199315:2006
(5.8)

where,
bf and tf are taken for the flange which provides the least axial resistance.
bf being taken as not larger than 15tf on each side of the web.

fyf : Yield strength of the flange.

1.6b f t 2f f yf
c a 0.25 (3.49)
thw2 f yw


Mf,Rd : The moment of resistance of the cross section consisting of the area of the effective flanges only.

[Table3.22]CalculationofMf,Rd

Condition Mf,Rd

NEd=0 Mf,RdiscalculatedasMpl,Rdbutneglectingthewebcontribution.

Itiscalculatedbymultiplyingthereductionfactorfromthevalue

ofMf,RdwhenNEd=0.
NEdispresent N Ed EN199315:2006
1
( A f 1 A f 2 ) f yf (5.9)

M0

Transversestiffener

Transversestiffenerscanbespecifiedbymembers.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>TransverseStiffener

a:Spacingofrigid
transversestiffeners

[Fig.3.25]Transversestiffener

Transversestiffenerofendsupport
Transversestiffenerofendsupportcanbeenteredfromthefollowingdialogbox.Endsupport
typebynodesandrelatedparametercanbedefined.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>TransverseStiffenerofEndSupport

Typeofendsupport
(SeeFig.3.23)

[Fig.3.26]TransverseStiffenerofEndSupport

2.3Resistancetoverticalshear

VRdiscalculateddependingonthevalueofhw/tasshowninthetablebelow.

[Table3.23]CalculationofVRd
Condition VRd

hw 72
VRd Vpl, Rd
t

Unstiffened
hw 72
VRd Vb, Rd
t

hw 31
k VRd Vpl, Rd
t

Stiffened
hw 31
k VRd Vb, Rd
t

where,
Vpl,Rd : The plastic resistance to vertical shear.
Vb,Rd : The shear buckling resistance.

2.4Interactionbendingandverticalshear

(1)Verificationconditionofinteractionbetweensearforceandbendingmoment EN19942:2005
Whenthefollowingconditionissatisfied,combinedeffectsofbendingandshearneedtobe 6.2.2.4(1)
verified.

VEd
3 0.5 (3.50)
Vbw, Rd

where,
VEd : The design shear force including shear from torque.

Vbw,Rd : The design resistance for shear of contribution from the web.

(2)ForcrosssectionsinClass1or2

Applythereduceddesignsteelstrength(1)fydinthesheararea.

2
2V
Ed 1 (3.51)
V
Rd

EN19942:2005
6.2.2.4(2)
Figure6.7

[Fig.3.27]Plasticstressdistributionmodifiedbytheeffectofverticalshear

(3)ForcrosssectionsinClass3and4

3 0.5 :MRd,NRdneednotbereduced.

3 0.5 :ThecombinedeffectsofbendingandshearinthewebofanIorboxgirdershould

satisfy.

1 1

M f , Rd 2

23 1 1.0
M pl , Rd (3.52)
EN199315:2006
7.1(1)

where,
M f , Rd
M Ed
1
M pl , Rd M pl , Rd (3.53)

VEd
3 (3.54)
Vbw, Rd

2.5Checkresistancetoverticalshear

VEd VRd
(3.55)

where,


2.6Verificationofverticalshearresistance

ByResultTable

Theverificationresultscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>ResistancetoVerticalShear

Position: I/J-end

Top Class: Class of top flange

Bot Class: Class of bottom flange
Web Class: Class of web

N_Ed : Design value of the compressive normal force

M_Ed: Design bending moment
V_Ed : Design value of the shear force acting on the composite section
Vpl,Rd: Design value of the plastic resistance of the composite section to vertical shear

Vb,Rd: Design value of the shear buckling resistance of a steel web

ByExcelReport



3.Resistancetolateraltorsionalbuckling

Resistance to lateraltorsional buckling is verified only for the plate girder. The following
conditionsmustbesatisfied.

6.4.2(1)
M Ed Mb, Rd

NEd M
Ed 1.0
Nb, Rd M b, Rd

Nb, Rd , Mb, Rd shallbecalculatedasfollows.

EN199311:2005(E)
3.1DesignbucklingresistancemomentMb,Rd
6.3.2.2

Mb, Rd LT M Rd (3.56) EN19942:2005
6.4.2(1)

where,

LT : The reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling corresponding to the relative slenderness LT

MRd : The design resistance moment at the relevant cross-section.
EN199311:2005(E)

Table6.4

(1)ThereductionfactorLT

1
LT 1.0 EN199311:2005
2 (3.57)
6.3.2.2
LT 2LT LT

where,

EN199311:2005(E)
LT 0.51 LT LT 0.2 LT
2
Table6.3

(3.58)

[Table3.24]Lateraltorsionalbucklingcurveforcrosssection
EN199311:2005
Crosssection Limits BucklingCurve Table6.4

h/b2 c
WeldedISection
h/b>2 d

InmidasCivil,plateIgirderisconsideredasweldedsection.Rolledsectionisnotconsidered.
DesignersGuideto

EN19942,(D6.14)

LT : An imperfection factor.

[Table3.25]Imperfectionfactorforlateraltorsionalbucklingcurves

BucklingCurve LT EN199311:2005
Table6.3
a 0.21

b 0.34

c 0.49

d 0.76

L fy A
LT 1.103 1 wc (3.59) DesignersGuideto
b Em 3 Af EN19942,(D6.14)

L : The span length between the rigid supports.

B : The width of the compression flange.

Awc : The area of the compression zone of the web.
Af : The area of the compression flange.

m min[m1 , m2 ]

3 2
m1 1.0 0.441 1,5 (3.60)
350 50

0.5
m2 1.0 0.441 1,5 0.195 0.05

(3.61)
100

cL4
(3.62)
EI

Cd
c (3.63)
l

Cd : The spring stiffness.
L : The distance between the springs.

V2
V2 V1
V1
,


Bendingmoment

2
Changesign
1

21 M 2 / M1
Notchangesign M 2 M1
1 ,

(2)ThedesignresistancemomentMRd

[Table3.27]Designresistancemomentforsectionclass

SectionClass MRd

1,2 Mpl,Rd
3 Mel,Rd=Ma,Ed+kMc,Ed

InmidasCivil,theverificationoflateraltorsionalbucklingforClass4isdonebyapplyingthe

identicalequationasClass3.


Lateraltorsionalbucklingdata
Parameters required for the verification of lateral torsional buckling can be entered in the
followingdialogbox.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>LateralTorsionalBucklingData(PlateGirderOnly)

[Fig.3.28]Lateraltorsionalbucklingdata

3.2AxialbucklingresistanceofthecrackedcompositecrosssectionNb,Rd

Nb, Rd LT NRd (3.64)

where,
LT : The reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling corresponding to the relative slenderness LT

NRd : The design resistance moment at the relevant cross-section.

(1)ThereductionfactorLT

Thereductionfactor,LT,iscalculatedaspertheclause3.1.Whenthereductionfactordueto
axialforce,LT,iscalculated,m=1.0willbeapplied.

(2)ThedesignresistanceaxialNRd

NRd Af yd (3.65)

where,
A : Cross-sectional area of the effective composite section neglecting concrete in tension.

fyd : The design value of the yield strength of structural steel.

3.3Checkresistancetolateraltorsionalbuckling

M Ed Mb, Rd (3.66)

NEd M
Ed 1.0 (3.67)
Nb, Rd M b, Rd


3.4Verificationoflateraltorsionalbucklingresistance

ByResultTable
Verificationresultscanbecheckedinthetablebelow.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>ResistancetoLateralTorsional
buckling

Elem: Element

Position: I/J-end


N_Ed: Design value of the compressive normal force
M_Ed: Design bending moment
Nb,Rd: Design buckling resistance of the compression member

Mb,Rd: Design buckling resistance moment

Interaction Ratio: NEd/Nb,Rd+MEd/Mb,Rd 1.0

ByExcelReport


4.Resistancetotransverseforce
ResistancetotransverseforcecanbeverifiedforplateIgirder.

Thefollowingconditionmustbesatisfied.

2 1 .0
2 0.81 1.4

1 , 2 shallbecalculatedasfollows.

4.1Typeofloadapplication

EN199315:2006
Figure6.1

[Fig.3.29]Bucklingcoefficientsfordifferenttypesofloadapplication

Typesofloadapplication
Typesofloadapplicationandtherelatedparameterscanbespecifiedasfollows.

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>TypeofLoadApplication(PlateGirderOnly)

Typeofloading
(SeeFig.2.25)

[Fig.3.30]TypeofloadapplicationInputDialog

4.2DesignresistancetolocalbucklingundertransverseforcesFRd

f ywLeff tw EN199315:2006
FRd (3.68) (6.1)
M1

where,

fyw : The yield strength of the web.

Leff : The effective length for resistance to transverse forces.
tw : The thickness of the web.
M1 : The partial factor for resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks.

(1)EffectivelengthLeff

Leff F l y (3.69) EN199315:2006
(6.2)

where,

ly : The effective loaded length.

F : The reduction factor due to local buckling.

(2)Effectiveloadedlengthly

[Table3.28]Calculationofly

Typeofloading ly
(a),(b)
l y ss 2t f 1 m1 m2

EN199315:2006
(c)
l y min l y1, l y 2 , le 6.5(2),(3)

where,

ss : The length of stiff bearing.

EN199315:2006
Figure6.2
[Fig.3.31]Lengthofstiffbearing

tf : The thickness of the flange

f yf b f
m1 (3.70) EN199315:2006
f ywtw 6.5(1)

h
2
0.02 w (F 0.5)
m2 t (3.71)
0 (F 0.5)

2
hw
InmidasCivil,only m2 0.02 isapplied.

t

2 EN199315:2006
m1 le 6.5(3)
l y1 le t f m2 (3.72)
2 t f

l y 2 le t f m1 m2 (3.73)

k F Etw2
le ss c (3.74)
2 f ywhw

(3)ReductionfactorforeffectivelengthforresistanceF

0.5 EN199315:2006
F 1.0 (3.75) 6.4(1)
F

where,

l ytw f yw
F (3.76)
Fcr

tw3
Fcr 0.9kF E (3.77)
hw

kF : The buckling coefficient for concentrated load.
b1 : The depth of the loaded subpanel taken as the clear distance between the loaded flange and the
stiffener.

3
I sl ,1 a b EN199315:2006
s 10.9 3
13 210 0.3 1 (3.78) 6.4(2)
hwt w hw a

Isl,1 : The second moments of area of the stiffener closest to the loaded flange including contributing
parts of the web.

