RESPONSE OF CANTILEVER BEAM UNDER FREE

VIBRATION
NOISE AND VIBRATION LAB
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE

Prepared and Submitted by

ARAVAMUTHAN S (15MD02)
ASWIN NAIR S (15MD04)
BATTAM SATYAPRAKASH (15MD05)
AIM:
To find the response of given cantilever structure under free vibration.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. DAQ NI-USB 9162 1 No

2. Accelerometer - 1 No

3. Cantilever beam structure

4. Connecting wires

5. Computer with Lab VIEW installed

SPECIFICATION:

1. DAQ CARD:

Model NI USB 9162

No.of Analog inputs 4

No.Of bits 24bits

Make National Instruments

Operating Temperature 40 deg C to 70 Deg C

2. ACCELEROMETER:

Model 3097 AI

Sensitivity 10.47 mV/g

Make Dystran Instruments

THEORY:

ACCELEROMETER:

An accelerometer is an electromechanical device that will measure acceleration forces. These

forces may be static, like the constant force of gravity pulling at your feet, or they could be dynamic
- caused by moving or vibrating the accelerometer.

Applications:

By measuring the amount of static acceleration due to gravity, you can find out the angle
the device is tilted at with respect to the earth. By sensing the amount of dynamic acceleration,
you can analyze the way the device is moving. At first, measuring tilt and acceleration doesn't
seem all that exciting. However, engineers have come up with many ways to make really useful
products with them.

An accelerometer can help your project understand its surroundings better. Is it driving
uphill? Is it going to fall over when it takes another step? Is it flying horizontally or is it dive
bombing your professor? A good programmer can write code to answer all of these questions using
the data provided by an accelerometer. An accelerometer can help analyze problems in a car engine
using vibration testing, or you could even use one to make a musical instrument.

In the computing world, IBM and Apple have recently started using accelerometers in their
laptops to protect hard drives from damage. If you accidentally drop the laptop, the accelerometer
detects the sudden freefall, and switches the hard drive off so the heads don't crash on the platters.
In a similar fashion, high g accelerometers are the industry standard way of detecting car crashes
and deploying airbags at just the right time.

Accelerometer working principle:

There are many different ways to make an accelerometer. Some accelerometers use the
piezoelectric effect - they contain microscopic crystal structures that get stressed by accelerative
forces, which causes a voltage to be generated. Another way to do it is by sensing changes in
capacitance. If you have two microstructures next to each other, they have a certain capacitance
between them. If an accelerative force moves one of the structures, then the capacitance will
change. Add some circuitry to convert from capacitance to voltage, and you will get an
accelerometer. There are even more methods, including use of the piezoresistive effect, hot air
bubbles, and light.

Things to be considered when buying an Accelerometer:

Analog vs digital - First and foremost, you must choose between an accelerometer with analog
outputs or digital outputs. This will be determined by the hardware that you are interfacing the
accelerometer with. Analog style accelerometers output a continuous voltage that is proportional
to acceleration. E.g. 2.5V for 0g, 2.6V for 0.5g, 2.7V for 1g. Digital accelerometers usually use
pulse width modulation (PWM) for their output. This means there will be a square wave of a
certain frequency, and the amount of time the voltage is high will be proportional to the amount
of acceleration. If you are using a BASIC Stamp, or any other microcontroller with purely digital
inputs, you will most likely need to go for a digital output accelerometer. The disadvantage here
is that it requires you to use the timing resources of the microcontroller to measure the duty cycle,
as well as performing a computationally intensive division operation.

Number of axes - For most projects, two is enough. However, if you want to attempt 3d
positioning, you will need a 3 axis accelerometer, or two 2 axis ones mounted at right angles.

Maximum swing - If you only care about measuring tilt using earth's gravity, a 1.5g
accelerometer will be more than enough. If you are going to use the accelerometer to measure the
motion of a car, plane or robot, 2g should give you enough headroom to work with. For a project
that experiences very sudden starts or stops, you will need one that can handle 5g or more.

Sensitivity - Generally speaking, the more sensitivity the better. This means that for a given
change in acceleration, there will be a larger change in signal. Since larger signal changes are
easier to measure, you will get more accurate readings.

Bandwidth - This means the amount of times per second you can take a reliable acceleration
reading. For slow moving tilt sensing applications, a bandwidth of 50Hz will probably suffice. If
you intend to do vibration measurement, or control a fast moving machine, you will want a
bandwidth of several hundred Hz.
Accelerometers in market:

Model: DE-ACCM2G2

Make: Dimension Engineering

Performance: Dual axis 2g sensing
Onboard regulator accepts inputs from 3.5V to 15V
660mV/g sensitivity
500Hz bandwidth
Accurately drives up to a 3k load
Protective Reverse voltage protection
Features: Output short protection
Applications: Motion, tilt and slope measurement
Shock sensing
Cute little tables for lego men
Example Hacking an alarm clock so you can punch it to make it shut up
Projects:
Making a G meter for your car

