Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Apstrakt Abstract
Autor iznosi nove rezultate istraivanja The author presents the latest results of
liburnskog Nadina (Nedinum) u kontekstu the excavations of Liburnian Nadin (Nedinum)
dosadanjih saznanja o nadinskom in the context of current knowledge about the
arheolokom kompleksu s kontinuitetom ivota Nadin archaeological complex with continuity
od ranoga bronanog doba do 17. st. Cjelovito of life from the Early Bronze Age to the 17th
su istraeni humak 13 te grobni prostor (14 x century. Burial mound 13 was completely
6,8 m), nazvan cela I, u sastavu nekropole na explored as well as the grave area (measuring
ravnome podno Gradine (Nedinum). 14 x 6,8 m) designated as cella I within a flat
Humak 13, u upotrebi od 9. do 6. st. pr. necropolis at the foot of Gradina (Nedinum).
Kr., s 19 kruno (koncentrino) rasporeenih Burial mound 13, dated from the 9th to
grobova, s 37 identificiranih individua (od toga 6th centuries BC, has 19 circularly
16,2% djece), bitno upotpunjuje poznavanje (concentrically) distributed graves with 37
liburnskih humaka: njihovu planimetriju, identified individuals (16,2% of which were
stanovite konstrukcijske, obredne i drutvene children). This burial mound contributes
aspekte. significantly to the study of Liburnian burial
Nakon otkria spaljivanja mrtvih iz mounds: their planimetry, certain
bronanog doba (Podvrje Matakov brig, constructional, ritual and social aspects.
Nadin, Ervenik, Duevia glavica Krneza) u Following the discovery of cremation of the
sjevernoj Dalmaciji, u humku 13 iz Nadina, s dead from the Bronze Age (Podvrje Matakov
11
Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih... ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180
najveim brojem pokojnika kod Liburna, brig, Nadin, Ervenik, Duevia glavica
otkriveni su uz gr. 4 iz Dragiia, prvi spaljeni Krneza) in northern Dalmatia, burial mound 13
liburnski pokopi u sjevernoj Dalmaciji. from Nadin, with the greatest number of buried
Cela I, ogledni uzorak velike nadinske individuals in Liburnian society, yielded first
nekropole na ravnome, sklop je sastavljen od Liburnian cremation burials in northern
grobova i arhitekture; prvi je takav istraen Dalmatia, along with grave 4 from Dragii.
oblik u liburnskoj kulturi. Dokumentirane su Cella I which is a typical sample of
dvije osnovne faze izradnje cele: liburnska, iz great Nedinum flat necropolis, is a complex
eljeznog doba, i liburnskorimska iz vremena consisting of graves and architecture; it is the
romanizacije. Drugoj fazi pripadaju ogradni first of the kind to be investigated in the
zidovi cele, etvrtasti postament Liburnian culture. Two basic building phases of
monumentalnog spomenika (?) ili edikule (?), the cella were identified: the Liburnian phase,
spaljeni pokopi, te brojni pokretni spomenici. from the Iron Age, and the LiburnianRoman
Cela je u rimsko doba bila sastavni dio phase from the Romanization period. Enclosing
pravilnog rastera liburnskorimske nekropole walls of the cella belong to the second phase as
planiranog tipa uz prometnice. Podignuta well as a rectangular base of a great monument
nad starim liburnskim grobljem, samo (?) or aedicule (?), cremation burials and a
djelomino je negirala i unitila njegovu multitude of movable monuments.
prostornu strukturu. Jer, liburnskoj fazi In the Roman period cella was a part of
ukapanja pripada veina grobova, s a regular scheme of LiburnianRoman necrop-
dominacijom zgrenih pokojnika, s prilozima olis of the planned type near the roads. It
uglavnom od 6. st. pr. Kr. nadalje. Liburnsko only partially negated and destroyed the
ograivanje grobnih etvrtastih parcela vrstom structure of the old Liburnian cemetery above
obzida potvruje stanovitu planiranost i which it was raised. Namely most of the graves
monumentalnost i liburnske nekropole iz belong to the Liburnian phase of burials with
starijega eljeznog doba. prevalence of crouched position of the
deceased. Most grave goods can be dated from
Kljune rijei: Nadin (Nedinum), the 6th century onwards. Liburnian enclosing of
Liburni, bronano doba, eljezno doba, pokop rectangular grave parcels with a kind of wall
inhumacija, incineracija, humak, cela confirms certain premeditation and monumen-
nekropola na ravnome tality of Liburnian necropolis from the Early
Iron Age.
12
ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
Nadin /Sl. 1/ je naao mjesto meu Nadin /Fig. 1/ found its place in the
edition Stotinu hrvatskih arheolokih
Stotinu hrvatskih arheolokih nalazita1;
nalazita (One hundred Croatian
on je meu najvanijim nalazitima u
archaeological sites)1 as one of the most
Zadarskoj upaniji. Njegova je vrijednost u
important sites in the Zadar county. Its
ouvanosti i povijesnoj kompleksnosti
importance lies in good condition of
spomenika, u kontinuitetu od bronanog (II.
preservation and historical complexity of
tis. pr. Kr.), eljeznog (I. tis. pr. Kr.) do
monuments in continuity from the Bronze
rimskoga, srednjovjekovnog i (2nd millennium BC) and Iron (1st
novovjekovnog doba (17. st.). Te epohe millennium BC) Ages to Roman, medieval
dodiruju se u prvom redu na Gradini and modern period (17th cent.). These epochs
starom naselju Nedinum /Sl. 2, Sl. 3/, a adjoin primarily on Gradina the old
zatim na njegovim grobljima: humcima i na settlement of Nedinum /Fig. 2, Fig. 3/, and
prostranoj liburnskorimskoj nekropoli na also on its cemeteries: burial mounds and
ravnome. spatious LiburnianRoman flat necropolis.
Arheoloki (terenski) najvie je Prehistoric segments of this site were
istraivana prapovijest. Objavom poznatoga excavated most intensively. The beginning of
nadinskog maa iz kasne bronce 1911. (A. the study of Nedinum prehistory is marked
Colnago), tonije njegovom znanstvenom (symbolically) by publishing a Late Bronze
interpretacijom 1953. godine,2 poinje Age sword from Nadin in 1911 (A. Kolnago),
(simbolino) istraivanje nadinske or to be precise, by its scientific interpretation
prapovijesti. in 1953.2
Dvije velike grobnice od klesanih Two large graves made of dressed
ploa (gr. 1, 2) s brojnim keramikim i stone slabs (gr. 1, 2) with abundant ceramic
metalnim prilozima /Sl. 46, Sl. 47/, and metal goods /Fig. 46, Fig. 47/, which
were excavated in 1968, 3 documented
istraene 1968. godine,3 dokumentirale su
primarily Hellenistic characteristics of the
uglavnom helenistika obiljeja nadinske
necropolis in Nadin on the northwestern
nekropole na sjeverozapadnoj padini
slope of Gradina /Fig. 28, Fig. 30/. They
Gradine /Sl. 28, Sl. 30/. One su pruile prva
offered first firm insights about certain
konkretna saznanja o nekim promjenama u changes in the cult of the dead i.e. in the
kultu mrtvih, odnosno, u liburnskom Liburnian society in its last phases, from the
drutvu u njegovim zadnjim fazama, od 4. 4th to 1st centuries BC, when monumental
do 1. st. pr. Kr., kada se u Nedinumu walls were built in Nedinum. The third
izgrauju i monumentalni bedemi. Njima grave (gr. 3) should be added to the
13
Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih... ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180
14
ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
Vinca (Vijenca) Gradine (Nedinum) /Sl. However the study of the cult of the
3, Sl. 4/.6 O istom kontinuitetu svjedoe dead in the Bronze and Iron Ages benefited
brojni humci, takoer rekognoscirani u from the first more comprehensive
okolici ovih gradina. U sklopu projekta excavations of the Nadin region from
1983.1986. god. nije se, meutim, 20022003 with a series of new facts and
(terenski) istraivao kult mrtvih. insights.7 Out of about 70 burial mounds
Kult mrtvih kroz bronano i recorded in the vicinity of Nadin, 14 have
eljezno doba obogaen je cijelim nizom been excavated on that occasion on the Nadin
novih injenica i spoznaja tijekom prvih Biljane Ratevi stretch.8 Burial mounds 8
veih iskapanja nadinskoga kraja iz and 12 belong to the Iron Age /Fig. 4/, and the
others to the Bronze Age; burials in burial
6 Projektom 1983.-1986. otkrivene su dvije nove
gradine, Kriova glavica (rano bronano doba) i 7 . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 5890.
Vinac (Vijenac) (kasno bronano doba), koje su s 8 In the group of burial mounds northwestern of
Gradinom (Nedinum) prostorno najue povezane. Nadin, in the Biljane region, out of seven (17)
Tada su sve tri gradine sondirane; na Gradini excavated burial mounds most did not yield graves
(Nedinum) ustanovljena je kulturna stratifikacija od but only human bones (burial mound 7), and some
liburnskog doba do srednjeg vijeka i nadalje; . pottery of the Cetina culture. In the group of burial
BATOVI J. CHAPMAN, 1987, 2832; . mounds beneath the northeastern slope of Gradina
BATOVI J. CHAPMAN, 1987a, 7274; . burial mounds 6, 8, 11, 12 definitely had sepulchral
BATOVI, 1990, Sl. 23, 29; 92, 112; J. CHAPMAN purpose. They can be dated to the Late Bronze and
R. S. SHIEL . BATOVI, 1996, 116, 231. Iron Ages; . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 7883.
15
Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih... ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180
16
ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
Humak 13, iskapan 2004. godine10 related to a group (612) of excavated burial
/Sl. 5, Sl. 1113/, tvori cjelinu sa skupinom mounds northeastern of Gradina in Nadin.11
od 14 nadinskih humaka istraenih 2002.- This burial mound is closest to Gradina,
2003. god. /Sl. 4/, prostorno najue povezan situated some 200 m from its northeastern
sa skupinom (612) iskopanih humaka SI od slope /Fig. 5, Fig. 6/. It is only 20 m distant
from burial mound 12 and about 50 m
nadinske Gradine.11 On je najblii Gradini,
southwestern of the highway /Fig. 4/. Burial
udaljen od njezine sjeveroistone padine
mound 13 yielded 19 graves which completed
oko 200 m /Sl. 5, Sl. 6/. Od humka 12
the picture of the complex of Nadin burial
udaljen je samo 20 m, te oko 50 m JZ od
mounds from the Iron Age, and of the
autoceste /Sl. 4/. Sa svojih 19 grobova Liburnian burial in general. Some new
upotpunio je sliku o kompleksu nadinskih phenomena were discovered in it, and some
humaka iz eljeznog doba, no i o liburnskom elements of the Liburnian cult of the dead
pokopu u cjelini. U njemu su uoene neke which were previously barely discernible
potpuno nove pojave ili su pak bolje were defined in a more satisfying manner.
definirani neki elementi liburnskog kulta The burial mound was used for burials from
mrtvih koji su se do sada samo nazirali. U the 9th to 6th centuries BC. Burial mound 14
humku se pokapalo od 9. do 6. st. pr. Kr. which is located in the immediate proximity
Ostao je neistraen humak 14, takoer u of Gradina remained unexplored.
neposrednoj blizini Gradine. Data for the reconstruction of the
Skroman je fundus podataka za Liburnian cult of the dead are quite meager.
rekonstrukciju liburnskog kulta mrtvih. Longterm field surveys resulted in the
Dugogodinjim rekognosciranjem uoen je discovery of many burial mounds of the
velik broj humaka u liburnskoj kulturi, ali Liburnian culture, but very few were
vrlo malo ih je sustavno iskapano.12 Zato je systematically excavated.12 Therefore it is
impossible to define all the differences between
10 U sklopu projekta S. Kuko Kult mrtvih na isto-
them and the earlier, Bronze Age burials under
nom Jadranu, Ministrastvo ZO Republike mounds; it is not clear what exactly was
Hrvatske, uz tehniku pomo Arheolokog muzeja u
inherited from the past in the concept of
Zadru; S. KUKO, 2004, 192194; S. KUKO .