[Table3.29]CalculationofkF
Typeofloading Condition kF
2

0.05b1/hw0.3 h b
kF 6 2 w 5.44 1 0.21 s
andb1/a0.3 a a
(a)
2
h
Others kF 6 2 w
a
2
h
(b) kF 3.5 2 w
a
s c
(c) k F 2 6 s 6

hw

4.3Verificationfortransverseforce

FEd EN199315:2006
2 1.0 (3.79) 6.6
FRd

where,

FEd : The design transverse force.

FRd : The resistance to transverse force.

4.4Verificationforuniaxialbending

N Ed M N Ed eN
1 Ed 1.0 EN199315:2006
f y Aeff f yWeff
(3.80) 4.6
M0 M0

where,

NEd : The design axial force.

MEd : The design bending moment.
eN : The shift in the position of neutral axis.

fy : The yield strength of girder.
Aeff : The effective cross-section area.
Weff : The effective elastic section modulus.
M0 : The partial factor.

4.5Checkresistancetotransverseforce

2 1 .0 (3.81)
EN199315:2006
6.6and7.2

2 0.81 1.4 (3.82)

4.6Verificationoftransverseforceresistance

ByResultTable

Design>Composite Steel Girder Design>Design Result Tables>Resistance to Transverse
Force


F_Ed: Design transverse force
N_Ed: Design value of the compressive normal force
My,Ed: Design bending moment applied to the composite section about the y-y axis
Mz,Ed: Design bending moment applied to the composite section about the z-z axis

F_Rd: Design resistance to local buckling under transverse forces
Eta2: FEd/FRd 1.0
Eta1: Member verification for uniaxial bending (EN 1993-1-5, (4.14))
Interaction Ratio: 2+0.81 1.4

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5.Resistancetolongitudinalshear

Resistance to longitudinal shear is verified only for the plate Igirder and the following
conditionmustbesatisfied.

L, Ed L, Rd



EN19942:2005
PRd minPRd 1 , PRd 2 (3.83) 6.6.3.1(1)

0.8 fud 2 / 4
PRd1 (3.84)
V

0.29d 2 f ck Ecm
PRd 2 (3.85)
V

where,

d : The diameter of the shank of the stud.
fu : The specified ultimate tensile strength of the material of the stud.



EN19942:2005
3hsc/d4 hsc/d>4 (6.20),(6.21)

hsc
0.2 1 =1
d

Shearconnector

Forshearconnectors,enterthenumberofconnectors,tensilestrength,dimension,height(hsc),

transversespacing(st),andlongitudinalspacing(sc).

[Fig.3.32]Notationofshearconnector

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>ShearConnector

[Fig.3.33]ShearconnectorInputDialog


PRd N EN19942:2005
L, Rd (3.86) 6.6.2.2
sc

where,

N : The number of the shear connector.

sc : The space of the shear connector.


behavior(MEd>Mel,Rd).

VL , Ed
L, Ed (3.87)
Lv

where,
VL, Ed
(3.88)

M pl , Rd M el , Rd


(2)Othercases

VEdQs
L, Ed
Iy (3.89)

where,
Qs : Geometric moment of area at the shear connector position (contact point between girder and slab)

[Table3.31]CalculationofQs

Condition Qs

<Heightofgirder withslab


Heightofgirder withgirder

5.4Checkresistancetolongitudinalshear

L, Ed L, Rd (3.90)

where,


5.5Verificationoflongitudinalshearresistance

ByResultTable


Design>Composite Steel Girder Design>Design Result Tables>Resistance to Longitudinal

Shear

Elem: Element

Position: I/J-end

V_L,Ed: Longitudinal shear force acting on length of the inelastic region

v_L,Ed: Design longitudinal shear force per unit length at the interface between steel and concrete
P_Rd: Design value of the shear resistance of a single connector
v_Ed: Design longitudinal shear stress

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6.Resistancetofatigue

Resistancetofatigueshouldsatisfythefollowingcondition.

c
Ff E,2
Mf , s

E,2 , c willbecalculatedasfollows.

6.1Partialfactorsforfatigue
(1)PartialfactorforfatigueresistanceMf

[Table3.32]Recommendedvaluesforpartialfactor
EN199319:2005
Assessment Consequenceoffailure Table3.1
Method Lowconsequence Highconsequence

Damagetolerant 1.00 1.15

Safelife 1.15 1.35

(2)PartialfactorforfatigueloadsFf
Recommendvalue=1.0

Designparametersforfatigue

Partial factor and design life of the bridge in year can be entered in Composite Steel Girder
DesignParametersdialogbox.

Mf,Mf,s

tLd

[Fig.3.34]CompositeSteelGirderDesignParameters

6.2Equivalentconstantrangeofshearstressfor2millioncyclesE,2

EN19942:2005
E,2 v
(3.91)
6.8.6.2(1)

where,

v :The damage equivalent factor depending on the spectra and the slope m of the fatigue strength
curve.
: The range of shear stress due to fatigue loading.

(1)Damageequivalentfactorv

v v,1v,2v,3v,4 (3.92) EN19942:2005
6.8.6.2(3)~(5)

where,
v,1 : The factor for the damage effect of traffic and depends on the length of the critical influence line or
area.

v,2 : The factor for the traffic volume.
v,3 : The factor for the design life of the bridge.

1/ 5
t EN19932:2006
v,3 Ld (3.93) 9.5.2(5)
100

tLd : The design life of the bridge in years.

v,4 : The factor for the traffic on other lanes.

InmidasCivilv,1isappliedas1.55andtLdforcalculatingv,2,v,4,andv,3canbeenteredby

theuser.Refertotheclause6.1fortheinputparameter.

(2)Rangeofshearstress

Calculatetheshearstressperashearconnector.

Damageequivalentfactor
Thevaluesforv,2andv,4canbespecifiedbythemembersasshowninthefigurebelow.

[Fig.3.35]DamageEquivalenceFactors

6.3Referencevalueoffatiguestrengthat2millioncyclesc
2
EN19942:2005
Thevalueofcisappliedas90N/mm . 6.8.3(3)

6.4Checkresistancetofatigue

c EN19942:2005
Ff E,2 (3.94)
Mf , s 6.8.7.2

where,
Ff : The partial factor for fatigue loading.
Mf,s : The partial factor for head studs in shear.

6.5Verificationoffatigueresistance

ByResultTable


Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>ResistancetoFatigue

Elem: Element
Position: I/J-end


lamda_v: Damage equivalent factors
delta Tau: Range of shear stress for fatigue loading
delta Tau_E,2: Equivalent constant amplitude range of shear stress related to 2 million cycles

delta Tau_c: Reference value of the fatigue strength at 2 million cycles
Ratio: delta Tau_E,2/ delta Tau_c

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Chapter3.CompositePlateGirderDesign:EN19942

1.Stresslimitation

Forthestresslimitcheckofplategirder,thefollowingstresswillbecalculatedandcomparedto
itsallowablestress:Normalstressofgirders,Shearstressofgirders,Combinedstressofgirders,
stressinslab,andstressinrebar.Eachstresscanbecalculatedasfollows.

1.1Stresslimitationforgirder

(1)NormalstressEd,ser

EN19942:2005
fy 7.2.2(5)
M , ser
EN19932:2006
(7.1)

Stressingirder,Ed,ser,iscalculatedbythestressessummationofbeforecompositeandafter
compositestateat4differentpoints.Memberforcesandsectionpropertiesarecalculatedas
showninthetablebelow.

[Table3.33]Memberforcesforcalculatinggirderstress
Type Beforecomposite Aftercomposite

Section Saggingmoment:Deckconcrete+Girder
Girder
Properties Hoggingmoment:Deckrebar+Girder

Member
Calculateusinggirderonly Calculateconsideringdeckconcreteandgirder
Force

In midas Civil, applied section properties can be verified in the excel report. The section

propertiesofbeforecompositeactionisshownasBefore,aftercompositeactionisshown
asAfter,negativemomentwithconsideringcrackedsectionisshownasCrack.

(2)ShearstressEd,ser

fy
Ed , ser allow EN19932:2006
3 M , ser (3.96) (7.2)

where,

VEd
Ed , ser (3.97)
Av

VEd : Shear force after composite action
Av : Shear area. For I-girder, Av = hwtw. For the other sections, Av = Aweb.

(3)CombinedstressEd,com,ser

fy
Ed ,com, ser allow (3.98)
M , ser

where,
EN19932:2006
Ed ,com, ser Ed
2
, ser 3 Ed , ser
2

(3.99) (7.3)

Stresslimitationparameters


M,ser

k1,k2,k3


1.2Stresslimitationforconcreteofslab

c allow kf ck (3.100)

where,
k : It is used as the user defined value. Refer to 3.1.1.1 for the input parameter of k1, k2.

[Table3.34]Recommendedvalueofkforconcrete

combinationType Applied Recommended 7.2.2(2)


Quasipermanent k2 0.45

fck : The characteristic value of the cylinder compressive strength of concrete at 28 days.

1.3Stresslimitationforreinforcementofslab

s allow k 3 f sk (3.101)

where,

k3 : It is used as the user defined value.

[Table3.35]Recommendedvalueofkforreinforcement

combinationType 7.2.2(4)
Applied Recommended

fsk : Characteristic value of the yield strength of reinforcing steel.

1.4Verificationofstresslimitationresistance

ByResultTable


Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>StressLimitation

Sigma_Ed,ser, Tau_Ed,ser: Nominal stresses in the structural steel from the characteristic load
combination. Refer to EN 1993-2 7.3.

ALW: Stress limit.
Sigma_c: Stress in the concrete deck.
k*fck: Stress limit.

Sigma_s: stress in the reinforcement.

k*fsk: stress limit.

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2.LongitudinalshearinSLS(ServiceabilityLimitStates)
ResistancetolongitudinalshearcanbeverifiedfortheIgirderandfollowingconditionmustbe

satisfied.

L, Ed L, Rd



PRd minPRd 1 , PRd 2 (3.102)
EN19942:2005
6.6.3.1(1)

0.8 fud / 4
2

PRd1 (3.103)
V

0.29d 2 f ck Ecm
PRd 2 (3.104)
V

where,

d : The diameter of the shank of the stud, 16mm d 25mm.
fu : The specified ultimate tensile strength of the material of the stud, 500N/mm2.
EN19942:2005
: Refer to Table 3.30. (6.20),(6.21)

Shearconnectorparameters

Shearconnectorisenteredbymembers.RefertoFig.3.33fortheinputmethod.


k s PRd N conn
L, Rd (3.105)
sconn

where,

ks : Reduction factor for shear resistance of stud connector.

Nconn : The number of the shear connector.
sconn : The space of the shear connector.