David T.'s motor balancing experiments

Making a simple vibration meter

Starlino's accelerometer-controlled USB gamepad

Model: DE-ACCM6G
Make: Dimension Engineering
Performance: Dual axis 6g sensing
222mV/g sensitivity
500Hz bandwidth
3.3V onboard regulator
Accurately drives up to a 3k load
Protective Reverse voltage protection
Features: Output short protection
Applications: Motion, tilt and slope measurement
Shock sensing
Cute little tables for army men

Manufactures in market:

1. National Instruments 6. Sensorex

2. Honeywell 7. Meggitt

3. HBM 8. Dystran Instruments

4. Kistler 9. Jewell Instruments

5. First sensor

DAQ- Card:

Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical
conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated
by a computer. Data acquisition systems, abbreviated by the acronyms DAS or DAQ, typically
convert analog waveforms into digital values for processing. The components of data acquisition
systems include:

Sensors, to convert physical parameters to electrical signals.

Signal conditioning circuitry, to convert sensor signals into a form that can be converted to
digital values.
Analog-to-digital converters, to convert conditioned sensor signals to digital values.

Data acquisition applications are usually controlled by software programs developed using
various general purpose programming languages such as Assembly, BASIC, C, C++,C#, Fortran,
Java, LabVIEW, Lisp, Pascal, etc. Stand-alone data acquisition systems are often called data
loggers.

DAQ hardware acts as the interface between a computer and signals from the outside world. It
primarily functions as a device that digitizes incoming analog signals so that a computer can
interpret them. The three key components of a DAQ device used for measuring a signal are the
signal conditioning circuitry, analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and computer bus. Many DAQ
devices include other functions for automating measurement systems and processes. For example,
digital-to-analog converters (DACs) output analog signals, digital I/O lines input and output digital
signals, and counter/timers count and generate digital pulses.

Key Measurement Components of a DAQ Device:

Signal Conditioning:
Signals from sensors or the outside world can be noisy or too dangerous to measure directly. Signal
conditioning circuitry manipulates a signal into a form that is suitable for input into an ADC. This
circuitry can include amplification, attenuation, filtering, and isolation. Some DAQ devices
include built-in signal conditioning designed for measuring specific types of sensors.
Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC):
Analog signals from sensors must be converted into digital before they are manipulated by digital
equipment such as a computer. An ADC is a chip that provides a digital representation of an analog
signal at an instant in time. In practice, analog signals continuously vary over time and an ADC
takes periodic samples of the signal at a predefined rate. These samples are transferred to a
computer over a computer bus where the original signal is reconstructed from the samples in
software.
Computer Bus:
DAQ devices connect to a computer through a slot or port. The computer bus serves as the
communication interface between the DAQ device and computer for passing instructions and
measured data. DAQ devices are offered on the most common computer buses including USB,
PCI, PCI Express, and Ethernet. More recently, DAQ devices have become available for 802.11
Wi-Fi for wireless communication. There are many types of buses, and each offers different
advantages for different types of applications.
Computers Role in a DAQ System:
A computer with programmable software controls the operation of the DAQ device and is used for
processing, visualizing, and storing measurement data. Different types of computers are used in
different types of applications. A desktop may be used in a lab for its processing power, a laptop
may be used in the field for its portability, or an industrial computer may be used in a
manufacturing plant for its ruggedness.
Selecting a computer for application:

Manufactures in market:

1. National Instruments 4. ADD-Link

2. Omega 5. Addi Data

3. Roga Instruments

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

Accelerometer

Cantilever Beam
 Experimental Setup Noise and Vibration Lab, PSG Tech

PROCEDURE:

Step 1 Ensure the clean surface in the cantilever beam for a better contact with the
accelerometer.

Step 2 Place the accelerometer at desired place and tape it firmly to the cantilever
beam.

Step 3 Connect the accelerometer to DAQ USB 9162 through desired input port
(say ai3).

Step 4 Connect the DAQ to computer using USB cables.

Step 5 Open Lab VIEW and hit New VI button.

Step 6 Press CNTL+T to fit Front panel and Block diagram on screen.

Step 7 Right click in Block diagram panel Measurement I/O NI DAQmx

DAQ Assist Acquire signal Analog Input Acceleration ai3

Step 8 In configuration settings:

Signal Input Range: Max : +5, Min: -5

Sensitivity : 10.47

Acquisition Mode : Continuous Samples

 Step 9 Right click on DAQ Assist Create Graph Indicator (Time Vs.
Amplitude).

Step 10 Right click on Block diagram panel Express Signal Analysis

Spectrum Spectral Measurements Power Spectrum Results (Linear)
Click OK.

Step 11 Right click on Power Spectrum Graph Indicator (Frequency Vs.

Amplitude)

Step 12 Run the Lab VIEW program

Step 13 Apply small disturbance at free end of the Cantilever beam and let it vibrate
freely. Get the Graph values from Front panel.

RESULT:

The vibration response of cantilever beam is carried out successfully and Natural
frequency is found successfully.
 ANNEXTURE

Lab VIEW program

SAMPLE RESULTS:

Response under Free Vibrations