BATOVI, 2005, 5863. Liburnian burial mound (and of the flat burial),
11 . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 78.
11 . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 78.
12 Najvaniji iskapani liburnski humci: Zaton kod
12 The most important excavated Liburnian burial
Nina (. BATOVI, 1983, 3132), Vrsi Kosa kod
Mula (. BATOVI, 1973, 2731.), Dobropoljci (. mounds: Zaton near Nin (. BATOVI, 1983, 3132), Vrsi
Kosa near Mulo (. BATOVI, 1973, 2731),
BATOVI, 1960, 7985; . BATOVI, 1990,
Dobropoljci (. BATOVI, 1960, 7985; .
5142), Biljane Donje (. BATOVI, 1959, 5457; BATOVI,1990, 5142), Biljane Donje (. BATOVI,
. BATOVI, 1990, 82), Gromaica kod Lopara na 1959, 5457; . BATOVI, 1990, 82), Gromaica near
Rabu (R. MATEJI, 1968, 7584), Materiza kod Lopar on the island of Rab (R. MATEJI, 1968, 7584),
Nina (. BATOVI, 1968, 18.), Ljubaka Kosa (D. Materiza near Nin (BATOVI, 1968, 18), Ljubaka Kosa
VUJEVI, 2010, u tisku); Iz Biljana Donjih jedan (D. VUJEVI, 2010, in print); One burial mound from
humak pripada eneolitiku (zaselak Trljuge), a jedan Biljane Donje was built in the Eneolithic (small village
eljeznom dobu; . BATOVI, 1959, 5457; . Trljuge), and the other one in the Iron Age; . BATOVI,
BATOVI, 1990, 8182. 1959, 5457; . BATOVI, 1990, 8182.
17
Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih... ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180
H 13 H 12
Sl. 5. Humak 13 podno nadinske Gradine tijekom Sl. 6. Poloaj Stanine (u prvom planu) i humaka 13 i
iskapanja (snimio: M. Parica, 2004.). 12 na SI padini nadinske Gradine.
Fig. 5. Burial mound 13 at the foot of Gradina in Fig. 6. Aerial view of the Stanine position (in
Nadin during the excavations (photo: M. Parica, foreground) and mounds 13 and 12 on the NE slope
2004). of Gradina in Nadin.
nemogue definirati sve razlike izmeu njih i.e. when is the type of burial under a mound
i ranijih, bronanodobnih pokopa pod referred to as Liburnian definitely formed (and
humcima; nejasno je to se tono naslijedilo abandoned).13 Besides the continuity of some
iz dublje prolosti u konceptu liburnskoga basic constructive forms (stone cists, enclosing
grobnog humka (ali i pokopa na ravnome), walls etc.) from the Bronze Age to the Roman
odnosno, kada se definitivno oblikuje (ali i period, it is certain that there were some
prestaje)13 tip pokopa pod humcima koji specific differences between them (formal,
especially religious; rituals and beliefs). Several
nazivamo liburnskim. Uz kontinuitet nekih
excavated burial mounds from the Bronze Age
osnovnih konstruktivnih oblika (grobna
point in that direction: Mala glavica, on the
krinja, obzid i dr.) od bronanog do
slope of Matakov brig Podvrje /Fig. 7 (1)/,
rimskog doba, sigurno su meu njima with a series of specific ritual elements of the
postojale i konkretne razlike (formalne,
Cetina culture, with cremation rite;14 burial
osobito religijske: obredi i vjerovanja). Na mound 1 on position Stanine /Fig. 9 (2)/ in the
to upuuje nekoliko istraenih humaka iz immediate vicinity of Nedinum, also with the
bronanog doba: Mala glavica, na kosi remains of the same culture from the Early
Matakov brig Podvrje /Sl. 7 (1)/, s nizom
13 Some burial mounds were used for burials in the
Roman period, perhaps the ones from Dobropoljci
13 U nekim gomilama sigurno se pokapalo i u (Lovaka glavica: R 1112,5, height 0,85 m, gr. 2;
rimsko doba, moda i u humcima iz Dobropoljaca; Dobropoljci Jaruv, position Greblje); Cf.
(Lovaka glavica: R 1112,5, vis. 0,85 m, gr. 2; BATOVI, 1960, Pl. XII, Pl. XIII/12; In the
Dobropoljci Jaruv, poloaj Greblje); Usp. . mentioned burial mounds crouched and extended
BATOVI, 1960, T. XII, T. XIII/12; U spomenutim positions were combined (without grave goods).
14 . BATOVI S. KUKO, 1988, 564, T I LI.
humcima kombinirani su zgren i ispruen poloaj
umrloga (bez priloga). 15 . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 8687, Fig. 7.
18
ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
Sl. 7. Humci s ritusom spaljivanja iz bronanog doba:1) Mala glavica, Podvrje (prema: . Batovi S.
Kuko, 1988); 2) Ervenik (prema: W. Buttler, 1932); 3) Duevia glavica Krneza (prema: K. Gusar D.
Vujevi, 2010a).
Fig. 7. Burial mounds with cremation rite from the Bronze Age: 1) Mala glavica, Podvrje (after . Batovi S. Kuko,
1988); 2) Ervenik (after: Buttler, 1932), 3) Duevia glavica Krneza (after: K. Gusar D. Vujevi, 2010a).
19
Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih... ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180
sauvanih osebujnih obrednih elemenata Bronze Age, with cremation burial,15 and burial
cetinske kulture, s ritusom spaljivanja,14 mound Krneza Duevia glavica,16 with
humak 1 na poloaju Stanine /Sl. 9 (2)/ u cremation as well /Fig. 7 (3), Fig. 8/.17
neposrednoj blizini Nedinuma, takoer s All differences (building structure,
ostatcima iste kulture ranoga bronanog spatial arrangement, ritual elements)
doba, s ritusom spaljivanja,15 te humak between the burial mounds from the
Bronze and Iron Ages can be explained
Krneza Duevia glavica,16 takoer sa
only in the context of the specific culture
spaljivanjem /Sl. 7 (3), Sl. 8/.17 (Liburnian and Cetina cultures). In this
14 . BATOVI S. KUKO, 1988, T I LI, 564. region, similar as in many European
15 . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, Sl. 7, 8687. prehistoric cultural circles, burial mounds
16 K. GUSAR D. VUJEVI, 2010a, (u tisku). 16 K. GUSAR D. VUJEVI, 2010a, (in print).
17 Za sada, Ervenik, Podvrje i Nadin/Stanine jedine su 17 For now Ervenik, Podvrje and Nadin/Stanine are the
pojave cetinskog spaljenog pokopa u sjevernoj Dalmaciji. only examples of cremation burial of the Cetina culture in
Moda mu treba prikljuiti i humak iz Krneze Duevia northern Dalmatia. Perhaps the burial mound from Krneza
glavica, vidi bilj. 24; injenica je, ipak, da je u humku iz Duevia glavica should be added to this list; see note
Ervenika jedini spaljeni, sredinji grob 5 bio gotovo potpuno 24; However the fact is that in the burial mound from
uniten naknadnim ukopom (gr. 4, s kamenom Ervenik the only cremation burial in the central grave 5
was almost completely destroyed by subsequent burial (gr.
konstrukcijom du. 2,7 m); W. BUTTLER, 1932, 355; U
4 with a stone construction 2,7 m long); W. BUTTLER,
irem pak nadinskom kraju: humak 7 Biljane, humak 1 1932, 355; In the wider Nadin region (burial mound 7
Stanine (. BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 80, 86) Biljane, burial mound 1, Stanine (. BATOVI N.
prisutna je incineracija i inhumacija, to je vjerojatno prvi ONDI, 2005, 80, 86) we find cremation and inhumation
primjer usporednog postojanja na jednom uem prostoru which is probably the first example of coexistence of two
dvaju ritusa u kontekstu cetinske kulture u sjevernoj burial rites in a limited area in the context of the Cetina
Dalmaciji. culture in northern Dalmatia.
20
ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
Sl. 9. Humci s ritusom spaljivanja iz bronanog doba: 1) Nadin (Biljane), humak 6 (prema: I. ondi,
2007.); 2) Stanine Nadin, Humak 1 (prema: . Batovi N. ondi, 2005.).
Fig. 9. Burial mounds with cremation rite from the Bronze Age: 1) Nadin (Biljane), burial mound 6 (after: I.
ondi, 2007); 2) Stanine Nadin, burial mound 1 (after: . Batovi I. ondi, 2005).
21
Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih... ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180
Sl. 10. Humak Matakova glavica u Podvrju (prema: 18 About the burial mounds from the Bronze and Iron
K. Gusar D. Vujevi, 2010, u tisku). Ages from the wider Benkovac region, . BATOVI,
Fig. 10. Burial mound Matakova glavica in Podvrje 1990, 8084.
(after: K. Gusar D. Vujevi, 2010, in print). 19 . BATOVI, 1973, 2731.
20 . BATOVI, 1983, 3032.
Sve razlike (struktura graenja,
21 . BATOVI S. KUKO, 1988, 564, Pl. I LI.
raspored u prostoru, obredni sadraji)
22 W. BUTTLER, 1932, 354364, Fig. 2.
izmeu humaka bronanog i eljeznog doba
23 . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 74.
mogu se objanjavati tek u kontekstu
24 This earthen burial mound (with medieval burials)
konkretne kulture (cetinske, odnosno,
which might have been raised as early as the Early
liburnske). Na ovom prostoru, slino Bronze Age during the Cetina culture, contained tiny
mnogim europskim prapovijesnim remains of burnt human bones in the center. The bones
kulturnim krugovima, humci, graeni ve u were placed directly on the earth, only one sherd of a
eneolitiku, intenzivno su proirena pojava u ceramic vessel resembling forms of the Cetina culture
was found in the burial mound. However, the other
kultu mrtvih od ranoga bronanog doba.18 prehistoric grave in this burial mound, in a stone cist
Konkretno, na prostoru sjeverne Dalmacije (120 x 96 x 80 cm), without grave goods in situ, was
najbolje istraeni najstariji humci su iz dated to the Middle Bronze Age (16301450 BC) by
radiocarbon analysis of human remains. I would like to
ranoga bronanog doba (cetinska kultura: thank my colleagues D. Vujevi, K. Gusar and B.
Vrsi Kosa kod Mula19, Zaton,20 Marijanovi for this informaton and some other still
unpublished data about the newly excavated mounds:
18 O humcima bronanog i eljeznog doba irega K. GUSAR D. VUJEVI, 2010, (in print).
benkovakog prostora: . BATOVI, 1990, 8084. 25 . BATOVI, 1973, 30.
19 . BATOVI, 1973, 2731. 26 . BATOVI, 1959, 5457; . BATOVI, 1990,
20 . BATOVI, 1983, 3032. 8182.