Reductionfactorks

Reduction factor for stud, ks, can be entered in Composite Steel Girder Design Parameters
dialogbox.


behavior(MEd>Mel,Rd)

VL , Ed
L , Ed (3.106)
Lv

where,

VL, Ed
(3.107)
EN19942:2005
6.6.2.2
M pl , Rd M el , Rd

(2)Othercases

VEdQs
L, Ed (3.108)
Iy

where,
Qs : Geometric moment of area at the shear connector position (contact point between girder and slab).
Refer to Table 3.31 to see the calculation method.
2.4CheckresistancetolongitudinalshearinSLS

L, Ed L, Rd (3.109)

where,
2.5VerificationoflongitudinalshearinSLS

ByResultTable

Design>CompositeSteelGirderDesign>DesignResultTables>LongitudinalShearinSLS
V_c,Ed: Vertical shear force acting on the composite section.

v_L,Ed: Longitudinal shear force per unit length in the shear connector.
P_Rd_ser: Shear resistance of a single shear connector for SLS.
v_L,Rd: Longitudinal shear resistance per unit length for the shear connector.

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Chapter 4.
Steel
Frame Design
EN 1993-2
Chapter 4.
Steel girder and column need to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.

Torsion
Compression
Bending Moment
Shear
Bending and Shear
Bending and Axial Force
Bending, Shear, and Axial Force
Buckling Resistance of Members

Vertical Deection
Horizontal Deection
Chapter 4. Steel Frame Design: EN1993-2
Classification of Cross Section
1. Classification of cross sections

For classes of cross-sections are defined in EN1993-1-1:2005, 5.5.2 as follows:
[Ta ble 4.1] Classes of cross -sections
Class Definition
which can form a plastic hinge with the rotation capacity required from
1
plastic analysis without reduction of the resistance
which can develop their plastic moment resistance, but have limited
2
rotation capacity because of local buckling
in which the stress in the extreme compression fibre of the steel member
assuming an elastic distribution of stresses can reach the yield strength, but
3 local buckling is liable to prevent assuming an elastic distribution of stresses
can reach the yield strength, but local buckling is liable to prevent
development of the plastic moment resistance
in which local buckling will occur before the attainment of yield stress
4
in one or more parts of the cross-section
A cross-section is classified according to the highest (least favorable) class of its

compression parts as following table.
[Ta ble 4.2] Class of section a ccording to class of compression parts

EN1993-1-1:2005
Class of Flange 5.5.2
Class of Section
1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 4
Class of 2 1 2 3 4
Web 3 3 3 3 4
4 4 4 4 4
Chapter 4. Steel Frame D esign: EN 1993-2 128

EN1993-1-1:2005
Table 5.2
[Fi g. 4.1] Ma ximum width-to-thi ckness ratios for compression pa rts Outstand
EN1993-1-1:2005
Table 5.2
[Fi g. 4.2] Ma ximum width-to-thi ckness ratios for compression pa rts - Outs tand
129 Design Guide for midas Civi l

Classification of web: Check for internal compression part in Figure 1.3.
EN1993-1-1:2005
Table 5.2
[Fi g.4.3] Ma xi mum width-to-thi ckness rati os for compression pa rts - Internal
[Ta ble 4.3] Section types whi ch a re not provided in Eurocode specifi ca tion
Ratio
Section Element Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Checked
h/t Not Not 15

Web
T (b+h)/2t applicable applicable 11,5
Section Same as I Same as I Same as I shape
Flange c/t
shape web shape web web
h/t Not Not 15
Web
Inverted (b+h)/2t applicable applicable 11,5
Same as I Same as I Same as I shape
Flange c/t
shape web shape web web

2. Calculate effective cross-section for Class 4 section
(1) Calculate effective cross-section
For cross-sections in Class4, the effective structural steel section should be determined in
accordance with EN1993-1-5, 4.3.
In midas Civil, effective cross-section is determined by considering plate buckling effect without
shear lag effect.
EN1993-1-5:2004
The effective area Aeff should be determined assuming that the cross section is subject only Figure 4.1
to stresses due to uniform axial compression.
[Fi g.4.4] Class 4 cross -sections - a xial force
The effective section modulus W eff should be determined assuming that the cross section is EN1993-1-5:2004
subject only to bending stresses. Figure 4.2
[Fi g.4.5] Class 4 cross -sections - bending moment
(2) Additional moment due to eccentricity of center of effective section under compression EN1993-1-1:2005
In the section Class 4, additional moment due to changes of c entroid between gross section 6.2.2.5(4)
and effective section is added in design moment.
(
M Ed = N Ed eN = N Ed C z , c C z , c , eff ) (4.1)
where,
eN : Eccentricity between centroid of gross section and c entroid of effective section
Cz,c : Centroid of Gross Section
Cz,c,eff : Centroid of Effective Section

3. Plate elements without longitudinal stiffeners EN1993-1-5:2004
The effective areas of flat compression elements should be obtained using Table 4.4 for 4.4
internal elements and Table 4.5 for outstand elements. The effective area of the compression
zone of plate should be obtained from :
Ac ,eff = Ac (4 .2)
where,
Ac,eff : effective cross sectional area
Ac : the gross cross sectional area
: the reduction factor for plate buckling
(1) Effective width beff

Internal element and outstand element are determined as shown in the table below.
[Ta ble 4.4] Definiti on of internal and outstand element

Type Shape Defined as
Internal I Web
element Box Web / Flanges between web
I Flange
Outstand
element Outside parts of flange
Box
with referring to the web position
: Internal element
: Outstand element
[Fi g.4.6] Internal and outstand element
For internal compression elements

EN1993-1-5:2004
Table 4.1
[Fi g. 4.7] Internal compression elements

For outstand compression elements
EN1993-1-5:2004
Table 4.2
[Fi g. 4.8] Outs tand compression elements
(2) Reduction factor
[Ta ble 4.5] Cal culation of reduction fa ctor

Type Condition EN1993-1-5:2004
4.4(2)
p 0.673 1.0
Internal
p > 0.673 p 0.055(3 + )
element 1.0
where, (3 + ) 0
2
p
p 0.748 1.0
Outstand
p 0.188
element p > 0.748 2
1.0
p
where,
fy b/t
p = = (4.3)
cr 28.4 k
b : the appropriate width to be taken as follow.

bw : for webs
b : for internal flange elements.
c : for outstand flanges.
[Fi g. 4.9] Di mension of outs tand flanges

: the stress ratio.
k : the buckling factor corresponding to the stress ratio and boundary conditions.
t : the thickness.
cr : the elastic critical plate bu ckling stress.
235
= (4 .4)
f y [ N/mm2 ]


1. Tension
The design value of the tension force NEd at each cross section shall satisfy:
EN1993-1-1:2005
N Ed
1.0 (4.5) 6.2.3
N t , Rd
For sections with holes the design tension resistance Nt,Rd should be taken as the smaller of
N t , Rd = min( N pl , Rd , N u , Rd ) (4.6)
1.1 Design plastic resistance of the gross cross-section
Af y
N pl , Rd = (4.7)
M0
1.2 Design ultimate resistance of the net cross-section for fasteners
0.9 Anet f u
N u , Rd = (4.8)
M2
midas Civil does not consider fastener holes.
2. Compression
EN1993-1-1:2005
The design value of the compression force NEd at each cross section shall satisfy: 6.2.4
N Ed
1.0 (4.9)
N c , Rd
2.1 Design resistance of the cross-section for uniform compression Nc,Rd
Af y
N c , Rd = For class 1, 2 or 3 cross-sections (4.10)
M0
Aeff f y
N c , Rd = For class 4 cross-sections (4 .11)
M0

3. Bending moment
The design value of the bending moment MEd at each cross section shall satisfy: EN1993-1-1:2005
6.2.5
M Ed
1.0 (4.12)
M c , Rd
where, Mc,Rd is determined considering fastener holes, see EN 1993-1-1:2005 (4) to (6). midas Civil does
not consider fastener holes.
(1) The design resistance for bending about one principal axis of a cross-section
W pl f y
M c , Rd = M pl , Rd = for class 1 or 2 cross sections (4.13)
M0
Wel ,min f y
M c , Rd = M el , Rd = for class 3 cross sections (4.14)
M0
W eff ,minf y
M c , Rd = for class 4 cross-sections (4.15)
M0
where, Wel,min and Weff,min corresponds to the fiber with the maximum elastic stress.
4. Shear
Resistance to vertical shear needs to satisfy the following condition:
VEd VRd (4.16)
Shear resistance, VRd , is applied as Vb , Rd when shear buckling is considered. Otherwise, it is

applied as Vpl,Rd.
4.1 Plastic resistance to vertical shear
Av ( f y / 3 )
V pl , Rd = (4 .17) EN1993-1-1:2005
M0 (6.18)
where,
M0 : the partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is.
Av : Refer to the tab le below
hw : the depth of the web.
tw : the web thickness.
: the coefficient that includ es the increase of shear resistance at web slend erness

[Ta ble 4.6] Contributi on from the web w
Section Av EN1993-1-1:2005
Rolled I, H, Load parallel to web A 2bt f + (t w + 2r )t f hwt 6.2.6(3)
Rolled channel sections, load parallel to web A 2bt f + (t w + r )t f

Rolled T-section, load parallel to web 0.9( A bt f )
Welded I, H and box sections, load parallel to web (hwt w )
Welded I, H channel and box sections, load
A (hwt w )
Parallel to flanges
Rolled rectangular hollow sections of uniform
thickness: Ah /(b + h)
load parallel to depth Ab /(b + h)
load parallel to width
circular hollow sections and tubes of uniform
2A/
thickness
[Ta ble 4.7] Coefficient

Steel Grade
S235 to S460 1.20
Over S460 1.00
4.2 Shear buckling resistance

hw 72 h 31
Plates with > for an unstiffened web, or w > k for a stiffened web, should be EN1993-1-5:2004
t t
5.1(2)
checked for resistance to shear buckling and should be provided with transverse stiffeners at
the supports. In midas Civil, longitudinal stiffener is not considered.
Limitation
1. For Channel, H, B, and double Channel sections, shear buckling is verified only for internal
parts.
2. For Box section, shear buckling is provided for both major and minor direction.
3. For Box and double channel section, if any of the part among webs and flanges satisfies
the condition for shear buckling verification, shear buckling verification will be performed
for entire parts.
4. For box sections which have different flange thickness, shear buckling verification will be
performed only for major axis.
f ywhwt
Vb, Rd = Vbw, Rd + Vbf , Rd (4 .18)
3 M 1 EN1993-1-5:2004
(5.1)
(1) Contribution from the web Vbw,Rd
w f yw hwt
Vbw, Rd = (4.19)
3 M 1 EN1993-1-5:2004
(5.2)
where,
fyw : yield strength of the web.
hw : clear web depth between flanges.
t : thickness of the plate.
M1 : partial factor for resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks.
w : factor for the contribution of the web to the shear buckling resistance. In midas Civil, it is calculated
by assuming the end support as non-rigid end post.
w : slenderness parameter.

[Ta ble 4.8] Contributi on from the web w
Condition Rigid end post Non-rigid end post EN1993-1-5:2004
Table 5.1
w < 0.83 /
0.83 / w < 1.08 0.83 / w 0.83 / w

w 1.08 1.37 /(0.7 + w ) 0.83 / w
EN1993-1-5:2004
Figure 5.1
[Fi g.4.10] End supports
[Ta ble 4.9] Cal culation of w

Condition w
hw EN1993-1-1:2004
Transverse stiffeners at supports only. w = 5.3(3)
86.4t
Transverse stiffeners at supports and intermediate w =

hw
transverse or longitudinal stiffeners or both 37.4t k
For webs with longitudinal stiffeners,
hwi
w (4.20)
37.4t ki EN1993-1-1:2004
5.3(5)
hwi and ki refer to the subpanel with the largest slenderness parameter w of all subpanels
within the web panel under consideration. (kst = 0)
235
= (4.21)
fy
k : the minimum shear buckling coefficient for the web panel.
[Ta ble 4.10] Cal culati on k

Longitudinal
Condition k
stiffeners num. EN1993-1-1:2004
a/hw 1.0 A.3
k = 5.34 + 4.00(hw / a)2 + kst
= 0 or >2
a/hw < 1.0 k = 4.00 + 5.34(hw / a)2 + kst
=a/hw 3.0 k = 5.34 + 4.00(hw / a)2 + kst
I sl
1 or 2 6.3 + 0.18
=a/hw < 3.0 3
t hw I sl
k = 4.1 + + 2.23
2 t 3hw

3
h
2
I sl 2.1 I sl
kst = 9 w (4.22)
t 3h t h
4 3
a w w
a : the distance between transverse stiffeners

Isl : the second moment of area of the longitudinal stiffener about z-axis.
When calculating k , Isl is replaced as 1/3 I sl.
: the coefficient that includ es the increase of shear resistance at web slend erness
EN1993-1-1:2004
Figure 5.3
[Fi g. 4.11] Web wi th transverse and longi tudinal sti ffeners
[Ta ble 4.11] Cal culati on

Steel Grade
S235 to S460 1.20
Over S460 1.00
(2) Contribution from the flange Vbf,Rd
b f t 2f f yf M Ed
2

Vbf , Rd = 1 (4 .23) EN1993-1-1:2004
c M 1 M f , Rd

5.4(1)

EN1993-1-1:2004
(5.8)
where,
bf and tf are taken for the flange which provides the least axial resistance.
bf being taken as not larger than 15tf on each side of the web.
fyf : yield strength of the flange.
1.6b f t 2f f yf
c = a 0.25 + (4 .24)
thw2 f yw

M1 : partial factor for resistance of members to instability assessed by member checks.

MEd : design bending moment.
Mf,Rd : the moment of resistance of the cross section consisting of the area of the effective flanges onl y.
[Ta ble 4.12] Cal culati on of Mf,Rd

Condition Mf,Rd
NEd = 0 Mf,Rd is calculated as Mpl,Rd but neglecting the web contribution. EN1993-1-1:2004
Mf,Rd is calculated by multiplying the reduction factor to the value of (5.9)
Mf,Rd when NEd=0.
N Ed
NEd is present 1
( A f 1 + A f 2 ) f yf
M0

(3) Transverse stiffener
Transverse stiffener is specified by parts in the dialog box below.
Design>Composite Steel Girder Design>Transverse Stiffener
a = Space of rigid transverse stiffener
[Fi g. 4.12] Trans verse s tiffener
4.3 Resistance to vertical shear

VRd is calculated in accordance with the value of hw/t as written in the table below.
[Ta ble 4.13] Cal culati on of VRd

Condition VRd
hw 72
VRd = V pl , Rd
t
Unstiffened
hw 72
> VRd = Vb, Rd
t
hw 31
k VRd = V pl , Rd
t
Stiffened
hw 31
> k VRd = Vb, Rd
t
where,
Vpl,Rd : the plastic resistance to vertical shear.
Vb,Rd : the shear buckling resistance.
4.4 Interaction bending and vertical shear

EN1993-1-1:2004
(1) Consideration of interaction bending and vertical shear
7.1.(1)
If the following condition is satisfied, the interaction of bending and vertical shear will be
verified.
VEd
3 = > 0.5 (4 .25)
Vbw, Rd
where,
VEd : the design shear force including shear from torque.
Vbw,Rd : the design resistance for shear of contribution from the web.

(2) For cross-sections in Class1 or 2
Apply the reduced design steel strength (1-)fyd in the shear area.
2
2V
= Ed 1 (4 .26)
VRd
[Fi g. 4.13] Plasti c stress distribution modi fied by the effect of verti cal shea r
(3) For cross-sections in Class3 and 4

3 0.5 : MRd, NRd need not be reduced.
3 > 0.5 : The combined effects of bending and shear in the web of an I or box girder should
satisfy.

1 + 1

M f , Rd
( )
23 1 1.0
M pl , Rd
2
(4 .27) EN1993-1-1:2004
(7.1)
M Ed M f , Rd
1 = (4 .28)
M pl , Rd M pl , Rd
VEd
3 = (4 .29)
Vbw, Rd
4.5 Check resistance to vertical shear
VEd VRd (4 .30)
where,

5. Bending and shear
(1) If VEd < 0.5V pl , Rd , the effect of shear on moment r esistance may be neglected.
(2) If VEd 0.5V pl , Rd , Yield strength should be reduced (1-)fy for the shear area EN1993-1-1:2005
6.2.8
where,
2
2VEd
=
and V pl , Rd is calculated based on the equation (4.17).
V
pl , Rd 1
(3) if VEd 0.5V pl , Rd , for an I section with equal flange and bending about major axis
Aw2
pl , y
W fy
M y ,v , Rd = 4t w
but, M y ,V , Rd M y ,c , Rd (4.31)
M0
Aw = hwtw
If Aw cannot be calculated, it is applied as Asz (shear area) as per Eurocode3-1.
For equal flange H, T, B, P, SR, SB, 2L and 2C sections, verify the bending and shear. If the
reduced moment resistance is calculated as negative value, the resistance will be applied as
very small value and the results will be deter mined as NG. Torsion is not considered in midas
Civil.
6. Bending and axial force
M Ed M N , Rd For Class 1 and Class 2 Cross sections (4.32)

EN1993-1-1:2005
[
M N , Rd = M pl , Rd 1 (N Ed / N pl , Rd )
2
] For a rectangular solid section (4.33)
6.2.9
If the reduced moment resistance is calculated as negative value, the resistance will be applied
as very small value and the results will be determined as NG. Doubly symmetrical I, H and other
flanged sections, allowance for axial force need not be made if,
(1) Along Y-Y axis : must be satisfied both following two equations.
N Ed 0.25 N pl , Rd (4.34)
0.5hwt w f y
N Ed (4.35)
M0
(2) Along Z-Z axis
hwt w f y
N Ed (4.36)
M0

I and H sections (fastener holes are not considered)
(3) For cross-sections where bolt holes are not to be accounted for, the following
approximations may be used for standard rolled I or H sections and for welded I or H sections
with equal flanges:
M N , y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd (1 n) /(1 0.5a ) but M N , y , Rd M pl , y , Rd (4.37)
for na:
M N , z , Rd = M pl , z , Rd (4.38) EN1993-1-1:2005
(6.36)
for n>a:
n a 2
M N , z , Rd = M pl , z , Rd 1 (4.39)
1 a
where,
n = N Ed / N pl , Rd
a = ( A 2bt f ) / A but a 0.5
(4) For rectangular structural hollow sections of uniform thickness and for welded box sections
with equal flanges and equal webs:
M N , y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd (1 n) /(1 0.5a w ) but M N , y , Rd M pl , y , Rd (4.40)
M N , y , Rd = M pl , y , Rd (1 n) /(1 0.5a f ) but M N , z , Rd M pl , z , Rd (4.41)
where,
a w = ( A 2bt ) / A but aw 0.5 for hollow sections
a w = ( A 2bt f ) / A but aw 0.5 for welded box sections

a f = ( A 2ht ) / A but af 0.5 for hollow sections
a f = ( A 2ht w ) / A but af 0.5 for welded box sections
(5) For bi-axial bending the following criterion may be used:

M y , Ed M z , Ed
+ 1 (4.42)
M N , y , Rd M N , z , Rd
where
I and H sections :
=2 ; = 5n 1
but EN1993-1-1:2005
(6.41)
circular hollow sections:
=2 ; =2
rectangular hollow sections:
1.66
= = ; but = 6
1 1.13n 2
n = N Ed / N pl , Rd

(6) For Class 3 and Class 4 cross-sections
In the absence of shear force, for Class 3 cross-sections the maximum longitudinal stress shall
satisfy the criterion
fy
x , Ed (4.43) EN1993-1-1:2005
M0 6.2.9.2, 6.2.9.3
where, x, Ed is the design value of the local longitudinal stress due to moment and axial force.
For Class 4 sections, effective cross sections are applied for calculating stresses.
N Ed M + N Ed eNy M z , Ed + N Ed eNz
+ y , Ed + 1 (4.44)
Aeff f y MO Weff , y ,min f y MO Weff , z ,min f y MO EN1993-1-1:2005
(6.44)
where,
Aeff is the effective area of the cross-section when subjected to uniform compression.
Weff,min is the effective section modulus (corresponding to the fiber with the maximum elastic stress) of the EN1993-1-1:2005
cross-section when subjected only to moment about the relevant axis. 6.2.10
eN is the shift of the relevant centroidal axis when the cross-section is subjected to compression only.
7. Bending, shear and axial force
(1) If VEd < 0.5V pl , Rd , The effec t of shear on moment resistance may be neglected
(2) If VEd 0.5V pl , Rd , Yield strength should be reduced (1-)fy for the shear area
where,
2
2VEd
= and V pl , Rd are calculated based on the equation (4.12).

V pl , Rd 1
(3) If VEd 0.5V pl , Rd , for an I section with equal flange and bending about major axis
Aw2
pl , y
W fy
M y ,v , Rd = 4t w
but M y ,V , Rd M y ,c , Rd (4.45)
M0
If Aw cannot be calculated, it is applied as Asz(shear area) as per Eurocode3-1.