22
ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
Podvrje,21 Ervenik,22 Nadin,23 Krneza /Fig. 4/).27 The longest continuity of burials
Duevia glavica24 /Sl. 79/) njihova from the Early Bronze Age throughout the
uporaba u eneolitiku za sada je arheoloki Iron Age in a closed unit was recorded in
Zaton near Nin on the occasion of
slabo potvrena (Vrsi Kosa kod Mula,25
excavating seven burial mounds,28 as well
humak iz Biljana Donjih26). as in the aforementioned group of the Nadin
Najdui kontinuitet pokopanja u
burial mounds /Fig. 4/.29 Continuity of
jednom humku u sjevernoj Dalmaciji burials at the same place from the
obuhvaa kasno bronano i eljezno doba Eneolithic to the Roman period was
(Zaton kod Nina; Nadin, humak 12, /Sl. discovered in Vrsi Kosa near Mulo for the
4/).27 A najdui kontinuitet pokapanja, od first time in northern Dalmatia.30
rane bronce kroz eljezno doba, unutar Burial mound 13 from Nadin /Fig.
jedne ue zatvorene cjeline, uoen je u 1113/ supplements our knowledge about
Zatonu kod Nina pri iskapanju sedam the construction and planimetry of
humaka, 28 ali i u navedenoj skupini Liburnian burial mounds from the 1st
nadinskih /Sl. 4/.29 U Vrsima Kosa kod millennium BC. Along with two more
Mula prvi je put pak u sjevernoj burial mounds from Nadin (8, 12),31 some
Dalmaciji otkriven kontinuitet pokapanja burial mounds from Vrsi and Zaton near
Nin, and three newly discovered burial
mounds on Ljubaka kosa,32 this burial
21 . BATOVI S. KUKO, 1988, T I LI, 564. mound is the best example of the structure
22 W. BUTTLER, 1932, Sl. 2, 354364. of Liburnian burials under mounds. 33
23 . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 74. Typical Liburnian burial mound consists of
24 Ovaj zemljani humak (sa srednjovjekovnim dumped stones, which are sometimes covered
ukopima), moda podignut ve u ranoj bronci za with soil and rocks. Only rarely it consists
trajanja cetinske kulture, u sreditu je imao sitne ostatke
spaljenih ljudskih kostiju, postavljene izravno na 27 . BATOVI, 1983, 3231; . BATOVI N.
zemlju, te samo jedan ulomak keramike posude bliske ONDI, 2005, 83.
cetinskim oblicima. Ali, drugi prapovijesni grob u
28 . BATOVI, 1983, 32.
ovom humku, s kamenom krinjom (120 x 96 x 80 cm),
no bez priloga in situ, datiran je, analizom C14 29 . BATOVI I. ONDI, 2005, 5890.
ljudskih ostataka, u srednje bronano doba (1630.- 30 . BATOVI, 1973, 30.
1450. g. pr. Kr.). Na ovom i drugim jo neobjavljenim
31 . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 8182.
podatcima o novoiskapanim humcima zahvaljujem
kolegama D. Vujeviu, K. Gusar i B. Marijanoviu; (K. 32 D. VUJEVI, 2010, ( in print); excavated by the
GUSAR D. VUJEVI, 2010a, u tisku). Department of Archaeology of the University of
25 . BATOVI, 1973, 30. Zadar in 2007, research leader B. MARIJANOVI.
26 . BATOVI, 1959, 5457; . BATOVI, 1990, 33 Burial mound with 6 burials (96 cent. BC) from
8182. the site of Gromaica near Lopar on the island of
27 . BATOVI, 1983, 3231; . BATOVI N. Rab was heavily damaged and it lacks complete
ONDI, 2005, 83. documentation (layout etc): Iron Age burial mounds
28 . BATOVI, 1983, 32. from Zaton and Vrsi near Nin, Dobropoljci and
Biljane Donje, were also published preliminarily
29 . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 5890. without complete documentation.
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Sl. 22. Prilozi u grobu 9, humak 13, Nadin (crte: I. ondi, 2005.).
Fig. 22. Grave goods in gr. 9, burial mound 13, Nadin (drawing: I. ondi, 2005).
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50 Veina kamenja s njega odnesena je; pojedini su 50 Most stones from this burial mound were taken
grobovi djelomino virili na povrini humka. Svi su away; certain graves were parially exposed on the
grobovi bili vie ili manje oteeni; svi su bez surface of the burial mound. All graves were more or
poklopca. less damaged; they were all without lids.
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podizanja obzida i veine grobova. 51 contained small rocks, many pottery sherds
Povrh ovog nasipa i grobova prostire se and animal bones, before the enclosing wall
ostatak plata humka: sloj kamenja i was raised and the enclosure was filled up.
zemlje koji je nejednolino rasporeen This deposit which is about 30 cm thick,
(sauvan) po humku. covered the source rock (limestone layer)
Nalaz mjestimino rasporeene which contained red soil in its cavities.
Graves and enclosing wall were raised on this
crnkaste zemlje/paljevine podsjea na
fill, and partially also on the source rock. In
situaciju u nadinskom humku 8 /Sl. 4/,
the fill there are some blackish surfaces in
podno SI padine nadinske Gradine, iz 9.6.
places, resembling soot, which are also
st. pr. Kr.52 Tu je paljevina (debljine 1030 visible under the enclosing wall and some
cm) s dosta keramike i nagorenih graves; they point to ritual activities. One can
kamenia, naena ispod obzida.53 Tijekom assume they implied breaking pottery and
eljeznog doba, pri poravnavanju povrine scattering the sherds on the floor since great
(ukljuujui i grubo klesanje matine amount of sherds were found in all parts of
stijene), na koju e biti postavljen obzid i the burial mound, which emphasizes the
nasut humak (humak 8 i 13 u Nadinu), ali i importance of recipients probably in different
znatno ranije (cetinski humak 6, SZ od phases of a funeral, undoubtedly as early as
Nadina, bez sauvanih grobova /Sl. 9/), the initial phase of the construction of the
najvjerojatnije su se odvijali obredi koji su burial mound, before the enclosing wall and
ukljuivali vatru. Slini obredi vjerojatno su most of the graves were made.51 Above this
postojali i u drugim fazama koritenja fill and graves there is the remain of the upper
pojedinog humka. Je li tu bio prakticiran i layer of the burial mound: layer consisting of
rocks and soil which was unevenly distributed
(preserved) on the burial mound.
51 Odavna je uoena pojava vjerojatno obrednog Find of scattered blackish soil/soot is
razbijanja keramikih posuda oko grobova u similar to the situation in burial mound 8
liburnskim humcima u Dalmaciji; (. BATOVI, /Fig. 4/ at the foot of northeastern slope of
1990, 83.) Vee koliine, vjerojatno hotimice
razbijanih keramikih posuda, ponekad su naene i u
humcima bez grobova, npr. u maloj skupini od tri 51 Breaking of ceramic vessels, probably as a part of
humka iz Dobropoljaca; (. BATOVI, 1990, 83.) a ritual, around graves in Liburnian burial mounds
Slian ritual unitavanja keramikih recipijenata was noticed long time ago; . BATOVI, 1990, 83;
primjetan je u humcima s pokopom iz bronanog Great amounts of probably intentionally broken
doba. U humku cetinske kulture iz Podvrja naena ceramic vessels were noticed in burial mounds from
je, uz dosta ulomaka keramike po cijeloj povrini the Bronze Age. In the burial mound of the Cetina
humka, i jedna posuda s probuenim dnom, koja se culture from Podvrje a vessel with perforated
vjerojatno koristila u nekom obredu libacije. U bottom was found among many sherds distributed
spomenutom humku bilo je i sjemenje divlje loze; . across the surface of the burial mound. This vessel
BATOVI S. KUKO, 1988, 42, 58; Recipijenti was probably used in some libation ritual. Wild
koji su ovdje, u grobnom kontekstu, razbijani grape pips were found in this burial mound as well;
sigurno su sadravali neku (rtvenu) tvar. . BATOVI S. KUKO, 1988, 42, 58; Recipients
52 . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 8082. which were broken in a funeral context definitely
53 . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 8082. contained certain (sacrificial) substances.
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koliko taj raspored, slian onomu u humku kod Regular patterns in the planimetry of
Lopara na Rabu, ali i samom nadinskom Liburnian burial mounds with several graves
humku 13, odraava neke aspekte were not noticed due to unsatisfying level of
sociopolitikog ustroja liburnskog drutva, a exploration, only the distribution of
koliko je pak uvjetovan drugim razlozima, roundish arranging of graves was
ukljuujui i pojavu dugotrajnoga, stoljetnog assumed.57 This distribution of a collective
pokapanja unutar zadanoga, kruno burial in two more or less concentrical circles
koncipiranog (svetog) prostora. was discovered for the first time in northern
Nadinski humak 13 potvruje Dalmatia in the excvated Liburnian burial
postojanje te krune sheme, tonije, mound 8 from Vrsi Kosa near Mulo;58
svojevrsnih koncentrinih krugova u however it is not clear if this distribution,
rasporedu grobova. Shema istie dva similar to the one from the burial mound near
prostorna prstena, s jasno naglaenim Lopar on the island of Rab, and the Nadin
sreditem humka. U samom sreditu su tri
57 . BATOVI, 1987, 358.
groba (5, 6, 9), do njih, u prvom
58 In this burial mound grave goods were found in
koncentrinom krugu je veina grobova
only three graves; a spondylus pendant was in one of
(zgreni), dok je u vanjskom krugu, uz rub them; . BATOVI, 1973, 2930.
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humka nanizano est grobova. Dva burial mound 13, reflects some aspects of
spaljena, osobito gr. 4 /Sl. 1719/, takoer sociopolitical organization of Liburnian
gravitiraju vanjskom krugu. Isprueni society, or it might be caused by different
pokojnici proteu se od sjevernog ruba SI reasons, including the phenomenon of
kvadranta do sjevernog ruba JZ kvadranta. longterm, centennial interring inside of a
Periferni smjetaj ispruenih pokojnika defined, circularly shaped (holy) area.
ponavlja se i u nadinskom humku 12, iz Burial mound 13 from Nadin confirms
kasnoga bronanog i eljeznog doba, koji je existence of this circular scheme, or to be
prostorno najblii humku 13; meutim, u precise certain kind of concentrical circles in
humku 8 iz eljeznog doba isprueni the distribution of graves. The scheme
emphasizes two spatial rings with distinctly
pokojnici razmjeteni su u razliitim
pronounced center of the burial mound. Three
prostornim segmentima; nisu iskljuivo
graves (5, 6, 9) are in the center; most of the
vezani za pojas uz obzid.59 Kao i nadinski graves (crouched) are in the first concentrical
humak 12 (sa 6 grobova), sa sredinjim circle whereas six graves are in the outer
grobom (s najmanje tri zgrena pokojnika) i circle, near the burial mound edge. Two
s 5 grobova (ispruenih pokojnika, bez cremation graves, especially grave 4 /Fig. 17
arhitekture) oko njega kruno 19/ are closer to the outer circle. Graves with
rasporeenih, nadinski humak 13 istie
60 skeletons in an extended position are
vanost sredita i krunog oblika. distributed from the northern edge of the NE
Pokapanje pokojnika u ispruenom quadrant to the northern edge of the SW
poloaju uglavnom se smjetalo u mlaa quadrant. Peripheral position of the graves
razdoblja liburnske kulture (4.1. st. pr. with an extended position appears in burial
Kr.), i kasnije, u doba poodmakle mound 12 from Nadin as well from the Late
romanizacije (Dobropoljci Lovaka Bronze and Iron Ages which is spatially the
closest to burial mound 13; however in burial
glavica: R 1112,5 m, vis. 0,85 m, gr. 2;61
mound 8 from the Iron Age graves with an
Dobropoljci Jaruv, poloaj Greblje,62 i extended position appear in different
dr.), kada u njezin kult mrtvih, s segments, they were not concentrated solely
59 . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 8182. near the enclosing wall.59 As well as burial
60 . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 8283. mound 12 from Nadin (with 6 graves), burial
mound 13 from Nadin also emphasizes the
Jedan od ispruenih pokojnika (gr. 6) bio je pokopan
s krivim noembodeom. importance of a center and of circular shape
61 Uz grob bez arhitekture iz eljeznog doba sa with its central grave (with at least three
zgrenim pokojnikom bio je podignut grob od crouched skeletons) and five graves
kamenih ploa s ispruenim pokojnikom bez priloga, (extended skeletons, without architecture)
koji je moda iz rimskog doba; . BATOVI, 1960, surrounding it in a circular formation.60
T. XII, 82, 84.
62 Od dva groba, ukopana u zdravicu, gr. 1 je bio 59 . BATOVI I. ONDI, 2005, 8182.
zgrenac (?) sa krinjom od ploa, dok je gr. 2, 60 . BATOVI I. ONDI, 2005, 8283; One of
takoer s arhitekturom od kamenih ploa, sadravao
ispruenog pokojnika; . BATOVI, 1960, T. XIII. the deceased in an extended position (grave 6) was
Sl. 12, 81. buried with a bent knifedagger.