For equal flange H, T, B, P, SR, SB, 2L and 2C sections, verify the bending and shear.
If the reduced moment resistance is calculated as negative value, the resistance will be
applied as very small value and the results will be determined as NG.

8. Buckling resistance of members
8.1 Uniform members in compression

(1) Buckling resistance EN1993-1-1:2005
1) A compression member shall be verified against buckling as follows: 6.3.1.1
N Ed
1 (4.46)
N b , Rd
where N Ed is the design value of the compression force
N b , Rd is the design buckling resistance of the compression member.
2) The design buckling resistance of a compression member
Af y
N b , Rd = for Class 1, and 3 cross-sections (4.47)
M1
Aeff f y
N b , Rd = for Class 4 cross-sections (4.48)
M1
where, is the reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode
(2) Buckling curve

1) For axial compression in members the value of for the appropriate non-dimensional
slenderness should be determined from the r elevant buckling curve according to: EN1993-1-1:2005
6.3.1.2
1
= 1.0 (4.49)
+ 2 2
where
[
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2) + 2 ]
Af y
= for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections
N cr
Aeff f y
= for Class 4 cross-sections
N cr
is an imperfection factor
N cr is the elastic critical force for the relevant buckling mode based on the gross cross
sectional properties.
[Ta ble 4.14]: Imperfecti on fa ctors for buckling curves

Buckling curve a0 a b c d
0.13 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76 EN1993-1-1:2005
Imperfection
Table 6.1
factor

N Ed
2) For slenderness 0.2 or for 0.04 the buckling effects may be ignored and
N cr
Only cross sectional check apply.
[Ta ble 4.15] Selection of buckling curve

Buckling curve
S 235 EN1993-1-1:2005
Limits Buckling Table 6.2
Cross section S 275
(mm) about axis S 460
S 355
S 420
y-y a a0
tf40
z-z b a0
y-y b a
h/b>1,2 40 <tf 100
z-z c a
Rolled I y-y b a
tf 100
sections z-z c a
h/b1,2
y-y d c
tf >100
z-z d c
y-y b b
tf 40
Welded I sections z-z c c
y-y c c
tf >40
z-z d d
Hollow sections: circular,
any a a0
square, rectangular
Generally (except
any b b
as below)
Thick welds:
Welded box sections
a>0,5 tf
any c c
b/ tf<30
h/tf <30
Channel, T, Solid
any c c
Rectangular, Solid circular
Angle section any b b
(3) Slenderness for flexural buckling

1) The non-dimensional slenderness
Af y Lcr 1
= = for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections (4.50)
N cr i 1 EN1993-1-1:2005
6.3.1.3
Aeff
Aeff f y Lcr A
= = for Class 4 cross-sections (4.51)
N cr i 1
where, Lcr is the buckling length in the buckling plane considered

i is the radius of gyration about the relevant axis, determined using the
properties of the gross cross-section
E
1 = = 93.9
fy

235 (f in N/mm2)
= y
fy
2) For flexural buckling the appropriate buckling curve should be deter mined from Table 4.15.
(4) Slenderness for torsional and torsional-flexural buckling
Af y
T = for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections (4.52)
EN1993-1-1:2005
N cr 6.3.1.4
Aeff f y
T = for Class 4 cross-sections (4 .53)
N cr
where N cr = N cr ,TF but N cr < N cr ,T

N cr ,TF is the elastic torsional-flexural buckling force
N cr ,T is the elastic torsional bu ckling force
2) For torsional or torsional-flexural buckling the appropriate buckling curve may be

determined from Table 4.15 considering the one related to the z-axis.
8.2 Uniform members in bending

(1) Buckling resistance
1) A laterally unrestrained beam subject to major axis bending shall be verified against
lateral-torsional buckling as follows:
M Ed
1.0 (4.54)
M b , Rd EN1993-1-1:2005
6.3.2
where M Ed is the design value of the moment
M b , Rd is the design buckling resistance moment.
2) The design buckling resistance of a compression member
fy
M b , Rd = LT W y (4.55)
M1
where W y is the appropriate section modulus as follows:
- W y = W pl , y for Class 1, 2 cross-sections
- W y = Wel , y for Class 3 cross-sections
- W y = Weff , y for Class 4 cross-sections

LT is the reduction factor for lateral-torsional buckling.

(2) Lateral torsional buckling curves General case
1
LT = 1.0 (4.56)
LT + LT LT
2 2
EN1993-1-1:2005
6.3.2.2
where [
LT = 0.5 1 + LT (LT 0.2) + LT
2
]
LT is an imperfection factor
Wy f y
LT =
M cr
M cr is the elastic critical moment for lateral-torsional buckling
2) M cr is based on gross cross sectional properties and takes into account the loading
conditions, the real moment distribution and the lateral restraints.
[Ta ble 4.16] Imperfection fa ctors for lateral torsional buckling curves
Buckling curve a b c d
Imperfection factor 0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76 EN1993-1-1:2005
Table 6.3
[Ta ble 4.17] Selection of buckling curves for cross sections

Cross section limits Buckling curve
Rolled I sections h/b2 a
EN1993-1-1:2005
h/b>2 b
Table 6.4
Welded I sections h/b2 c
h/b>2 d
Other cross sections d
3) For slenderness LT 0.2 or M Ed / M cr 0.04 lateral torsional buckling effects

may be ignored and only cross sectional checks apply.
8.3 Uniform members in bending and axial compression

EN1993-1-1:2005
6.3.3
(1) Members which are subjected to combined bending and axial compression should satisfy:
N Ed M y , Ed + M y , Ed M + M z , Ed
+ k yy + k yz z , Ed 1.0 (4.57)
y N Rk M y , Rk M z , Rk EN1993-1-1:2005
LT (6.61)
M1 M1 M1
N Ed M y , Ed + M y , Ed M + M z , Ed
+ k zy + k zz z , Ed 1.0 (4.58)
z N Rk M y , Rk M z , Rk
LT
M1 M1 M1
where
N Ed , M y ,Ed and M z , Ed are the design values of the compression force and the maximum moments
about the y-y and z-z axis along the member, respectively

M y , Ed , M z , Ed are the moments due to the shift of the centroidal axis according to 6.2.9.3 for
class 4 sections, see Table 4.18.
y, z are the reduction factors due to flexural buckling from 6.3.1
LT is the reduction factors due to lateral torsional buckling from 6.3.2

k yy , k yz , k zy , k zz are the interaction factors
If flexural buckling check is determined as NG, the verification above will not be applied.
[Ta ble 4.18] Values=

for N Rk f=
y Ai , M i , Rk f yWi and M i , Ed
Class 1 2 3 4 EN1993-1-1:2005
Table 6.7
Ai A A A Aeff
Wy W pl , y W pl , y Wel , y Weff , y
Wz W pl , z W pl , z Wel , z Weff , z
M y , Ed 0 0 0 eN , y N Ed
M z , Ed 0 0 0 eN , z N Ed
k yy , k yz , k zy , k zz depend on one method between Annex A and B.
[Ta ble 4.19] Intera ction fa ctors kij

EN1993-1-1:2005
Design assumptions Annex A, Table A.1
Interaction elastic cross-sectional
plastic cross-sectional properties
factors properties
Class 1, class 2
Class 3, class 4
y y 1
Cmy CmLT Cmy CmLT
k yy N N Ed C yy
1 Ed 1
N cr , y N cr , y
y y 1 w
Cmz Cmz 0, 6 z
k yz N N Ed C yz wy
1 Ed 1
N cr , z N cr , z
z z 1 w
Cmy CmLT Cmz CmLT 0, 6 y
k zy N N Ed Czy wz
1 Ed 1
N cr , y N cr , y
z z 1
Cmz Cmz
k zz N N Ed Czz
1 Ed 1
N cr , z N cr , z
where,
N Ed N
1 1 Ed
N cr , y N cr , z
=y = , z
N Ed N
1 xy 1 xz Ed
N cr , y N cr , z
W pl , y W pl , z
wy = 1,5, wz = 1,5
Wel , y Wel , z
N Ed
n pl =
N Rk / M 1 , Cmy see Table A.2.

IT
aLT =
1 0
Iy
1, 6 2 1, 6 2 2 W
C yy =
1 + ( wy 1) 2 Cmy max Cmy max n pl bLT el , y

wy wy W pl , y

2 M y , Ed M z , Ed
with b = 0,5a 0
LT LT
xLT M pl , y , Rd M pl , z , Rd
2
C 2 max w W
1 + ( wz 1) 2 14 mz 5
C yz = n pl cLT 0, 6 z el , z
wz
w y W pl , z
2
with c = 10a 0 M y , Ed
LT LT 4
5 + Cmy xLT M pl , y , Rd
z
2
C 2 max w W
1 + ( wy 1) 2 14 my 5
Czy = n pl d LT 0, 6 y el , y
wy wz W pl , y

0 M y , Ed M z , Ed
with d LT = 2aLT 4
0,1 + Cmy xLT M pl , y , Rd Cmz M pl , z , Rd
z
1, 6 2 1, 6 2 2 W
Czz =
1 + ( wz 1) 2 Cmz max Cmz max n pl eLT el , z
wz w z W pl , z
0 M y , Ed
with eLT = 1,7 aLT 4
0,1 + Cmy xLT M pl , y , Rd
z
y
max = max
z
0 = non-dimensional slenderness for lateral-torsional buckling due to uniform bending moment. i.e.
y =1, 0 in Table A.2 In Gen, calculated like LT .
LT = non-dimensional slenderness for lateral-torsional buckling
N N
If 0 0, 2 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Ed
N =
N cr , z cr ,TF Cmy C=
my ,0 =
Cmz Cmz ,0 CmLT 1.0
,
N N Ed y aLT
If 0 > 0, 2 C1 4 1 Ed 1 Cmy= Cmy ,0 + (1 Cmy ,0 )
N N
cr , z cr ,TF 1 + y aLT
,
Cmz = Cmz ,0
aLT
= 2
CmLT Cmy 1
N Ed N Ed
1 1 N

N cr , z cr ,T
M y , Ed A
y = for class 1,2 and 3 cross-sections
N Ed Wel , y
M y , Ed Aeff
y = for class 4 cross-sections
N Ed Weff , y
N cr , y = elastic flexural buckling force about the y-y axis
N cr , z = elastic flexural buckling force about the z-z axis
N cr ,T = elastic torsional buckling force
IT = St. Venant torsional constant
Iy = second moment of area y-y axis

C1 ; see EN 1993-1-1:1992 Table F.1.1 and F.1.2
[Ta ble 4.20] Equi valent uniform moment fa ctors Cmi ,0

Moment Diagram Cmi ,0 EN1993-1-1:2005
Annex A, Table A.2
N Ed
M1 M1
Cmi ,0 =0, 79 + 0, 21 i + 0,36( i 0,33)
1 1 N cr ,i
2 EI i x N
Cmi ,0 =
1+ 2 1 Ed
L M i , Ed ( x) N cr ,i

M ( x)
M i , Ed ( x) M y , Ed M z , Ed
M ( x) is the maximum moment or
x
is the maximum member displacement along the
member.
N
Cmi ,0 = 1 0,18 Ed
N cr ,i
N Ed
Cmi ,0 = 1 + 0, 03
N cr ,i
If All Moments are zero, assumed that i = 1.0
1 2 EI z a 2 2 EI w
N=
crT 2 2
+ 2 + GI t (4 .59)
is Lt Lt
where:
is2 = iy2 + iz2 + a 2
a=
2
y02 + z02
I w is warping constant.
I t is St. Venant torsional constant.
y0 , z0 are the coordinates of the shear centre with respect to the centroid (see Figure 2.1). For a doubly
symmetric cross-section, the shear centre coincides with the centroid; then yo = 0 and zo = 0
E
G=
2(1 + )
is Poissons ratio.
Lt Max[ Ly , Lz ] for Column.
;
Ly for beam.
Ly , Lz is unbraced lengths.