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ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
Sl. 29. Snimka iz zraka istraene cele I na SZ padini nadinske gradine (AeroPixel, 2009.).
Fig. 29. Aerial view of the explored cella I on the NW slope of the hillfort in Nadin (AeroPixel, 2009).
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grobovi u nadinskom humku 8 (iz 9.6. st. Nadin,67 indicate that extended burial was
pr. Kr.), zatim grobovi u humku 11 koji su iz not that rare and that it should not be
kasne bronce (?), te u humku 12 (vjerojatno related solely to the final phase of the
od 11. do 4.3. st. pr. Kr.) iz Nadina,67 Liburnian culture. In burial mound 13 some
upuuju na zakljuak da isprueni pokop i extended burials belong to the very
nije tako rijedak i da ga ne treba vezivati beginning of the Liburnian culture (gr. 17,
iskljuivo za zadnju fazu liburnske kulture. with a twistedbow fibula /Fig. 1516/).
U humku 13 neki isprueni pokopi pripadaju Grave 15 /Fig. 15, Fig. 25/ with an
extended position of the deceased is the
samom poetku liburnske kulture (gr. 17, s
richest burial in burial mound 13. All
lunom fibulom tordiranog luka /Sl.
burials from Nadin dated to the Bronze and
1516/). Grob 15 /Sl. 15, Sl. 25/ s
Iron Ages with extended burials lack grave
ispruenim pokojnikom najbogatiji je pokop
architecture.
u humku 13. Svi su nadinski pokopi iz In burial mound 13 which can be dated
bronanog i eljeznog doba s ispruenim to the Early Iron Age (9th6th cent. BC),
pokojnicima bez grobne arhitekture. crouched (probably in 11 graves) and
U humku 13, u kojem se pokapalo extended burials (in 6 graves) appear
kroz starije eljezno doba (9.6. st. pr. Kr.) simultaneously as well as the cremation
koegzistiraju, dakle, zgreni (vjerojatno u 11 burials (two graves). For now this is the only
grobova) i isprueni pokojnici (u 6 Liburnian example of close spatial and
grobova), te oni spaljeni (dva groba). Za chronological relation between the mentioned
sada, to je jedini liburnski primjer uske types of burials in a burial mound. After the
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ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
prostorne, ali i vremenske povezanosti Early Bronze Age, and the Cetina culture
navedenih tipova pokapanja u humku. (Ervenik,68 burial mound in Podvrje,69 burial
Nakon ranoga bronanog doba, konkretno, mound 1 on the hillfort Stanine Nadin,70
cetinske kulture (Ervenik,68 humak u Krneza Duevia glavica71) /Fig. 79/ these
Podvrju,69 humak 1 na gradini Stanine are the first examples of cremation of the
Nadin,70 Krneza Duevia glavica71) /Sl. deceased in the Iron Age in the northern
Dalmatia region. Burial mound 13 from Nadin
79/ ovo su prvi primjerci spaljivanja umrlih
is the first example of biritualism (under burial
tijekom eljeznog doba na prostoru sjeverne
mounds) from the Iron Age; biritualism in a
Dalmacije. Humak 13 iz Nadina prvi je,
Bronze Age burial mound was discovered for
dakle, otkriven primjer biritualnosti (pod
the first time in northern Dalmatia in Krneza
humcima) iz eljeznog doba: biritualnost
Duevia glavica /Fig. 8/.72 But in burial
pak u jednom humku iz bronanog doba prvi
mound 13 from Nadin cremation in ceramic
je put u sjevernoj Dalmaciji otkrivena u urns cannot be precisely dated /Fig. 17/.
Krnezi Duevia glavica /Sl. 8/.72 Ali, u Cremation of the deceased in the ceramic urn
nadinskom humku 13 spaljivanje u was recently dated to the 8th century BC in
keramikim arama jo nije precizno one case (Krneza Jokina glavica).73 Urns
datirano /Sl. 17/. U najnovije vrijeme, u from Nadin are large vessels (the larger
liburnskoj kulturi spaljivanje pokojnika u measures 43,5 cm in height /Fig. 18/), of
keramikoj urni ipak je u jednom sluaju coarse fabric, undecorated, with pronounced
(Krneza Jokina glavica) datirano u 8. st. belly, two horizontal handles and an everted
pr. Kr.73 Nadinske are velike su posude rim.
(vea je vis. 43,5 cm /Sl. 18/) grube su Similar combination of identical
fakture, neukraene, naglaena trbuha s positions of the deceased (crouched,
dvije horizontalne ruke, razvraena oboda. extended), i.e. of the rituals of burying
Slina kombinacija istih poloaja (cremation, inhumation) is noticeable in quite
pokojnika (zgren, ispruen), odnosno different context dated to the 4th and 3rd
rituala pokapanja (spaljivanje, inhumacija) centuries BC,74 in gr. 4 in the flat necropolis at
primjetna je u gr. 4 u nekropoli na ravnome the foot of hillhort from Gradii. Grave 4,
podno gradine iz Dragiia, dodue u i.e. grave with three burials, belongs to a
potpuno razliitom kontekstu, tek iz 4.3. st.
68 W. BUTTLER, 1932, 354364.
68 W. BUTTLER, 1932, 354364. 69 . BATOVI S. KUKO, 1988, 564.
69 . BATOVI S. KUKO, 1988, 564. 70 . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 8685.
70 . BATOVI N. ONDI, 2005, 8685. 71 K. GUSAR D. VUJEVI, 2010a (in print).
71 K. GUSAR D. VUJEVI, 2010a (u tisku). 72 K. GUSAR D. VUJEVI, 2010a (in print).
72 K. GUSAR D. VUJEVI, 2010a (u tisku). 73 Four urns with cremated remains covered with a stone
73U humku su otkrivene etiri urne pokrivene slab were discovered in the burial mound. The burials were
dated by radiocarbon (C14) analysis to the year 800 BC; B.
kamenom ploom sa spaljenim pokojnicima: pokopi
MARIJANOVI, 2009 ( in print).
su datirani metodom C14 u 800. g. pr. Kr.; B.
74 Z. BRUSI, 2000, 8.
MARIJANOVI, 2009 (u tisku).
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pr. Kr.74 Grob 4, tonije grobnica s tri group of graves with unusual architecture on
pokopa, spada u skupinu grobova s Dragii. These are rectangular or oval spaces,
neobinom arhitekturom na Dragiiu. To su often their bottoms are cut into the bedrock,
etvrtasti ili ovalni prostori, svojim dnom on the surface they are surrounded by an
esto usjeeni u ivac, a na povrini zemlje ovally arranged group of stones.75 The
ograeni ovalno postavljenim nizom uppermost burial in the grave (4A) is typically
Liburnian, in a crouched position with a cist,
kamenja.75 Najgornji pokop u grobu (4A)
underneath is the cremation burial (4B), and
tipino je liburnski, sa zgrenim
finally, the one in an extended position (4C).
pokojnikom sa krinjom, ispod njega slijedi
In both cremation graves (4, 13) from
spaljeni pokop (4B) i, napokon, onaj s burial mound 13 from Nadin an urn with bones
ispruenim pokojnikom (4C). was placed directly into the earth. Cremation
U oba spaljena groba (4, 13) u grave 4 with two big ceramic urns was found in
nadinskom humku 13, ara s kostima the southeastern quadrant, and grave 13 in the
poloena je izravno u zemlju. Spaljeni grob southwestern /Fig. 11/. Cremation graves,
4, s dvije velike keramike are, nalazi se u similar to the extended ones, do not have any
jugoistonom, a gr. 13 u jugozapadnom architecture, but they are enclosed by a row of
kvadrantu /Sl. 11/ Spaljeni grobovi, poput stones. They do not contain grave goods, except
onih ispruenih, nemaju, dakle, arhitekturu; for one decorative pin in gr. 4, in urn 2 /Fig. 18/,
no izvana su omeeni nizom kamenja. and some tiny pieces of bronze sheet (gr. 13).
Nemaju ni priloge, osim jedne ukrasne igle However most graves, 10 or perhaps
u gr. 4, u ari /Sl. 18/, odnosno vrlo even 11 (all with crouched burials) were
usitnjenih dijelova bronanog lima (gr. 13). enclosed by a row of stones, usually
Ipak, veina grobova, njih 10, a unworked. Only gr. 3 had a stone cist made of
moda i 11 (svi sa zgrenim kosturima), bila four vertically placed natural slabs /Fig. 23/.
je ograena nizom kamenja, najee Graves 1 and 9 /Fig. 21/ had only two such
neobraenog. Samo je gr. 3 imao grobnu slabs whereas their other sides were made of
krinju od etiri okomito poloene prirodne unworked and irregular stones.
ploe /Sl. 23/. Grobovi 1 i 9 /Sl. 21/ imali su Multiple burial in a single grave, flat
samo po dvije takve ploe, dok su im ostale or under a burial mound, is rare in the
stranice bile od neobraena i nepravilna Liburnian culture particularly in its earlier
kamenja. phases. Most frequently individuals or small
Viestruki pokop u jednom grobu, groups were buried.76 Multiple burials are
bilo pod humkom ili na ravnome, rijedak je usually interpreted as family tombs, with
u liburnskoj kulturi, osobito u njezinim monumental funerary construction, mainly
starijim fazama. Najee su se pokapali from the last phase of the Liburnian culture
pojedinani pokojnici ili pak nekolicina.76 (V. Mrdakovica,77 Dragii, Nadin).
75 Z. BRUSI, 2000, 69, Pl. IIIVI.
74 Z. BRUSI, 2000, 8. 76 . BATOVI, 1987, 357.
75 Z. BRUSI, 2000, T. IIIVI, 69. 77 Z. BRUSI, 1976, 116; Z. BRUSI, 1980,
76 . BATOVI, 1987, 357. 1112, Pl. III, Pl. VIIVIII, Pl. X.
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Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih... ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180
Sl. 35. JI zid cele I podignut nad grobovima 14, 19 (crte: 2009.).
Fig. 35. SE wall of cella I built on graves 14, 19 (drawing from 2009).
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ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
80 Narukvica je naena (na dubini 2025 cm od 80 Bracelet was found (at the depth of 2025 cm
povrine) uz dislocirane i oteene ostatke umrlog, from the surface) near the dislocated and damaged
vjerojatno u zgrenom poloaju; zatim, u vezi s remains of the deceased, probably in a crouched
dubljim pokopima, dvije bronane pracertosoidne position; then, related to the deeper burials, two
fibule, bronana alkica, kotana igla s probuenom bronze fibulae with certain characteristics of Certosa
glavicom, probuena koljka cardium, trokutasti fibulae from the early phase of their development,
privjesak, bronana naunica od koluta ice s jednim small bronze loop, bone pin with a perforated head,
zailjenim i drugim zavinutim krajem, ulomak igle s perforated cardium shell, triangular pendant, bronze
jednom zavojnicom neke fibule. Najdublji pak earring made of coil of wire with one pointed end
kostur (oko 65 cm dub.), vrlo mlade osobe, u whereas the other end is bent, fragment of a pin with
zgrenom poloaju, poloen na ivcu, kao prilog a coil of some fibula. The deepest skeleton (about 65
imao je iglu s jednom zavojnicom neke fibule, cm deep) of a very young adult, in a crouched
naunicu ili sljepooniarku od koluta ice, naunicu position, laid on the bedrock having a pin with a coil
ili privjesak od okrugle bronane ploe, zatim, of some fibula, earring or a temple ring made of coil
ukrasnu iglu s uicom uz lijevo rame. Na priblino of wire, earring or a pendant made of round bronze
istoj dubini naena je i ogrlica u obliku vrpce od plate, and perforated decorative pin near the left
bronanog lima sa zavinutim krajevima u presjeku, shoulder as grave goods. At approximately the same
fibula sa zrnom jantara, zakrivljena igla s depth a ribbonshaped bracelet made of bronze sheet
nesauvanom uiastom glavom i, napokon, ukrasna was found as well as a fibula with an amber bead,
igla s diskasto proirenom i ploasto zaravnjenom bent pin with unpreserved perforated head and finally
glavom. decorative pin with discoid and flattened head.
81 S. KUKO M. ELHAR, 2008, Sl. 12, 89102. 81 S. KUKO M. ELHAR, 2008, 89102, Fig. 12.
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Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih... ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180
nizom urezanih crtica, najstariji je artefakt spherical knob beneath the head /Fig. 22/
gr. 9, iz 8. st. pr. Kr.82 U ovom sredinjem decorated with a series of incised lines is the
grobu, s najveim brojem pokopanih, oldest artifact from gr. 9 dated to the 8th
pokapalo se, dakle, od 8. do 6. st. pr. Kr. century BC.82 In this central grave, with
U humku 13 bez priloga bilo je est the greatest number of interred individuals,
grobova (3, 7, 8, 11, 12, 18). Grobovi s burials were dated from the 8th to 6th
prilozima (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, centuries BC.
17, 19) pripadaju 9. 6. st. pr. Kr., tj. starijim In burial mound 13 there were six
graves without grave goods (3, 7, 8, 11, 12,
fazama liburnske kulture. Prilozi su
18). Graves with goods (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13,
iskljuivo nakit, dijelovi nonje (vezice za
14, 15, 16, 17, 19) belong to the period from
pojas, toke) i osobnog pribora. Najstariju
the 9th to 6th centuries BC i.e. to the earlier
fazu pokapanja iz 9. st. pr. Kr. najbolje
phases of the Liburnian culture. Grave goods
oslikava gr. 17 (s ispruenim pokojnikom, consist of jewelry, parts of attire (belt mounts,
/Sl. 16/) s 28 artefakata. Najvea koliina buttons) and personal items. The earliest
predmeta (preko 120, od ega preko 60 phase of burials from the 9th century BC is
bronanih toka) naena je u gr. 15 /Sl. 25/, best illustrated by gr. 17 (with an extended
82 This pin has certain analogies in Liburnian pins
82 Igla ima odreene analogije u liburnskim iglama from the 6th century BC (Nin, gr. 12); . BATOVI,
6. st. pr. Kr. (Nin, gr. 12); . BATOVI, 1981, 1981, 121, Fig. 1029; Formally it is closest to the
Sl.1029, 121; Formalno, ona ipak najvie asocira pins of the Liburnian twopart fibulae of the Osor
na igle u sastavu liburnskih dvodijelnih fibula tipa type dated to the 8th and 7th centuries BC; .
Osor iz 8.7. st. pr. Kr.; . BATOVI, 1981, Sl. 9; BATOVI, 1981, Fig. 9; By its basic shape it is
Inae, osnovnim oblikom igla je srodna iglama iz similar to the pins from Pannonian and Balkanic
panonskoga i balkanskoga kulturnog kruga; cultural circle; specifically, to the pin belonging to the
konkretno, igli iz mlae kulture polja sa arama later Urnfield culture from the northern Croatia
sjeverne Hrvatske (Krupae) te igli iz 8. st. pr. Kr. iz (Krupae), and the pin from the hoard Gajina Peina
ostave Gajina Peina kod Drenika, s vratom near Drenik whose neck is decorated by oblique cuts
under the flat head and sphericalbiconical knob dated
ukraenim kosim urezanim crtama ispod ploaste
to the 8th century BC, and also to the pins from other
glave i kuglastobikonina odebljanja, ali i iglama s
sites (Osredak near Bosanska Krupa, Glasinac); K.
drugih nalazita (Osredak kod Bosanske Krupe,
VINSKI GASPARINI, 1973, Pl. 100/11; Pl. 128/13;
Glasinac); K. VINSKIGASPARINI, 1973, T.
. KOBERNE, 2002, 50, 90, Fig. 19; Although pin
100/11; T. 128/13; . KOBERNE, 2002, Sl. 19, 50,
from Nadin does not have decorated neck,
90; Premda igla iz Nadina nema ukraen vrat, typologically it is very close to the pin from Iapodean
tipoloki je vrlo bliska igli iz japodskog groba iz grave from Ostroac near Cazin dated to the 8th
Ostroca kod Cazina iz 8. st. pr. Kr., sa enskom century BC with female attire (with two spiral fibulae)
nonjom (s dvije spiralne fibule), karakteristinom characteristic of the beginning of the Iron Age in the
za poetak eljeznog doba u irem balkanskom wider Balkanic circle; B. TERAN, 1987, 89, Fig.
krugu; B. TERAN, 1987, Sl. 11, 89; (Igla je 11, 89; (Pin was most likely worn on the head);
najvjerojatnije noena na glavi). Takoer, nadinska Likewise, pin from Nadin is similar to the Histrian
igla bliska je iglama sa zadebljanjem i ploastom pins with a thickening and plateshaped head from the
glavom iz 8. st. kod Histra (Pula, gr. 125) koje imaju 8th century (Pula, gr. 125) which have analogies in the
analogije na prostoru od srednje Slovenije do region from central Slovenia to northern Italy; S.
sjeverne Italije; S. GABROVEC K. MIHOVILI, GABROVEC K. MIHOVILI, 1987, 306, 308, Pl.
1987, T. XXXI/11, 306, 308. XXXI/ 11, 306, 308.
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ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
Sl. 38. Tlocrt i presjeci gr. 11 u celi I (crte: 2009.). Sl. 39. Gr. 11 u celi I (snimila: M. elhar, 2009.).
Fig. 38. Layout and crosssections of gr. 11 in cella Fig. 39. Gr. 11 in cella I (photo: M. elhar, 2009).
I (drawing from 2009).
takoer s jednostrukim ispruenim burial /Fig. 16/) with 28 artifacts. The greatest
pokopom. U grobu 9 (s 12 pokojnika) bilo je amount of objects (over 120, of which more
19 predmeta. than 60 bronze buttons) were found in gr. 15
U humku 13 otkriveni su neki novi /Fig. 25/, also with a single extended burial.
Nineteen artifacts were found in gr. 9 (with 12
liburnski artefakti: eljezna narukvica (gr. 9)
individuals).
/Sl. 20/, valjkasta ili kolutasta jantarna zrna,
In burial mound 13 some new
igla s alkom u uici glave (gr. 17, /Sl. 16/).
Liburnian artifacts were discovered: iron
U ovom kontekstu posebno se istie bracelet (gr. 9) /Fig. 20/, cylindrical or
nadinski gr. 2 s brodolikom fibulom s dva ringshaped amber beads, pin with a loop in
mala kuglasta odebljanja na rubu luka /Sl. the perforation on the head (gr. 17, /Fig. 16/).
27/. In this context it is important to mention grave
Igla s alkom vrlo slina nadinskoj 2 from Nadin with a boatshaped fibula with
poznata je iz Dragiia, meu najstarijim two little spherical knobs on the edge of the
artefaktima ove nekropole; kombinirana je s bow /Fig. 27/.
49
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50
ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
Sl. 40. Tlocrt i presjeci gr. 20 u celi I (crte: 2009.). Sl. 41. Gr. 20 u celi I (snimila: M. elhar, 2009.).
Fig. 40. Layout and crosssections of gr. 20 in cella Fig. 41. Gr. 20 in cella I (photo: M. elhar, 2009).
I (drawing from 2009).
na Relji,87 no tamo je liburnska osnova na Early Iron Age, then in Hellenism, and
kojoj se provodila romanizacija, arheoloki particularly in the process of Romanization of
loije sauvana nego u Nadinu, the Liburnian community. Recently some of
kvantitativno slabije odraena u kultu the LiburnianRoman contacts in a necropolis
area were best recorded in Zadar itself (Iader),
mrtvih. I izvan sfere mrtvih, Nadin je sa
svojim spomenicima (iz rimskog doba: kult at a large necropolis at Relja;87 at this site
Liburnian basis which was romanized was
Latre,88 razliiti onomastiki ostatci), preserved less well than it was in Nadin and it
odavna uoen kao nalazite posebno was quantitatively less present in the cult of
pogodno za prouavanje odnosa izmeu the dead. Except for the sphere of the dead,
onog autohtonoga liburnskog i rimskog. U Nadin was recognized long time ago as a site
susjednoj pak Aseriji (Asseria) takoer je particularly suitable for the study of relations
slabije nego u Nadinu sauvana autohtona between the autochthonous Liburnian and
komponenta bitna u objanjenju Roman elements due to its monuments
romanizacije; posebno je problematian (Romanera ones: cult of Latra,88 different
87 I. FADI, 2006, 350; I. FADI, 2007, 166; S. 87 I. FADI, 2006, 350; I. FADI, 2007, 166; S.
GLUEVI, 2002, 383; S. GLUEVI, 2005, GLUEVI, 2002, 383; S. GLUEVI, 2005,1
1424. 424.
88 J. MEDINI, 1984, 223243. 88 J. MEDINI, 1984, 223243.
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52
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54
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Sl. 46. Poloaj istraenih grobova (liburnskih i spaljenih rimskih) na nadinskoj nekropoli podno Gradine
(izrada karte: I. ondi, 2009.).
Fig. 46. Position of explored graves (Liburnian and Roman cremation ones) at the Nadin necropolis at the
foot of Gradina (map by I. ondi, 2009).