1. Deflection
Steel structures and components shall be so proportioned that deflections are within the limits
agreed between the client, the designer and the competent authority as being appropriate to
the intended use and occupancy of the building and the nature of the materials to be
supported.
1.1 Limiting values
max = 1 + 2 0 (4.60)
where,
max is the sagging in the fina l state relative to the straight line joining the suppor ts.
0 is the pre-camber (hogging) of the beam in the unloaded state, (state0).
1 is the variation of the deflection of the beam due to the permanent loads immediately after loading,
(state1).
2 is the variation of the deflection of the beam due to the variable loading plus any time dependent
deformations due to the permanent load, (state2).
C.L
(0)
1 0
(1)
(2)
2 max
L
[Fi g. 4.14] Verti cal deflections to be considered
[Ta ble 4.21] Recommended limi ting values for verti cal deflections
Limits
Conditions
max 2
-Roofs generally L/200 L/250
-Roofs frequently carrying personnel other than for L/250 L/300
maintenance
-Floors generally L/250 L/300
-Floors and roofs supporting plaster or other brittle finish or L/250 L/350
non-flexible partitions
-Floors supporting columns (unless the deflection has been L/400 L/500
included in the global analysis for the ultimate limit state)
-where max can impair the appearance of the building L/250 -
where, L is the span of the beam.
In midas Civil, only max is verified.

-For buildings the recommended limits for horizontal deflections at the tops of the columns are
as follows.
[Ta ble 4.22] Recommended li miting values for hori zontal deflections
Conditions Limits
-Portal frames without gantry cranes h/150
-Other single storey buildings h/300
-In a multistory building
-In each storey h/300
-On the structure as a whole h0/500
where h is the height of the column or of the storey
And h0 is the overall height of the structure.

Chapter 5.
Reinforced
Concrete
Frame Design
EN 1992-2
Chapter 5.
RC girder and column need to be designed to satisfy the following limit states.

Moment Resistance
Shear Resistance

Stress of Cross Section
Crack Width
Deection
Chapter 5. RC Frame Design: EN1992-2
1. Moment resistance
Limit state of moment resistance should satisfy the condition, MEdMRd.
Moment resistance, MRd, is calculated using the strain compatibility method as shown below.
1.1 Design strength of material

(1) Design compressive strength of concrete
EN1992-1-1:2004
f cd = cc f ck / c (5.1)
3.1.6(1)
where,
cc : The coefficient taking account of long term effects on the compressive strength and of unfavorable
effects resulting from the way the load is applied.
(2) Design yield strength of reinforcement
f yd = f yk / s (5.2) EN1992-1-1:2004
3.2.7(2)
where,
fyk : The characteristic yield strength o f reinforcement.
Partial factors for materials c, s / Coefficient for long term cc, ct

Default values of partial factors for materials are shown in the table below. The values can be
enter ed by the user.
[Ta ble 5.1] Pa rtial fa ctors for materials for ULS

s for reinforcing
Design Situations c for concrete
steel EN1992-1-1:2004
Persistent & Transient 1.5 1.15 Table 2.1N
Accidental 1.2 1.0
Partial safety factor c, s / Coefficient for long term cc

Main design parameters for materials can be entered in Partial Safety Factor for Material
properties dialog box. Among the input values, cc is considered when calculating moment
resistance in Ultimate Limit State and it is applied as 1.0 for shear and torsional resistance.
The coefficient for long term, cc, is considered during calculating moment resistance in
Ultimate Limit State design. It is applied as 1.0 in the calculation of shear resistance.
Chapter 5. RC Frame Design : EN 1992-2 154

Design > RC Design > Partial Safety Fa ctor fo r Material p roperties
cc
[Fi g. 5.1] Modify Design Pa rameters Input Dialog
Partial factors for materials for persistent & transient and Accidental design situations are
given in the table 5.2.
[Ta ble 5.2] Classifica tion of design situati ons

Design situations Description
Persistent & Transient Load combination not Accidental situation
Load combination include following load case type,
Live Load Impact (IL, IM)
Accidental Collision Load (CO)
Vehicular Collision Force (CT)
Vessel Collision Force (CV)
Load case type need to be specified in Static Load Cases dialog box.
Load>Sta tic Load Cases
[Fi g. 5.2] Sta ti c Load Cases Input Dialog

Strength of Concrete/Reinforcement
Define the material strengths of concrete and steel in Modify Concrete Material dialog box.
Design > RC Design > Modify Concrete Material
fck
fyk
fywk
[Fi g. 5.3] Define fck, fyk, fywk
Select 'None' in the Code field and enter the name of the material to be used in the Name
field. Then, each data field is activated and the strength of materials can be enter ed.
In midas Civil, characteristic strength (fck) in concrete is limited by national annex as shown
below. If the strength of the material exceeds the permitted range, the corresponding
members are excluded in concrete code design.
[Ta ble 5.3] Limi t strength of fck ( MPa)

National Annex Min Max
Recommended 30.0 70.0
UK 25.0 70.0
Italy 25.0 60.0

1.2 Calculate neutral axis depth
Calculate the position of neutral axis by iterative approach as shown in the figure below.
In midas Civil, singly reinforced beam design method is applied in the calculation of neutral axis
and flexural strength for conservative design.
Initial x = H/2
Assume neutral axis depth, x
(H=Section Height)
(1)
Calculate Cc (Concrete)
(2)
Calculate Ts (Reinforcement)
(3)
Cc - Ts=0?
NO
YES
Get neutral axis depth, x

[Fi g. 5.4] Fl ow cha rt to calculate neutral a xis depth, x
(1) Calculate force of concrete, Cc.
Cc = f cd x (5.3)
dA
where,
: The effective height of the compression zone factor.
: The effective strength factor.
x: The neutral axis depth.
[Ta ble 5.4] Effecti ve hei ght and strength fa ctor by compressive s trength
Condition
fck 50MPa 0.8 1.0
50 < fck 90MPa 0.8-(fck-50)/400 1.0-(fck-50)/200
fck > 90MPa 0.7 0.8
In midas Civil, a rectangular stress distribution is used as shown in the figure below.
(Ultimate strain of concrete cu= cu1 )
[Fi g. 5.5] Rectangula r stress distributi on

(2) Calculate force of reinforcement, Ts .
Ts = As f s (5.4)
where,
As,: The cross sectional area of tensile reinforcement.
fs ,: The stress of tensile and compressive reinforcement.
In order to calculate the stress of reinforcing steel, fs , calculate the appropriate strain by the
strain compatibility condition. And then calculate the corresponding stresses in the stress-
strain diagram.
Calculation method of strain and stress is as follow.
Calculate the strains of reinforcement by assuming a linear strain distribution and the strain
of cu3 at the extr eme fiber of the concrete in compression.
dt x
s = cu (5.5)
x
where,
s : The strain of tensile reinforcement.
cu: The ultimate compressive strain in the concrete. (cu = cu1)
EN1992-1-1:2004
[Ta ble 5.5] Effecti ve hei ght and strength fa ctor by compressive s trength Table 3.1
Condition cu1
fck 50MPa 0.0035
4
50 < fck 90MPa [2.8+27{(98-fcm)/100} ]/1000, fcm=fck+8MPa
fck > 90MPa 0.0028
x : The neutral axis depth.
dt : Distance from the tensile rebar to the extreme top fiber of the element
dc : Distance from the compressive rebar to the extreme top fiber of the element
EN1992-1-1:2004
Figure 6.1
[Fi g. 5.6] Possible s train dis tributions in the ul tima te limi t s tate
Calculate the reinforcement stresses appropriate to the calculated reinforcement strains.

(from the stress-strain idealizations)
s E s ( s yd )
fs = (5.6)
f yd ( s > yd )
yd = f yd / E s (5.7)

f yd = f yk / s (5.8)
where,
Es : The design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcement.
fyd : The design yield strength of reinforcement. (See 1.1(2))
yd : The yield strain of reinforcement.
EN1992-1-1:2004
Figure 3.8
[Fi g. 5.7] Idealized and design s tress-s train dia gram for reinforcing steel
(4) Check if resultant force is zero.

Determine the neutral axis position by iterative approach of the clause (1) and (2) until the
compressive strength (C=Cc) and tensile strength (T=Ts ) become identical.
In midas Civil, convergence condition for C = T is applied as follows.
Convergenc e condition :
Error! Bookmar k not defined. C

1.0 < 0.01 (Tolerance) (5.9)
T
=C C=
c, T Ts (5.10)
Reassume neutral axis depth by Bisection method (Numerical analysis) before meet
following stop condition.
[Ta ble 5.6] Stop condi tion for i tera ti ve approach

Stop condition Description
C
Converge 1.0 < 0.01
T
Repeat count > 20
Output Not converge in Message window.
Need to modify model as following.
Not converge
- Increase section size.
- Modify the rebar information (position, numbers,
spacing, etc.)
Beam Sec tion Data for Design

Define the section and stirrup data to be applied in concrete code design. In
midas Civil, rebar ratio is determined in between minimu m and maximum rebar
ratio.

Design > RC Design > Beam Section for Design
[Fi g. 5.8] Bea m Section for Design Dialog
Where, Dt and Db represent the distance from the rebar center to top and bottom fiber
respectively.
Rebar Input for Beam Section for checking

Define rebar data for concrete code checking. In midas Civil, both top and bottom rebar must
be defined to perform concrete code checking.
Design > RC Design > Beam Section Data for Checking
[Fi g. 5.9] Bea m Section for Design Dialog

1.3 Calculate moment resistance MRd
Once the neutral axis is calculated, moment r esistance can be calculated by multiplying the axial
forces and eccentricity from the neutral axis.
=
M Rd Cc ac + Ts as (5.11)
where,
ac , as, : The distance from neutral axis depth(or centroid), x to concrete, reinforcement rebar.
fcd
As
x
Cc
ac
as
As
Ts
[Fi g. 5.10] Forces and distances from neutral a xis depth for MRd
In midas Civil, singly reinforced beam design method is applied for conservative design.
Flexural moment is calculated from Cc and Ts which generate the same amount of moment
about neutral axis. Theoretically the flexural moment will be identical at any position of the
cross section. In midas Civil, flexural moment is calculated at the centroid of the cross section.
1.4 Check moment resistance
M Ed M Rd (5.12)
where,
MEd : Design value of the applied internal bending moment.
Design load combination

Load combinations used in concrete code design are generated from Results>Load
combinations>Concrete Design tab. Load combinations specified as Strength/Stress in Active
column are applied for ultimate limit state design.

Results>Load Combinations
[Fi g. 5.11] Load Combina tions Input Dialog
1.5 Verification of rebar ratio
(1) Minimum rebar ratio

In midas Civil, minimum rebar ratio of longitudinal reinforcement is applied as shown below.
f
As ,min = Min 0.26 ctm bt d , 0.0013bt d (5.13) EN1992-1-1:2004
f yk 9.2.1.1(1)

where,
bt : The mean width of the tension zone. For T-shape beam when top flange is in compression, bt is
applied as web width.
The verification of minimum rebar ratio can be selectively performed based on the option in
Limiting Maximum Rebar Ratio dialog box.
Design>RC Design> Limiting Rebar Ratio
[Fi g. 5.12] Limi ting Ma ximum Reba r Ra tio Dialog

(2) Maximum rebar ratio
In midas Civil, maximum rebar ratio is applied as below.
EN1992-1-1:2004
9.2.1.1(3)
As ,max = 0.04 Ac (5.14)

2. Shear resistance
Limit state of shear resistance should satisfy the condition, VEdVRd.
Shear resistance, VRd, is calculated as follows.
2.1 Design strength of material

(1) Design compressive strength of concrete.
f cd = cc f ck / c (5.15)
Using cc=1.0 for shear regardless of input value.
(2) Design yield strength of reinforcement.
f yd = f yk / s (5.16)
Refer to the clause 1.1 for detail explanation of material strength.
2.2 Calculate shear resistance VRd
Calculate VRd,c using EQ(6-2a)
YES NO
VEd>VRd,c?
Required shear reinforement. Not Required shear

Calculate VRd,s. reinforement.
VRd=VRd,s. VRd=VRd,c
[Fi g. 5.13] Flowcha rt to cal culate VRd
When design shear reinforcement is not required in the verification of shear, shear resistance is
calculated by concrete only. If design shear force exceeds shear resistance calculated from
concrete, the shear resistance is calculated by shear reinforcement only.
(1) Calculate VRd,c

EN1992-1-1:2004
VRd ,c = C Rd ,c k (100 l f ck ) 3 + k1 cp bw d
1
(5.17) 6.2.2(1)

(6.3N)
( )
VRd ,c vmin + k1 cp bw d (5.18)
where,
VRd,c : The design shear resistance without shear reinforcement.
bw : The smallest width of the cross-section in the tensile area.
d : The effective depth of cross-section.
ds : Distance from the centroid of tensile rebar to the extreme fiber of cross-section
h : Height of section.
cp : NEd /Ac, In beam design, cp is applied as zero since axial force is not considered.

0.18 (5.19)
C Rd ,c = EN1992-1-1:2004
c (6.8), (6.13)
(6.9), (6.14)
(6.12), (6.15)
k = 1 + 200 / d 2.0 (5.20)
Asl
l = 0.02 (5.21)
bw d
v min = 0.035k 3 / 2 f ck
1/ 2
(5.22)
ct f ck (5.23)
f ctd =
c
(2) Calculate VRd,s

Shear resistance of members with shear reinforcement can be calculated depending on the
type of shear reinforcement.
[Ta ble 5.7] VRd,s and VRd,max, Asw,max

Type Vertical shear reinforcement
Asw
VRd,s zf ywd cot
s
cwbw zv1 f cd
VRd,max
cot + tan
Asw, max f ywd 1
Asw,max cw v1 f cd
bw s 2
where,
VRd,s : The design value the shear force which can be sustained by the yielding shear reinforcement.
: The angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear
force.
: The angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear force. In
midas Civil, is always applied as 90 degree.
EN1992-1-1:2004
Figure 6.5
[Fi g. 5.14] Truss model and nota tion for shea r reinforced members
Asw : The cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement.

s : The spacing of stirrups.
z : Inner lever arm, z=0.9d.
fywd : The design yield strength of the shear reinforcement.
1 : Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear.

[Ta ble 5.8] Strength reduction fa ctor for concrete cra cked in shea r, 1
fywd< 0.8 fywk
National Annex fywd 0.8 fywk
fck < 60MPa fck 60MPa
f f ck EN1992-1-1:2004
Recommended 0.61 ck 0.6 0.9 > 0.5
250 200 (6.10.aN),(6.10.bN)
f f
British 0.61 ck 0.54(1 0.5 cos ) 0.84 ck (1 0.5 cos ) > 0.5
250 200
[Ta ble 5.9] Strength reduction fa ctor for concrete cra cked in shea r, 1
fywd 0.8 fywk fywd< 0.8 fywk
National Annex
fck 70MPa fck > 70MPa fck < 60MPa fck 60MPa
f 0.9
f ck
Italy 0.5 0.7 1 ck 0.7 200 > 0.5
250 0.85
cw : Coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in the compression chord. cw is always applied
as 1.0 in beam design.
[Ta ble 5.10] Coefficient cw

EN1992-1-1:2004
Condition cw (6.11.aN)~(6.11.cN)
0<cp 0.25fcd 1+cp/fcd
0.25 fcd <cp 0.5fcd 1.25
0.5 fcd <cp 1.0fcd 2.5(1-cp/fcd)
cp : The mean compressive stress, measured positive, in the con crete due to the design axial force. In
beam design, cp is applied as zero since axial force is not considered.
(3) Calculate shear resistance VRd.

The shear resistance of a member with shear reinforcement.
(5.24) EN1992-1-1:2004
V Rd = V Rd , s + Vccd + Vtd (6.1)
where,
Vccd : The design value of the shear component of the force in the compression area, in the case of an
inclined compression chord.
Vtd : The design value of the shear component of the force in the tensile reinforcement, in the case of an
inclined tensile chord.
EN1992-1-1:2004
Figure 6.2
[Fi g. 5.15] Shea r component for members wi th inclined chords
In midas civil, inclined chord is not considered. Therefore the shear resistance is calculated
using shear reinforcement only.
V Rd = V Rd , s (5.25)
EN1992-1-1:2004
6.2.1(5)
In regions of the member wher e VEdVRd,c no calculate shear reinforcement is necessary.

V Rd = V Rd ,c (5.26) EN1992-1-1:2004
6.2.1(3)
Shear reinforcement
Angel between concrete compr ession strut and beam axis, , is entered in Concrete Design
Code dialog box.
Design>RC Design> Design Code
[Fi g. 5.16] Input shea r reinforcement
Stirrup data is entered in Beam Section Data for Design dialog box.
Design>RC Design> Bea m Section for Design
[Fi g. 5.17] Input shea r reinforcement
In midas Civil, the angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis is always applied as
90 degree.
where,
Size : Diameter of shear reinforcement
Number : Leg number of shear reinforcement
Dt : Distance from the center of top rebar to top fiber of the cross section
Db : Distance from the center of bottom rebar to bottom fiber of the cross section

2.3 Check shear resistance
V Ed V Rd (5.27)
where,
VEd : Design value of the applied shear force.
VRd : Design shear resistance.
Design load combination

Load combinations used in concrete code design are generated from Results > Load
combinations > Concrete Design tab. Load combinations specified as Strength/Stress in Active
column are applied for ultimate limit state design.
2.4 Check the ratio and spacing of shear reinforcement

When no shear reinforcement is required, minimum shear reinforcement shall be applied. In
this case, s obtained from the equation (5.28) is compared to s l,max for the shear rebar
verification.
Asw 0.08 f ck EN1992-1-1:2004

w = w, min = (5.28) (9.4),(9.5N)
sbw sin f yk
EN1992-1-1:2004
(9.6N)
s s l , max = 0.75d (1 + cot ) (5.29)
where, is always applied as 90 degree.

3. Verification of moment and shear resistance
By Result Tables
The design results can be checked as shown in the table below.
Design>RC Design> Concrete Code Design > Beam Design
[Fi g. 5.18] Resul t table for moment resistance
By Report
Design results can be verified in Graphic Report, Detail Report, and Summary Report.
Design>RC Design> Concrete Code Design > Beam Design
[Fi g. 5.19] Graphi c report for beam design

[Fi g.5.20] Detail a nd Summa ry report for bea m design

Chapter 5. Concrete Bridge Design: EN1992-2

1. Stress for cross section
Stress verification will be performed for the concrete and reinforcement at the top and bottom
fiber. EN1992-1-1:2004
3.1.8(1)
c ca, s sa
Tensile stresses in concrete and reinforcement are calculated based on the centroid in the
transformed section. The ratio of modulus of elasticity in uncracked section for transformed
section is entered in Modify Concrete Materials dialog box. In midas Civil, the long-term ratio, n,
is applied.
When calculating stress in uncracked section, the ratio of modulus of elasticity is changed
depending on the load combination. When the load combination is quasi=-permanent live load,
the ratio of short term is applied.
Short/Long Term Elasticity
Design > RC Design > Modify Concrete Material
[Fi g.5.21] Short/Long Term Elas tici ty
Default value of ratio is entered as Es/Ec for short term and 2(Es/Ec) for long term respectively.
The value can be specified by the user directly.
1.1 Allowable tensile stress of concrete
= ca max ( f ctm , (1.6 h /1000) f ctm ) (5.30)
where,
h : The total member depth
fctm : The mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete.