55
Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih... ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180
2009. god utvreno je da je pravokutna cela very large network of regular cellae. Judging
I obuhvaala povrinu od 14 x 6,8 m. from the cella I, this network was built on the
Za sada nije mogue tono earlier Liburnian necropolis which was also
vremenski odrediti poetak izgradnje vrlo planned to a certain extent. Raised on the
prostrane mree pravilnih cela; bila je Liburnian cemetery, regular Roman
podignuta, sudei prema celi I, nad starijom planimetry of cemetery only partially negated
liburnskom nekropolom, koja je takoer, u and destroyed earlier Liburnian spatial structure.
stanovitoj mjeri, bila planirana. Podignuta Enclosing walls of the cella /Fig.
nad liburnskim grobljem, pravilna rimska 3536/, rectangular base /Fig. 37/, cremated
grobna planimetrija samo djelomino je burials in urns (10, 18a, /Fig. 45, Fig. 49/) and
negirala i unitila stariju liburnsku movable monuments of the Roman type:
fragments of decorated and undecorated stone
prostornu strukturu. Drugoj rimskoj fazi,
funerary (?) monuments and small artifacts
koju je jo teko vremenski tono definirati,
belong to the second Roman phase which is
pripadaju ogradni zidovi cele /Sl. 3536/,
difficult to determine chronologically. Only
etvrtasti postament /Sl. 37/, spaljeni between the base and the NE wall of the cella,
pokopi u ari (10, 18a, /Sl. 45, Sl. 49/) i a greyish layer with ash and great amount of
pokretni spomenici rimskog tipa: ulomci animal bones was found beneath the layer
ukraenih i neukraenih kamenih with architectural fragments and the layer
nadgrobnih (?) spomenika, sitni artefakti. with dark brown soil with a lot of rubble and
Samo se izmeu postamenta i SI zida cele, small rocks. There are no signs of burials at
ispod sloja s arhitektonskim ulomcima i this spot; most likely funerary rituals took
sloja s tamnosmeom zemljom s dosta place there.94 In addition, all cremation burials
kalje i sitnog kamenja, prostirao sivkasti were found near the NE wall.95 It is
sloj s pepelom i veom koliinom impossible to ascertain which grave was
ivotinjskih kostiju. Na ovom mjestu nema marked by the rectangular base, probably
naznaka o pokapanju; vjerojatno su se tu some unpreserved cremation grave (?).
odvijali funerarni obredi.94 Takoer, uz SI The cella walls are 6065 cm thick,
zid bili su koncentrirani svi spaljeni they were made of roughly dressed and
pokopi.95 Ne moe se, meutim, zakljuiti unworked stones, of different shapes and
koji je grob etvrtasti postament sizes, mostly rectangular, bound by mortar,
oznaavao, vjerojatno neki nesauvan i arranged in horizontal courses. Horizontal
stratification and certain regularity of stones
spaljen (?).
are visible only at segments of certain walls
94 Drugaija je situacija izmeu postamenta i JZ 94 There is a different situation between the base
zida cele, gdje su sauvani ostatci pokapanja (gr. 8, and the SW wall of the cella where remains of
gr. 3 ?) i openito vea koliina razbacanih ljudskih burials were preserved (gr. 8, gr. 3?) and generally
kostiju. greater amount of scattered human bones.
95 I uz spaljeni grob 10, u razini dna urne, sauvao 95 A thin layer of soot and ash covering the area of
se tanki sloj pepela i garei na povrini od 10 x 15 10 x 15 cm was preserved near cremation burial 10,
cm. at the level of the bottom of the urn.
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ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
Zidovi cele iroki su 6065 cm, i.e. of entire wall surface /Fig. 36/. Walls have
graeni su od slabo klesana i neobraena two faces and the interior is filled with a
kamenja, razliitih veliina i oblika, mixture of stones, rubble and mortar (opus
uglavnom etvrtastih, vezanih bukom, incertum). The height of excavated walls is
sloenih u horizontalne nizove. around 1 m.
Sl. 47. Izbor artefakata iz nadinske grobnice 1 ( Arheoloki muzej u Zadru, snimio: I. ondi, 2007.).
Fig. 47. Selection of artifacts from grave 1 in Nadin (Archaeological Museum in Zadar, photo: I. ondi,
2007).
57
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58
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59
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kao svojevrsni temelj zidu, npr. zid cele /Fig. 5051/, gr. 15 (childs) /Fig. 4243/, gr.
podignut u gr. 14 /Sl. 35/, ili pak u 18 /Fig. 45/ and all cremation burials in
grobovima 19, 20 /Sl. 35, 4041/. In situ je ceramic urns (gr. 7, 10, 18a). Best preserved
ipak naeno nekoliko kostura, dakle, s vie graves are 11 and 13, with almost complete
ili manje poremeenim izvornim poloajem architecture and grave goods. Ten skeletons
(ili nedostatkom) pojedinih kostiju, ali s were found in situ, of which three children,
pripadajuim grobnim prilozima: konkretno four adults and three cremated individuals,
gr. 5 (djeji) /Sl. 5254/, gr. 8 /Sl. 44/, gr. 11 whose sex could not be determined for now.96
(djeji) /Sl. 3839/, gr. 12 /Sl. 48/, gr. 13 /Sl. There are several types of grave
5051/, gr. 15 (djeji) /Sl. 4243/, gr. 18 /Sl. architecture in cella I. A cist (with a crouched
45/ i svi spaljeni pokopi u keramikoj ari corpse lying on its side) consisting of upright
(gr. 7, 10, 18a). Najsauvaniji grobovi su 11 natural slabs with average thickness of about
i 13, s gotovo cjelovitom arhitekturom i 56 cm is most frequent (gr. 4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 16,
17, 19, 20). Not a single cist was preserved
grobnim prilozima. In situ je, dakle, 10
completely; they mostly lack lids. They were
pokojnika, od ega troje djece, etvero
found, although broken and collapsed /Fig.
odraslih i tri spaljena, kojima se za sada ne
3839, Fig. 50/ on graves 11, and 13. Due to
moe utvrditi spol.96 poor condition of preservation of the
U celi I postoji nekoliko tipova architecture of grave 12 (fragments of vertical
grobne arhitekture. Najea je krinja (sa slabs and lid /Fig. 50/) existence of its cist
zgrenim pokojnikom poloenim na bok) (with a crouched corpse) is only assumed. A
sastavljena od okomito postavljenih vertical slab from grave 19 was dressed, with
prirodnih ploa prosjene deb. oko 56 cm rounded edges. In gr. 5 (dimensions 67 x 48
(gr. 4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20). Nije cm; depth 52 cm) which contained a crouched
cjelovito sauvana niti jedna; krinjama burial on a yellowish clay soil (bedrock?),
uglavnom nedostaju poklopnice. One su grave slabs were adjusted to the sloping
ipak naene nad grobovima 11, 13, ali bedrock, as we have seen on some other
napukle i uruene /Sl. 3839, Sl. 50/. Zbog graves. A lot of graves (4, 6, 9, 14, 16, 17, 19,
slabe sauvanosti arhitekture groba 12 20) although having a well preserved cist or
(dijelovi okomitih ploa i poklopnice /Sl. some of its characteristic details, were robbed
50/) njegova se krinja, sa zgrenim in the past which is why they contain no
pokojnikom, pretpostavlja. Jedna pak substantial cultural remains.
okomita ploa u sastavu groba 19 bila je Up to now the depth of a Liburnian
obraena, zaobljenih bridova. U grobu 5 grave cist of about 1 m was considered to be
unusual. Perhaps this pronounced depth,
(dim. 67 x 48 cm; dub. 52 cm), sa zgrenim
noticed at several graves /Fig. 32/ in the cella
pokojnikom na ukastoj glinastoj zemlji
(9095 cm, gr. 6; 80 cm, gr. 9; 91 cm, gr. 20)
(zdravica?), grobne ploe su, kao i kod
was a consequence of adjustment of the
nekih drugih grobova, prilagoene
standard Liburnian type of grave cists (1 x 0,
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Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih... ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180
(obiteljskog) pokopa u zadnjim (?) the corner of the cella. This grave has an
stoljeima liburnske kulture. Ali, ti dosta interesting semicircular row of rectangular
duboki grobovi sa krinjom (4, 6, 20, 9 i dr.) stones at the top of its stone cist /Fig. 4041/.
ne mogu se za sada datirati zbog nedostatka Originally these stones marked the grave cist
priloga in situ. U nekima od njih nalaze se in a circular formation (?); therefore they
izmijeani osteoloki ostatci razliitih (?) faintly evoke ritual of clear circular
individua, te kulturni ostatci koji bi designation of a separate grave by a row of
upuivali na njihovu dugotrajniju (?) unworked stones at the necropolis at the foot
upotrebu (osim toga, kamena grobna krinja of Gradina in Dragii98 or in Nin.99
poput liburnske, dim. 120 x 96, s dubinom In cella I there is also a well known
od 80 cm, sa zgrenim pokojnikom bez type of Liburnian grave architecture made of
priloga, sigurno je datirana ve u srednje unworked stones of different shapes and
dimensions. This type of architecture can
bronano doba /Sl. 8/).97
also be related to crouched burials which are
Gr. 20, u samom kutu cele, na koji dominant in the cella. Specifically in graves
su nalegli SI i SZ zid, na vrhu svoje 11, 13 and 15 (crouched) corpse was
kamene krinje ima zanimljiv polukruni enclosed by a row of small stones /Fig.
niz etvrtastog kamenja /Sl. 4041/. Ono je 3839, Fig. 4243, Fig. 51/ and in gr. 8
izvorno kruno (?) ograniavalo grobnu (extended) corpse was enclosed by a row of
krinju; stoga blijedo asocira na obiaj mediumsized stones /Fig. 44/. Gr. 18 did not
jasnoga krunog oznaavanja pojedinoga contain any architecture /Fig. 45/. Few
groba nizom neobraenog kamenja na extended burials (gr. 8, 18) in the cella
nekropoli podno Gradine u Dragiiu98 ili chiefly do not have well preserved or distinct
pak u Ninu99. U celi I postoji i dobro architecture. Extended burials are located
poznat tip liburnske grobne arhitekture od near the cella walls, near the northeastern,
neobraenog kamenja razliitih dimenzija i or southwestern wall.
oblika. I ta vrsta arhitekture uglavnom prati Perhaps originally there was a family
zgrence, koji su u celi dominantni. (?) burial of extended corpses (devastated gr.
3) in the cella which might have been
Konkretno, u grobovima 11, 13, 15
analogous by its architecture to the burials in
(zgreni) pokojnik bio je ograen nizom
graves 1 and 2, explored in 1968 /Fig.
sitnijeg /Sl. 3839, Sl. 4243, Sl. 51/, a u
4647/.100 Namely although in the latest
grobu 8 (isprueni) nizom srednjeg
excavations in 2005 and 2009 a lot of human
kamenja /Sl. 44/. Grob 18 nije imao
bones and archaeological, mainly Hellenistic
arhitekturu /Sl. 45/. Malobrojni isprueni
material which is typologically
pokojnici (gr. 8, 18) u celi, dakle, (chronologically) similar to the material from
uglavnom nemaju dobro sauvanu i graves 1 and 2 from Nadin (with a lot of grey
izrazitiju arhitekturu. Isprueni pokojnici
62
ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
Sl. 52. Gr. 5 u sjevernom dijelu prostora cele I (snimila: S. Kuko, 2009.).
Fig. 52. Gr. 5 in northern part of the area of cella I (photo: S. Kuko, 2009).
nalaze se uza zidove cele, sjeveroistoni, relief pottery)101 were found at the place of
odnosno, jugozapadni zid. Moda je u celi the destroyed gr. 3 and in its immediate
izvorno bio i obiteljski (?) pokop surrounding, osteological remains of the
ispruenih pokojnika (devastiran gr. 3) koji deceased and architecture of gr. 3 were not
je arhitekturom eventualno bio analogan found in situ.102 We can see that the type of
pokopu u grobovima 1 i 2, istraenima burial similar to graves 1 and 2 from Nadin
1968. godine /Sl. 4647/.100 Naime, iako je was not confirmed with certainty in cella I.
i u posljednjim iskapanjima 2005., 2009. These monumental graves without
god. na mjestu unitenog gr. 3 /Sl. 31/ i u preserved lids (probably family graves with
njegovoj neposrednoj blizini naeno dosta extended burials) were made of roughly
worked massive limestone slabs (2045 cm
ljudskih kostiju i arheoloke, mahom
thick) placed vertically and horizontally
helenistike grae, koja je tipoloki
around the grave.103 Only grave 1 (length
(vremenski) srodna grai iz nadinskih gr. 1
i gr. 2 (s dosta sive reljefne keramike)101 101 . BATOVI, 1990, 124, Fig. 34.
102 The area of gr. 3 was definitely destroyed (dug over)
100 . BATOVI, 1990, T. XXV, 115.
during the Croatian War of Independence.
101 . BATOVI, 1990, Sl. 34, 124. 103 . BATOVI, 1990, 114, 121, Fig. 120, Pl. XXVI.
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Sl. 55. Prostorni odnos etvrtastog postamenta, grobova i pregrade u JI dijelu cele I (snimila: S. Kuko,
2009.).
Fig. 55. Spatial relation of the rectangular base, graves and partition in SE segment of cella I (photo: S.
Kuko, 2009).
66
ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
5 djelomino i 20). No, i tu su, gotovo uz i.e. of the deceased contributes to this
sam SI zid, bili ubaeni najmlai pokopi, general impression.
oni rimski spaljeni (gr. 10, 18a /Sl. 45, Sl. A larger or smaller grave parcel (with
49/). one or several graves) was enclosed by a kind
U junom dijelu cele, iza postamenta of wall, made by using a technique of
/Sl. 31, Sl. 55/ takoer se nasluuje pojas combining vertically placed and horizontaly
pravilnijeg nizanja liburnskih grobova (14, laid rectangular stones of different sizes, often
16, 17, 19). Ali, ograivanje i izvanjsko quite massive. Enclosing was simultaneous
oznaavanje masivnim kamenjem ovih with the construction of separate graves.
grobova, koji su i izvorno u prostoru bili Although stones were not dressed, sometimes
they were broken sharply and precisely. This
dosta zbijeni, nije se sauvalo. Zbijenost
architectural emphasizing of the burial place is
grobova, pri emu se jedan ograen prostor,
not unknown in the Liburnian culture, but it is
odnosno grob sa svojom arhitekturom
exactly in Nadin that it has certain
naslanja na drugi, pojaava dojam monumental elements which are reminiscent
ureenosti, tovie stanovite planiranosti of some formally similar Istrian phenomena
liburnske nekropole iz eljeznog doba. from the Bronze (Vrin) and Iron Ages
Tome pridonosi i prilino ujednaena (Gradina above Limski kanal, Nezakcij etc),
orijentacija njezine grobne arhitekture, among others.105
odnosno, umrlih. Ograivanje vee ili manje In only one case several graves were
grobne parcele (s jednim ili vie grobova) enclosed by a stone fence, specifically graves
izvodilo se vrstom obzida izvedenog u 12 and 13; one grave is above the other.
tehnici kombiniranja okomito Enclosed area (dimensions 1,5 x 3 m) around
postavljenoga i horizontalno poslaganoga graves 12 and 13 spreads on the steplike
etvrtastog kamenja razliitih veliina, esto source rock /Fig. 5051/. Gr. 13 with
vrlo masivnog. Ograivanje grobova bilo je preserved cist and grave goods is partially
istodobno s gradnjom pojedinih grobova. under the SE wall; the deceased had lied on a
Iako je kamenje neobraeno, ono je ponekad flattened source rock /Fig. 50/.
bilo otro i precizno lomljeno. Ovo Enclosing of the grave area was not
arhitektonsko isticanje mjesta pokopa nije so well preserved in gr. 4, 6, 9 or gr. 11
strano liburnskoj kulturi, ali upravo u which actually used enclosing walls of
Nadinu ima stanovite monumentalne adjacent burials: graves 5 and 18. One of
naglaske, koji podsjeaju, izmeu ostalog, the most monumental details of grave
na neke formalno srodne istarske pojave iz enclosing is a stone (slab) measuring about
bronanog (Vrin) i eljeznog doba 1 m in height /Fig. 45/ placed vertically
(Gradina iznad Limskog kanala, Nezakcij i between graves 11 and 18. It is likely that
the area around grave 20 was also enclosed
dr.).105 Samo jednom ograeno je vie /Fig. 31, Fig. 4041/. Enclosed grave
grobova kamenom ogradom, konkretno, parcels can be recognized in this part of the
105 J. MLADIN, 1969, prilog I; K. MIHOVILI, 105 J. MLADIN, 1969, appendix I; K. MIHOVILI,
1972, 8, 43. 1972, 8, 43.
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Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih... ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180
grobovi 12 i 13 poloeni su jedan povrh cella and in places where burials were not
drugoga. Ograeni prostor (dim. 1,5 x 3 m) discovered.
oko grobova 12 i 13 prostire se nad Enclosing construction is most
stepeniasto profiliranom matinom impressive around gr. 5; it was 2025 cm
stijenom. /Sl. 50, Sl. 51/. Grob 13, sa distant from the grave cist which it enclosed
sauvanom krinjom i prilozima, neznatno on all sides in full height, with one or two (?)
je podvuen pod JZ zid; pokojnik je leao na courses of stones /Fig. 5253/. This enclosing
poravnatoj matinoj stijeni /Sl. 51/. construction, as all others, has no bonding
Ograivanje prostora oko groba slabije je agent whatsoever, nor were its parts bound
sauvano kod gr. 4, 6, 9 ili pak kod gr. 11, firmly.106 It was about 10 cm higher in places
koji je zapravo iskoristio ograde susjednih than the cist (without preserved lid).
pokopa: groba 5, odnosno, 18. Jedan od It is not clear to what extent was the
massive construction around grave 5 visible
najmonumentalnijih detalja grobnog
from all sides as enclosing constructions
ograivanja jedna je stijena (ploa) visoka
around graves 11, 5, 12 and 13 lean on
oko 1 m /Sl. 45/, okomito postavljena
adjacent enclosed areas with their longitudinal
izmeu gr. 11 i 18. Ograen je, vjerojatno, (and transversal) sides; it is unclear whether
bio i prostor oko groba 20 /Sl. 31, Sl. this Liburnian enclosing was originally visible
4041/. Ograene grobne parcele mogu se at all at the surface.
prepoznati u ovom dijelu cele i na mjestima On a small excavated sample of the
gdje nisu otkriveni pokopi. Nadin necropolis cella I, for which we do
Ogradna konstrukcija ipak je not know as yet how representative it is, we
najdojmljivija oko gr. 5; tekla je na may discuss certain planning of the old
udaljenosti od 20 do 25 cm od grobne Liburnian cemetery. But despite certain
krinje koju je obrubljivala sa svih strana u repetitions in marking separate grave
cijeloj njezinoj visini, s jednim ili dva (?) parcels, we should not expect geometric
niza kamenja /Sl. 52, Sl. 53/. Ova ogradna regularity in the spatial structure of the entire
konstrukcija, kao i sve druge, nema vezivni Liburnian necropolis. Over a course of time, in
materijal, niti su njezini dijelovi vre a centennial existence of the necropolis it
povezani.106 krinju (bez sauvanog could not be retained for long.
poklopca) mjestimino je nadvisivala Construction of unclear function,
desetak cm. Nije jasno koliko je masivna similar to a partition wall, connects the
rectangular base and the SW cella wall /Fig.
konstrukcija oko gr. 5 izvorno bila vidljiva
106 Konkretno, kraa, poprena (JI) stranica ograde 106 Specifically, the shorter, transversal (SE) side of
oko gr. 5 sastojala se od dviju okomitih, vrlo the enclosing wall around gr. 5 consisted of two
masivnih i nepravilnih, neobraenih ploa nad vertical, very massive and irregular, unworked slabs
kojima je poslagano manje kamenje i zemlja, te covered by small stones and soil. On the surface
povrh svega, na povrini zemlje, horizontalno massive flat stones were placed above all the
poloeno masivno ploasto kamenje. Visina ove aforementioned. Height of this segment of the wall is
ogradne stranice je oko 80 cm, to je bila i priblina about 80 cm which was the approximate height of
visina cijele konstrukcije oko gr. 5. the entire construction around gr. 5.
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ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
69
Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih... ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180
junom kutu cele, namee se pitanje: nisu li built into the cella walls, beneath them and
ovdje ostatci neke starije predrimske (?) into the foundations of the rectangular base
gradnje (?). they are chiefly used (secondarily) for
Cela I je nedvojbeno bila building the latest, Roman architectural
umreena u strukturu slinih cela /Sl. 57 elements. Considering their heavy
58/. Za sada se zakljuuje da je s tri strane concentration ih the southern corner of the
bila okruena drugim celama /Sl. 31/. To se cella the imminent question is whether the
ili jasno vidi po iskopanim produetcima remains of some earlier preRoman (?)
zidova u njezinim kutovima, ili se samo aedifice could be located here.
nazire na povrini zemlje na susjednom, jo Cella I was undoubtedly integrated
into a structure of similar cellae /Fig. 5758/.
neiskapanom terenu, gdje se mjestimino
For now we can conclude that it was
prate zidovi.107 Jedino jo prema jugu, u surrounded by other cellae from three sides
pravcu Gradine, nisu uoeni tragovi druge /Fig. 31/. It is easily noticeable from excavated
cele. Naime, u istonom kutu cele I wall extensions in its corners, or it can be
presijecaju se SI i JI zid, te iroki suhozid, barely recognized at the surface on adjacent
koji je naknadno podignut, djelomino nad plot which has not been excavated where walls
JI zidom, otetio ga i skrio sam vrh kuta cele are recognizable in places.107
/Sl. 56/. Stoga se ovdje, kao i u junom kutu, Only southwards, in the direction of
ne razaznaje jasno je li cela prema jugu Gradina, no traces of other cella were
(Gradini) bila spojena s nekim drugim recorded. In the eastern corner of cella I, the
prostorom. Suhozid (ir. 120 cm) koji se ne NE and SE walls intersect with a wide
moe vremenski odrediti, sastoji se samo od drystone wall which was raised subsequently,
jednog reda sloenoga kamenja i ispod toga, partially above the SE wall which it damaged
od nepravilno nabacanog kamenja srednje and hid the top of the cellas corner /Fig. 56/.
veliine i dosta zemlje. Therefore, as well as in the southern corner, it
Mreasta planimetrija, vjerojatno is impossible to discern whether the cella was
iz (rano)rimskog razdoblja, moda nije na connected with some other area southwards
cijelom prostoru svog prostiranja (towards Gradina). The drystone wall (width
nadslojavala stariju liburnsku nekropolu. 120) which is not datable consists of only one
Terenskim rekognosciranjem, naime, course of arranged stones under which we find
primijeena je odreena razlika u orijentaciji randomly dumped mediumsized stones and a
lot of soil.
izmeu grobnih cela najbliih nadinskoj
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aspekata, ali i njezine cjelovite strukture (s relations between these two phases of burial
liburnskom i antikom fazom), neizbjean on the slopes of Liburnian and Roman
komparativan materijal su nekropole Nedinum.
grkoga i greciziranoga protopovijesnog, In the interpretation of the flat
osobito helenistikog svijeta na Jadranu (i necropolis from Nadin, its details and
ire),109 zatim rimske planirane nekropole individual aspects, as well as its integral
structure (with the Liburnian and Roman
(uz prometnice)110 i dakako, liburnske
phases), inevitable comparative material should
nekropole na ravnome. Ali, malobrojne su be sought in the necropolises of Greek and
iskopane liburnske nekropole toga tipa (Nin, graecized protohistoric, particularly Hellenistic
Dragii i dr.); veinom su djelomino world in the Adriatic (and further),109 then
istraene.