[Ta ble5.11] Mean value of axial tensile strength, fctm
Condition fctm
2/3
C50/60 0.30fck
> C50/60 2.12 ln(1+(fcm/10))
fcm : The mean compressive strength at 28 days.
f cm = f ck + 8MPa (5.31)
cm = k1 f ck (5.32)
where,
fck : The concrete compressive strength
k 1,~ k 4 is applied as shown in the table below. The user can directly enter the values for k 1~k 4.
[Ta ble5.12] Coeffi cient k1~ k4

k1 k2 k3 k4
0.6 0.45 0.8 1.0
Coefficient k1 ~ k4 for Concrete

Design>RC Design> Serviceability Para meters
[Fi g.5.22] Input coeffi cient k 1~ k 4 for s tress limita tion
1.2 Allowable tensile stress of reinforcement
sa = k3 f yk (5.33)
where,
fyk : The characteristic yield strength o f reinforcement.

2. Crack width
Cracking shall be limited to satisfy the following condition.
Crack width, wk Crack width limit, wmax
2.1 Calculate crack widths

(1) Determine sm-cm
(1 + )
f ct ,eff
s kt p ,eff EN1992-1-1:2004
p ,eff s
e
(7.9)
sm cm = 0.6 (5.34)
Es Es
where,
sm : The mean strain in the reinforcement under the relevant combination of loads, including the effect
of imposed deformations and taking into account the effects of tensile stiffening.
cm : The mean strain in the concrete between cracks.
s : The stress in the tension reinforcement assuming a cracked section.
e : The ratio of Es/Ecm.
Es : The design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel.
Ecm : The secant modulus of elasticity of concrete.(MPa)
0.3
f (5.35) EN1992-1-1:2004
Ecm = 22 cm Table 3.1
10
f ct ,eff = f ctm (5.36) EN1992-1-1:2004

(7.10)
As + 12 Ap ' As
p ,eff
= = (5.37)
Ac ,eff Ac ,eff
Ap : The area of pre or post-tensioned within Ac,eff. In midas Civil, Ap is applied as zero since tendon is
not considered.
Ac,eff : The effective area of concrete in tension surrounding the reinforcement of prestressing tendons of
depth, hc,ef.
h x h (5.38)
hc ,ef = min 2.5(h d ),
EN1992-1-1:2004
, 7.3.2(3)
3 2

EN1992-1-1:2004
Figure 7.1
[Fi g.5.23] Effecti ve tension area (typi cal cases)
k t : A factor dependent on duration of the load.
[Ta ble5.13] Fa ctor k

Condition kt
EN1992-1-1:2004
Short ter m loading 0.6 7.3.4(2)
Long term loading 0.4
Definition of Short and Long term loads
[Ta ble5.14] Defini tion of dura tion of the load

Condition Description
Load combinations
Long term loading
composed of long-term load cases only
Load combinations
Short ter m loading Other than long-term loading
excepting for the long-term loading
If the user does not specify the long-term or short-term load case, the load cases are
classified as shown in the table below.
[Ta ble5.15] Classifi cation for dura tion of the load

Duration of the load Description
Following static load case

D : Dead Load
DC : Dead Load of Component and Attachments.
Long term load case
DW : Dead Load of Wearing Surfaces and Utilities.
L : Live Load.
LR : Roof Live Load.
Short ter m load case Load cases other than long-term load cases

Duration of load (Short/Long term)
Design>Common Parameter>Sho rt/Long term Load Case
[Fi g.5.24] Define short/long term load case
(2) Determine s r,max

The maximum crack spacing, s r,max is calculated as shown in the table below.
k1k2 k4 (5.39) EN1992-1-1:2004

= k3 c +
sr .max (7.11)
p ,eff
EN1992-1-1:2004
Figure 7.2
[Fi g. 5.25] Cra ck width, w, a t concrete surface relati ve to dis tance from ba r
where,
: The bar diameter. Where a mixture of bar diameters is used in a section, an equivalent diameter, eq,
should be used.
For a section with n1 bars of diameter 1 and n2 bars of diameter 2 .
n112 + n 2 22 (5.40)
eq = EN1992-1-1:2004
n11 + n 2 2 (7.12)
c : The cover to the long itudina l reinforcement.

k 1 : A coefficient which takes account of the bond properties of the bonded reinforcement
( = 0.8 for high bond bars)
k 2 : A coefficient which takes accoun t of the distribut ion of strain. ( = 0.5 for bending)
k 3 = 3.4 (recommended values)
k 4 = 0.425(recommended values)

(3) Calculate the design crack width, wk
wk = s r , max ( sm cm ) (5.41)
EN1992-1-1:2004
(7.8)
2.2 Get a limiting calculated crack width, wmax
(1) Recommended values of wmax (mm)

For reinforced members without prestressing tendon, a limiting crack width, wmax, are given
in the table below.
[Ta ble5.16] Limi ting cra ck width, w max
Exposure Serviceability Load combination Type
Class Quasi Frequent Characteristic
X0
0.4
XC1
XC2
XC3 0.3
XC4
Not
XD1
Checked
XD2 0.3
XD3
XS1
User defined
XS2 0.3
XS3
XF1*
XF2*
XF3*
Not
XF4* 0.2
Checked
XA1*
XA2*
XA3*
(*) For Freeze/Thaw attack class(XF1~XF4) and Chemical attack class(XA1~XA3), midas Civil
applies the limiting crack width as 0.2mm under the characteristic load combinations.

Exposure Class
Exposure class can be defined by members in the following dialog box.
Design>RC Design> Serviceability Para meters
[Fi g.5.26] Input Exposure class
Serviceability limit state is changed depending on the load combination type (Quasi-permanent,
Frequent and Characteristic). The service load combinations can be classified in Serviceability
Load Combination Type dialog box. Stress, Crack, and Deflection verifications are performed for
the classified load combinations.
[Fi g.5.27] Servi ceabili ty Load Combination
2.3 Check crack width at service loads
wk wmax (5.42)

3. Deflection
Deflection verification is performed by comparing the deflection of the member to deflection
limit. Deflection is verified for Quasi-permanent and Characteristic load combinations. The limit
value is specified by the user in Serviceability Parameter dialog box.
[Fi g.5.28] Defection Control
4. Verification of Stress, Crack, Deflection

By Result Tables
The design results can be checked as shown in the table below.
Design>RC Design> Concrete Code Check > Beam Checking
[Fi g.5.29] Result table for moment resistance

By Report
Design results can be verified in Graphic Report, Detail Report and Summary Report.
Design>RC Design> Code Check > Beam Ch ecking
[Fi g.5.30] Graphi c report for bea m design
[Fi g.5.31] Detail a nd Summa ry report for bea m design

Contents
Chapter 1.
02 1. Moment Resistance
12 2. Shear Resistance
19 3. Torsion Resistance
26 1. Stress for cross section at a construction stage
30 2. Stress for cross section at service loads
31 3. Tensile stress for Prestressing tendons
34 4. Principal stress at a construction stage
36 5. Principal stress at service loads
38 6. Check crack width
Chapter 2.
46 1. Bending Resistance
64 2. Resistance to Vertical Shear
71 3. Resistance to Longitudanal Shear
76 1. Stress limitation
79 2. Longitudinal shear in SLS
Chapter 3.
82 1. Bending Resistance
101 2. Resistance to Vertical Shear
108 3. Resistance to Lateral-Torsional Buckling
112 4. Resistance to Transverse Forces
116 5. Resistance to Longitudanal Shear
119 6. Resistance to Fatigue
122 1. Stress limitation
125 2. Longitudinal shear in SLS
Chapter 4.
128 1. Classication of Cross Sections
131 2. Calculate eective cross-section for Class 4 section
132 3. Plate Elements without Longitudinal Stieners
135 1. Torsion
135 2. Compression
136 3. Bending Moment
136 4. Shear
142 5. Bending and Shear
142 6. Bending and Axial Force
144 7. Bending, Shear and Axial Force
145 8. Buckling Resistance of Members
Service Limit States
152 1. Deection
Chapter 5.
154 1. Moment Resistance
163 2. Shear resistance
168 3. Verication of moment and shear resistance
Service Limit States
170 1. Stress for cross section
172 2. Crack width
177 3. Deection
177 4. Verication of Stress, Crack, Deection

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DESIGN GUIDE for midas Civil

for midas Civil

It is recommended that you read this guide and review

Prestressed Box Girder Design

Composite Steel Box Girder Design

Steel Frame Design

Composite Plate Girder Design : EN 1994-2

It is recommended that you read this guide and review corresponding

Chapter 1 provides detailed descriptions of the design parameters,

Although there is a huge overlap between Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 due

Serviceability Limit States

Serviceability Limit States

Ultimate Limit States

Serviceability Limit States

Serviceability Limit States

Ultimate Limit States

Serviceability Limit States

Stress for cross section at service loads

Tensile stress for Prestressing tendons

Principal stress at a construction stage

Principal stress at service loads

Check crack width

x: The neutral axis depth.

Fs As f s , Fs ' As ' f s ' (1.5)

k 1 200 / d 2.0 (1.20)

Ast ,req TEd

T Rd , max 2 cw f cd Ak t ef ,i sin cos (1.36)

TEd TRd ,max (1.38) EN199211:2004

Asl , req Asl

s l , max 0 .75 d 1 cot (1.41)

t : The age of concrete in days.

fcm(t) : The mean concrete compressive strength of concrete at an age of t days.

fcm : The mean compressive strength at 28 days.

s : A coefficient which depends on the type of cement.

fctm : The mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete.

cc(t) : A coefficient which depends on the age of the concretet.

fpk : Characteristic tensile strength of prestressing steel.

fpk : Characteristic tensile strength of prestressing steel.

fpk : Characteristic tensile strength of prestressing steel.

Ap : The area of pre or post-tensioned within Ac,eff.

s : The largest bar diameter of reinforcing steel.

c : The cover to the longitudinal reinforcement.

k2 : A coefficient which takes account of the distribution of strain.

Ultimate Limit States

Resistance to Vertical Shear

Resistance to Longitudanal Shear

Serviceability Limit States

For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic,

Stress limitation for structral steel For Characteristic Load Combination

Resistance to Longitudinal Shear For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic,

Ac ,eff ,loc Asl ,eff locbc ,loct

V_c,Ed: Vertical shear force acting on the composite section.

Ultimate Limit States

Resistance to Vertical Shear

Resistance to Lateral-Torsional Buckling

Olny check for

Resistance to Longitudanal Shear

Serviceability Limit States

For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic,

Stress limitation for structral steel For Characteristic Load Combination

Resistance to Longitudinal Shear For Quasi-permanent, Characteristic,

(a)Unstiffenedplate: 0.51 c 0.2 c

(b)Stiffenedplate: 0.51 e c 0.2 c