Roman planned necropolises (near roads)110
Nadinska liburnska nekropola podno and of course Liburnian flat necropolises. But
Gradine u nekim vidovima podsjea na onu excavated Liburnian necropolises of this type
iz Dragiia: ne samo kronologijom/ (Nin, Dragii, etc.) are rare; they are mostly
tipologijom dosta zastupljenog materijala iz explored only partially.
mlaega eljeznog doba (uglavnom od kraja Liburnian necropolis at the foot of
6. st. pr. Kr.)111 ve i smjetajem uz Gradina in Nadin is similar to the one in
prometnicu koja vodi iz prapovijesnog Gradii in some aspects: not only with regard
naselja. Pokop podno gradine, odnosno, uz to chronology/typology of a great part of
prometnicu, bio je stari liburnski obiaj koji discovered material from the Late Iron Age
se u zadnjim stoljeima ponekad (mainly from the end of the 6th century BC)111
manifestirao u monumentalnim i novim but also considering its position near the road
oblicima, u Nadinu (municipiju), dakako leading from prehistoric settlement. Burial at
znatno intenzivnije nego u Dragiiu. the foot of a hillfort was an old Liburnian
Najmlai ukop na Dragiiu je gr. 13 s ritual which was in last centuries sometimes
incineracijom, iz druge polovice 1. st. pr. manifested in monumental and new forms, far
more intensively in Nadin (municipium) than
Kr.112 Dragiiu prostorno vrlo bliska
in Dragii. The latest burial at Dragii was
Velika Mrdakovica, svojim bogatim
gr. 13 with cremation from the second half of
spaljenim grobovima iz zadnjih desetljea
the 1st century BC.112 Rich cremation graves
stare ere,113 za sada moda najbolje oslikava from the last decades BC were found at Velika
utjecaj rimskog obreda (spaljivanja) u Mrdakovica which is spatially very close to
liburnskom kultu mrtvih izvan veih urbanih Dragii.113 For now this is perhaps the best
aglomeracija (Iader). Iako su u celi illustration of the influence of Roman ritual
72
ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
Sl. 58. Snimka iz zraka istraene cele I na SZ padini nadinske Gradine (AeroPixel, 2009.).
Fig. 58. Aerial view of the excavated cella I on NW slope of Gradina (AeroPixel, 2009).
malobrojni spaljeni rimski pokopi, dosta (cremation) on the Liburnian cult of the dead
arheoloke grae (keramika: posude, outside of larger agglomerations (Iader).
lucerne; staklo: balzamarij i druge posudice; Although Roman cremation burials
metalni artefakti; kameni spomenici), u are rare in the cella, substantial amount of
grobovima i izvan njih, rimskog je tipa; archaeological material (pottery: vessels,
velik dio pripada pak helenistikom lamps; glass: balsamarium and other small
razdoblju i tipian je za zadnju fazu vessels; metal artifacts; stone monuments) in
and outside the graves is of Roman type;
liburnske kulture (4.1. st. pr. Kr.).114 Uz
great number of finds belong to Hellenistic
domau (grubu) keramiku ima dosta one
period and they are typical for the last phase
helenistike uvezene (reljefna, uglavnom
of the Liburnian culture (4th1st cent.
siva, te gnathia i druga keramika raena na
BC).114 Besides local (coarse) pottery there
kolu).
is a lot of imported Hellenistic ware (relief
Ostala graa pripada starijim fazama ware, mostly grey, gnathia, and other types
liburnske kulture. U metalnom repertoaru made on wheel).
114 . BATOVI, 1987, 351. 114 . BATOVI, 1987, 351.
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Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih... ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180
prevladava nakit. Od fibula: pracertosa tip, The remaining finds belongs to the
zatim, certozoidne, ranolatenoidne, earlier phases of the Liburnian culture.
srednjolatenske, fibula sa zrnom jantara i Jewelry is dominant in the metal repertory.
neke druge. Narukvice i ostali oblici, Fibulae are represented with the following
osobito oni od bronanog lima, uglavnom su types: the preCertosa type, then fibulae
fragmentirani. Zastupljene su krune with certain characteristics of Certosa
pojasne kope, toke, ogrlica od bronanoga fibulae, early phase of the fibulae with
savijenog, zaobljenog lima s jednim certain characteristics of La Tne fibulae,
zailjenim krajem, relativno dosta artefakata Middle La Tne fibulae, fibula with an
od jantara (perle, privjesci), keramike perle amber bead etc. Bracelets and other items,
particularly the ones made of bronze sheet
koje oponaaju (?) jantar, te staklene perle.
are mostly fragmented. There are also
Naeno je i helenistiko prstenje (2 kom.).
round belt buckles, buttons, necklace made
Meu eljeznim artefaktima istiu se avli
of bent, rounded bronze sheet with a
(gr. 8, 9).115 Neke pak grobne cjeline pointed end, relatively great amount of
upotpunjuje prilaganje maloga keramikog amber artifacts (beads, pendants), ceramic
recipijenta (alice) domae proizvodnje (gr. beads imitating (?) amber, and glass beads.
11, 12) to je bio stari obredni in u kultu Hellenistic rings (2 pieces) were also found.
mrtvih, prakticiran ve na samim poetcima Nails represent the most distinct iron
liburnske kulture. artifacts (gr. 8, 9).115 Some grave units
Prilozi u grobovima in situ, contained locally produced small ceramic
tipolokovremenski osjetljivi, za sada recipients (cups) (gr. 11, 12) which was an
nisu brojni. To je fibula pracertozoidnog tipa old ritual act in the cult of the dead,
u djejem gr. 11, naena ispod pokojnikove practised in the early beginnings of the
glave; ista fibula u gr. 12; kruna pojasna Liburnian culture.
kopa s upisanim kriem, te tordirana igla s Grave goods in situ which are
krunom ploicom na vrhu glave u gr. 13; typologically and chronologically
fibula a tre bottoni s dugom nogom u determinable are not abundant. These are: a
djejem gr. 15, ispod pokojnikove lubanje; fibula with certain characteristics of
igla s kuglastom glavom u djejem gr. 5, Certosa fibulae from the early period of
poloena takoer ispod lubanje. Oito je, za their development, which was found under
sada, premalo sigurnih dokaza za datiranje the deceased persons head; the same fibula
in gr. 12; round belt buckle with an
najstarijih pokopa u celi u prva stoljea
inscribed cross, and a twisted pin with a
liburnske kulture (9.8./7. st. pr. Kr.).116 round plaque at the tip of the head in gr. 13;
fibula a tre bottoni with a long foot in a
115 U grobu 8 bilo je vie komada eljezne zgure.
childs grave 15, under the deceased
116 U tom kontekstu istie se igla s kuglastom persons head; pin with a spherical head in
glavom koja na liburnskom prostoru ima stanovite a childs grave 5, also found under the
analogije u igli iz Nina s kuglastom glavom i malim
skull. Evidently there are not enough
diskastim zadebljanjem i snopom poprenih crta na
vratu, iz 9. (?) st. pr. Kr.; . BATOVI, 1981, Sl. 115 Several pieces of iron slag were found in grave 8.
10/35, 121.
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ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
Iako vrlo malo istraen, nadinski definite proofs for dating the earliest burials
arheoloki kompleks pogodan je za in the cella to the first centuries of the
rasvjetljavanje temeljnih, odavno uoenih Liburnian culture (9th8th/7th cent.
problema u vezi s kultom mrtvih kroz BC).116
bronano i eljezno doba u sjevernoj Although it is not sufficiently
Dalmaciji. Liburnski kult mrtvih bio je cilj explored, the Nadin archaeological complex is
istraivanja 2004., 2005. i 2009. god.117 No, very suitable for sheding more light on basic
taj kult potrebno je promatrati u cjelini problems relating the cult of the dead
throughout the Bronze and Iron Ages in
kulture, to pretpostavlja poznavanje
northern Dalmatia which were noticed long
naseobinskih struktura. Nadinski pak kraj
time ago. Liburnian cult of the dead was the
pravi je izvor arheolokih podataka o
aim of the research in 2004, 2005 and 2009.117
odnosima groblja i naselja kroz prapovijest,
But this cult needs to be observed within a
te kroz rimsku epohu i kasnije. Tek sustavna
culture which implies certain knowledge
istraivanja mogu otkriti razloge djelomino
about the dwelling structures. The Nadin
istodobnog pokopa u nadinskim humcima region is an excellent source of archaeological
(humak 13 i drugi) i na ravnome kroz data about the relations between cemeteries
(starije) eljezno doba, tj. definirati toan and settlements throughout prehistory, the
poetak nekropole na sjeverozapadnoj Roman period and later on.
padini Nedinuma, zatim nastanak njezine Only systematic reserach can reveal
kasne mreaste planimetrije i odnos te the reasons for partially simultaneous burial in
planimetrije prema prostornoj strukturi the burial mounds from Nadin (burial mound
starijega liburnskog groblja iz eljeznog 13 and others) and on the flat surface through
doba. Takoer, sustavna iskapanja upravo (earlier) Iron Age i.e. define the exact
nadinskih mjesta pokapanja rasvijetlila bi beginning of the necropolis on the
slabo poznat ritam liburnskoga drutvenog northwestern slope of Nedinum, then the
raslojavanja, osobito grobne manifestacije formation of its later netlike planimetry and
tog procesa, posebno u epohi kada kod the relation of this planimetry to spatial
Liburna drutvena diferencijacija postaje structure of the earlier Liburnian cemetery
izraenija, o emu, za sada, najbolje from the Iron Age. In addition, systematic
svjedoe (uz Dragii, V. Mrdakovicu) excavations of precisely Nadin burial places
bogati nadinski grobovi 1, 2, 3(?) /Sl. 47/.
116 In that context a pin with a spherical head is
Iskapanja malog opsega tijekom 2005.,
quite interesting as it has certain analogies in the
2009. god. na nekropoli podno Gradine Liburnian region in the pin from Nin with a spherical
(Nedinum) jo jednom istiu poznatu head, a small discoid thickening and a set of
transversal lines on the neck, from the 9th cent. BC
(?); . BATOVI, 1981, Fig. 10/35, 121.
117 S. KUKO, 2004, 192194; S. KUKO, 2005, 117 S. KUKO, 2004, 192194; S. KUKO, 2005, 307
307309; S. KUKO . BATOVI, 2005, 5863; 309; S. KUKO . BATOVI, 2005, 5863; S.
S. KUKO . BATOVI, 2006, 6572; S. KUKO . BATOVI, 2006, 6572; S. KUKO M.
KUKO M. ELHAR, 2010, (u tisku); S. ELHAR, 2010, (in print); S. KUKO M. ELHAR, (
KUKO M. ELHAR, 2010a, (tisku). in print).
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Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih... ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180
injenicu o posebnoj vanosti nadinskog would contribute to the study of poorly known
arheolokoga kompleksa za prouavanje rhythm of Liburnian social stratification,
liburnske kulture u cijelosti i njezinog especially to funerary manifestation of the
odnosa prema rimskoj civilizaciji. process, particularly in an epoch when social
stratification in Liburnian society became
more distinct which is most evident from the
rich graves 1, 2, 3 (?) /Fig. 47/ from Nadin
(besides Dragii and Velika Mrdakovica).
Small scale excavations in 2005 and 2009 at
the necropolis at the foot of Gradina
(Nedinum), once more emphasized well
known fact about the great significance of the
Nadin archaeological complex in the study of
the Liburnian culture as a whole and its
relation to Roman civilization.
76
ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
Kratice / Abbreviations
Literatura / Literature
77
Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih... ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180
78
ASSERIA, 7, 2009., 1180 Sineva KUKO, Nadin liburnski kult mrtvih...
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